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New Tyrannosaur from the Mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan Clarifies Evolution of Giant Body Sizes and Advanced Senses in Tyrant Dinosaurs
New tyrannosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan clarifies evolution of giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs Stephen L. Brusattea,1, Alexander Averianovb,c, Hans-Dieter Suesd, Amy Muira, and Ian B. Butlera aSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom; bZoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; cDepartment of Sedimentary Geology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199178, Russia; and dDepartment of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved January 29, 2016 (received for review January 5, 2016) Tyrannosaurids—the familiar group of carnivorous dinosaurs in- We here report the first diagnostic tyrannosauroid from the mid- cluding Tyrannosaurus and Albertosaurus—were the apex predators Cretaceous, a new species from the Turonian (ca. 90–92 million in continental ecosystems in Asia and North America during the years ago) Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan. This formation has latest Cretaceous (ca. 80–66 million years ago). Their colossal sizes recently emerged as one of the most important records of mid- and keen senses are considered key to their evolutionary and eco- Cretaceous dinosaurs globally (9–11). Possible tyrannosauroid logical success, but little is known about how these features devel- specimens from the Bissekty Formation were reported more than oped as tyrannosaurids evolved from smaller basal tyrannosauroids a half century ago (12), and, more recently, several isolated fossils that first appeared in the fossil record in the Middle Jurassic (ca. 170 were assigned to the group (9, 13), but none of these has been million years ago). -
A New Crested Theropod Dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Yunnan
第55卷 第2期 古 脊 椎 动 物 学 报 pp. 177-186 2017年4月 VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA figs. 1-3 A new crested theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Yunnan Province, China WANG Guo-Fu1,2 YOU Hai-Lu3,4* PAN Shi-Gang5 WANG Tao5 (1 Fossil Research Center of Chuxiong Prefecture, Yunnan Province Chuxiong, Yunnan 675000) (2 Chuxiong Prefectural Museum Chuxiong, Yunnan 675000) (3 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 * Corresponding author: [email protected]) (4 College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049) (5 Bureau of Land and Resources of Lufeng County Lufeng, Yunnan 650031) Abstract A new crested theropod, Shuangbaisaurus anlongbaoensis gen. et sp. nov., is reported. The new taxon is recovered from the Lower Jurassic Fengjiahe Formation of Shuangbai County, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and is represented by a partial cranium. Shuangbaisaurus is unique in possessing parasagittal crests along the orbital dorsal rims. It is also distinguishable from the other two lager-bodied parasagittal crested Early Jurassic theropods (Dilophosaurus and Sinosaurus) by a unique combination of features, such as higher than long premaxillary body, elevated ventral edge of the premaxilla, and small upper temporal fenestra. Comparative morphological study indicates that “Dilophosaurus” sinensis could potentially be assigned to Sinosaurus, but probably not to the type species. The discovery of Shuangbaisaurus will help elucidate the evolution of basal theropods, especially the role of various bony cranial ornamentations had played in the differentiation of early theropods. -
Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in Later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Theropod Guild Structure and the Tyrannosaurid Niche Assimilation Hypothesis: Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Manuscript ID cjes-2020-0174.R1 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 04-Jan-2021 Author: Complete List of Authors: Holtz, Thomas; University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Geology; NationalDraft Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology Keyword: Dinosaur, Ontogeny, Theropod, Paleocology, Mesozoic, Tyrannosauridae Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special Tribute to Dale Russell Issue? : © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 1 of 91 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1 Theropod Guild Structure and the Tyrannosaurid Niche Assimilation Hypothesis: 2 Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous 3 Asiamerica 4 5 6 Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. 7 8 Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA 9 Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013 USA 10 Email address: [email protected] 11 ORCID: 0000-0002-2906-4900 Draft 12 13 Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. 14 Department of Geology 15 8000 Regents Drive 16 University of Maryland 17 College Park, MD 20742 18 USA 19 Phone: 1-301-405-4084 20 Fax: 1-301-314-9661 21 Email address: [email protected] 22 23 1 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 2 of 91 24 ABSTRACT 25 Well-sampled dinosaur communities from the Jurassic through the early Late Cretaceous show 26 greater taxonomic diversity among larger (>50kg) theropod taxa than communities of the 27 Campano-Maastrichtian, particularly to those of eastern/central Asia and Laramidia. -
Beaked, Bird-Like Dinosaur Tells Story of Finger Evolution 17 June 2009
Beaked, bird-like dinosaur tells story of finger evolution 17 June 2009 James Clark, the Ronald B. Weintraub Professor of The newly discovered dinosaur's hand is unusual Biology in The George Washington University's and provides surprising new insights into a long- Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, and Xu standing controversy over which fingers are present Xing, of the Chinese Academy of Science's in living birds, which are theropod dinosaur Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and descendants. The hands of theropod dinosaurs Paleoanthropology in Beijing, have discovered a suggest that the outer two fingers were lost during unique beaked, plant-eating dinosaur in China. the course of evolution and the inner three This finding demonstrates that theropod, or bird- remained. Conversely, embryos of living birds footed, dinosaurs were more ecologically diverse in suggest that birds have lost one finger from the the Jurassic period than previously thought and outside and one from the inside of the hand. Unlike offers important new evidence about how the three- all other theropods, the hand of Limusaurus fingered hand of birds evolved from the hand of strongly reduced the first finger and increased the dinosaurs. The discovery is featured in this week's size of the second. Drs. Clark and Xu and their co- edition of the journal Nature. authors argue that Limusaurus' hand represents a transitional condition in which the inner finger was "This new animal is fascinating in and of itself, and lost and the other fingers took on the shape of the when placed into an evolutionary context it offers fingers next to them. -
New Tyrannosaur from the Mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan Clarifies Evolution of Giant Body Sizes and Advanced Senses in Tyrant Dinosaurs
New tyrannosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan clarifies evolution of giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs Stephen L. Brusattea,1, Alexander Averianovb,c, Hans-Dieter Suesd, Amy Muira, and Ian B. Butlera aSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, United Kingdom; bZoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; cDepartment of Sedimentary Geology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199178, Russia; and dDepartment of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved January 29, 2016 (received for review January 5, 2016) Tyrannosaurids—the familiar group of carnivorous dinosaurs in- We here report the first diagnostic tyrannosauroid from the mid- cluding Tyrannosaurus and Albertosaurus—were the apex predators Cretaceous, a new species from the Turonian (ca. 90–92 million in continental ecosystems in Asia and North America during the years ago) Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan. This formation has latest Cretaceous (ca. 80–66 million years ago). Their colossal sizes recently emerged as one of the most important records of mid- and keen senses are considered key to their evolutionary and eco- Cretaceous dinosaurs globally (9–11). Possible tyrannosauroid logical success, but little is known about how these features devel- specimens from the Bissekty Formation were reported more than oped as tyrannosaurids evolved from smaller basal tyrannosauroids a half century ago (12), and, more recently, several isolated fossils that first appeared in the fossil record in the Middle Jurassic (ca. 170 were assigned to the group (9, 13), but none of these has been million years ago). -
Haplocheirus Sollers Choiniere Et Al., 2010 (Theropoda: Alvarezsauroidea)
AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Number 3816, 44 pp. October 22, 2014 Cranial osteology of Haplocheirus sollers Choiniere et al., 2010 (Theropoda: Alvarezsauroidea) JONAH N. CHOINIERE,1,2,3 JAMES M. CLARK,2 MARK A. NORELL,3 AND XING XU4 ABSTRacT The basalmost alvarezsauroid Haplocheirus sollers is known from a single specimen col- lected in Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) beds of the Shishugou Formation in northwestern China. Haplocheirus provides important data about the plesiomorphic morphology of the theropod group Alvarezsauroidea, whose derived members possess numerous skeletal autapomorphies. We present here a detailed description of the cranial anatomy of Haplocheirus. These data are important for understanding cranial evolution in Alvarezsauroidea because other basal mem- bers of the clade lack cranial material entirely and because derived parvicursorine alvarezsau- roids have cranial features shared exclusively with members of Avialae that have been interpreted as synapomorphies in some analyses. We discuss the implications of this anatomy for cranial evolution within Alvarezsauroidea and at the base of Maniraptora. INTRODUCTION Alvarezsauroidea is a clade of theropod dinosaurs whose derived members possess remarkably birdlike features, including a lightly built, kinetic skull, several vertebral modi- fications, a keeled sternum, a fused carpometacarpus, a fully retroverted pubis and ischium 1 Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand; DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Palaeo- sciences, University of the Witwatersrand. 2 Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University. 3 Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History. 4 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute for Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2014 ISSN 0003-0082 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. -
Diminutive Fleet-Footed Tyrannosauroid Narrows the 70-Million-Year Gap In
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0308-7 OPEN Diminutive fleet-footed tyrannosauroid narrows the 70-million-year gap in the North American fossil record Lindsay E. Zanno 1,2,3, Ryan T. Tucker 4, Aurore Canoville1,2, Haviv M. Avrahami1,2, Terry A. Gates1,2 & 1234567890():,; Peter J. Makovicky 3 To date, eco-evolutionary dynamics in the ascent of tyrannosauroids to top predator roles have been obscured by a 70-million-year gap in the North American (NA) record. Here we report discovery of the oldest Cretaceous NA tyrannosauroid, extending the lineage by ~15 million years. The new taxon—Moros intrepidus gen. et sp. nov.—is represented by a hind limb from an individual nearing skeletal maturity at 6–7 years. With a ~1.2-m limb length and 78-kg mass, M. intrepidus ranks among the smallest Cretaceous tyrannosauroids, restricting the window for rapid mass increases preceding the appearance of colossal eutyrannosaurs. Phylogenetic affinity with Asian taxa supports transcontinental interchange as the means by which iconic biotas of the terminal Cretaceous were established in NA. The unexpectedly diminutive and highly cursorial bauplan of NA’s earliest Cretaceous tyrannosauroids reveals an evolutionary strategy reliant on speed and small size during their prolonged stint as marginal predators. 1 Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11W. Jones, St. Raleigh, NC 27601, USA. 2 Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 100 Brooks Ave., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. 3 Section of Earth Sciences, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400S. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, USA. 4 Department of Earth Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa. -
© 2006 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
to admit what they don’t know. This makes guidance of research easier than with some tional anatomy, biogeography, and environmental distribution of a wide range of aquatic graduate students (“like having graduate students without the whining”). The use of volun- reptiles, especially those near the base of their initial radiation. Her work has demonstrat- teers has resulted in an extraordinary high level of productivity for the department than if ed the major differences between these groups at their first appearance in the fossil record, only by staff. and emphasizes the necessity for new approaches to establishing more specific sister-group relationships for the diverse aquatic taxa. The necessity for establishing specific relation- Poster Session I ships for each clade separately is also shown by the extreme disparity in the results of recent IS GUANLONG A TYRANNOSAUROID OR A SUBADULT phylogenetic analyses: e.g. turtles are nested within lepidosauromorphs as a sister-taxon of MONOLOPHOSAURUS? sauropterygians; sauropterygians at the base of archosauromorphs together with CARR, Thomas, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI ichthyosaurs and thalattosaurs; thalattosaurs nested with lepidosauromorphs or archosauro- Guanlong wucaii is a purported Late Jurassic basal tyrannosauroid from the Shishugou morphs. Betsy’s analyses of broad aspects of adaptation have provided data necessary to Formation of northwestern China. Guanlong bears a tall and fenestrated nasal crest that determine plausible sequences of ancestor-descendant relationships. Her approach demon- extends along the top of the snout, as in Monolophosaurus jiangi, a carnosaur that is about strates how future studies can lead to determining the actual antecedents of the numerous twice the size as Guanlong, from a lower level in the same unit. -
Ankylosaur and Theropod Coevolution Dinosauriekrig: Samevolution Hos Ankylosaurier Och Theropoder
Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper Degree Project at the Department of Earth Sciences ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 401 Dinosaur Warfare: Ankylosaur and Theropod Coevolution Dinosauriekrig: samevolution hos ankylosaurier och theropoder Christopher Freer INSTITUTIONEN FÖR GEOVETENSKAPER DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper Degree Project at the Department of Earth Sciences ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 401 Dinosaur Warfare: Ankylosaur and Theropod Coevolution Dinosauriekrig: samevolution hos ankylosaurier och theropoder Christopher Freer ISSN 1650-6553 Copyright © Christopher Freer Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (www.geo.uu.se), Uppsala, 2017 Abstract Dinosaur Warfare: Ankylosaur and Theropod Coevolution Christopher Freer Ankylosauria is a clade of armoured dinosaurs that, throughout the Mesozoic, demonstrates divergent evolution of defensive traits, between the robust spikes and osteoderms of nodosaurids to the ankylosaurid tail clubs and lightweight armour. One of the longer-standing hypotheses, which is supported by histological data, stipulates that armament was a direct result of a predator-prey relationship between theropods and ankylosaurians. Such a hypothesis predicts that predatory pressures from Theropoda drive the evolution of armament. Here we investigate the coevolutionary hypothesis in a phylogenetic context by searching for reciprocal selection and clade interactions. We undertake two separate analyses. The first is a host-parasite test (ParaFit), which tests, within a phylogenetic framework, the null hypothesis that the evolutionary history of two groups was independent. The second produced principal coordinates from 30 ankylosaurian armour-related traits and was correlated in a linear regression against theropod body mass. The analysis was conducted across 53 theropod species that were sympatric, within a geological formation, with 44 ankylosaur species. -
Premaxilla Bifurcating Posteriorly at Its Contact with the Nasal; Lateral Surface of Premaxilla with Deep Groove Leading from Subnarial Foramen to A
Edinburgh Research Explorer The skull of Monolophosaurus jiangi (Dinosauria Citation for published version: Brusatte, SL, Benson, RBJ, Currie, PJ & Xijin, Z 2010, 'The skull of Monolophosaurus jiangi (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and its implications for early theropod phylogeny and evolution', Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 158, no. 3, pp. 573-607. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00563.x Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00563.x Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society Publisher Rights Statement: Final version was published by Wiley-Blackwell and is available at www.interscience.wiley.com. Copyright of Linnean Society of London (2010) General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 Post-Print Version. Final publication copyright of Linnean Society of London (2010). Cite As: Brusatte, SL, Benson, RBJ, Currie, PJ & Xijin, Z 2010, 'The skull of Monolophosaurus jiangi (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and its implications for early theropod phylogeny and evolution' Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol 158, no. -
Evolutionary Transitions Among Dinosaurs: Examples from the Jurassic of China
Evo Edu Outreach (2009) 2:236–247 DOI 10.1007/s12052-009-0137-0 ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Evolutionary Transitions Among Dinosaurs: Examples from the Jurassic of China James M. Clark & Xing Xu Published online: 9 May 2009 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract Dinosaurs have captured the popular imagination relationships and transitions. Familiar highly specialized more than any other extinct group of organisms and are animals such as Triceratops, Pachycephalosaurus, Stego- therefore a powerful tool in teaching evolutionary biology. saurus, Ankylosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, Brachiosaurus, and Most students are familiar with a wide variety of dinosaurs Parasaurolophus are joined in the fossil record by hundreds and the relative suddenness of their extinction, but few are of their relatives with less-specialized features (Weishampel aware of the tremendous longevity of their time on Earth et al. 2004). Together, they comprise a many-branched and the richness of their fossil record. We first review some evolutionary tree that flourished for over 160 million years. of the best-known groups of dinosaurs and discuss how Dinosaurs are found almost exclusively in sedimentary their less-specialized relatives elucidate the path through rocks formed in terrestrial, rather than marine, environ- which each evolved. We then discuss our recent discovery ments, indicating that they rarely ventured out into the sea. of Yinlong downsi, a distant relative of Triceratops, and These river and lake deposits formed layers, or strata, that other fossils from Jurassic deposits in China to exemplify are overlain by younger rocks and underlain by older ones. how the continuing discovery of fossils is filling out the By studying how these and other layers of rocks and their dinosaur family tree. -
The Anatomy of Dryptosaurus Aquilunguis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and a Review of Its Tyrannosauroid Affinities
AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Number 3717, 53 pp. May 20, 2011 The Anatomy of Dryptosaurus aquilunguis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and a Review of Its Tyrannosauroid Affinities STEPHEN L. BRUSATTE,1,2 ROGER B. J. BENSON,3 AND MARK A. NORELL2,4 ABSTRACT Although among the first theropod dinosaurs known to science, and an iconic taxon in the history of dinosaur paleontology, the large carnivore Dryptosaurus aquilunguis from the Late Cretaceous of New Jersey remains poorly understood. Its anatomy has been described only in brief and its phylogenetic relationships have long been the subject of debate, although recent work proposes Dryptosaurus as a member of the tyrannosauroid clade. Here we present a thor- ough osteological description of the holotype of Dryptosaurus aquilunguis, supplemented with photographs of all the material, and provide extensive comparisons with other theropods, espe- cially tyrannosauroids. In concert with recent phylogenetic analyses, our description confirms the tyrannosauroid affinities of Dryptosaurus and supports its placement as an “intermediate” taxon bracketed between small, basal forms (e.g., Guanlong, Dilong) and the derived, Late Cre- taceous tyrannosaurids (e.g., Albertosaurus, Tyrannosaurus). We identify several autapomor- phies of Dryptosaurus, including the combination of a reduced humerus and an enlarged hand. These forelimb proportions, which differ from the uniformly large arms of basal tyrannosau- roids and uniformly atrophied arms of tyrannosaurids, suggest that forelimb reduction in tyran- nosauroids may not have proceeded in a uniform fashion. Functionally, Dryptosaurus may have used both its skull and arms as weapons for prey acquisition and processing. 1 Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History. 2 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY.