Public Disclosure Authorized
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Public Disclosure Authorized
Strategic Environment and Social Assessment (SESA) for National Dairy Support Project (NDSP): Anand, Gujarat, India
Public Disclosure Authorized National Dairy Development Board Final Report
June 2011
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FINAL REPORT
National Dairy Development Board
Strategic Environment and Social Assessment (SESA) for National Dairy Support Project (NDSP): Anand, Gujarat, India
21 June 2011
Reference : I7953
Manish Singh
Prepared by: Consultant
Reviewed & Neena Singh Partner Approved by:
This report has been prepared by ERM India Private Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client.
We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above.
This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk.
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
0.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT I 0.2 PROCESS ADOPTED FOR SESA I 0.3 REVIEW OF POLICIES AND REGULATIONS II 0.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE II 0.5 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS & CONSULTATIONS III 0.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK IV
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 PROJECT RATIONALE 1 1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 2 1.3 PROJECT CONCEPTION AND FORMULATION 2 1.4 PROJECT AREA AND BACKGROUND 2 1.5 KEY E&S OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR NDSP 3 1.6 LIMITATIONS 9 1.7 LAYOUT OF THE REPORT 10
2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 12
3 LEGAL & POLICY FRAMEWORK 23
3.1 ENVIRONME NTAL AND SOCIAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 23 3.2 WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 26 3.3 POLICIES RELATED TO DAIRY SECTOR 28
4 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE 38
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE SIZE 38 4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE AND CONTEXT 42 4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE 64
5 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS AND CONSULTATIONS 93
5.1 STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION AND PROFILING 93
6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 114
6.1 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EVALUATION CRITERIA 114 6.2 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION 116 6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 120 6.4 PROCESS FLOW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMF 137 6.5 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR E& S MANAGEMENT 138 6.6 E&S MANAGEMENT PROCESS ELEMENTS 139 6.7 CAPACITY BUIILDING & TRAINING 147 6.8 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE & COSTING 150
6.9 INTEGRATION WITH THE PROJECT 150 ANNEXURE
ANNEXURE A: LIST OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ALL STATES
ANNEXURE B: LIST OF SURVEY VILLAGES ACROSS ALL STATES
ANNEXURE C: LIST OF VILLAGE LEVEL CONSULTATIONS ACROSS ALL STATES
ANNEXURE D: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON BASELINE SECTION
ANNEXURE E: SOPS FOR VARIOUS SUB COMPONENTS UNDER NDSP
ANNEXURE F: PILOT PROJECTS PROPOSED UNDER NDSP
ANNEXURE G: SAMPLE TOR FOR EIA OF SUB PROJECTS WITH MAJOR IMPACTS
ANNEXURE H: PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN
ANNEXURE I: GUIDELINES FOR TRIBAL CONVERGENCE
ANNEXURE J: ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR MAMMALIAN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
ANNEXURE K: METHANE EMISSION REDUCTION STUDY THROUGH RBP UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
ANNEXURE L: GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM UNDER NDSP
ANNEXURE M: FORM A ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHECKLIST FOR SUBPROJECTS
ANNEXURE N: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING CHECKLIST FOR SUBPROJECTS AT PMU LEVEL
ABBREVIATIONS
ACU Adult Cattle Units AER Agro-Eco Regions AESR Agro-Eco Subregions AI Artificial Inseminations ASCAD Assistance to States for Control of Animal Diseases BAIF Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation BCM Million Cubic Metres BMC Bulk Milk Cooler BMTPC Building Material and Technology Promotion Council BOD Biochemical oxygen demand BQ Black Quarter BRGF Backward Region Grant Fund BST Bovine somatotropin CAGR Compounded Annual Growth Rate CBP Capacity Building Plan CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuro - Pneumonia CFP Cattle Feed Plant CGWB Central Ground Water Board CHA Custom House Agents CoC Chamber of Commerce COD Chemical oxygen demand CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CPRs Common Property Resources CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone DCS Dairy Cooperative Society DG Diesel Generator DGFT Directorate General of Foreign Trade DPR Detailed Project Report dudhia Milk vendor in the informal dairy sector E&S Environmental and Social EA Environmental assessment EA & SA Environmental Assessment and Social Assessment EAP Environmental Action Plan EC Electrical conductivity EMP Environmental Management Plan ERM Environmental Resources Management ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework EXIM Export Import FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FCA Forest Conservation Act, 1980 FGD Focused Group Discussion FMD Foot and Mouth disease gauchar Land-use classification for common grazing land GCMMF Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation GDP Gross Domestic Product GEMS Global Environmental Monitoring System GHG Greenhouse Gases
GOI Government of India Gram panchayat Unit of self-governance at the village level halwai Sweetmeat vendor in the informal dairy sector HHs Households HS Haemorrhagic Septicemia IA Implementing Agency IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research IDC Indian Dairy Corporation IGFRI Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute IMD India Meteorological Department IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JRY Jawahar Rozgar Yojana LAA Land Acquisition Act LU Livestock Units MDR Major District Roads MINARS Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources MMPO Milk and Milk Products Order, 1992 MNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest MoRTH Ministry of Road Transport and Highways NATCOM National Communication NBAGR National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources NCA National Commission on Agriculture NCBBP National Cattle and Buffalo Breeding Program NCDFI National Cooperative Dairy Federation of India Ltd NDDB National Dairy Development Board NDMA National Disaster Management Authority NDRI National Dairy Research Institute NDSP National Dairy Support Project NGCs New generation cooperatives NGO Non-governmental Organization NIA Nett irrigated area NIO North Indian Ocean NOC No Objection Certificate NSA Nett sown area OBC Other Backward Class ODRs Other District Roads OF Operation Flood OIE Office International des Epizooties OP Operational Policy PDFA Progressive Dairy Farmers Association PESA Panchayat Extension to Scheduled (V) Areas Act, 1996 PMGSY Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana PMU Project Management Unit ppm Parts per million PRIs Panchayati Raj Institutions PWD Public Works Department R&D Research & Development RAP Resettlement Action Plan
RBO River Basin Organisations RTI Right to Information SC Scheduled Caste SCR Season and Crop Report SDMA State Disaster Management Authorities SEC Socio-Economic Class SESA Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment SGSY Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana SHG Self-help Group SMP Social Management Plan SOP Standard Operating Procedures SPCB State Pollution Control Board ST Scheduled Tribe TC Tropical Cyclones TDS Total dissolved solids UK United Kingdom UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USA United States of America UT Union Territories VRTI Vivekananda Research & Training Institute WB World Bank
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
0.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT
The National Dairy Support Project (NDSP) is proposed for funding by the World Bank (WB). It is aimed at making multi state interventions which are scientifically planned to lay the path for new processes, backed with appropriate policy and regulatory measures, to increase the productivity of milch animals and thereby increase milk production to meet the rapidly growing demand for milk. The project will also seek to increase the access of milk producers to the organised sector for sale of milk. The first phase of the NDSP is to be implemented between October 2011 and September 2017.
The various activities proposed in the components/ sub components of the NDSP are such that they are expected to result in social and environmental impacts. To understand these impacts (positive & negative) and to suggest enhancement/ mitigation strategy, as part of preparation of NDSP, a Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) was commissioned by National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), through an external agency, M/S ERM India Pvt. Ltd. SESA is also expected to suggest mitigation/ enhancement measures, which could be integrated into the project design wherever feasible.
0.2 PROCESS ADOPTED FOR SESA
SESA was based on intensive discussions with the project proponents, review of policies and regulations, baseline study and stakeholder consultations to understand the social and environment issues in the context of the proposed activities under NDSP. The SESA assessed the impacts, both positive and negative, that the project interventions will have on the various stakeholders and social and environmental issues, directly or indirectly.
Purposive random sampling was followed for the baseline survey to ensure that social and environmental issues applicable to the project are adequately captured. The survey covered 282 villages across 8 districts in 4 states namely Gujarat, Punjab, Karnataka and Bihar covering different parts of the project area. The district milk unions were further consulted for the finalisation of the sample villages based on selected social and environmental indicators. A total of 8291 households (HHs) were covered under the baseline survey. The stakeholders were either involved through survey, individual interviews, or through Focussed Group Discussions (FGDs) and village meetings. In total, 406 FGDs were conducted across four states involving women, Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) and dudhias (middlemen). In addition discussions were held with DCS, milk Unions, State level Federations and other concerned institutions.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-I 0.3 REVIEW OF POLICIES AND REGULATIONS
A review of the national and state level policies and regulations applicable for the implementation of the project with respect to the environmental and social aspects keeping in view the World Bank Safeguards and the Operational Policies (OPs) was carried out. This review helped in assessing the adequacy of the existing policies and regulations and in identifying gaps for which additional measures have been included in the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF).
0.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE
Some of the key social and environmental findings are as under:
• Due to purposive sampling and inclusion of backward areas, the survey found that, more than 50 percent of the surveyed HHs belonged to backward communities (SC, ST and other backward communities) which were not aligned with the general demographic trend of the country. Majority of these HHs reported dairying as an important economic activity. • The major economic activities pursued by the surveyed HHs was agriculture based i.e., dairying, agriculture and farm wage earning. Since the survey covered the dairy farmers, nearly all the HHs reported income (30-50 percent of HH income) from dairying. • About 90 percent of the surveyed HHs were landless, marginal (upto 1 Ha) and small (upto 2 Ha) farmers. • The distribution of milch animals is more equitably distributed than operational land. • Presently, fodder crops cultivation does not find importance among the land holders in their cropping pattern, except among the large farm HHs in the irrigated areas. The productivity of fodder crops is low. • Crop residue is the largest bulk feed fed to milch animals, followed by biomass from grazing land. • Overwhelming proportion (almost 95 percent) of surveyed HHs reported stall feeding of the milch animals. • Involvement of women in HH level milk production is significant and they have better understanding of production characteristics, feeding and breeding habits of milch animals. • The proportion of women membership in Dairy Cooperative Societies (DCS) varies between 14.2 percent in Punjab to 32 percent in Karnataka. • Artificial insemination (AI) service is emerging as a predominant practice to enhance productivity and genetic potential. • Dairy farmers prefer accessing input and extension services like feed inputs, AI, and treatment of sick animals through DCS while the Animal Husbandry (AH) department is preferred for free vaccination.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-II • About 50 percent of the dung collected (mostly by women) is converted into dung cakes for cooking purposes, which reduces methane emission. • Almost 72 percent of the HHs reported that the water requirement per milch animal per day is less than 30 litres at the HH level. • Majority of the farmers reported vaccination practices for Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) followed by Brucellosis. • In most of the cases, it is found that the dairy farmers lack awareness on zoonotic diseases and their transmission.
0.5 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS & CONSULTATIONS
The Stakeholders of the project include Milk federations, District Milk unions, DCS, AH / Veterinary department, research institutions and Universities, Dairy Development departments, milk producers including women and SC/ST , unorganised sector involved in dairying at various levels, veterinary service providers, Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Gram Panchayats (GPs) etc. Some of the important social and environmental issues identified in the stakeholder analysis and consultations are: • Increasing competition of land between agriculture and dairying, including the area under fodder cultivation. • There is a gradual reduction in the dependence on family labour in case of shift from subsistence to commercial dairying. • Availability of labour especially due to increased wage rates through government employment generation programmes (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act) is a limiting factor for maintaining large herds. • Change in the cattle management practices is expected to increase the participation of women. • SC/ST groups are expected to remain loyal to dairying and their participation will depend on the level of input and extension services made available to them. • Institutional credit rates are in favour of agriculture rather than dairying. • Politicisation of DCSs is an emerging concern in some of the states. • Prevailing regular payment schedule supported by input services by the milk Unions through DCSs have played an important role in sustaining the interest of milk producers. • The timing of service delivery of the veterinary hospitals and dispensaries proves to be a limiting factor in dispensing services at the village level. This is an important issue in the tribal dominated areas. • Involvement of the NGOs is limited in the dairy sector. Wherever they are involved, they are engaged more in livestock promotion among the farmers, rather than providing dairy based input services.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-III 0.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
Based on the outcome of SESA, an appropriate Environmental & Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been formulated that will be implemented as part of NDSP. It includes identification of the Environmental and Social (E&S) impacts resulting from the proposed project interventions, detailing of the mitigation measures, and impact monitoring indicators (process and outcome indicators). The ESMF describes the implementation schedule in accordance with the project cycle. The institutional framework for E&S management has been aligned with the proposed NDSP project management structure and also includes the training and capacity building required to address the E&S issues of the project.
Identification of impacts: This has been done on the basis of the selected criteria namely context, intensity, location and duration. Under ESMF, while for positive impacts, enhancement measures have been suggested; for negative impacts mitigation measures are included. Some of these impacts have already been factored in the project design.
Some of the positive impacts include opportunities for increased income for milk producers, employment opportunities in rural areas like artificial inseminators, para veterinarians, local resource persons (LRPs), and through milk collection and bulking. By improving genetic potential of milch animals, milk production is expected to increase leading to increased income levels of milk producers.
Most of the environmental impacts related to the project activities like impact on community health, land, water etc. are quite benign and the specific technical manuals and Standard Operating procedures (SOPs) provided by Government of India (GoI) are adequate to address many of these impacts. However to address some of the environmental impacts not covered under these manuals, specific measures have been included in the ESMF. The reduction in vehicle trips by installing Bulk Milk Coolers (BMCs) has a positive impact on the environment and also reduces the final processing cost of milk.
The ESMF process includes screening process to ensure that the project under various sub components does not involve any land acquisition/ appropriation and physical displacement of the people. If any new land is required, direct purchase method will be adopted. Project will ensure that any public land allotted for any of the project activities will be encumbrance free. Hence, Bank Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) is not applicable to this project.
The process flow for ESMF clearly spells out the strategy to be followed for all the proposed NDSP investments. • Proposals with insignificant impacts will require no further action and will be cleared • Proposals with minor impacts will be cleared with suggestions for good practices and applicable SOPs
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-IV • Proposals with moderate impact will be cleared after suitable mitigation measures are incorporated with compliance monitoring • Proposals expected to have major impacts, stand alone environmental and social impact assessment will be suggested and the final clearance will have conditionality of following an environmental and social management plan (ESMP)
The project does not create any barrier for participation and engagement of women, SC/ST and other vulnerable sections or groups. However, to enhance their participation, the ESMF incorporates measures including Information Education & Communication (IEC), training and capacity building. Culturally appropriate training modules will be developed to help these vulnerable groups to access project benefits at par with others. ESMF also includes measures like helping these vulnerable groups to avail extension services, governmental programmes like fodder development, cattle insurance etc. The project will develop a database on the membership and representation of women, SC/ST and other vulnerable groups in the village level institutions.
The ESMF has an inbuilt sub component related to monitoring, evaluation and continuous learning which is expected to address any emerging E&S related issues, which may impact the project.
At the institutional level, the Implementing Agency (IA) will establish a Project Management Unit. This will have an Environmental and Social Management (ESM) cell, which will be responsible for addressing the E&S related issues of the project. The requisite information to ESM cell will be made available through appropriate support from the Technical teams in the IA to make informed decisions regarding E&S issues. The project includes training and capacity building of the officers of IA and EIAs on E&S management issues under the project.
As a part of the project, pilots will be undertaken. It is proposed to have pilots on waste management, fodder development and methane emissions.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-V 1 INTRODUCTION
ERM India Private Limited has been commissioned by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) to undertake a Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) of the National Dairy Support Project (NDSP) to be implemented across India in selected states between October 2011 and September 2017.
1.1 PROJECT RATIONALE
Economic growth in the last decade has been much higher than it was in the nineties and as a direct outcome, as well as an indicator of this growth, the demand for milk is now growing much faster. Amongst others, the key drivers are: (i) rising incomes due to high Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth; (ii) growing urbanisation and changing food habits, including heightened awareness about the benefits of milk; (iii) increase in population; (iv) export opportunities, and; (v) increase in disposable incomes of rural households through programmes such as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Publications by different researchers and analysts e.g. Delgado et al. (1999), Bhalla et al. (1999), Radhakrishna and Reddy (2002), Dastagiri (2004), Mittal (2006) have indicated that the demand for milk in India has been increasing consequent to an improvement in the macroeconomic indicators.
In 2002, a committee of the Planning Commission had projected that based on a ‘Business As Usual’ economic scenario of the nineties; the demand for milk in 2020 is projected to be about 166 million tonnes. Extrapolated to 2021-22, (co-terminus with end of the 13th Five Year Plan), the demand works out to around 180 million tonnes. Emerging trends indicate that milk demand is likely to be much more than 180 million tonnes in 2021-22 and is estimated in the range of 200 to 210 million tonnes. By 2016-17 (end year of 12th Five Year Plan) the demand is projected to be 155 million tonnes. To successfully meet the growing demand for milk, the average incremental annual increase in milk production that was about 3 million tonnes in the last 15 years will now have to be about 6 million tonnes over the next 12 years. This is a challenging task given the long gestation in improving milch animal productivity, the variations in the biological life cycle of milch animals and the fact that the growth momentum in milk production needs to be sustained on a high base.
Taking into consideration all the above issues, it is imperative that a scientifically planned multi-state initiative is launched at the earliest with a focus to improve milch animal productivity and increase milk production to meet the rapidly growing demand for milk.
The rationale for the project is also supported by the following development outcomes (qualitative and not-measurable) that it would contribute to:
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
1
• Socio-economic development in rural areas through greater opportunities for non-farm jobs and incomes through dairying and allied activities; • Increasing disposable cash incomes for rural milk producers in the business of milk production; • More opportunities for better nutrition in rural areas by increasing the availability of locally produced milk; and • Creating a greater awareness on gender issues by increasing the participation of women milk producers in the management of institutional structures involved in dairying.
1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The aim of National Dairy Support Project (October 2011 to September 2017, referred to as NDSP) is to launch a focused scientifically planned multi state initiative to lay the path for new processes, backed with appropriate policy and regulatory measures, to increase the productivity of milch animals and thereby increase milk production to meet the rapidly growing demand for milk. The project will also seek to increase the access of milk producers to the organised sector for sale of milk.
1.3 PROJECT CONCEPTION AND FORMULATION
Based on subsequent discussions between Department of Animal husbandry Dairying and Fisheries (DADF), National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and the World Bank (WB), it has been agreed that the funding for activities of commercial nature such as plants for manufacture of cattle feed, feed supplements, milk processing and marketing can be explored through IBRD loans after ascertaining the extent of availability of domestic lines of credit. As this would take time, the phasing of the project has been done in such a manner that NDSP should start with investments to increase milk production by increasing bovine productivity through breeding and nutrition interventions and expanding activities related to milk collection and bulking at the village level.
1.4 PROJECT AREA AND BACKGROUND
All the districts in the country will be eligible for funding under various components based on eligibility criteria. However, given the rapidly increasing demand for milk, priority would be given to areas with a higher potential to enhance milk production. Also, while considering districts for funding, certain characteristics of the districts that do not lend themselves to a higher potential to enhance milk production i.e. whether the districts are
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2 metropolitan districts or have very few villages or are located in high altitudes etc. will be also be kept in mind.
Therefore the project area for implementing NDSP would be drawn from all the districts keeping in view the characteristics of the districts as explained above, the interest shown by the participating states and the policy and regulatory measures that are in place (partially or in full) or to be put in place by a definite time line by the State Governments to prepare the environment for the successful implementation of NDSP.
The first phase (NDSP) is scheduled for implementation from October 2011 to September 2017 and comprises of the major components and sub components as outlined in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Project Components under NDSP
Component Sub-component Description A: Productivity A 1 Production of high genetic merit (HGM) cattle and Enhancement buffalo bulls and import of bulls/ semen/ embryos of HF and Jersey breeds for semen production. Strengthening existing Semen Production/ Starting new stations for producing high quality disease free semen doses Setting up viable door step AI delivery services through service providers following laid down Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) including animal tagging and performance record A 2 Scientific nutrition programme for milch animals to produce milk commensurate with their genetic potential and to reduce methane emission Ration Balancing Programme Fodder Development B: Village Based Milk Village based milk procurement systems for weighing, procurement System testing quality of milk received and making payment to milk producers C: Project C 1 Operation and management of computerised Management information systems for collection of data and dissemination of information related to breeding, nutrition, veterinary health services and milk bulking C 2 Monitoring, Learning and Evaluation *Source NDDB
1.5 KEY E&S OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR NDSP
1.5.1 Social Issues
The proposed project is likely to create positive impacts on the rural landscape of the country not only in terms of livelihood and employment but also on other socio economic indicators, some of which are also linked to the MDG targets envisaged by the country.
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3 The proposed project is attempting to provide door step service delivery targeted for primary milk producers, primarily setting up viable door step AI delivery services and scientific nutrition programme for milch animals to produce milk commensurate with their genetic potential. This is likely to see an improved access to services – based on Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for rearing high yielding breeds of cattle and buffalo for the milk producers. The ration balancing programme will increase the awareness among milk producers about better feeding practices and help them to put existing feed resources to better use for higher productivity. The demand for veterinary services is likely to increase, as the high yielding breeds of cattle and buffaloes comparatively have lesser resistance to diseases compared to the indigenous breeds. The project therefore has a special sub component dedicated to improving veterinary delivery systems for improving health of the dairy animals. Recognising that an increase in productivity and milk production will need to be backed by providing more opportunities to milk producers to access the organised sector for sale of milk, the project also has a sub component devoted to village based milk procurement systems for weighing, testing quality of milk received and making payments to milk producers.
Expected increased women participation in the project is likely to have positive effect on livelihood opportunities available for them and increased opportunity for taking leadership role in decision making. The SC/ST households are likely to make a shift towards dairying (which is already visible from emerging baseline trends) with increased support available in terms of training and awareness generation and door step delivery of services.
Increased income opportunity, especially through increase in milk production from high yielding breeds is expected out of the project. Increased disposable income with the primary milk producers is likely to have positive impact on the saving habits of the people and will again positively affect the debt linkage which the primary milk producers are regularly exposed to especially in the rural India. Overall the financial safety of farmers through supplementary dairy income is expected to increase.
There may be some possibilities of a mismatch between the resource availability and the type of milch animals selected by the milk producers (especially landless, marginal and small farmers). Awareness generation among the milk producers on this aspect would therefore be necessary. The project will also need to take into account the growing pressure on the grazing lands due to increased feed requirement of the high yielding; however there may be likely decrease in the effective herd size maintained at the producer level due to better milk outputs with small herd size. Increased variations in climate, especially drought and flood situations will demand a certain kind of disaster management strategy to take care of the fodder needs of the milch animals in such situations.
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4 Presently, there is a low awareness level among the primary milk producers on zoonotic diseases. There is also a need to increase the awareness of zoonotic diseases amongst professionals and others involved in animal husbandry and dairy development. The project should cover this aspect as a part of its training and awareness generation programmes.
1.5.2 Environmental Issues
The Sub Components proposed under the project are likely to have positive impacts on the environment. There would also be some likely negative impacts on the environment. This is because the Sub Components are aimed at increasing the pace of output of milk and would therefore use additional resources and would put some strain on the environment.
Quality services proposed to be delivered at milk producers’ doorstep is likely to provide an opportunity for creating awareness among milk producers on better management of environmental issues at their dairy farm level. This will have a positive impact on the clean milk management issues at the primary milk producer level.
Cattle and buffalo population along with other livestock are considered as major contributors to green house gas (GHG) emissions. The project is likely to contribute in the reduction of GHG emissions from the Indian dairy sector through likely reduction in the dairy animal population (herd size), better metabolism among the high yielding breeds, and increased geographical coverage of ration balancing program across the country.
The gradual reduction in the quality and area of grazing land in the country is likely to accentuate, however there has been a gradual shift in the milk producers towards using a part of the private land holding for fodder development. The project with improved certified seeds with higher productivity per unit of resource consumption is expected to reduce the burden on the farmers and match the increased fodder needs of the high yielding breeds.
The pressure on the limited water resources due to increased water needs of high yielding breeds will continue to remain a challenge needing consideration both at the project level and dairy sector level. Training and awareness generation on rain water harvesting, roof water harvesting, revegetation of grazing lands and efficient water management will reduce the pressure on the existing water resources and also make dairying more sustainable.
The proposed milk collection infrastructure development in the villages e.g Bulk milk Coolers (BMCs) and setting up high yield animal development centres (Bull centres, Semen stations) may have some minor adverse impact on the environment but it will be feasible to minimise such impacts by following the relevant local pollution control regulations that may be applicable. Also,
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5 the minor adverse impact would be further mitigated as the Project proposes to follow appropriate technical manuals and standard guidelines recommended by Government of India for developing such infrastructure. In addition, the Environmental and Social Management framework (ESMF) prepared for the project will also address the issues for implementation.
Subject to appropriateness of agro climatic conditions and the availability of the requisite resources, milk producers are likely to seek increased income opportunities by shifting from local non-descript breeds to high yielding milch animals. However, this may have some unintended consequences on the development of descript indigenous breeds as there may be a tendency to focus more on cross breeds. This could be mitigated by the effective implementation of the State’s breeding policy so that local actions by different stake holders, including the milk producers and the AI technicians, are harmoniously aligned with the need to develop cattle and buffalo breeds in a specific area as per the applicable breeding policy and thereby minimise any negative impact on the efforts to develop descript indigenous breeds.
Table 1.2 illustrates the key sectoral gaps in the Indian Dairy Sector with specific reference to social and environmental issues. These should be read in terms of ERM’s assessment of the context to the SESA of the NDSP.
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6 Table 1.2 Sectoral Gaps – Environment and Social
Categorization Social Issues Stages in Dairying Environmental Issues Categorization Mismatch between the resource availability and the type Breeding Program Construction related to semen stations of milch animals, could add pressure on the resources available with the vulnerable groups Capability of small/poor/landless/marginal farmers in Bull Management (Wastes/Dung) dairying due to improved breed Effluents disposal of semen stations Impact on Indigenous Breeds Gender issues – women exposed to cleaning/unhygienic Improved Breed at conditions HH/Farmer level Animal Management Wastes/Dung/Management/Use/Disposal Methane Release Hygiene/Diseases Creation of employment and entrepreneurial ability at Small/Medium Dairy the village level Farms Labour issues in case of increase in herd size Absence of adequate risk sharing mechanism Poor extension/no access to vets or MVS Animal Health Biomedical waste disposal at veterinary centres Untrained MVS/handling only preventive measures Risk of disease transfer from domestic cattle to wildlife (near forested habitats) due to free grazing approach High charges for access to private veterinary services No round the clock facility in most of the states Poor awareness on vaccination and other zoonotic diseases Lack of adequate referral system Lack of access to high quality fodder seeds Animal Nutrition Open Grazing impacting natural habitats Limited feed and fodder access due to decreasing land Fodder Shortage/unsustainable extraction from for growing fodder forests/pastures Lack of common grazing land, grazing land Quality feeds – production/storage deterioration, grazing land encroachment Lack of awareness on fodder production Availability of quality seeds Fodder crop – irrigation demand and water availability Storage of Fodder/Silage Construction of Cattle Feed Plants Health & Safety of Plant Workers (Noise/Dust) Effluents disposal in feed plants
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 7 Categorization Social Issues Stages in Dairying Environmental Issues Categorization Lack of access to adequate infrastructure and Milk Collection measurement procedures Weak cooperative structure in selected states Informal sector/ Dudhias/ milkman still maintaining formidable presence in certain states Lack of Women participation in the decision making in village level institutions Lack of SC/ST participation in the decision making in village level institutions in areas with SC/ST dominance Legend:
Inadequate data/research/studies on the subject Weak policy/regulatory environment/requires review Poor investment record on the activity Potential to maximize benefits
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1.6 LIMITATIONS
While limited time availability for conducting all the stakeholder consultations and covering 8291 households in the stipulated time has been a real challenge, there have been no major limitations in conducting the work. The issues facing the dairy sector in general are complex and extensive and limiting these issues to understand them from just the perspective of the project components has been a limitation at times; however, there are certain issues which need separate attention even though they are not directly impacted by the activities under the various components of NDSP.
Non-availability of E&S specific secondary data pertaining to the dairy sector restricted the spatial and temporal analysis to identify the trends in the dairy sector
Absence of reliable and village/block/district/state-level datasets on many dairy issues such as environmental resource consumption (water, feed, grazing area required, wastes etc) ; animal health-human health; social livelihoods dependant on dairying as stand-alone and coupled with farming and other livestock rearing (integrated).
ERM has limited understanding of complex institutional systems that also vary from state to state – Co-op societies; govt departments; private milk procurers/suppliers; R&D institutions; private dairy companies; milk product companies; Progressive Dairy Farmer Association (PDFA); NDDB; Mother Dairy; Amul etc.
ERM has limited understanding of competing and overlapping projects and schemes – many central and state government projects and schemes directed at the dairy sector – Lack of comprehensive Project/Scheme Impact assessment documents and lessons learnt from these projects – so that the NDSP can avoid those pitfalls.
The project DPR has not been detailed out, and the states to be selected for the implementation of the project are still in the final stage. The analysis therefore has to be undertaken keeping certain assumptions in mind.
1.6.1 Use of this report
The report has been prepared by the ERM with the expressed understanding of that ERM will provide support and assistance to the client in meeting the disclosure requirement of the project, which, at the minimum, shall meet the World Bank policy on public disclosure and requirements under the Right to Information Act of the Government. The ERM will prepare a plan for an in- country disclosure specifying the time and locations: translate the key documents such as the SESA report and the ESMF in the local languages of the
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9 participating states, draft for the newspaper announcement for the disclosure and placing them at the client’s website.
ERM is not engaged in consulting or reporting for the purpose of advertising, sales promotion, or endorsement of any client interests, including raising investment capital, recommending investment decisions, or other publicity purposes. Client acknowledges this report has been prepared for their and their clients’ exclusive use and agrees that ERM reports or correspondence will not be used or reproduced in full or in part for such purposes, and may not be used or relied upon in any prospectus or offering circular. Client also agrees that none of its advertising, sales promotion, or other publicity matter containing information obtained from this assessment and report will mention or imply the name of ERM.
Nothing contained in this report shall be construed as a warranty or affirmation by ERM that the site and property described in the report are suitable collateral for any loan or that acquisition of such property by any lender through foreclosure proceedings or otherwise will not expose the lender to potential environmental or social liability.
1.7 LAYOUT OF THE REPORT
The layout of this Draft report is as per the following description:
Section 1 Rationale and background to the project including the limitations in conducting the study (this section);
Section 2 Approach and methodology for conducting the SESA of NDSP;
Section 3 Policy and Regulatory Review;
Section 4 Environmental and Social Baseline;
Section 5 Stakeholder Analysis;
Section 6 Impact Assessment and ESMF;
ANNEXURE
ANNEXURE A: LIST OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ALL STATES
ANNEXURE B: LIST OF SURVEY VILLAGES ACROSS ALL STATES
ANNEXURE C: LIST OF VILLAGE LEVEL CONSULTATIONS ACROSS ALL STATES
ANNEXURE D: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON BASELINE SECTION
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10 ANNEXURE E: SOPS FOR VARIOUS SUB COMPONENTS UNDER NDSP
ANNEXURE F: PILOT PROJECTS PROPOSED UNDER NDSP
ANNEXURE G: SAMPLE TOR FOR EIA OF SUB PROJECTS WITH MAJOR IMPACTS
ANNEXURE H: PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN
ANNEXURE I: GUIDELINES FOR TRIBAL CONVERGENCE
ANNEXURE J: ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR MAMMALIAN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
ANNEXURE K: METHANE EMISSION REDUCTION STUDY THROUGH RBP UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
ANNEXURE L: GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM UNDER NDSP
ANNEXURE M: FORM A ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHECKLIST FOR SUBPROJECTS
ANNEXURE N: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING CHECKLIST FOR SUBPROJECTS AT PMU LEVEL
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11 2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
The approach and methodology for the project proposed by ERM was finalised through a series of interactions and meetings with NDDB and the WB. This included the meeting with the subject experts from NDDB to gain a better understanding of the activities proposed under NDSP. The strategy also took into account the review of the secondary literature related to the dairy sector and the current status and challenges facing the sector. The meeting at NDDB was later followed by a joint meeting of NDDB, World Bank and ERM at the World Bank office in New Delhi. The suggestions and the outcome of the meeting further guided in finalising the approach and methodology for the study. This section presents the approach and methodology applied to undertake the Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) of the NDSP. The SESA was conducted in accordance with World Bank Safeguards and Operating Principles and Indian regulatory requirements.
The schedule of the meetings and consultations is detailed in Table 2.1
Table 2.1 Schedule of Meetings and consultations for finalisation of Approach and Methodology
Dates Activity Venue 17th September Presentation by ERM to NDDB on NDDB, Anand 2010 Approach and Methodology 11th to 14th Meeting with NDSP oriented subject NDDB, Anand October 2010 experts 01st November Meeting of representatives from WB, World Bank, New Delhi 2010 NDDB and ERM at WB office to finalise the methodology and sample for the study
The broad process framework for conducting the SESA has been detailed in Figure 2.1. The figure depicts the steps involved and the way these steps have been interlinked to each other in terms of informing the action for the next step.
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12 Figure 2.1 Process Framework for Conducting SESA
Scoping for SESA
Objective & Scope of SESA
Strategy Formulation for conducting SESA
Approach & Methodology
Policy & Regulatory Review
National Laws & Regulations
World Bank Safeguards & OPs
Gap Analysis of National Laws with respect to OPs
Baseline Survey
Stakeholder & Institutional analysis
Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
Impact Identification
Impact Rating Development
Assigning of rating to Impacts
Environmental and Social Impact Mitigation Matrix
Environmental and Social Management and Institutional Framework
Environmental & Social Management Plan
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13 2.1.1 Step I: Formulating strategy for conducting SESA
ERM presented a detailed strategy for conducting the SESA at the inception workshop organised at NDDB. In a nutshell, the strategy revolved around identifying and understanding the key activities involved in each segment of the NDSP, from the perspective of capturing the environmental and social issues and impacts. Stakeholder and institutional analysis formed an important part of this assessment that provided the context to the SESA and the framework. A major part of the assessment has been guided by the baseline study using research instruments like the sample survey and the focussed group discussions (FGDs). These instruments were with NDDB and pretested in the field before starting the final data collection. Analysis of the information collected has given a shape to the understanding of the positive and adverse (social and environmental) impacts which have further been used for developing the environmental and social management framework for the project in the background of relevant national laws and the World Bank standards and policies.
Finalisation of the states
The states and the districts selected for conducting the study went through minor changes due to certain operational concerns, and the changes were accommodated in consultation with NDDB. The final status of the survey states and districts finally covered under the study is detailed in Table 2.2
Table 2.2 Final List of States and Districts Covered under SESA
State District Survey villages Stakeholder Consultation List Punjab Ludhiana Refer to Annexure B Refer to Annexure A Karnataka Bangalore Refer to Annexure B Refer to Annexure A Kolar Refer to Annexure B Refer to Annexure A Gujarat Anand Refer to Annexure B Refer to Annexure A Panchmahal Refer to Annexure B Refer to Annexure A Banaskantha Refer to Annexure B Refer to Annexure A Bihar Patna Refer to Annexure B Refer to Annexure A Muzaffarpur Refer to Annexure B Refer to Annexure A
2.1.2 Step II: Policy and regulations review
This included a desk review of the existing Acts, Regulations and Policy and Programs at country level which will have applicability to the project. The section also aimed at highlighting, the compatibility of the existing Acts and Regulations to address the possible impacts from the project. Further, analysis of the applicability of the various World Bank Safeguards and OPs to be triggered because of the project activities were also highlighted. This was followed by suitability of the various Indian Acts and Regulations in addressing the triggered World Bank Safeguards and OPs. The emerging gap analysis was used to interlink the impacts identified through the baseline and stakeholder analysis and identifying suitable mitigation measures.
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14 This analysis primarily looked into legal, regulatory and policy instruments related to various activities pertaining to the components to be taken under NDSP:
• Production of high genetic merit (HGM) cattle and buffalo bulls and import of bulls/ semen/ embryos of HF and Jersey breeds for semen production. • Strengthening existing Semen Production/ Starting new stations for producing high quality disease free semen doses • Setting up viable door step AI delivery services through service providers following laid down Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) including animal tagging and performance record • Scientific nutrition programme for milch animals to produce milk commensurate with their genetic potential and to reduce methane emission • Ration Balancing Programme • Fodder Development • Veterinary care delivery systems for improving the health and fertility of dairy animals • Village based milk procurement systems for weighing, testing quality of milk received and making payment to milk producers
The various steps involved in all these activities were studied in detail to understand the applicability of the local laws and regulations. This also became important as not only the ambit of activities is quite large under the project and there is no single set of regulations that comprehensively cover all activities related to animal husbandry and dairying. Besides animal husbandry and dairying is a state subject and is therefore generally regulated in each state by the respective state governments.
The analysis while looking at the applicability of the various laws and regulations has also tried to assess the specific policy and regulations especially meant for the dairy sector both at the national level as well as the state level and their suitability in addressing the various issues related to the project components and the sub components.
2.1.3 Step III: Baseline Survey
The baseline survey was conducted in almost 281 villages with the number of villages ranging from 35 -40 in each of the 8 districts.
Finalisation of survey tools
The survey tools submitted with the inception report underwent changes after suggestions from NDDB and World Bank. The survey tools were further circulated to both World Bank and NDDB after incorporating the suggestions. The list of survey tools used for conducting the SESA is detailed in Table 2.3
Table 2.3 List of Survey tools used for the SESA study
SI.No. Survey Tools 1 HH Questionnaire
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15 SI.No. Survey Tools 2 Village questionnaire 3 Village level FGD & consultations 4 District Level consultations 5 State level consultations
Selection of the Survey villages
The village selection for conducting the baseline survey was done in coordination with the respective state level Milk Unions. A list of criteria was circulated as a sample to each of the unions wherein the baselines survey was proposed to be conducted. The unions were also asked to identify other such criteria which are socially and environmentally relevant in the context of dairying scenario in the district. It was decided at the onset of the study to have consistent criteria for all the districts to be covered under the baselines; however, with the range of responses and the varied level of issues being faced by the different districts, it made more sense to have criteria suited to local conditions. A sample list of criteria is detailed in Table 2.4
Table 2.4 Some criteria for selection of villages for Baseline survey
SI. No. Sample Criterion 1 Villages where the DCS has been running smoothly since a long time 2 Villages wherein membership & collection have increased in last 3 to 5 years 3 Villages which have shifted from Dairy (gradual reduction in number. of households engaged in milk production) 4 Village where SC / ST population has started engaging in dairying or has been engaged in milk production for long 5 Villages which have shifted towards Private or Unorganised milk collection or have been always been like that (no DCS or defunct DCS) 6 Villages where cattle are affected because of famine conditions 7 Villages where women have taken a key role in the dairy business (right from milk production activity to DCS membership & control over payment etc.,) 8 Any Defunct DCS 9 Villages located in the vicinity of infrastructure facility such Cattle Feed and Semen Station, Seed Plant, Chilling Plant etc, 10 Any other issue felt relevant in the local context
The final list of villages selected for each of the districts is being attached as Annexure B.
Field Survey
A team of trained field investigators were identified for each of the states, who were conversant with the local language and traditions, had a strong survey experience to suitably capture the issues related to the dairy sector through the survey. The field investigators were provided proper training on the survey instruments apart from the issues that are to be suitably captured in the field. This ensured that there was consistency in approach and methodology among the investigators covering the four states.
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16 Each state was supervised by ERM staff responsible for quality control and stakeholder consultations.
Household selection in the villages have been done in a way to capture the families engaged in Dairying, or prospective beneficiaries, on the basis of house listing with the local community. Household selection has further looked at the following combination in the villages with suggestions from NDDB: • Families having milch animals but not engaged in formal dairying • Families having milch animals and engaged in formal dairying • Families with potential of engaging in dairying • Families engaged in dairying but lack skill and capacity to do so full time • Full time and part time dairying • Tribals and vulnerable population in the villages • Other specific groups
Quality check was maintained through regular monitoring of the survey by ERM staff and stock taking after completion of certain number of villages at regular intervals.
2.1.4 Step IV: Stakeholder and institutional analysis
Stakeholder consultation was done extensively (List of stakeholders engaged in consultation has been attached as Annexure A) across all the study states.
Stakeholder Identification
The stakeholders were finalised in initial discussions with NDDB. The list was further updated after the field testing process. Based on the field testing, a preliminary list of stakeholders was developed, with a broad analysis of their profiles, their interests in the project, level of influence on the design and outcomes, and potential role. This preliminary assessment was further developed during the field survey. A tentative classification of the stakeholders and related institutions has been enlisted in Table 2.5
Table 2.5 Stakeholders at various levels
Levels Stakeholders Method adopted for Contacted/ Not consultations contacted Local/Village • Milk Producers (Small scale Consultation/ Contacted Level and large scale) Interviews • Women groups Focussed Group Contacted Discussions (FGD) • SC/ST groups FGD Contacted • Dairy Cooperative Societies; Consultation/ Contacted interviews • Self-help Groups FGD Contacted • Informal Milk Producer Consultation/ Contacted Institutions interviews • Artificial Insemination Consultation/ Contacted Technicians interviews • Milk Vendors/Dudhias/ Consultation/ Contacted private dairies interviews
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17 Levels Stakeholders Method adopted for Contacted/ Not consultations contacted • Peri-urban Dairy Farms Consultation/ Contacted interviews Block/Tehsil • Veterinary Consultation/ Contacted Doctors/Livestock interviews Inspectors • Milk Procurement Consultation/ Contacted Supervisors interviews • Chilling Centres Consultation/ Contacted interviews • Agriculture Extension Consultation/ Contacted Officers interviews • Institutional and Consultation/ Contacted Commercial Dairy Farms interviews District • Milk Unions ( Dairy plants Consultation/ Contacted & Cattle feed plants, seed interviews processing plant) • Animal Husbandry Consultation/ Contacted Department interviews • NGOs Consultation/ Contacted interviews • Food Inspectors Not Contacted • Veterinary Hospitals Consultation Contacted • Agricultural Department Consultation/ Contacted interviews • District Rural Development Consultation/ Contacted Agency interviews • District/Municipal Medical Consultation/ Not contacted Officers/Health interviews Department • District Registrar Consultation/ Contacted Cooperative interviews State • Milk Federations Consultation/ Contacted interviews • Director of Animal Consultation/ Contacted Husbandry/Dairy/Agricult interviews ure • Milk Commissioner Not Contacted • Agricultural Universities Consultation/ Contacted interviews • Veterinary Colleges Consultation/ Contacted interviews • Private Sector involved in Consultation/ Contacted AH & D activities interviews • Department of Tribal Consultation/ Contacted Welfare interviews National • AICFR – IGFRI Consultation/ Contacted interviews • National Institute of Animal Consultation/ Contacted Nutrition and Physiology, interviews Bangalore • National Dairy Consultation/ Contacted Development Board interviews (Managers & Specialist) • National Cooperative Dairy Not contacted Federation of India
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18 Apart from the above mentioned stakeholders and institutions, other specialized agencies, working either as research institutions/ policy institutions or informal service delivery institutions were also contacted. However, some of them could not be contacted owing to certain limitations and the stakeholder analysis chapter captures only the main stakeholder groups while the output of consultations from the rest of them was used to strengthen the stakeholder analysis chapter.
Stakeholder Analysis
Stakeholder analysis has been done as a part of the SESA to identify the issues and the concerns of the various stakeholders who are supposed to be either directly or indirectly impacted or assume a position wherein they can have a significant impact on the project.
The stakeholder analysis has been done to:
• Identify the existing relationships of these stakeholders amongst each other and with the dairy sector. • Understand roles, responsibilities and relations of these stakeholders in the context of shaping the environmental and social issues of the dairy sector.
The institutional analysis was aimed at understanding the following: • Assess how the various institutions under the ambit of the dairy sector have identified, appreciated and performed to address the environmental and social issues related to dairying. • Identifying and prioritizing key steps (and investments) to improve environmental and social governance of these institutions, which may be in areas of o building their capacities for undertaking awareness building programs, o information management and communication, o monitoring and evaluation, o Grievance redressal etc. • Propose appropriate training in ESMF for selected stakeholders especially involved in the implementation of the NDSP to mitigate adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts.
These consultations were carried out in the field in accordance with the World Bank social analysis guidelines, while also ensuring that the World Bank Safeguard and Operating Policies and environment assessment guidelines are followed.
2.1.5 Step V: Environment and Social Impact Assessment
Baseline
The baseline for the Project was based on the analysis of the survey of 8291 HHs in 8 districts across 4 states. However, this has been used to develop generalised understanding for the status of dairying in the country as whole. The Baseline status has helped in capturing the status at the national level,
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19 backed by analysis of surveyed HHs to be followed by the existing situation in the states (especially covered under the survey).
Social & Environmental ( S&E) Impact Assessment
While undertaking the social and environmental impact assessment, the level of impact has been assessed to ascertain the implications of the project on, though not limited to:
• Physical environment (air, water, noise and soil); • Ecology and biodiversity, including agro biodiversity; • Hydro-geology; • Agro climatic zones; and • Land-use.
This list was further updated as the study progressed and the clarity on the activities increased.
The social assessment looked at possible implications on the following (in the context of the dairy sector and its implications for the same), though not limited to:
• Land holding patterns • Grazing land and access to resources • Dairy size pattern across land holding categories • Preferences for dairy animals; • Demographic details, labour & migration; • Gender aspects in dairying–constraints and opportunities; • Impacts specifically on marginal and vulnerable communities like SC/ST; • Awareness and use of improved dairy practices and barriers (economic and social). • Land availability issues, if any, for any sub component under the project; • Representation and participation of vulnerable groups in DCS and other decisions making agencies related to the project
2.1.6 Step VI: Impact identification
On the basis of the impact assessment, stakeholder analysis and secondary literature review, the impacts were categorised under the social and environmental heads. An attempt has also been made to identify the impacts and classify them into positive and negative impacts.
For the purpose of categorisation of the impacts a simple methodology has been used, which also captures the stage at which the impacts are likely to emerge during the project implementation.
The impact identification has also tried to capture the following: • Identify and prepare an inventory of possible direct and indirect o positive impacts that could be enhanced/ upscaled/ replicated further and
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20 o negative impacts and options for appropriate mitigation measures. • Suggest cost effective alternative approaches (wherever possible), such as use of environment-friendly materials, to prevent negative impacts and suggest ways to enhance the participation of women, SC and STs in project implementation.
While taking the impact identification measures forward, attempts have been made to explore measures to enhance the participation of tribal and other vulnerable sections and ensure that they access project benefits at par with others.
Preliminary Impact Matrix Development
Taking further from the impact identification stage, an exhaustive matrix clearly identifying the adverse environmental and social impacts (direct/indirect/induced, if any, of the proposed investments (activity wise) under the NDSP has been developed to ensure compliance with the national laws and policies as well as with the World Bank's safeguard policies.
2.1.7 Step VII: Environmental and social Impact and Mitigation Matrix
The impacts identified for the project activity have been further detailed in this section. The importance of this section lies in identifying measures which are already incorporated in the project design to avoid duplication while identifying specific mitigation/ enhancement measures for the project impacts. For the rest of the impacts not already addressed or which do not have enhancing measures, the environmental and social impact mitigation matrix primarily tries to suggest the required measures. The matrix also assigns responsibility for addressing the impacts.
Additionally, the ESMF has tried to address the following:
• Include strategies to help tribal, women and other vulnerable sections who are actively involved in decision making so that they access project benefits at par with others. • Include measures required to support potential land losers (irrespective of their ownership of land), highlight their social economic profile, defining arrangement for alternate livelihood for the project affected people in the form of a resettlement action plan (RAP), if required in the case of land acquisition;
While the national laws and regulations cover significant requirements, there is need for extra caution on the part of the project implementing agency, which has been suitably addressed in the mitigation matrix.
2.1.8 Step VIII: Environment and Social Management Framework & Institutional Framework Preparation
The environmental and social management framework has been developed for:
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21 • Identifying institutional roles/responsibility for implementation, and its monitoring mechanism; • Developing project screening and exclusion criteria; • Integrating Environmental and social management consideration at the various levels and stages of project implementation; • Developing external and monitoring mechanism within the project for addressing the environmental and social impacts during the life cycle of the project.
The section goes on to describe the integration of the environment and social issues based on the existing decision making and project approval process of NDDB.
2.1.9 Step IX: Social / Environmental Management Plan& Code of practice
Relevant environmental, social mitigation plans for the first year of identified activities / investments would be prepared subsequently during the implementation phase especially where the environmental and social impacts are negative and need mitigation.
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22 3 LEGAL & POLICY FRAMEWORK
This section presents the environmental and social policy and regulatory framework applicable for NDSP. The review attempts to bring together Country’s environmental and social policies and regulations and World Bank Policies that could get triggered with the implementation of NDSP.
3.1 ENVIRONME NTAL AND SOCIAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
India has strong set of laws and regulations both on environmental and social aspects. Progressive changes in regulations covering many social and environmental aspects have been made in the recent decades. A brief analysis of the local laws and regulations and their applicability to NDSP is presented in Table 3.3.1.
Table 3.3.1 Environmental and Social Regulations Applicable for NDSP
S No. Legislation Remarks on Applicability for NDSP Environmental 1 Indian Forest Act,1927; The Sub Components under the project will not trigger any National Forest Policy, 1988 action that would involve the Indian Forest Act, 1927; 2 Forest (Conservation) Act, No project sub component proposed will trigger the 1980, amended 1988. provisions of the Forest Conservation Act. However at the level of milk producers, issues regarding grazing, fodder collection in forest areas may be of some concern. 3 The Indian Wildlife For the protection of the fauna, the Act defines the livestock (Protection) Act, 1972, and does not prohibit the grazing or the movement of the amended 1993, The Wild Life animals in any sanctuary without permit. (Protection) Amendment Act, Under the category of fauna, cattle do not fall under any of 2002 the schedules as specified in the Act for various level of protection. Hence the act is not applicable for NDSP 4 Wildlife Conservation The Sub Components under the Project do not propose any Strategy 2002 activity which goes against the act, hence will not be applicable for NDSP 5 Biodiversity Act 2002, and The breeding programmes proposed under the Project, will rules 2004 follow the state specific breeding policies designed to ensure conservation of indigenous breeds 6 The Environment AS an umbrella Act, all the rules and regulations (Protection) Act; 1986 as promulgated under EP act depending upon their amended till 2010 individual applicability will apply on the project. EP act as such does not have direct provision for the project. The applicability has been further detailed out in the specific acts mentioned further in this table. 7 Environment (Protection) Only Strengthening of the semen stations and setting up of Rules 1986 the new semen stations is being done under the project. EP Rules specify pollution standards for DG sets, vehicular pollution and industry specific pollutants. Will be applicable for the Project 8 The Air (Prevention and The Act will not be applicable as the only infrastructure Control of Pollution) Act, development activity proposed under the project is setting 1981 Including Rules 1982 up of new or strengthening of the existing semen station. It and 1983 will not fall under the category of the industry. To
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23 S No. Legislation Remarks on Applicability for NDSP ascertain that setting up and operating BMCs is not ‘industry’. 9 Noise Pollution (Regulation Not applicable to NDSP as none of the Sub Components and Control) Rules, 2000 proposed are likely to result in such noise. However, in case DG sets are used for power back up, the rules can be used for reference. 10 The Water (Prevention and Under NDSP no such activity is proposed which requires Control of Pollution), Act, the applicability of the act, however the operation of the 1974 including Rules, 1975 BMC and to an extent the semen station can be aligned to (as amended up to 1988) the needs of the act.
11 Central Groundwater Applicable for NDSP especially for the water requirements Authority Guidelines & in the infrastructural facility to be funded under NDSP, and Ground Water (Regulation, through involvement of the dairy farmers in the dry areas. Development and Management) Rules, 2007 12 The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 The Act will be indirectly applicable for activities under the and Rules Project relating to transportation of animals, manpower and service delivery since such transport will be outsourced by EIAs and therefore the primary responsibility for compliance with this law will be that of the transport provider. 13 Hazardous Wastes None of the facilities proposed under NDSP are expected to (Management and Handling) release hazardous waste. For now only the semen stations Rules, 1989 and Amendment will be set up or strengthened, where the release of the Rules, 2000 & 2003 hazardous waste will be minimal, however disposal of waste can be done through certified agencies as per the rules. 14 Bio-Medical Waste The applicability of the act will be limited to AH (Animal (Management and Handling) Health) activities, especially vaccination under the Project. Rules, 1998 and amendment, 2003
15 Food Safety and Standards The Act will be applicable for NDSP as one of the Sub Act, 2006 Components is related to village based milk procurement system, and testing quality of the milk received. 16 Live Stock Importation Act, The act will be applicable for NDSP as there will be import 1898 and further notifications of Jersey/ HF bulls for semen production. 17 State Specific cattle and Applicable to the Project (Discussed in later section) Buffalo Breeding Policy 18 Breeding of and Experiments The Sub Components proposed under the project do not on Animals (Control and involve breeding of and experimentation of animals under Supervision) Rules, 1998 the project, only semen collection and delivery is envisaged. Hence not applicable under NDSP 19 The Prevention and control The Act will hold applicability for NDSP as it involves of infectious and contagious cattle and Buffalos too, and any infectious diseases related diseases in animals Act, 2009 to them. & Notification dated 24-08-09 for the prevention and control of infectious and contagious diseases in animals; 20 The Seeds Act, 1966 & The sub components under NDSP include fodder seed The Seeds (Amendment) Act, development and distribution of the same, hence the act 1972; The Seeds (Control) will be applicable fro NDSP Order, 1983 Social Land Acquisition,
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24 S No. Legislation Remarks on Applicability for NDSP Rehabilitation & Resettlement 21 The Land Acquisition Act, None of the Sub Components detailed in the project, 1894 and 1984 amendments require land acquisition. The land requirement if needed, will be met through hiring/ leasing of the existing infrastructure or existing land available with the Government so, this act will not be applicable for NDSP 22 National Policy on No land acquisition is done under the project, and no issue Rehabilitation and of displacement is proposed under any of the Sub Resettlement, 2007 Components of NDSP. This policy will hence be not applicable for NDSP Welfare of SC& ST 23 The Scheduled Tribes and Ordinarily there will not be activities proposed in forest Other Traditional Forest areas. Hence not applicable for NDSP Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006 & rules 2007 24 Article 15 of the constitution Necessitates provision to ensure that there is no discrimination against the SC/ST. It also implies that ample provision has to be made so that they can maximise their participation under NDSP. 25 The Provision of the Not directly applicable, however the spirit of the act may be Panchayat (Extension to the used as a reference wherever relevant under NDSP Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 proposed to be located in Scheduled V areas. Labour and Child Labour 26 Laws related to labour and All the Laws related to Labour welfare and child labour working (like child labour, will be applicable for NDSP especially for the infrastructure trade union, minimum facilities which will qualify under the definition of the wages, maternity benefits industry as defined under the industries Act. etc) Women 27 Constitutional Privileges The spirit of the recommendations of the Report will be 28 Report of the Working group incorporated in the project design. on Empowerment of women For the XI Plan 29 Reservation for Women in Local Self-Government Other relevant regulations 30 Panchayati Raj Amendment The act will not be directly applicable to NDSP, however while the activities under NDSP targets village level intervention, Panchayats will act as one of the stakeholders in the village The project will appreciate their presence and engagement in the village level targeted activities. 31 Right to Information Act, While the project per se would not be covered by the Act, it 2005 will apply to those agencies that are covered under the Act and are involved in the implementation of NDSP. 32 Cooperative Acts of various Some of the Sub Components of the project will involve States engagement with the DCS and hence the cooperative acts of various states will be applicable for the project 32 The Companies The act will be applicable to NDSP, as the project envisages (Amendment) Act, 2002 setting up of producer company (ies) for implementation of certain Sub Components.
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25 3.2 WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard operational policies are crucial for any development project being funded by the World Bank. Over the years, experiences from the various projects funded by the World Bank have shaped the formulation of these safeguard operational policies and procedures. The main objective of these policies is to add to the process of sustainable development and poverty reduction through the projects it is funding. These policies provide guidelines for the Bank and borrower staffs in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects.
While some of the safeguard policies concentrate on the social aspect like poverty reduction, participation, rights of indigenous people, gender and the land acquisition and resettlement and rehabilitation issues, the environmental polices provides policies to manage environmental impacts, natural habitats of various wild life and species etc, and ensure better management of water resources, conservation of forests etc.
The brief requirements prescribed under the World Bank Safeguards and Operational Policies (OPs) and their applicability for the various sub components of the NDSP is detailed in Table 3.2
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
26 Table 3.2 World Bank Safeguards & Operating Policies and Directives applicable for NDSP
WB Safeguards & OPs Requirements Applicability for NDSP Environmental OP 4.01 Environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank Applicable. Environmental financing is required to help ensure that they are environmentally This is an umbrella policy and will be applicable for NDSP. The Assessment sound and sustainable. EA takes into account the natural environment Environment and Social Assessment is being undertaken to meet (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects this criterion/requirement (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and physical cultural resources). Based on the EA and the degree, extent and severity of impacts the projects are classified as Category “A”, “B” and “C”. OP 4.36 The Policy aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental Not Applicable. Forests contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, The project is unlikely to be taken up in any forest area. Therefore, and encourage economic development. OP 4.36 would not generally apply. OP 4.04 The Policy seeks to ensure that World Bank-supported infrastructure Not Applicable. Natural Habitats and other development projects take into account the conservation of The present project description does not in any way contravene this biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and policy. products which natural habitats provide to human society. OP 4.09 The procurement of any pesticide in a Bank-financed project is Applicable. Pest Management contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated The project will involve fodder seed distribution and will involve risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users. likely use of pesticides either directly or indirectly at the farmer The need to prevent the development of resistance in pests. level. Hence this OP 4.09 will be applicable. Social OP 4.10 This policy contributes to the Bank's mission of poverty reduction and Applicable. Indigenous Peoples sustainable development by ensuring that the development process Activities envisaged under the Project will have an inclusive fully respects the dignity, human rights, economies, and cultures of approach to provide equal opportunity to such people to participate Indigenous Peoples. in and benefit from the project if they are present in the project area. OP 4.12 The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent Not Applicable. Involuntary feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic Under NDSP no such land acquisition and physical displacement are Resettlement impacts. proposed and hence no resettlement issues are envisaged. OP 4.11 This policy addresses physical cultural resources, which are defined as Not Applicable. Physical Cultural movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, Under NDSP no activity is envisaged in areas where this Resources and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, requirement will need to be addressed. It is unlikely that under paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other NDSP there will be any activity on sites which have any cultural cultural significance. significance.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 27 3.3 POLICIES RELATED TO DAIRY SECTOR
The section below provides a brief description of the livestock and dairy related laws, policies, and guidelines in the country and in specific states.
3.3.1 Indian Veterinary Council Act, 1984
The Indian Veterinary Council Act was enacted in 1984 to regulate veterinary practice and to provide for that purpose, for the establishment of Veterinary Council of India and State Veterinary Councils and the maintenance of Registers of veterinary practitioners and for matters connected therewith. The Act extended, in the first instance, to the States of Haryana, Bihar, Orissa, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan and to all the Union Territories. Subsequently, different States have adopted the provisions of the Act and as on today the Act stands extended to all the States and Union Territories (UTs) except Jammu and Kashmir. The Act provides that no person other than a registered veterinary practitioner shall:
• hold office as veterinary physician or surgeon or any other like office (by what ever name called) in government or in any institution maintained by a local or other authority and • practice veterinary medicine in any state
Provided that the State Government may, by order, permit a person holding a diploma or certificate of veterinary supervisor, stockman or stock assistant (by whatever name called) issued by the Directorate of Animal Husbandry (by whatever name called) of any state or any veterinary institution in India, to render, under the supervision and direction of a registered veterinary practitioner, minor veterinary services.
Explanation – “Minor veterinary services” means the rendering of preliminary veterinary aid like vaccination, castration, and dressing of wounds, and such other types of preliminary aid or the treatment of such ailments as the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf. Accordingly, some states/UTs governments have notified the “Minor Veterinary Services”. The Ministry of Agriculture, department of Animal husbandry, dairying and fisheries has issued (on April 16th 2010) guidelines for defining “Minor Veterinary services” by state governments. As per this some of the activities that constitute “minor veterinary services” include (the below list is not all inclusive):
• Application and administration of drugs as specified in “Schedule H” of the drugs and cosmetic rules, 1945; • Compounding and dispensing of drugs/therapeutic preparations; • Rendering preliminary aid through oral administration of analgesics and antipyretics in case of pain and fever; • Performing castration by closed method, de-horning, dis-budding and de breaking; • Prophylactic vaccination of animals; • Handling of superficial ailments like wounds, abscesses, external/superficial haemorrhages, burns etc
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 28 • -Prophylactic vaccinations of animals • Collection and dispatch of samples of blood, serum, urine, faeces, semen, milk and other specimens for laboratory examination
3.3.2 Food Safety and Standards (Milk and Milk Products) Regulations, 1992
The Government of India promulgated the Milk and Milk Product Order (M&MPO) 1992 on 9 June 1992 under the provisions of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 subsequent to the de-licensing of the Dairy Sector in 1991. M&MPO offered a degree of protection to the cooperative sector vis-à- vis the private by following a policy of preferential treatment in the allocation and reservation of milksheds for milk procurement till 2002. The key features of the amended M&MPO, 2002 included:
• The provision of assigning a milk shed was done away with; • Registrations under M&MPO now covers sanitary, hygienic condition, quality and food safety measures as specified in the V Schedule ; • Guidelines for the inspection of dairy plants.
The food safety and quality aspects of the industry is now regulated under the Food Safety and Standards (Milk and Milk Products) Regulations, 1992 of the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.
3.3.3 Cattle Feed (Regulation of Manufacture and Sale) Order
A Cattle Feed (Regulation of Manufacture and Sale) Order has been finalised to regulate the manufacture and sale of cattle feed and other feed supplements. The Order also has specific implications for small producers of cattle feed as it has stipulations for the registration of business entities engaged in the manufacture, sale or distribution of cattle feed and mineral mixture. The Order is in the process of approval and notification.
3.3.4 Prevention and Control of Infectious and Contagious Diseases in Animals Act, 2009
This Act provides for the prevention, control and eradication of infectious and contagious diseases affecting animals and for prevention of outbreak or spreading of such diseases from one State to another. The features of this Act have implications for meeting the international obligations of India to facilitate import and export of animals and animal products. It has come into force since 25 August 2009 throughout the country except in Uttar Pradesh.
3.3.5 Breeding Policies
The need for detailed breeding policies for livestock (cattle and buffalo population) with continuous up gradation is necessitated because of the following facts:
• There has been no focused growth in animal productivity due to indiscriminate breeding over the years. In spite of India’s position as the
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 29 highest producer of milk, productivity per animal is very poor. It is only 987 Kgs/lactation as compared to the world average of 2038 Kgs/lactation. There has been a decrease in the Indigenous cattle population till livestock Census 2003 and an increase in per in-milk animal over the years. • Lack of awareness and lack of access to available/ non available information on suitable breeds and cross breeds for various agro climatic zones. • The lack of a unified coordinating mechanism for a breeding programme with a database, has resulted in different agencies delivering services based on their own understanding and own specifications, not necessarily suited to local agro climatic requirements.
Most of the states in the country, primarily the ones having a higher share in the total milk procurement in the country, have developed a breeding policy for a cattle and buffalo population. Some states like Bihar, Orissa, Maharashtra, Haryana have come up with a new breeding policy taking into consideration the agro climatic zones, under which various parts of the respective states fall, and also to address the problem of inbreeding in some states.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 30 Table 3.3 Cattle & Buffalo Breeding Policy in Study States
S.No State/UT Year of formulation Indigenous Breed Breeding Policy (Salient features) 1 Bihar 2005 Local cattle i) Cross breeding with exotic breeds to increase productivity of non descript cattle population Buffalo (non descript and through AI, Jersey and HF and are the breed of choice. The level of exotic inheritance limited to graded) 50% and allowed to be increased upto 62.5% in exceptional cases. Crossbreeding with exotic breeds will be taken up in urban and periurban areas. If need arise back crossing of crossbreds with indigenous breeds will be allowed. ii) Upgrading non descript cattle with the bulls of recognized indigenous breed like Tharparkar, Red Sindhi, Shaiwal, and Hariana. iii) Genetic upgradation of nondescript cattle population with exotic breeds will also be allowed, preferably with Jersey semen. iv) Upgrading non descript buffalo population with Murrah breed. 2 Gujarat Cattle: Gir, Kankrej i) Conservation and upgradation of pure bred of Gir & Kankrej by using progeny tested bulls of Buffalo: Mehsani, Surti, respective breeds. Jaffarabadi ii) In buffalo also upgradation of pure bred of Jafarabadi, Surti and Mehsani by using progeny tested bulls of respective breeds. iii) Cross breeding of non descript animals with H.F. & Jersey up to 50% blood level and maximum up to 72.5%. 3 Karnataka 1980 Cattle: Deoni, Krishna i) Indigenous breeds (Hallikar, Amritmahal, Krishna Valley, Deoni and Khillar) in the breeding Valley, Khillar, Amrit tract will be developed through selective breeding. Breeders in the areas will be encouraged to Mahal, Hallikar, Local produce bulls for further development. cattle ii) Cross breeding nondescript with exotic breeds (HF & Jersey). The level of exotic inheritance Buffalo: Non descript, will be maintained at 50 % in the areas having limited fodder production facilities. In areas where graded fodder production is more promising and milk marketing is well-planned higher exotic blood up to 62.5% will be allowed. iii) Surti is the breed of choice for genetic upgradation of buffalo population in the State. 4 Punjab 2002 Cattle: Sahiwal, i) Cross breeding of non-descript cattle with exotic breeds to increase milk production of Non Non descript cattle, descript cattle population through AI, HF and Jersey are the breed of choice. Exotic blood crossbred cattle restricted to 50% by interse mating of the crossbred with crossbred bulls. However, the farmers Buffalo: Murrah, Nili with better knowledge and facilities for dairy farm management can produce higher grades of Ravi & graded Murrah crossbred cows with 75% of the exotic inheritance. ii) Sahiwal breed of cattle developed through selective breeding in the breeding tract. iii) Nili-Ravi breed of the buffalo developed through selective breeding in the breeding tract. iv) In rest of the State, buffaloes will be developed through Murrah breed.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 31 Most of states have either formulated their breeding policies or have upgraded them after the national Programme for cattle and buffalo breeding was implemented.
However, specific details on types of breed suited to the local agro climatic conditions have not been developed in some of these states.
3.3.6 Grazing Policy
Grazing land in the country has been gradually reducing for the following reasons.
• The common grazing land in the villages in most of the places no longer exist, having been encroached, used for construction of IAY houses or other infrastructure; • The existing grazing lands in most places have been degraded due to overgrazing; • Development of infrastructural projects has also resulted in loss of the CPRs and the grazing land; lack of access to grazing land or ample land for fodder cultivation would therefore be a limiting factor to the participation of farmers with small land holdings; • States or regions wherein the water table has gone down, lack of access to water have led to decreased fodder cultivation. Common grazing land with access to irrigation sources would be required to support dairy farming in such regions.
States like Gujarat have developed a state specific grazing policy which focuses on promoting fodder production, preventing encroachment on common property resources, maintenance of grazing land etc.
Such a policy is required for other states as well, especially where the pressure on land is increasing. Other states like Orissa, Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh have acknowledging the need for fodder production and grazing land in their respective state specific livestock policy.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
37 4 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
India has emerged as the highest milk producer in the world with a five-fold increase in production from 21.2 million tonnes in 1968–1969 to cross 100 million tonnes in 2007–2008 (GOI, 2009). This is indicative of the success of dairy development programs launched since the 1970s. 14 of India’s states (including the 4 sample states of Gujarat, Punjab, Karnataka and Bihar) account for more than 90% of India’s milk production (NDDB, 2010). It is well established that the dairy sector in India is critical for rural development and enhancing livelihoods owing to the traditionally agrarian nature of the Indian economy. For instance, the livestock sector cumulatively contributes approximately 6.8% of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs over 8% of the labour force (FAO, 2006).
This section profiles the socio-economic and environmental baseline within which the NDSP is to be implemented. The baseline is drawn from a household and village survey conducted in the sample states of Punjab, Gujarat, Bihar and Karnataka, as discussed in the Approach and Methodology section of this report. The baseline captures key trends and implications of social and environmental indicators in the context of the dairy sector in transition. These indicators and implications need to be seen in the context of:
• Inherent limitation of sampling and the sample size, which though statistically significant, is limited to 4 states; • Increasing commodity / milk prices during the survey creating a possible bias in the feedback received from stakeholders;
The baseline section has been divided into social and environmental Baseline section separately. While some of the issues have specifically been covered under the separate sections (environmental and social), other issues have implications for both the social and environmental baseline.
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE SIZE
The baseline household survey was undertaken across 282 villages and 8291 households as provided in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Sample Size
State District Number of Villages Number of Households Punjab Ludhiana 35 1040 Gujarat Anand 35 991 Banaskantha 35 995 Panchmahal 36 1008 Sub-total 106 2994 Bihar Patna 35 1114
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
38 State District Number of Villages Number of Households Muzaffarpur 35 1094 Sub-total 70 2049 Karnataka Bangalore (Rural) 35 1016 Kolar 36 1033 Sub-total 71 2049 Total 282 8291
The total population covered by the household survey of 8291 households is 55970. The representatives of the households that were engaged for the study were heads of households themselves in 88% of the cases. The average age among the respondents was 42 years. 17% of the respondents were female. The highest proportion of female respondents is 23% in the state of Karnataka. In terms of the characteristics of households, among the 8291 households surveyed, the average household size is 6.7, which reflects the extended family. 86% of the households stated their religion as Hinduism. In terms of socio- economic class, over 24% of the households possessed a Below-Poverty Line card. Only 22% of the households had at least one member above the age of 55 years indicating that a majority of the members being in the productive age- group of 15 to 55 years. Women-headed households, a key indicator of vulnerability, constituted only 8% of the sample size. Table 4.2 illustrates the caste profile of the study sample and indicates that a majority of the households are from the Other Backward Castes (OBCs).
Table 4.2 Caste Composition of the Sample
Caste/Community Number of Households Proportion in the sample General/Others 2775 33% Other Backward Castes 3427 41% Scheduled Castes 1386 16.5% Scheduled Tribes 703 8.5% Muslims 110 1.3% *Source: Household Survey
Occupational Profile
It should be noted that a key sampling criterion to understand the social and environmental context of dairying was to identify those households for whom dairy is the primary occupation. Although such a criterion can lead to a bias in the findings, it was considered necessary to understand patterns of dairy-based enterprise. Figure 4.1 illustrates the primary occupational profile of the sample in the study area and indicates that dairying is more predominant than agriculture in Gujarat and Karnataka as compared to the other two states. It also indicates that most of the respondents in the sample are engaged in agriculture-based livelihoods, i.e. dairying, farming, and agricultural wage labour across all states.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
39 Figure 4.1 Occupational Profile of the Sample
Occupational Profile of Respondents
100%
80% Others 60% Dairying Services 40% Labour 20% Agriculture
ProportionRespondents of 0% BIHAR GUJARAT KARNATAKA PUNJAB Grand Total State
*Source: Household Survey
With reference to Figure 4.1, in Punjab and Bihar, agriculture dominates over dairy, indicating that different agro-climatic zones and agricultural patterns can determine the significance of dairy to livelihoods. In addition, the status of dairy in the primary occupational profile is similar which is perhaps indicative of complementarities to agriculture.
Land Ownership Classification
The analysis of the socio-economic baseline has attempted to understand the significance of influence of landholdings and landownership on several aspects of the dairy sector, such as dairy-based income, participation, ownership of cattle etc. The respondents/households have been categorized as per the agricultural census and is based on non irrigated land; in case the land is irrigated, then the area is reduced by half. However, the classification for the present study is based on just the operational land holding size:
• Marginal farmers with less than 2.47 acres of land; • Small farmers with 2.48 to 4.94 acres of land; • Semi-medium farmers with 4.95 to 9.88 acres of land; • Medium farmers with 9.88 to 24.7 acres of land; and • Large farmers with over 24.7 acres of land.
It should be noted that this analysis also considers landless households, however, for the sake of simplicity and convenience, in some cases; they have been included along with marginal farmers. Figure 4.2 provides an illustrative break-up of the proportion of each of these categories in the sample and indicates that a majority of the respondent households (38%) comprise of marginal farmers owning 1 hectare of land or less.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
40 Figure 4.2 Farmer Classifications in the Sample
Classification of Farmers 2%
8% 0%
30% Landless Marginal 22% Small Semi-Medium Medium Large
38%
*Source: Household Survey
Figure 4.3 provides an illustration of the land-holding patterns among those respondents for whom agriculture and dairy are the primary occupations across the states that were profiled.
Figure 4.3 Land-based livelihoods and land ownership
Land-ownership
100%
80% Large Medium 60% Semi-Medium 40% Small Marginal 20% Landless Agriculture and Dairy
Proportion Households of in 0% Punjab Bihar Gujarat Karnataka States
*Source: Household Survey
We can thus observe that the relative proportion of households dependent on land-based livelihoods does not alter significantly across India merely on the basis of ownership of land, indicating that there may not always be an acute dependence on land for engaging in dairy. This is therefore important to establish that: • The distribution of livestock is more equitable than land; and • Assessment of socio-economic parameters other than land assumes importance for the analysis as well as for the NDSP
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
41 4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE AND CONTEXT
This section discusses the socio-economic baseline that is currently prevailing across India’s rural and agro-pastoral landscapes. The issues discussed are based on analysis of the household data and village-level information for all the four states as well as anecdotal evidence and primary consultations with key stakeholders within the institutional set-up and the cooperative structure. Any environmental and social implications for the NDSP are discussed where relevant.
4.2.1 Profile of the Dairy Farmers
Eighty per cent of milk is sourced from small farmers with 3–5 animals and less than two hectares of land (Gautam et al, 2010; Turner, 2004). To assess the caste composition of those involved in dairying, the occupational profile was compared to the socio-economic caste categorization of the households as indicated subsequently (Figure 4.4).
Figure 4.4 Occupational Profiles across Caste Groups
Comparison of Caste and Occupation
100% 80% Others Dairying 60% Service 40% Labour Occupations 20% Agriculture 0% Proportion of Respondent Respondent of Proportion Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe OBC Others/General
Caste Classification
*Source: Household Survey
Although primary consultations indicated that the profile of the dairy farmer is changing in terms of caste and class compositions, Figure 4.4 illustrates that there are no significant differences in the proportion of respondents engaged in dairy-based livelihoods in the sample across socio-economic caste categorizations.
Applicability for the Project
• Farmers classified as landless/marginal and small will continue to be the mainstay of India’s dairy sector. Hence the focus of dairy development will need to take into account the concerns of such communities; • There is potential for reduction in vulnerabilities of SC/STs through dairying.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
42 4.2.2 Land-Use and Ownership
Land-use has important implications for dairy development within India where traditional “crop-livestock mixed farming” is sustained with local inputs. The anthropogenic pressures on land-use in India, in terms of its rate and intensity are evident in the changing patterns provided in Table 4.4 especially for forest land as well as grazing land. Studies have indicated that the per capita availability of cultivable land declined from 0.2 ha in 1981 to 0.15 ha in 2000 (Singh, 2000). Although this decline applies to most other land-use categories, availability of cultivable land has implications for dairy and feed requirements of milch animals.
Table 4.3 Select Land-use patterns in India as a proportion to Geographical Area
Land-Use 1990-1991 2000-2001 2007-2008 Forest Area (%) 22.2 22.8 22.8 Area under non-agricultural use 6.9 3.5 3.4 Barren uncultivable land 6.4 5.8 5.7 Permanent Pasture and Other Grazing Land 3.7 3.5 3.4 Culturable Wasteland 4.9 4.5 4.3 Net Area Sown 46.9 46.3 46.1 *Source: Department of Agriculture, http://dacnet.nic.in/eands/At_Glance_2010/14.1.xls
As is apparent from Table 4.3, despite conversion of land for non-agricultural use, the percentage of area has actually decreased; the reasons for same could include land acquisition or providing government/Panchayat land for other purposes. There is a marked variation in land-use change across different regions of India. For instance, in the northern states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh area under cultivation have reached the absolute limit of expansion. The growth of infrastructure, intensive cultivation, irrigation, and other technological factors are responsible for a major shift in cropping pattern towards rotational wheat and rice in Punjab (Singh, 2000). In Punjab, the cropping pattern has become highly energy-intensive and is affecting underground water resources (ibid).
A comparison of milk production and land-use indicates that although the milk production in India has been growing steadily at the rate of 4.5% per annum from 1996 to 2004; cultivable wasteland and land classified as “other pasture land” has shown a gradual decline (Garcia et al. 2004); this is in contrast to the observations from Table 4.3, where only a marginal decline is observed, and apparently arises from the fact that the areas which have been categorised as pasture land are not being actually put to the use for grazing, due to conflicting usage. Table 4.5 compares the milk production density across the states in India as a measure of associating quantity of milk to available land. This indicates that among the states included in the study, Punjab (which possesses the lowest geographical area) has the highest milk production density of 167, whereas the same for the state of Bihar is 6; this is primarily due to the reason that grazing land is mostly used by non-descript and non-milch animals.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
43 Table 4.4 Milk Production Densities in India
Sr. No. State Milk Production Area (Sq KM) Milk Density (Thousand (Thousand Kg per tonnes) - 2009-10 Sq. KM per annum) 1 Chandigarh 46 114 403.5 2 Delhi 466 1483 314.2 3 Punjab 9389 50362 186.4 4 Haryana 6006 44212 135.8 5 Puducherry 46 479 96.0 6 Uttar Pradesh 20203 240928 83.9 7 Kerala 2537 38863 65.3 8 Bihar 6124 94163 65.0 9 Lakshadweep 2 32 62.5 10 West Bengal 4300 88752 48.4 11 Gujarat 8844 196024 45.1 12 Tamil Nadu 5778 130058 44.4 13 Andhra Pradesh 10429 275045 37.9 14 Rajasthan 9548 342239 27.9 15 Uttarakhand 1377 53483 25.7 16 Karnataka 4822 191791 25.1 17 Maharashtra 7679 307713 25.0 18 Madhya Pradesh 7167 308245 23.3 19 D.& N. Haveli 10 491 20.4 20 Jharkhand 1463 79714 18.4 21 Goa 59 3702 15.9 22 Himachal Pradesh 836 55673 15.0 23 Orissa 1651 155707 10.6 24 Assam 756 78438 9.6 25 Tripura 100 10486 9.5 26 Daman & Diu 1 112 8.9 27 Jammu & Kashmir 1604 222236 7.2 28 Chhattisgarh 956 135191 7.1 29 Sikkim 46 7096 6.5 30 Nagaland 78 16579 4.7 31 Manipur 78 22327 3.5 32 Meghalaya 78 22429 3.5 33 A&N Islands 24 8249 2.9 34 Mizoram 11 21081 0.5 35 Arunachal Pradesh 26 83743 0.3 ALL INDIA 112540 3287260 *Source: Milk production sourced from the minutes of the Technical Committee, DAHD (26 October 2010) and area from the Registrar General of India, GoI Land Ownership and Holdings Size
The average land ownership and landholding size in India has undergone a change subsequent to fragmentation and division of land, coupled with factors
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
44 such as changing land-use patterns and conversion of agricultural land to non- agricultural use. Table 4.6 illustrates the land-ownership patterns across the states under this sample as obtained through the Central Statistical Organization.
Table 4.5 Distribution of Ownership Holdings (2003-04)
State Proportion of Households (%) Landless <0.4 ha 0.4-1 ha 1-2 ha 2 - 3 ha 3 – 5 ha 5– 10 ha >10 ha Punjab 29.5 38.66 8.33 9.54 5.79 4.79 2.43 0.95 Bihar 31.01 42.49 16 7 1.98 1.09 0.29 0.13 Gujarat 35.37 21 16.97 11.66 5.18 4.46 4.33 1.02 Karnataka 30.76 17.97 22.49 13.9 6.69 5.12 2.34 0.72 India 31.12 29.82 18.97 10.68 4.22 3.06 1.6 0.52 *Source: Rawal (2008); NSSO Estimates of Land and Livestock Survey
The distribution of ownership holdings of land in India remains unequal. The figures above indicate that in many states substantial amount of land continue to be with large landowners. In addition, the state of landholding inequity also becomes a limiting factor for green fodder cultivation with smallholders.
Figure 4.5 studies the interplay of caste and landownership within the sample.
Figure 4.5 Comparison of Classification of Farmers and Caste
Land ownership and Community Classification
100% 80% Others/General 60% OBC 40% Scheduled Tribe 20% Scheduled Caste 0%
Proportion Households of l ss a m in iu ium rg Small d d Large ndle a e e a M M L M i- em S Farmer Classification
*Source: Household Survey
Note: Because of the small sample of large farmers which somehow fell into the category of SC/ST HHs, there is a skew in data in favour of SC/ST HHs in the large land holding size category.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
45 This illustrates that the caste composition is relatively proportional across categorization of farmers, with the exception of large farmers. Here, the proportion of large landowners among scheduled tribes may show disparity because of the inclusion of scheduled tribe villages in the sample (ST households comprise 8.5% of the total sample).
Land-Use Patterns
Crop and land-use patterns across the states show a distinct variation owing to the expansion of land under cultivation, access to irrigation and the cost and quality of inputs. For instance, in Punjab, a significant proportion of the cropping pattern is dominated by rotational wheat and rice crops along with oilseeds (Singh, 2000). However, according to Season and Crop Report (SCR) of Gujarat (2004-05), of the 59.8% of the total reportable gross-cropped area; area under food crops was 43.49 % and the area under non-food crops was 56.51 % indicating the trends towards expansion of cash crops such as cotton, sugarcane etc. This is more pronounced in Punjab as well as agricultural belts which are well irrigated. Table 4.6 illustrates the composition of output from agriculture and allied sectors.
Table 4.6 Composition of Output - Agriculture and Allied Sectors
State % Share in Gross Value of Output of % Share in Gross Value of Output of Agriculture and Allied Sectors (2000- Agriculture and Allied Sectors (2005- 2001) at Current Prices 2006) at Current Prices Agriculture Livestock Total (INR Agriculture Livestock Total (INR (%) (%) Lakhs) (%) (%) Lakhs) Punjab 68 31 3449711 66 31 4257189 Bihar 68 24 2668319 56 35 3296823 Gujarat 63 28 2237696 71 21 4793080 Karnataka 75 18 4023756 75 17 4526735 India 67 25 55948337 67 25 77659926 *Source: http://mospi.nic.in/dwh/pdf/NAD/Value%20of%20Output%20of%20Agriculture.pdf
It should be noted that the state of Bihar has shown the maximum incremental growth with respect to the change in composition of agriculture and allied sectors in general and the livestock sector in particular. Whereas, in Karnataka and Gujarat, the share of livestock in the gross value of output has declined from 2000 to 20006 in favour of agriculture because of more of commercialization of agriculture. The key implications of changing land-use patterns on dairy development are:
• Land under fodder development: At an all India level, only 4.9% of the total cropped area is under fodder production (Kumar & Faruqui, 2010), Forage Production Technology for different agro-ecological region, IGFRI, Jhansi). There is lack of information availability on the area under actual fodder cultivation and land-use data does not capture area under fodder cultivation. This is considered as a major challenge in forecasting and planning initiatives to increase the area under fodder;
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46 • The replacement of seasonal and food crops by perennial crops such as cash crops and horticulture crops is resulting in less land availability for green fodder. In addition, as dairy is labour-intensive, farmers find it hard to allocate their family labour for both dairying and high valued cash crops which require intensive care (Kumar and Sharma, 2005), however, commercial crops are of higher returns so perhaps one can use labour instead of household labour; • The income earned from the sale of cash crops, which garner better returns than traditional food grains and pulses are being used by households to sustain livestock-based livelihoods; • Costs of labour and land will be driving forces in the changes in Where farmers own land, the costs of patterns of dairy enterprise, i.e. a inputs for cattle rearing are substantially reduced due to the substitution of capital and shift supply of dry and green fodder; towards commercial systems which are alternatively to be sourced (primarily the professionally from other farmers and/or the organised big dairy farms). The market. In case land is not available, there is a substantial increase in input opportunity costs of labour in milk costs of feed and fodder and increase production, processing and marketing in the dependence on market sources. assume significance vis-à-vis the opportunity costs associated with utilization of land (Staal et al. 2006). This may be apparently due to the fact that milk production at smallholder level is not as mechanised as agriculture.
Land under Fodder Cultivation
Figure 4.6 indicates the fodder cultivation among operational holdings for the survey states; however it is not in consonance with the macro data. This is primarily due to the profile of the surveyed area.
Figure 4.6 State-wise cultivation of fodder in operational holdings
Proportion of Operational Holdings under Fodder
8000 7000 6000 5000 Operational Holdings under Fodder (Acres) 4000 Total Operational Holdings 3000 (Acres) 2000 1000 0 Operational Holdings (acres) Operational Bihar Gujarat Karnataka Punjab State
*Source: Household Survey
The proportion of operational holdings under fodder cultivation is lowest for Gujarat (30%) while it is the highest for Bihar (66%); however, the practice of growing green fodder is not a common practice among majority of the dairy
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47 farmers presently. The corresponding figures on area under fodder production at the country level is relatively lower as compared to the findings under the SESA study; this is primarily because of the selection of the high milk producing districts of the country for the study and also the surveyed HHs were already engaged in dairying. As most dairy farmers cultivate fodder along with major crops, an exact proportion that grows only fodder/green fodder could not be computed. Although the main source of fodder remains dry fodder and crop-residue, farmers on an average reportedly cultivate green fodder on approximately 0.38 acres of land (Figure 4.7), which is 18% of holdings considering average of 2 acres. Overall, the main green fodder crop varieties comprise of maize, lucerne, barseem, sorghum, cow pea, barley and pearl millet. In addition, a locally developed fodder crop of Lucerne-Anand II variety is supplied across India. Fodder cultivation among landless farmers (based on the HH data, refer Figure 4.7) suggests that almost >40% are cultivating upto 0.5 acres; this is primarily due to practice of share cropping or using a small plot of land on rental basis just for fodder cultivation, the arrangements may vary across the states.
Figure 4.7 Fodder Cultivation in the Study Area
Fodder Cultivation Patterns
100% 90% Above 4 acres 80% 70% 2 to 4 acres 60% 50% 0.5 to 2 acres 40% 30% Upto 0.5 acres 20% 10% No Fodder Cultivation 0%
Proportion Households of Landless Marginal Small Semi Medium Large Farmers Farmers Medium (9.89 to (More (Less than (2.48 to (4.95 to 24.7) than 24.7) 2.47 4.94) 9.88) acres)
*Source: Household Survey
Usage of “Village Commons” and Pasture Lands
Although there are no official estimates of productivity of common property resources (CPRs) in India, studies suggest that about 1/3rd of the feed intake of livestock (small ruminants) is by grazing on CPRs. Overgrazing by herds is impacting the carrying capacity of what the land can sustain, and has progressively rendered them marginal or waste lands, grossly eroded, making them unsuitable for bovines and fit only for sheep and goats (UNCCD, 2001). Common lands can be classified as barren & uncultivated lands and “pasture and other grazing lands”. The subsequent figure illustrates the availability of grazing lands in the villages surveyed.
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48 Figure 4.8 Availability of Grazing Lands
Availability of Grazing Land
100% 90% 80% 70% Decrease in Grazing Land 60% 50% Increase in Grazing Land 40% 30% No Grazing Land 20% 10%
ProportionVillages of 0%
D A E L AR UR TH OR OL ANAN AN K PATNA K FFARP A ANGAL LUDHIANAZ B O ANAS ANCHMAHA B M P
*Source: Village Survey
Box 4.2 Degradation of Pasture Land in Gujarat
Landless farmers and smallholders often face a shortage of fodder resources due to their dependence on traditional pasture land. However, stakeholder consultations indicate a decline in grazing/gauchar land and inefficient management of common property resources. In tribal dominated districts such as Panchmahal as also in North Gujarat, village commons have reduced to a fraction of their former area and have been depleted of a large proportion of their palatable vegetation. This is driven by small ruminant pastoralists from Rajasthan and many parts of Gujarat for whom commercial feeds are unviable and participation in productive dairy is not observed. However, the manure produced by the pastoralists and their herds are seen to be vital to the state’s agricultural economy.
Another observable trend with implications on the village commons is the government transfer of waste land to private economic entities such as Special Economic Zones, industrial units etc. that have been coming up in parts of Saurashtra and Kutch. In 2009, farmers from over 10 villages in Bhavnagar protested against government land allocation in excess of 100 ha for setting up of a cement plant. In addition, for traditional pasture land, environmental aspects of overgrazing of grasslands, degradation of watersheds and potential of deforestation and/or decline in vegetation structures assume significance. To illustrate, a reason attributed to the degradation of village commons and pasture land is the predominance of invasive species. To illustrate, the Banni grasslands in Kutch have been invaded by a woody Prosopis juliflora due to which Jadhav et al. (1992) reported alarming shrinkage of these grasslands at a rate of about 30 km2 per annum. In other regions, approximately 0.94 million ha area is covered by exotic species in Saurashtra and Kutch regions (Singh and Hiremath, 2010).
Applicability for the Project • The project interventions are not likely to alter land-use and cropping patterns , as the fodder production is suggested only on the existing land being used for fodder production;
4.2.3 Cattle Rearing and Management
Cattle Population
In India, successive livestock and cattle census has indicated that although the total population and density of cattle has increased over time, the number per
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49 rural household has declined (Shah, 2006). According to the 18th Indian Livestock Census, although the total cattle population declined by 6.9% from 1997 to 2003; this showed an increase of 7.5% from 2003 to 2007. The key finding during this inter-censal period of 2003 and 2007 is that there is a significant increase in the exotic and crossbred cattle in the country by 34%; the buffalo population increased by 7.6%. In addition, although the indigenous cattle population showed a decline by 10.2% from 1997 to 2003; this trend showed an increase of 3.4% from 2003 to 2007. Table 4.8 provides the livestock census figures for the sample states.
Table 4.7 Livestock (Cattle & Buffalo) Population 2007
State Cross Bred Cattle Indigenous Cattle Buffaloes Population % Increase Population % Increase Population % Increase in 000s over 2003 in 000s over 2003 in 000s over 2003 (2007) (2007) (2007) Punjab 877 -42.71 498 -1.96 5061 -15.6 Bihar 1885 32.74 10582 -37.63 6690 16.48 Gujarat 1141 78.56 6833 0.7 8773 22.87 Karnataka 2191 36.766 8309 4.7 4326 8.4 India 31327 26.9 166014 3.4 105342 7.56 *Source: 17th and 18th India Livestock Census (2003, 2007)
The decline in indigenous cattle population can be observed in Punjab and Bihar whereas in some states, such as Gujarat, there has been an increase in cross-bred cattle population (78.56%). This can be attributed to the artificial insemination (AI) outreach activities across India and indicates that future pursuance of cross breeding policies for genetic improvement seems promising (Kumar et al, 2005). Limited adoption of crossbreds is seen in eastern states due to their lack of adaptability to climatic conditions, high maintenance costs and greater vulnerability to diseases (Birthal et al, 2006).
Cattle Productivity and Contribution to Milk Production
In India, in 1999, the average milk productivity per cow was 1014 kg/year which was below the global average of 2017 kg/year (FAO, 2002). There are also wide regional variations in milk yields. For instance, in Gujarat, average productivity of cattle varies from 1.9 kg/day in the Panchmahals district to 3.1 kg/day in Banaskantha, both of which are tribal dominated. The performance of the dairy sector and total milk production is encouraging in terms of livestock population, participation and total milk production but is poor in terms of productivity (Figure 4.9). Consultations with the National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (NIANP), Bangalore indicated that the main reasons for low yields are inadequate availability of feeds and fodder in all seasons, non-availability of timely and good animal health care and breeding services, and lack of credit. At present, there is significant potential in improvement of yields wherein the potential yield of a cross bred cow is 3000 kg/annum; of a buffalo is 2000 kg/annum and of indigenous breeds such as Gir, Sahiwal and Tharparkar is 1800-2000 kg/annum (Birthal et al, 2006).
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50 Figure 4.9 Contributions of Livestock to Indian Milk Production 1992-2003
Contribution to Milk Production
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Buffaloes 50% Local Cows 40% Cross Bred 30% 20%
Proportion Livestock of 10% 0% Lactation (In milk) Milk Production Increased Milk Population Production
*Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 1992-93 to 2002-2003
The data generated at a household level in the study area, was analysed to assess the average milk produced per household per day. It is observed that 50% of the households produced 12 or less litres of milk per day. In terms of inter-state variations, average milk production in Punjab was the highest at 26 litres/household/day whereas Bihar was the lowest at 9 litres/day. Low productivity is a result of traditional feeding practices, quality of fodder and ineffective breeding policies. Lower productivity of animals drives farmers to maintain larger herds thus increasing existing pressures on ecological resources and further lowering productivity levels. According to the National Sample Survey Organization (2005), in India, the scale of milk production is small where 36% of the households produce less than 500 litres of milk per annum whereas 27% produce about 500 to 1000 litres of milk per annum.
Ownership of Milch Cattle
In the study area, cattle ownership was assessed by comparing patterns across states as indicated in Table 4.9. As has been indicated in the previous sections, the cattle ownership patterns also emphasize the prevalence of smallholder and mixed farming-livestock systems.
Table 4.8 Ownership of milch cattle in the Study Area as a proportion of households (%)
Number of Cattle Punjab Bihar Gujarat Karnataka Up to 2 cattle 55 84 50 55 3-5 cattle 36 15 42 41 6-10 cattle 7 1 5 4 11-20 cattle 2 0 2 0 More than 20 cattle 0 0 1 0 *Source: Household Survey
Research indicates that the expansion of smallholder production beyond a semi-substance level is challenging due to barriers such as lack of competitiveness and risk factors (Steinfeld and Gao, 2003) or lack of fodder and support services. Stakeholder consultations also indicated that there is no
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51 tendency of increasing the prevailing herd size in order to maximize the cost advantages emanating from the availability of low cost family labour. In this set-up, there are inherent complexities in extending livestock technologies that have largely been generated towards more mechanization and industrial farming (Gautam, 2010).
Box 4.3 Cattle Management Initiatives in Karnataka
The Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) has set up the initiative of Community Milking Parlours as a part of the Clean Milk Production across villages in Karnataka. This system has several advantages such as elimination of mastitis in milch animals and improvement of productivity. The milk from milking machines, collected through Automatic Computerized Milk Collection Units is chilled directly in Bulk Milk Coolers. Such milk parlours were observed across the Kolar district in villages which contribute significantly to the milk production. It was observed that owners of cattle who were not comfortable using the milking machines brought the animals to the enclosure as a common platform for milking of cattle. KMF has also promoted the training of female Artificial Inseminators (AIs) each of whom have been provided with 4-5 villages to delivery services.
Livestock Feeding
Crop residue is the largest bulk feed material accessible to the farmer, followed by by-products and grazing lands, especially for marginal and landless households. However, they are a poor source of nutrition for dairy animals. For India, there is a shortage of dry fodder by 31%, green fodder by 23%, and concentrate feeds by 47% (Gautam et al. 2010). In addition, green forage supply has to grow at 3.2% to meet the deficit in green fodder (ibid). Table 4.9 provides an illustration of the composition and demand/supply of livestock feed in India.
Table 4.9 Composition of the ration for cattle
Type of Feed Feed and Fodder Deficit (2002-03) Composition of Cattle Feed Consumption Requirement 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 Dry Fodder 459 503 57.76 46.75 35.38 Green Fodder 491 648 40.19 50.62 56.98 Concentrates 62 87 2.05 2.63 7.63 *Source: Kumar et al, 2005; Birthal et al 2006
The deficit in fodder is largely due to the number of low-producing animals as well as non-descript breeds (Birthal et al. 2006). This suggests a need to optimize livestock population compatible with available feed resources or improve feed resources (ibid).
At the household level, as indicated earlier, a majority of the farmers are aware of the benefits of green fodder but grow it only on a small fraction of their lands. Cultivated fodders and gathered grasses are two important sources of green fodder and each account for about half of the green fodder consumption (Birthal et al. 2005). A predominant practice that was observed that crop residues are supplemented with concentrate feeds (Figure 4.10). In most of the
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52 cases, concentrate is mixed by the owners themselves. The key constraint in the usage of the same was the cost implication per household.
Figure 4.10 Usage of Feed Ingredients excluding manufactured cattle feed in the Study Area
Concentrate Usage
100%
80% Others 60% Oil Cakes Wheat Bran 40% Rice Bran 20% Proportion Households of 0% BIHAR GUJARAT KARNATAKA PUNJAB
*Source: Household Survey
Breeding Practices
Artificial insemination has emerged as one of the most efficient methods to enhance productivity as well as local genetic potential. The number of AIs done increased six fold from 1971-72 to 24.5 million in 2003–04, improving coverage of breedable bovine population to 22% (Birthal et al. 2006). This is also observed within the sample wherein, 43% of the households follow only AI as the preferred breeding practice. It is apparent that an AI service being availed is an indication of its improved accessibility at the village level, mostly through the union and DCS network. Figure 4.11 indicates the AI services availed per household in a year per unit of female cattle.
Figure 4.11 AI Services Availed – Proportion of Households
12% 5% 14%
No AI Service Atmost Once in a Year 2 to 3 times in a Year Atleast 4 and above
69%
*Source: Household Survey
Although AI service delivery has been successful in raising awareness about the importance of cross-breeding for productivity enhancement, consultations with
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53 AI technicians within DCS’ indicated that the impact has not been encouraging in terms of conception rates and it takes approximately 2–4 inseminations on an average for an animal to get conceived. As per the initial impacts of the National Cattle and Buffalo Breeding Program (NCBBP) launched by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2000, conception rates showed a marginal improvement from 19.91% to 35.34% (Hegde, 2006) with significant variations across the five states that it was implemented in. As per the household survey, 69% of the households require insemination services 2-3 times in a year. This also implies a lack of trust with the delivery system as indicated by the response of 56% of households who reported natural and AI “both” as common breeding practices. Milk producers consider multiple inseminations as a loss in the potential production of an animal, which can discourage small and marginal farmers to adopt AI.
Cattle Maintenance – Emphasis on the role of Women
One of the key aspects of animal husbandry and dairy development that has been emphasized by research institutions and organizations alike is the contribution towards gender equity. To illustrate, as per the National Sample Survey Organization (2001), 67% of the total workers engaged in the livestock production are women. Participation of women in other agricultural activities is lower compared to animal husbandry; though it is higher in selective stages of agriculture like in transplantation and harvesting operations, which are seasonal exercise.. However, several authors have also assessed whether the cooperatives and creation of dairy-based enterprises have in fact altered the work loads of women as well as their control over resources (Cunningham, 2009).
Table 4.11 indicates the membership of women in cooperatives as a percentage of the total members.
Table 4.10 Cooperative Membership 2009-2010
State Membership in 000s Proportion of Women Farmers Women (%) Punjab 381 54 14.2 Bihar 441 64 14.5 Gujarat 2809 791 28.2 Karnataka 2052 660 32.2 India 14019 4015 28.6 *Source: NDDB 2010
At a household level, primary consultations with women groups across the sample states indicate that gender roles in dairy with respect to feeding, cleaning, milking, and care of animals and administration of medicines are skewed in favour of women (Figure 4.12).
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54 Figure 4.12 Roles of Women in Dairying
Engagement of Women
100% 80% Fodder Collection 60% Milk Selling 40% Milk Product Processing 20% Milking 0% Fetching Water Female participation as participation Female
proportionhouseholds of Landless Marginal Small Semi Medium Large Stall Feeding Farmers Farmers Medium (9.89 to (More Shed Cleaning (Less than (2.48 to (4.95 to 24.7) than 24.7) Cleaning of Animals 2.47 acres) 4.94) 9.88) Grazing Farmer Classification
*Source: Household Survey
Consultations indicate that women also possess a good knowledge of various aspects of livestock production management. They know about each animal’s production characteristics, feeding behaviour and the need for good quality feed to achieve better productivity. Data from the study area indicates that women spend on an average approximately 5.3 hours (Karnataka) to 7.4 hours (Bihar) per day in livestock rearing. However, studies indicate that generally, the total amount of time spent by women and gender roles in livestock rearing are influenced by number of livestock, prevailing gender dynamics as well as the accessibility to water sources (Upadhyay, 2004). The participation of women from large farm households in animal grazing is higher than other farm sizes as suggested in the above mentioned table; the reason is the bias in some of the states like Gujarat, wherein in selected regions, the land holding size is high, however the productivity is low due to arid claimate and large land holding does not necessarily indicate higher SEC.
Applicability for the Project
• Potential for increased women engagement in dairy-based livelihoods; • Access to improved AI services will result in increased availability of high yielding milch animals which has implications on productivity and household income and increased women engagement; • Improved AI services will also ensure proper and timely conception in milch
4.2.4 Dairy Enterprise and Income Generation
The share of livestock in agricultural income has shown an increasing trend from 17% in 1971–73 to 22% in 1991–93 and further to 25% in 2001–03 (Government of India, 2003). As indicated by several economic studies, since livestock income has been growing faster than the crop income (Birthal et al, 2006), it has considerable potential to contribute to poverty reduction. Table 4.11 illustrates the overall contribution of livestock to income and employment across the sample states. Dairy development has been shown to increase income, consumption and repayment capacity in India (FAO, 2009).
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55 Table 4.11 Contribution of the Livestock Sector
State % Share in Agricultural % Share in Rural Value of Output (2001-02) Employment (1999-2000) Punjab 30.96 28.46 Bihar 28.35 2.35 Gujarat 24.94 11.85 Karnataka 21.68 2.79 India 25.12 5.49 *Source: Birthal et al 2006
According to estimates of the National Dairy Research Institute (2002), introduction of the dairy enterprise increased farm income from 42% to 112%. This has essentially been driven by the proportion of small and marginal farmers who continue to be engaged in dairying due to the lack of alternative livelihood options. This trend, combined with dairy development programs and the cooperative movement brought about an influx of cash into a traditional system of livestock rearing. Livestock cultivation, which was earlier significant as it helped to meet agricultural needs of manure and draft power too (Madhusudan, 2005) is an essential component of highly-diversified livelihood strategies of rural communities and as a source of income to break the agricultural-debt cycle (Bannerjee, 1995).
At the household level, average annual income from the sale of milk is ` 69338 per household. However, the median value of ` 37000 indicates that 50% of households in the sample reported income from milk as less than the value. Figure 4.13 indicates the proportion of household income from dairying. A majority of households obtain 30 to 50% of their income from dairying, indicating its significance as a livelihood source.
Figure 4.13 Dairy as a Source of Household Income
Dairy as a Proportion of Household Income 7% 7% 12% 25% Upto 10% of Income 10 to 30% of Income 16% 30 to 50% of Income 50 to 75% of Income Greater than 75% of Income Indeterminate/Error 33%
*Source: Household Survey
Table 4.13 illustrates a comparison across the states in the study area on the proportion of income from dairy to the total household income.
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56 Table 4.12 State-wise Estimate of % of HHs deriving income from Dairying
Proportion of Bihar Gujarat Karnataka Punjab Income Upto 10% 6.43% 5.38% 3.61% 11.44% 10 to 30% 24.64% 27.66% 24.01% 3.94% 30 to 50% 24.91% 29.63% 46.56% 14.81% 50 to 75% 24.91% 8.38% 15.18% 21.73% Greater than 75% 3.62% 18.74% 1.12% 13.56% Indeterminate/Error 15.49% 10.22% 9.52% 34.52% Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% *Source: Household Survey
It is observed that for a majority of the households, proportion of income from dairy to the household income ranges from 30% to 75%. This trend is observed across states, with the exception of Karnataka, wherein more than 50% of households have a proportion ranging from 10 to 50%.
Poverty Levels
It may be noted that the proportion of poor in rural population in India has come down from 56.4% in 1973–74 to 27.2% in 1999–2000 (Birthal et al, 2006). This is more evident for states such as Gujarat which have seen the bulk of dairy development. According to government estimates (Human Development Report, 2004), there has been a considerable decline in the incidence of poverty in Gujarat from 46.35% in 1972–1973 to 16.75% in 2004–2005; this comfortably can be assigned to the impetus that dairy has seen in the state.
Workforce and Employment
Rural employment in livestock grew at 4.15 per cent between 1972 and 1982, a growth rate much higher than of agriculture (1.15) and the entire rural sector (1.75). Since the organisation of livestock production has largely maintained unchanged, the employment growth is on account of increased output, growing marketisation, and increased activity level in intermediate processing and value addition (UNCCD, 2001). According to the Census of India (2001), the share of agricultural employment (farmers and agricultural labourers) has declined from 68% in 1981 to 52% in 2001 (Human Development Report, 2004). In 1999– 2000 primary livestock production engaged about 16 million rural persons, equivalent to 5.5% of total rural workers in the country (NSSO). In 2004-05, the number of people engaged in animal husbandry grew by 40% of which 75% are women.
As per Table 4.11, there are regional variations in the contribution of livestock to rural employment; the proportion is highest for the state of Punjab. The growth of dairy enterprise and associated services such as livestock extension have created employment opportunities such as the need for AI technicians, advisors for fodder development, personnel for managing the dairy cooperative society etc. The addition to dairy infrastructure facilities such as cattle feed
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57 plants; seed plants etc. are also creating income and employment opportunities in the rural areas.
Box 4.4 Patterns of Dairy Enterprise in Gujarat
At the village level in Gujarat (generalisation can be made across the study states to an extent), there have emerged several patterns of dairy enterprise and dairy-based income depending upon the land availability and access to dairy infrastructure and resources. To illustrate, some of the dairy-based enterprises in the study area of Gujarat included
• Subsistence dairying: Sharecroppers and agricultural labourers were found to be keeping cattle due to the availability of crop residue from the fields of their landowners. This represents a subsistence and small/marginal pattern of dairying. Such a pattern was also noted by the evaluation of the Integrated Dairy Development Program in Banaskantha, wherein marginal farmers are unable to sustain dairy animals supplied by the government; • Mini-dairy farms: Targeted dairy development programs have led to the growth of “mini- dairy farms” of 5 to 10 cattle. As witnessed in Panchmahal and Dahod districts, the Panchmahal Milk Union has helped to establish more than 300 mini-dairy farms with the help of provision of finance for the construction of shed, purchase of local breeds as well as milking machines; • Large dairy farms: The growth of dairy farms in the rural areas is not accompanied by mechanisation and dairying is still dependent upon manual labour. The requirement of labour for big dairy farms (with 50 or more cattle) in several villages of Gujarat is being filled by migrant workers. As case in point are the dairy farms in the Chikhodra village of Anand which provide more than 30% of daily milk collection to the village DCS and are manned by approximately 30 to 50 labourers from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
Dairy farming is assuming a different scale in the country, including states such as Gujarat and Punjab, with the rise of professionally managed big dairy farms. The tabelas as they are called in Gujarat and PDFA in Punjab are operating and improvising on the type of operations and the systems for the maintenance and upkeep of the dairy animals in excess of 10. These include instances of mechanisation such as milking machines etc. However, such tabelas have comparatively higher social and environmental implications in terms of release of wastewater into open drains, improper and unhygienic conditions to keep cattle, milk handling and storage facilities etc. *Source: Stakeholder Consultations
Applicability for the Project
• The project offers potential for increased income-generating opportunities for milk producers; • There is a need to rationalize the expenditure on feed and fodder and increase fodder productivity per unit of resource consumption (land/water/labour resources).
4.2.5 Participation in the Dairy Sector
It has been well established that smallholder participation in dairy development, across the socio-economic spectrum, has flourished wherever milk collection and milk cooling/chilling centres have been set up. The cooperative milk marketing system thus functions as powerful low cost market access tool for a large majority of smallholders scattered across India. There are currently about 14 million milk producers (NDDB, 2009-10) who are members of about 150,000 village dairy cooperatives that are federated into 177 district
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58 milk unions which in turn are federated into 22 state cooperative dairy federations (FAO, 2009).
Integration of Marginalized Communities
Primary consultations across villages indicated that dairy enterprises have managed to cut across caste barriers as well as the traditional attachment of cattle-ownership to land. The traditional castes which were the mainstay of the dairy enterprise are moving away from livestock cultivation whereas the marginal communities, such as the scheduled castes, are taking it up due to the instant returns. Other factors influencing such changes are the patterns of urbanization, industrialization, demand and education.
To illustrate, in Punjab, farmers are investing in bigger herd sizes and establishing dairy-farms to cater to demand in the context wherein agriculture cannot expand any further given the carrying capacity of the limited land and water resources. This requires massive amounts of investment and is thus concentrated within larger farmers. On the other hand, villages in the Anand district of Gujarat have seen a massive out-migration of the Patel community to UK and the USA. As a result, other communities are made to look after their land parcels which are used primarily for fodder cultivation etc. This has stimulated dairy enterprise among communities that were not actively engaged in land-based livelihoods. Figure 4.14 illustrates the proportion of households (SC/ST/BPL/ Minorities/Women Headed Households) engaged in agriculture and dairying as the primary occupations. A discernable observation is the prevalence of dairy as an occupation among women-headed households which further substantiates the role of dairy development in enhancing gender equality.
Figure 4.14 Participation in Dairying as a Primary Occupation
Participation in Dairying
2500
2000 Agriculture
Number of 1500 Dairy Households Total 1000
500
0 Scheduled Scheduled BPL Women Religious Caste Tribe Headed Minority Households Communities
*Source: Household Survey this survey had covered >8000 households but the above chart represents for <7000 households
Studies indicate that nearly 30% of tribal population in states such as Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Northern Karnataka migrate temporarily for earning
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59 livelihoods every year (Singh and Hiremath, 2010). Consultations with tribal communities in Gujarat indicate that as a single source of livelihood, land- based incomes are not sufficient to meet subsistence needs due to the size of landholdings. Tribal families are forced to combine traditional cultivation with the collection of minor forest produce, maintaining small livestock and migration to urban areas for wage labour during the lean season. Primary consultations indicated that there are several issues that are critical to the participation of scheduled caste and scheduled tribe communities in dairy- based enterprises:
• Lack of access to productive breeds accompanied with lack of resources or inputs to get good milk production, limits the participation of the SC/ ST; • SC/ST farmers were observed to be rearing cattle for a consideration until they are ready for milking. This trend was observed in the survey districts of Bihar ; • Income from dairy-based activities continues being dependent upon land ownership which limits vulnerable/landless households and their engagement; • Lack of targeted interventions by the government for sustaining SC/ST families in developing dairy enterprises across prolonged periods of 2-4 years as their existing economic vulnerability exacerbates the impacts on cattle rearing from dry spells, diseases etc.
Box 4.5 Evaluation of the Integrated Dairy Development Project
The Integrated Dairy Development Projects have been initiated by Tribal Development Department, Government of Gujarat, to provide assistance to below poverty line tribal families. This program is being implemented with assistance from the milk unions in the tribal dominated district. For instance, the Banas Dairy proposed to cover 12000 ST families in the Danta and Amirgadh talukas of Banaskantha district whereas the Panchmahal Dairy will fund the coverage of 7500 ST families in the Santrampur and Kadana talukas of Panchmahal district. A key component of the IDDP is the initiative to establish community fodder plots on land parcels to be purchased by the milk unions. This is to ensure nutrition and the provision of green fodder on fodder land managed by the local community.
The concurrent evaluation and monitoring of the IDDP in the tribal dominated districts indicated the following major findings: • A vulnerable family requires atleast four units of milch animals to earn income on a sustainable basis; • No significant progress has been made in community green fodder development, installation of tube wells, provision of chaff cutters and construction of cattle sheds as identified in the project components; • Dairy Unions are finding it challenging to procure sufficient numbers of high- yielding/quality milch animals, especially of indigenous breeds; • A sharp decline in satisfaction level of beneficiaries after six months of purchase was observed in the study area. The major reasons for their dissatisfaction were gradual decline in milk yield, discontinuation of milk yield and sickness of animal; • Animal feed lacking in both quantity and quality, no seasonal variation in animal feed, inappropriate milking method, and climatic conditions were major reasons for decline in milk yield. *Source: Joshi., H, Y., Jadeja (2008), “Concurrent Evaluation and Monitoring of the Integrated Dairy Development Program in Gujarat”, Tribal Development Department
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60 Female Participation
Table 4.14 compares certain gender development indicators across Indian states on the basis of the Census of India (2001) and also highlights an assessment of the changing role of women in dairying to juxtapose the same.
Table 4.13 Gender Indicators and Dairy
Indicators Punjab Bihar Gujarat Karnataka Indicators of Gender Development Female Worker 21.2 23.5 30.9 36.6 Participation Rate (2001) Female Literacy 63.55 33.57 58.6 57.45 Rate (2001) Cooperative 14.2 14.5 28.2 32.2 Membership (%) NDDB (2009-10) Changing Role of Women in Dairying Level of Livestock rearing: Livestock rearing: Livestock rearing: Livestock rearing: Participation Low Low Very High Very High Fodder Collection: Fodder Collection: Fodder Collection: Fodder Collection: Low Low Very High High Processing: low to Processing: high Processing: Very Processing: Low medium Livestock Extension: Low Livestock Extension: Livestock Extension: Very Low Livestock Extension: Medium Low to medium Very Low Specific Limited Among the upper Participation of Women DCS are Observations participation of the castes, women women for wholly managed women is evident in generally do not livestock rearing is by females and are almost every aspect participate in dairy evident as equal in some cases of the dairy at any of the levels; across strata and separate from the activities. Gradually Among the lower caste groups; male DCS in the decreasing. Hired caste strata, there is Decision making same village. labour forms the no such work for the DCS is still major part of the distribution, with to a great extent work force in dairy. women equally managed by the taking responsibility men; in all the aspects of Participation in dairying livestock extension services is very limited Key Initiatives Promotion of Promotion of Promotion of Training of women women DCS and women DCS and women DCS and for artificial their training and their training and their training and insemination, exposure. exposure. exposure ration balancing and livestock health is being promoted by Unions. *Source: Stakeholder Consultations, Census of India (2001); NDDB (2009-10)
As indicated by Table 4.13, the significance of dairying to indicators of gender development, such as economic independence, female worker participation, decision making etc. is state and region specific and cannot be generalized across the dairy spectrum. The same indicators also show a variation across
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61 community and caste groups. Impact Evaluation of successive programs of OFs argue that although dairy-based interventions have helped poor women farmers, broader gender disparities within the dairy industry, such as a division of labour and women stereotypes remain intact (Sharma and Vanjani 1993). However, evaluation of schemes associated with dairy development indicate that extension services such as education on cattle breeding, meetings for knowledge sharing, and tours of dairy plants have worked to directly engage women with a visible impact on societal status (Cunningham, 2009). This indicates that empowerment of women through dairy development has followed a non-linear path (Rustogi, 2004).
Formal Dairying and the Informal Sector
Currently, the dairy cooperatives procure 16% of the marketable milk surplus and cover 21% of India’s villages and 18% of rural milk producing households (NDDB, 2009). Together with the private sector, the organized dairying sector accounts for 30% of the milk value chain, indicating that a substantial proportion of the marketable surplus is procured by the unorganized or informal dairy sector. At an overall sample level, 84% of households sold their milk to the dairy cooperative society. The state of Punjab had the lowest proportion of households selling milk to the DCS, i.e. 78%.
The food safety and quality aspects of the industry is regulated under Food Safety and Standards (Milk and Milk Products) Regulations, 1992of the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006. The predecessor of MMPR, namely the Milk and Milk Product Order (M&MPO) offered a degree of protection to the cooperative sector vis-a-vis the private by following a policy of preferential treatment in the allocation and reservation of milksheds for milk procurement till 2002. The organised sector was dominated by cooperative till the early nineties and thereafter sizeable capacity has been added in the private sector. Stakeholder consultations indicated that although there was a presence of the private sector in the sample area, this was more prevalent in regions where the dairy cooperative societies did not have a stronghold. For instance, several private dairy collection and chilling centres along the borders of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have been set up which offered them large captive milk shed to procure milk. Similarly, in the Panchmahal district, the backward talukas of Kadana, Santrampur and Goghamba private dairies have taken advantage of scattered tribal settlements. Lack of ample processing capacity of the milk unions in Bihar, has also spurred the growth of the private players in the market. Consultations indicated that some of them handle 1-2 lakh litres of milk daily; however, the quality and packaging of the milk suffer for want of proper technology usage.
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62 4.2.6 Institutional and Infrastructure Development
Access to Livestock Extension Support
Livestock extension services are usually provided through cooperative institutions as they are important for enhancing livestock productivity and for enabling the poor to gain access to expanding markets. Consultations in the study area indicate that dairy farmers prefer accessing services such as cattle feed and artificial insemination and treatment of sick animals through the cooperatives. Whereas the Animal Husbandry Department is preferred for provision of free preventive vaccination. However, the practice of providing veterinary services through Milk unions and through private service providers is gaining ground.
Discussions with agricultural universities and veterinary colleges in Anand, Chandigarh and Bangalore have broadly indicated the following issues in the delivery of livestock extension services:
• Lack of extension support by organized Pilot interventions of the private sector players. animal identification project • Efforts at extension have been top- in the Anand district down. suggested that young male calves born to high-yielding • There is lack of attempt to evaluate the mothers were being sent to effectiveness of extension methods slaughter and not inducted through knowledge transfer and into the program. monitoring by communities; • Experts suggest that extension services tend to favour higher input livestock systems and lower-input and non-intensive livestock systems have been ignored.
Linkage to the Panchayat
The benefits of horizontal integration by bringing inputs, extensions, and services all under the same program were also vital for the growth of institutions within villages. In this regard, Panchayati Raj Institutions are vital in the provision of input linkages such as green fodder production on common land, grazing land development and collective storage of dry fodder. It was also observed that the DCS is in turn engaging in promotion of rural development by providing financial support to the panchayat and extension support/capacity building to village-level institutions such as the primary school, anganwadi etc by contributing a proportion of its annual profits for developmental activities in some instances.
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63 Box 4.6 Panchayat and other linkages
A case in the point is the village panchayat of Dharmaj in Anand which has been developing green fodder as a collective effort to sustain dairy-based enterprise among small and marginal farmers. The village supplies more than 3000 litres of milk per day to their DCS and have developed a sustainable model of fodder production wherein green fodder is cultivated on 50 acres of gauchar land and is sold for INR 10-12 for 20 kgs. NGOs such as the VRTI (Vivekananda Research & Training Institute in Bhuj Gujarat) have developed a model for community managed fee based fodder bank and is replicating the same across drought-prone talukas of the same. Dairy development has also been linked to the improvement in rural road connectivity across Gujarat. Several unions helped in the development/widening and strengthening of roads so that the trucks from the chilling centres could ply over and collect milk from the village dairy cooperative society twice a day.
4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
The environmental baseline is a continuation of the social baseline and captures the key environmental parameters and aspects that have relevance to the activities proposed under NDSP. While some of the parameters do not have a direct impact, others have the potential of indirectly affecting the dairy sector. The baseline section tries to understand these parameters in the Indian condition, and the possible implications they can have on the various aspects of the dairy sector. For each section a detailed analysis on the existing environmental issues is done, followed by an analysis of the observed baseline conditions in the survey states. This is followed by establishing the applicability of these environmental parameters in the context of the various activities proposed under the NDSP.
4.3.1 Land Environment
Land is one of the important components to be analysed under the baseline owing to its relevance both in the social and environmental context. The applicability however is variable across both the social and environmental parameters. While in the social baseline, land ownership and access issues have been dealt with the environmental baseline for land environment has been assessed for the following parameters:
• Spatial and temporal analysis of land use • Cattle and buffalo population over the years to determine average land availability for grazing per 1000 population of cattle and buffalo • Availability of land under fodder cultivation per 1000 population of cattle and buffalo • Government policies on fodder, grazing and CPRs.
India has a total land area of 3,287,263 square kilometres and is the seventh- largest country in the world in terms of geographical area. Out of the total geographical area of 328.73 million hectares, land use statistics are available for roughly 305 million hectares, contributing 93 per cent of the total.
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64 The land use pattern as observed in 2008-09 is presented in Table 4.14.
Table 4.14 Land Use Pattern in India
S. No. Classification Area (Thousand Hectares) 2000-01 2008-09 ## 1 Total geographical area 328726 328726 2 Reporting area for land utilisation statistics 305118 305687 3 Forests 69529 69635 4 Area under non-agricultural uses 23889 26308 5 Barren and un-culturable land 17590 17017 6 Permanent pastures and other grazing lands 10666 10343 7 Land under misc tree crops and groves not 3441 3402 included in net sown area 8 Culturable waste land 13630 12762 Note: ## - Provisional figures Source: http://dacnet.nic.in/eands/LUS-2007-08/1998-99%20to%202007-08/tab(1.1).pdf
In India, about 51.09% of the land is under cultivation, 21.81% under forest and 3.92% under pasture. Built up areas and uncultivated land occupy about 12.34%. About 5.17% of the total land is uncultivated waste, which can be converted into agricultural land. The other types of land comprises up o 4.67%.
As per the annual statistics available, states such as Haryana, Punjab, West As per the annual statistics available, states such as Haryana, Punjab, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Gujarat, Bihar, Pondicherry, Delhi and Union Territories of Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive Islands (Lakshadweep), cultivate more than 45 per cent of their reporting area. In some of the states like Haryana and Punjab, which lie in the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains of India, the net area sown is between 60 and 70 per cent of the corresponding reporting area.
The grazing land availability calculated from available secondary information on land use patterns and livestock census details is presented Table 4.15
Table 4.15 Grazing Land Availability in India and dependence of cattle per hectare of grazing land
Years Grazing Bovine Bovine/Ha of Milch cattle, Milch Lands Population Grazing (Millions) cattle/Ha of (Million Ha) (Millions) Lands* Grazing Lands* 1997-98 10.91 289 26.5 110.4 10.1 2003-04 10.488 283.4 27.0 115.5 11.0 2007-08 10.388 294 28.3 121.2 11.7 Note: * The figures have been arrived at based on the grazing land availability and bovine population and the milch cattle population. Source: Derived on the basis of Secondary Data
As can be inferred from the table, as grazing lands are getting converted to other competing land use patterns, the ratio of bovines per hectare of grazing lands has increased from 26.5 to 28.3 in a decade. Ratio of milk cattle and
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65 buffalo per hectare of grazing land has also increased from 10.1 to 11.7 in the same decade.
4.3.2 Grazing Lands
About 10.34 million ha of land (2008-09) in the Country has been categorised as permanent pastures and grazing land. These lands are in community use. The states which have considerable proportions of areas under permanent pastures and grazing lands are Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tripura and the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
Carrying Capacity of Grazing Lands
Shankar and Gupta (1992)1 have classified the Indian grazing lands as fragile eco-systems and have ranked them as class IV and V in their land capability classification. The carrying capacity of these areas is 0.20 to 1.47 adult cattle units (ACU)/ha, but the present stocking rates are much higher. In semi-arid areas, the present stocking rates are 1 to 51 ACU/ha against the carrying capacity of 1 ACU/ha while in the arid areas, the stocking rates are 1 to 4 ACU/ha against the carrying capacity of 0.2-0.5 ACU/ha.
Figure 4.15 captures the declining trend of pasture grazing land in the country since 1997-98.
Figure 4.15 Permanent Pastures and Grazing Land Use Trends since 1997-98
Permanent pasture and grazing land use, India
11.00 10.90 10.80 10.70 10.60 10.50 10.40 10.30 Land area inLand Mill-Ha 10.20 10.10 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
The decline as per the data on grazing land (Figure 4.15) shows a steep decline especially in the year 1999-00 to 2001-02. After 2001-02 this sudden decline gradually evened out, however the decline did not stop.
(1) 1 Shankar, V. and Gupta, J.N. (1992). Restoration of Degraded Rangelands. In: J. S. Singh (ed.). Restoration of Degraded Lands-Concepts and Strategies. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India, pp. 115-155
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66
Government Policy
There is no policy at Government of India level regarding grazing lands to be maintained per cattle numbers or Livestock Units as is done internationally. At the State level, Gujarat has notified a Government Resolution (GR) in this regard which mentions the requirement of 40 acres (16 ha) of gauchar land for every 100 animals (Source: http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/industrial-behemoths-eat-up- gaumatas-grazing-land/450150). In case of forest areas, the grazing land requirement is just half – at 20 acres (8 ha) for every 100 animals.
Notably, in a recent judgement, Supreme Court of India has ruled that five per cent of village land must be kept aside for cattle pasture and in unavoidable diversion cases, the government must adhere to guidelines1. In spite of a relaxed livestock-grazing land ratio, India is unable to meet the grazing land requirements due to competing land use patterns ever since liberalisation and industrialisation has been prioritised as core developmental strategy. Not surprisingly, many States in the Country have reported sharp declining trends in the grazing land use pattern such as Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu between 1998 and 2008.
Common Property Resources (CPRs)2
There are no official estimates of CPRs in India. The CPRs provide basic need and services to vulnerable sections of the rural poor. For instance, they can be categorized as permanent pasture and grazing lands; village forest land; village ponds and rivulets; and watershed drainage. Notably, there is no distinction made between CPR and wasteland. While CPR is a matter of defining a particular type of property rights on land in the class of variety of property rights, the latter is a case of identifying a specific ecological characteristic for making developmental programme for recovery of degraded lands, irrespective of property rights.
Community property is the land area where every individual can have claim on collective goods as members of recognised community, village, and village Panchayat. In all CPRs, no single individual has exclusive property rights but everybody shares a collective right.
Data from the sample survey indicated that, at the village level 50.8% of the 281 villages surveyed indicated a decline in the proportion of grazing area available in the villages. The household survey also indicates that 95% of the sample practices stall feeding whereas only 2% rely on open grazing, indicating that growth in milk production is essentially happening on account of stall feeding.
(2) 1 http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-16/india/28379551_1_land-diversion-village-land-gochar
(3) 2 Source: http://envfor.nic.in/unccd/chap-3.pdf
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67 Accurate information on the extent of grazing land is difficult to obtain and available secondary information give widely varying figures. It appears that progressively most CPRs are becoming unsuitable for bovines and fit only for sheep or goats.
Land under fodder cultivation
Fodder cultivation in India has remained static over the years at 4% of the cultivated land1. Fodder seed availability is another limiting factor in the Country. The annual requirement for- 6.9 Million ha of land under fodder cultivation and for improvement of additional 1 Million ha of wasteland, the annual requirement of cultivated fodder seed is 10 Million tonnes, range grass and legume seed 25,000 tonnes and fodder tree seed 500 tonnes per year. Against this, availability is only 20, 15 and 10%, respectively, of these crops (Singh and Hazra, 1995).
4.3.3 Air Environment
Air pollution is defined as emission of particulates or gaseous pollutants into air in amounts in such a way that air pollutants could be harmful to the health or comfort of humans and animals or which could cause damage to plants and materials. As per the FAO Report of 2010 “Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Dairy Sector- A Life Cycle Assessment”, the global dairy sector contributes 4 percent to the total global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Along the entire dairy chain, cradle-to-farm gate emissions contribute the highest proportion of emissions from the sector, contributing on an average 93 percent of total dairy GHG emissions.
Sector activities such as collection and chilling of raw milk, milk processing and transportation of milk and milk products are also contributors to air pollution to a lesser extent.
In India, as per the report prepared by INCCA (Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment’s Report on India: Greenhouse gas emissions 2007 in May 2010), the gross GHG emissions were estimated at 1904.73 million tonnes of
CO2 equivalent. Indian agriculture sector of which livestock sector is a major
part) is estimated to have emitted 334.41 million tons of CO2 equivalent, of
which 13.76 million tons is CH4 and 0.15 million tons is N2O, corresponding to 17.6 percent of gross GHG emissions. Indian livestock sector, including
dairying, emitted 214.53 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent GHGs (of which around 99% is from enteric fermentations), and contributed 11.3 percent to gross GHG emissions of the country. Livestock manure management is a minor source of GHG emissions. Table 4.16 presents the INCCA estimates of GHG emissions from Indian –agriculture, including livestock sector.
(4) 1 http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/india.htm#5.
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68 Table 4.16 GHG Emissions from Indian Agricultural Sector including Livestock Sector in 2007, in 1000 Tonnes
GHG Emissions – Source CH4 N2O CO2 Equivalent Enteric fermentation 10099.8 212095.8 Manure management 115 0.07 2436.7 Agriculture Sector in India 13767.8 146.07 334405.5 Source: INCCA – Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment, MoEF, May 2010
As per INCCA Report, enteric fermentation in dairy animals and manure management are two principal sources of GHG emissions. The report observations on these dairy sector sources are collated and presented here below1.
Enteric Fermentation
In India, livestock rearing is an integral part of its culture and is an important component of the agricultural activities. Although the livestock includes cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goat, pigs, horses, mules, donkeys, camels and poultry, bovines and the small ruminants are the most dominant feature of Indian agrarian scenario, and constitute major source of methane emissions. Traditionally male cattle are raised for draught power for agricultural purposes, and cows and buffaloes for milk production. Cattle and buffaloes provide economic stability to farmers in the face of uncertainties associated with farm production in dry land/rain-fed cropped areas.
Currently, most of the cattle are low producing non-descript, indigenous breeds and only a small percentage (5-10 per cent) is of a higher breed (cross-bred and higher indigenous breeds). Even in the case of buffaloes, there are very few high yield animals (10–20 per cent). Cattle and buffalo, which are the main milk-producing animals in the country, constitute 61 per cent of the total livestock population in India.
The average milk produced by dairy cattle in India is 2.1 kg/day, whereas, buffaloes produce 3.5 kg/day (Ministry of Agriculture, 2004), which is much less than the milk produced by cattle in the developed countries (IPCC Revised Guidelines, 1997). This is mainly due to the poor quality of feed available to the cattle, specially domesticated in rural households, in spite of the low-energy value of feed intake.
In order to estimate the CH4 emission from dairy livestock, at a higher tier, the cattle population has been divided into dairy and non-dairy categories, with sub classification into indigenous and cross-bred types for different age groups in line with Ministry of Agriculture statistical classification (MOA, 2005). The livestock census data available every 5 years has been perused by INCCA. The last census data that was available to INCCA was for the year 2003. To estimate
(5) 1 Reproduced from INCCA Report, MoEF, May 2010
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69 the livestock population for 2007, the 2003 data was extrapolated using the compounded annual growth rate of each type of livestock between 1997 and 2003. The livestock population projections as calculated by INCCA and used in the estimations for GHG emissions from Indian dairy sector are reproduced here at Table 4.17 for reference.
Table 4.17 Livestock Population Projections used in GHG Estimates for Yr 2007
Species Livestock Population (in 1000s) 1997 2003 CAGR 2007 Crossbred cattle 20099 24686 3.48 28306 Indigenous cattle 178782 160495 -1.7 148348.2 Total cattle 198881 185181 -1.2 176654.2 Buffaloes 89918 97922 1.4 103522 Yaks 59 65 1.6 69.3 Mithuns 177 278 7.8 176136 Total bovines 289035 283446 -0.3 279727.1 Source: INCCA – Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment, MoEF, May 2010 CAGR – Compounded Annual Growth Rate
Using the GHG emission factors provided in the India's National Communication (NATCOM) to the UNFCCC (NATCOM, 2004) for Indian dairy sector, GHG emissions were estimated. The GHG emission factors for Indian dairy sector are reproduced in Table 4.18.
Table 4.18 Methane Emission Co-efficient from Indian Livestock
Category Kgs CH4 per animal/Year Dairy cattle Indigenous 28±5 Cross-bred 43±5 Non-dairy cattle (indigenous) 0-1 Yr 9±3 1-3 Yr 23±8 Adult 32±6 Non-dairy cattle (cross-bred) 0-1 Yr 11±3 1-2.5 Yr 26±5 Adult 33±4 Dairy buffalo Dairy buffalo 50±17 Non-dairy buffalo 0-1 Yr 8±3 1-.3 Yr 22±6 Adult 44±11 Source: India’s Initial National Communication, NATCOM
It is clear that the indigenous varieties, whether cattle or buffalo have much lower emission coefficients than the cross-bred ones. This is mainly due to the difference in feed intake of the two (NATCOM, 2004).
Manure Management
The dung management practices vary in different regions depending upon the need of the fuel and manure as well as the available fuel resources and climatic
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70 conditions of the regions. Dung management systems, generally followed in India, are as follows: • Converted to dung cakes • Manure • Daily deposition on soil • Other systems – biogas plants
Dung cakes
The dung of stall fed cattle and buffaloes is collected and on an average 50% are converted into dung cakes mainly by the women folk of the household in India. The collected dung is mixed with the residual feed (mainly straws) of animals and dung cake of circular shape (weighing 0.5 to 2.5 kg) is prepared and put out in the sun for drying. Under the prevailing conditions methane emission is not expected from preparation and use of dung cakes.
Dung cake making is practiced almost in all the states in India except in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and North-Eastern regions. Fuel requirements in these states are generally met through fuel wood. Dung of all other species such as pigs, camel, goat, sheep etc. is not utilized for making the dung cake.
Table 4.19 Cow dung disposal at HH level
State Fuel wood Bio Gas Manures Grand Total Bihar 99% 1% 0% 100% Gujarat 1% 1% 98% 100% Karnataka 0% 1% 98% 100% Punjab 91% 8% 1% 100% Grand Total 38% 2% 60% 100% Source: Household Survey
In the study states (refer Table 4.19), the HH level cow dung disposal practices are quite apparent with majority of the HHs in Bihar ( 99 percent) and Punjab ( 91 percent) using cow dung cakes for cooking, while in Gujarat (98 percent) and Karnataka (98 percent) the HHs prefer to use it for manure.
Manure
Methane emission from manure is much lower in India than the western countries due to difference in manure management practices. As per the INCCA (2007) report, only about 0.115 million tons of methane is produced from manure management which is about 1.0% of livestock methane emissions (10.10 million tons) of India. On an average 50% of dung produced by cattle and buffaloes in India is converted to dung cake and used as fuel. Methane emission is not expected from dung cake (INCCA, 2007). The remaining 50% of dung is collected and stored as heap near the cattle shed. Since dung is stored in the dry form, very little methane is produced (INCCA, 2007). Efforts made by different agencies in India to popularize biogas production from dung as renewable source of energy may not be very successful, as small quantity of
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71 dung is available per household due to small herd size, labour requirement, methane odour etc. The livestock holdings are widely scattered in India with the average herd size of 2-3 adult animals per household. The commercial farms owning large herds of 50 animals or more are relatively very few in numbers. Collection and aggregation of dung from large number of scattered animals for establishing biogas plants at village level may not be very successful. Considering the prevailing field practices, green house gases emitted from the animal waste may not pose a serious threat to environment.
Daily deposition on the Soil
Part of the dung of cattle and buffaloes goes directly to the soil and deposited on the soil during the course of their grazing. Though grazing practice in major part of country is decreasing due to the shrinking of community lands and natural pastures. However, animals are allowed to graze on road side, canal bunds, fellow lands and harvested fields. In states/regions have forest areas and natural pastures, animals still survive on grazing as mentioned earlier. The excreta of grazing animals dry up quickly due to the mixing with soil during the trampling by the animals and do not produce methane.
Other systems
Efforts were made to develop the technology for biogas production from dung and popularize it as a source of renewable energy. However, collecting the required quantity of dung from animals that are situated in a scattered manner across a large number of small holder households in the village is not feasible. Therefore, biogas plants need to be set up after ascertaining the availability of adequate quantity of dung to feed the biogas plant. According to the livestock census, the total amount of dung produced in 1997 and 2003 was 270 and 268 million tons respectively. Methane production from dung cake has been taken as zero during the INCCA assessment and only 50% of total dung therefore is considered for estimating methane and nitrous oxide emissions.
4.3.4 Water Environment
Consumption of Water in Dairy Sector
Water is one of the critically important resources required for dairy animal rearing and deriving economic value out of the animal during its lifespan. Water is essentially consumed at the following stages in the dairy sector:
• Dairy animal’s drinking water intake; • Animal washing • Animal waste removal; (especially in peri-urban dairies where water is used for dung removal) • Cattle shed cleaning and washing (for a small proportion of households); • Bulk milk collection centres (BMCs) cleaning;
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72 • Chilling plants; • Milk tanker (used for transport) cleaning and washing; • Fodder cultivation.
Data on water consumption rates in the dairy sector activities listed above is not available. Between 15 and 20 percent of the global water use in agriculture is associated with the production of livestock products. However, based on secondary data review and stakeholder consultations, some attempt has been made to present the baseline scenario in India.
Dairy Animal Water Intake
Water constitutes 60-70% of a livestock animal's body weight. Water is necessary for maintaining body fluids and proper ion balance; digesting, absorbing, and metabolising nutrients; eliminating waste materials and excess heat from the body; providing a fluid environment for foetus; and transporting nutrients to and from body tissues.
Table 4.20 Water requirement per cattle per day
State Water Requirement in Litres per cattle per day Grand < 10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 Total Bihar 0% 3% 60% 20% 14% 1% 1% 100% Gujarat 2% 54% 25% 8% 11% 0% 0% 100% Karnataka 3% 55% 28% 6% 6% 0% 3% 100% Punjab 0% 0% 40% 46% 11% 3% 0% 100% Grand Total 1% 35% 36% 15% 11% 1% 1% 100% Source: Household Survey estimates
The total water requirement per cattle per day has been detailed as a proportion of households in Table 4.20. The water usage is somewhat dependent on the ease of availability of water in the state as well as the water management practices in the various states. The water consumption is comparatively much greater in Bihar (60 percent using 21-30 litres, 20 percent using 31-40, while 14 percent even use 41-50 litres of water) and Punjab (more than 51 percent use more than 30 litres of water). Significant reduction in water requirement is seen in Gujarat and Karnataka, where more than 50 percent of the HHs reported usage of just 11-20 litres of water per cattle per day.
Secondary literature reveals that dairy cows consume approximately 3 gallons (1 Gallon = 3.79 Litres) of water for every gallon of milk production. Indian researchers in this regard have assumed a water intake of 25 liters per head for the cattle and buffalo population. Accordingly, the livestock water demand has been predicted to increase from 2.3 Billion cum (BCM) in 2000 to 2.8 and 3.2 BCM by 2025 and 2050, respectively (Upali A. Amarasinghe et al).
The HHs access to water source becomes an important area of concern, having analysed the water requirement for the dairy cattle. The source of water and its availability round the year (perennial) or seasonally therefore is critical to the
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73 needs of the dairy sector. A graph indicating access to water resources is being shown in Figure 4.16. While in Gujarat, there is dependency on multitude of resources, some states like Bihar show a lot of dependency on hand tubewell, In the case of Punjab, HHs were reportedly found to be more dependent on Borewell.
Figure 4.16 Access to Water Resources in the Survey HHs across States
Access to water resources across HHs in Survey States
120% 100%
80% Bihar 60% Gujarat 40% Karnataka
Percentage of HHs 20% Punjab 0% Well -Seasonal Well Well-Perennial Pond-Seasonal Pond-Perennial Borewell-Seasonal Borewell-Perennial Stream/ River-Seasonal Stream/ Stream/ River-Perennial Hand Tube well -Seasonal well Tube Hand Hand Tube well -Perennial well Tube Hand
Water Sources
Source: HH Survey
Water Quality Issues in Dairy Cattle Rearing1
Water quality is an important issue in dairy cattle production and health. The water quality properties that are most often considered in dairy cattle rearing include the following:
• Organoleptic properties (odor and taste); • Physiochemical properties (pH, total dissolved solids, total dissolved oxygen and hardness); • Presence of toxic compounds (heavy metals, toxic minerals, organophosphates and hydrocarbons); • Presence of excess minerals or compounds (nitrates, sodium sulphates and iron); and • Microbiological properties (bacteria and algae)
(6) 1 Adapted from Water for Dairy Cattle, New Mexico State University, 2007
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74 Drinking water intake by dairy cattle and buffalos is determined by the quality of water provided to the animal. Providing adequate quantity and good quality drinking water to dairy animals is critical and important in the rearing phase. Any reduced drinking water intake is not desired as it will have implications on the milk yield and animal’s health.
Groundwater
CGWB has assessed the groundwater development status based on nett ground water available (supply) and ground water abstraction (demand) in a given location. Based on ground water resource development status, the entire country (at block/Taluka/Mandal level) has been assessed and categorised into following groups:
• Safe (Development status is less than or equal to 70%) • Semi-critical (Development status is between 70-90%) • Critical (Development status is between 90-100%) • Over exploited (Development status is more than 100%)
Among the total assessed units of 6723 in the country, 4078 units have been categorised under safe category; 550 units have been categorised under Semi- critical category; 226 units have been categorised under critical category; 839 units have been categorised under over-exploited category and 30 units have been identified with salinity issues.
4.3.5 Biodiversity Aspects
Baseline assessment of the biodiversity aspects of environment is limited to following parameters that are pertinent and relevant to the project:
• Fodder species; their area of cultivation; trends • Cattle population (covering indigenous, exotic and cross bred species) and specie-wise distribution; growth trends • Buffalo population and specie-wise distribution; growth trends
Fodder Cultivation in India1
Biodiversity in Forage Resources
There are about 620 and 650 genera and 10,000 and 18,000 species of grasses (Poaceae) and legumes (Leguminoseae) respectively, in the world. Of these, only about 40 grasses and legumes are used to appreciable extent in the establishment of sown pastures. Moreover, it has been found that livestock prefer indigenous forage species in comparison to selected varieties of grasses
(7) 1 Selectively re-produced from 6th Edition of Handbook of Agriculture published by ICAR. For more details, refer to the Handbook.
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75 and legumes despite the fact that indigenous species may be low in productivity and nutritive value.
The Indian gene centre possesses a rich genetic diversity in native grasses and legumes. There are reports of 245 genera and 1,256 species of Gramineae of which about 21 genera and 139 species are endemic. One-third of Indian grasses are considered to have fodder value. Most of the grasses belong to the tribes Andropogoneae (30%), Paniceae (15%), and Eragrosteae (9%). Similarly, out of about 400 species of 60 genera of Leguminosae, 21 genera are reported to be useful as forage. The main centers of genetic diversity are peninsular India (for tropical types) and North-Eastern Region (for sub-tropical types) besides some micro-centres for certain species.
Major forage genera exhibiting forage biodiversity include legumes like Desmodium, Lablab, Stylosanthes, Vigna, Macroptelium, Centrosema, etc.; grasses like Bothriochloa, Dichanthium, Cynodon, Panicum, Pennisetum, Cenchrus, Lasiurus, etc. and browse plants such as Leucaena, Sesbania, Albizia, Bauhinia, Cassia, Grewia, etc. These genera besides many others form an integral part of feed and fodder resources of the country. The country is further endowed with the rich heritage of traditional know-how of raising, maintaining and utilizing forage, feed and livestock resources..
Fodder (Forage) Cultivation – Demand and Supply
Estimates of fodder cultivation and production in the country vary widely. Dairy animals are normally fed with fodder available from cultivated areas, supplemented to a small extent by harvested grasses and top feeds. There are three (3) major sources of fodder supply that includes:
• crop residues; • cultivated fodder; and • fodder from common property resources like forests, permanent pastures and grazing lands.
Country faces a net deficit of 61.1% green fodder, 21.9% dry crop residues and 64% feeds. The situation is further aggravated due to increasing growth of livestock particularly that of genetically upgraded animals. The available forages are poor in quality, being deficient in available energy, protein and minerals. Due to ever-increasing population pressure of human beings, arable land is mainly used for food and cash crops, thus there is little chance of having good-quality arable land available for fodder production, unless milk production becomes remunerative to the farmer as compared to other crops. The demand and supply scenario of forages and roughages as estimated during the 10th Five Year plan document is presented in Table 4.21.
Table 4.21 Supply and Demand Scenario of Forages and Roughages, in Million Tonnes
Supply Demand Deficit Year Green Dry Green Dry Green Dry
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76 Supply Demand Deficit Year Green Dry Green Dry Green Dry 1995 379.3 421 947 526 568 (59.95%) 105 (-19.95%) 2000 384.5 428 988 549 604 (61.10%) 121 (21.93%) 2005 389.9 443 1,025 569 635 (61.96%) 126 (22.08%) 2010 395.2 451 1,061 589 666 (62.76%) 138 (23.46%) 2015 400.6 466 1,097 609 696 (63.50%) 143 (23.56%) 2020 405.9 473 1,134 630 728 (64.21%) 157 (24.81%) 2025 411.3 488 1,170 650 759 (64.87%) 162 (24.92%) Source: Handbook of Agriculture, ICAR
Regional imbalances in fodder availability
The regional deficits are more important than the national deficit, especially for fodder, which is not economical to transport over long distances. The pattern of deficit varies in different parts of the country. For instance, the green fodder availability in Western Himalayan, Upper Gangetic Plains and Eastern Plateau and Hilly Zones is more than 60% of the actual requirement. In Trans Gangetic Plains, the feed availability is between 40 and 60% of the requirement and in the remaining zones, the figure is below 40%. In case of dry fodder, availability is over 60% in the Eastern Himalayan, Middle Gangetic Plains, Upper Gangetic Plains, East Coast Plains and Hilly Zones. In Trans Gangetic Plains, Eastern Plateau and Hills and Central Plateau and Hills, the availability is in the range of 40-60%, while in the remaining zones of the country the availability is below 40%.
Role of Coarse Grain Cereals as Crop Residues
In animal feed supply, coarse cereals have a major role and four major cereals, viz. maize, barley, sorghum and pearl millet are specifically important. Production of these cereals is stagnating at around 30 million tonnes in India. More importantly, most of the coarse cereals in the developed countries are mainly used for cattle feed and some of the cereals like barley are used in breweries. However, in India their use is mainly for direct consumption mostly by poor in the villages due to human population pressure.
Many minor millets such as: finger millet / ragi (Eleusine coracana), little millet (Panicum miIAre), kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea), proso millet (Panicum miIAceum), and savan millet (Echinochloa colona), are important for fodder as it is for human population. The role of food grains and especially of the coarse cereals in providing the balanced nutrition to the livestock for ensuring higher productivity needs no emphasis.
Area under Fodder Production
Fodder crops are the plant species that are cultivated and harvested for feeding the animals in the form of forage (cut green and fed fresh), silage (preserved under anaerobic condition) and hay (dehydrated green fodder). The total area under cultivated fodders is 8.3 million ha on individual crop basis.
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77
Sorghum amongst the kharif crops (2.6 million ha) and berseem (Egyptian clover) amongst the rabi crops (1.9 million ha) occupy about 54% of the total cultivated fodder cropped area. The area under permanent pastures has been declining over the years and the trend could well continue in the future. Due to overgrazing, the productivity of the pastures has been declining too. The area under fodder crops has almost remained static for the last 3-4 decades. This is mainly for want of proper land cover data reporting. However, the area under fodder crops has increased in peri-urban areas that have developed as milk sheds under intensive dairy production systems during the past years.
Sizeable amount of fodder demand is fulfilled through vast grasslands and rangelands. Any positive or negative change in its position will have impact on several environmental issues. Similarly, the increase in livestock population will also affect the availability of organic wastes which in turn can boost the agricultural production. Forage crops grown in India and their productivity details are presented in Table 4.22.
Table 4.22 Forage Crops Grown in India and their Productivity
Crop Name Botanical Name Area, in Green Fodder 1000 ha Productivity (Tonnes/ha) Berseem (Egyptian clover) Trifolium alexandrinum 1,900 60–110 Lucerne (Alfalfa) Medicago Sativa 1,000 60–130 Senji (Sweet clover) Melilotus indica 5 20–30 Shaftal (Persian clover) Trifolium resupinatum 5 50–75 Metha (Fenugreek) Trigonella Foenum-graecum 5 20–35 Lobia (Cowpea) Vigna unguiculata 300 25–45 Guar (Clusterbean) Cyamopsis tetragonaloba 200 15–30 Rice Bean Vigna umbellate 20 15–30 Jai (Oat) Avena sativa 100 35–50 Jau (Barley) Hordeum vulgare 10 25–40 Jowar/Chari (Sorghum) Sorghum bicolor 2,600 35–70 Bajra (Pearl millet) Pennisetum glaucum 900 20–35 Makka (Maize) Zea mays 900 30–55 Makchari (Teosinte) Zea mexicana 10 30–50 Chara Sarson (Chinese cabbage) Brassica pekinensis 10 15–35 Source: Handbook of Agriculture, ICAR
Grazing Resources
Free grazing was practiced historically and it became a way of life. Presently also, livestock production is primarily based on rangeland grazing. The grazing activity is mainly dependent on the availability of the grazing resources from pastures and other grazing lands viz. forests, miscellaneous tree crops and groves, cultivable wastelands and fallow land. Such lands are about 40% of the total geographical area of the country. Vast area in the country (about 157 million ha) is classified under various types of degraded land where one or more limiting factors render the cultivation of crops economically unviable. The grazing intensity in the country is as high as 12.6 adult cattle units (ACU)/ha as against 0.8 ACU/ha in developed countries.
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The total potential area of grazing lands in India is 85.9 million ha. Considering the total arable lands to be 147.38 million ha and calculating that croplands one- tenth of its organic produce as fodder, total arable land can be put as equivalent to 14.73 million ha of grazing lands bringing up total to 100.3 million ha. Taking average potential above ground net primary productivity as 500 g/m2/year, the total fodder production will come down to 501.5 million tonnes of dry fodder per year.
With a total bovine population of 239.09 million, excluding sheep, goats, horses, camels and donkeys and also assuming that one normal healthy cattle consumes 7 tonnes dry herbage per year, the normal annual consumption will come to 1,673 million tonne/year. Thus, the net primary production level of grasslands in India is far below the total requirements. The status of grazing resources in the Country as of 2000-01 is presented in Table 4.23.
Table 4.23 Grazing Resources in India (2001)
Grazing Resources Percentage to Total Land Use Forests 22.7 Permanent pastures/grazing lands 3.6 Cultivable wastelands 4.5 Fallow Lands 8.1 Fallow land other than current fallows 3.3 Barren uncultivable wastelands 6.3 Total common property resources other than forests 17.7 Source: Handbook of Agriculture, ICAR
The overgrazing and continuous degradation of grazing lands along with loss of fertility is further decreasing their productivity. The problems of grazing lands are related to ecological and socio-economic causes. In arid areas, water is the limiting factor, in semi-arid areas, proper land utilization and excessive grazing are the main problems and in high rainfall zones, it is the lower nutritive value of the herbage. Another serious problem is low proportion of legume component in the herbage
As per the primary data collected in the four states representing four different regions of the Country, stakeholder response concurs with the view that grazing resources or on a declining trend (see Table 4.24). Almost half of the respondents interviewed indicated that grazing lands in their village are decreasing while almost 43% had no view on this issue which is also significant.
Table 4.24 Grazing land status in the villages across survey states
State Increased Decreased Bihar 3% 87% Gujarat 3% 47% Karnataka 14% 21% Punjab 3% 51% Grand Total 6% 51% Source: Village Survey
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79
Major reasons identified by stakeholders for decreasing grazing lands include the following:
• No grazing land (76% in four states expressed that there are no grazing lands in their village) • Cultivated (8% in four states expressed that grazing lands are being cultivated) • Indira Awas Yojna being implemented in their village (12% in four states expressed that grazing lands are being used for government housing scheme in their village) • Encroachment (4% in four states expressed that grazing lands are being used for government housing scheme in their village)
Forage Conservation
India being a tropical monsoon bound country with unimodal rainy season, surplus green herbage is available at the flush growth periods during kharif as well as rabi (in irrigated areas). It is desirable that these are preserved /conserved with minimum loss of nutrients. In India, forage conservation or preservation is undertaken by the following methods for feeding to livestock during lean periods when availability of fresh forage is meagre or negligible (mid October-mid December and mid April-June):
• Hay making • Silage or artificial dehydration
Silage has many advantages over the other methods of forage conservation. There is high-energy output in high temperature dehydration. Hay making is difficult during the monsoon season because of unscheduled rainfall and little availability of sunlight in addition to loss of nutrients due to leaching. Data on spatial extent across the country on forage preservation/conservation practices and quantity of forage preserved is not available readily. Hay making is largely followed all across the country as there is traditional knowledge and across agricultural households whereas Silage practices have just started to be widely known especially in States like Punjab and Gujarat.
Seed Technology
Propagation of improved fodder production technologies specially improved varieties has not reached farmers mainly because of the non-availability of good-quality seeds. The availability of good-quality seeds is estimated to be around 15-25% only for cultivated fodders (ICAR, 2003). The productivity and availability of seed are vital because fodder crops have been bred for enhanced vegetative potential and as such they are shy seeders with very low seed productivity.
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80 Presently, the seed demand of cultivated forages, range grasses and legumes are increasing tremendously. Grass seed production and distribution have remained isolated. Recent estimates put the current demand for seeds of cultivated fodders at 355,000 tonnes/annum based on the area under cultivation (8.3 million ha) and a target replacement rate of 10%. With the development of a number of improved and high yielding varieties in forage crops, it has become important that quality seed should be readily available and supplied to the farmers at reasonable price. The estimated requirement of seeds for select fodder crops, range grasses, legumes and fodder trees are presented in Table 4.25 and Figure 4.17.
Figure 4.17 Projected Seed Requirements of Range Grasses, Legumes and Fodder Trees (‘000 tonnes)
Source: Handbook of Agriculture, ICAR
Table 4.25 Estimated Requirement of Foundation Seed in selected Fodder Crops
Crop Area, million ha Average seed rate Foundation seed (kg/ha) required, quintals Maize 0.9 20 1,800 Jowar (sorghum) 2.6 10 2,600 Bajra (pearl millet) 0.9 10 1,120 Oat 0.25 75 9,375 Berseem 2.0 20 16,000 Lucerne 1.0 15 5,625 Cowpea 0.3 20 2,000 Guar (clusterbean) 0.2 20 890 Total 39,410 Source: Handbook of Agriculture, ICAR
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81
Dairy Animal Population and Growth Trends
Cattle Population
India is among the few countries in the World that conduct primary livestock census quinquennially (once in 5 years) covering a variety of parameters and factors in the livestock sector since 1919-1920. Since Independence, the census is being conducted by Animal Husbandry Directorates of States/UTs under the centrally sponsored scheme implemented by Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying in the Ministry of Agriculture. The latest Livestock Census data pertaining to Year 2007 which is the 18th Livestock Census data of the country has been published (Refer ).
Growth of Dairy Animals Since 1951
The bovine population which was 198.7 millions in 1951 has increased to 304.8 million in 2007 recording a compounded annual growth rate of 0.7%. The trend in cattle and buffalo growth since 1951 is presented in Table 4.26
Table 4.26 Livestock Census Data since 1951 in Millions
Year Cattle Adult Female Buffalo Adult Female Total Bovines Cattle Buffalo 1951 155.3 54.4 43.4 21.0 198.7 1956 158.7 47.3 44.9 21.7 203.6 1961 175.6 51.0 51.2 24.3 226.8 1966 176.2 51.8 53.0 25.4 229.2 1972 178.3 53.4 57.4 28.6 235.7 1977 180.0 54.6 62.0 31.3 242.0 1982 192.5 59.2 69.8 32.5 262.4 1987 199.7 62.1 76.0 39.1 275.8 1992 204.6 64.4 84.2 43.8 289.0 1997 198.8 63.6 89.9 46.8 289.0 2003 185.2 64.5 97.9 51.0 283.4 2007 199.1 72.9 105.3 54.5 304.8 Source: Livestock Census, various years
Male-Female Ratio:
Among cattle, the male to female ratio has largely remained unchanged since 1951 (when the ratio was 1:1.85) till 2007 (when the ratio was 1:1.7). Livestock census data 2007 indicates that rural areas of the country still maintain the male to female ratio at around 1:1.89 whereas in urban areas the ratio is 1:3.47 indicating that non-profitable male animals are not maintained at all which makes commercial sense (Refer to Table 4.27).
Table 4.27 Bovine Population (Male to Female) in Urban and Rural Areas
Male Female Total Bovines Rural 100,202,959 190,327,310 290,530,269
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82 Male Female Total Bovines Urban 3,182,861 11,051,997 14,234,858 Total 103,385,820 201,379,307 304,765,127 Source: Livestock Census, 2007 Note: Above figures include cattle, buffalo, yaks and mithun
Figure 4.18 Distributions of Exotic and Cross Breed Cattle in States Having More than 1 Million Exotic and Cross Bred Animals
Tamil nadu
Maharashtra
West Bengal
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Orissa \
Jammu and Kashmir
Kerala
Uttar pradesh
Gujarat
0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000
Source: Livestock Census, 2007
It is clearly evident that Tamilnadu is leading in patronising exotic and cross breed variety of cattle and is way ahead of other states such as Maharashtra, West Bengal and Karnataka.
Distribution of Indigenous and Cross Breed Female Cattle in India
An analysis of the distribution of indigenous and exotic/ cross breed female cattle in India is presented in Table 4.28
Table 4.28 Distribution of Indigenous and Exotic/Cross Breed Female Cattle Population
Species Under 1 Under 1- Adult Female Yr 2.5/3 yrs In Milk Dry Not Calved > 10 years Total Female Once Species Indigenous 16726861 15749368 30686508 17355450 6046409 2670861 89235457 Exotic and 5516008 4543581 10716114 3691316 1257289 492055 26216363 Cross Breed Source: Livestock Census, 2007
The same data illustrated in Figure 4.19 reveals that indigenous female breeds constitute about 77% and exotic and cross breed species are at 23%.
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83 Figure 4.19 Distribution of Indigenous and Exotic/Cross Bred Female Cattle in India
23%
77%
Indigenous Exotic and CB
Source: Livestock Census, 2007
Indigenous Cattle Breeds of India
The livestock census 2007 has identified 45 indigenous cattle breeds besides the non-descript variety. Significantly, Indian indigenous breeds are dominated by the non-descript variety which account for 84% of the indigenous cattle population in the Country and only 16% belong to graded breeds that are commercially viable for dairying (Refer Figure 4.20).
Figure 4.20 Distribution of Graded Indigenous and Non-Descript Cattle in India
16%
\
84%
Indigenous Non-descript
Source: Livestock Census, 2007
Out of the 45 breeds, 16 indigenous cattle breeds number less than 1 lakh population in the Country and about 21 indigenous cattle breeds have a population of less than 10 lakhs (1 million) , whereas only 8 species have a population that is more than a million.
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84 Compound Annual Growth Rates
The growing concern about dwindling indigenous cattle breed population against the exotic and cross breed variety is valid. It can be inferred that exotic and cross breed variety has sustained a growth from 22.82% between 1997 and 2003 to 33.92% growth between 2003 and 2007. On the indigenous front, the negative growth trend of -10.23% witnessed between 1997 and 2003 has been reversed and the local breeds saw a modest growth in numbers at 3.44%.
Figure 4.21 Indigenous Cattle Breeds that are More than 1 Million in Population
Other Graded
Kankrej
Hariana
Hallikar
Gir
Malvi
Khilari
Maland Gidda
0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000 4,000,000 4,500,000
Source: Livestock Census, 2007
The compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) for exotic and cross breeds is estimated at 7.57% and for indigenous breeds is at 0.84%, if one goes by the 2003 and 2007 livestock census data whereas the total cattle grew at a CAGR of 1.82%. The compound annual growth rates estimated for the years 2003 and 2007 is illustrated in Figure 4.22. CAGR of only exotic and cross breed cattle has seen sustained growth increasing from 5.27% to 7.57% between 2003 and 2007.
Figure 4.22 Compound Annual Growth Rates of Dairy Animals in 2003 and 2007
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0 Exotic and cross breeds Indigenous breeds Total Cattle Buffalo -4.0
2003 2007
Source: Livestock Census 2003 and 2007
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85 Buffalo Population
Buffalo population in India comprises of native indigenous breeds. The profile of the Indian buffalo population among rural and urban India is presented at Table 4.29.
Table 4.29 Profile of Indian Buffalo Population
Category Rural Urban Total Total Male Buffalo 18,774,888 (95.8%) 822,504 (4.2%) 19,597,392 Total female buffalo 81,141,256 (94.6%) 4,603,996 (5.4%) 85,745,252 Total Buffalo 99,916,144 (94.8%) 5,426,500 (5.2%) 105,342,644 Source: Livestock census, 2007 Note: Figures in parenthesis are percentages against the corresponding totals
Buffalo Breed Diversity
Livestock census 2007 has reported 22 indigenous buffalo breeds excluding non-descript breeds. Out of the 22 breeds reported, 3 breeds are less than 4000 in numbers in the Country while 5 breeds are less than 50,000 in numbers. About 9 buffalo breeds are more than a lakh but less than 1 million in numbers. Remaining 5 breeds and non-descript buffalo are more than a million in numbers across the country and their distribution profile is illustrated in Figure 4.23.
Figure 4.23 Buffalo Breeds Having More than 1 Million Population
Non-descript
Murrah
Other graded
Mehsana
Surti
Jaffarabadi
0 10,000,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 40,000,000 50,000,000 60,000,000 70,000,000
Source: Livestock Census, 2007
Murrah is the largest buffalo breed in India followed by other graded buffalos, Mehsana, Surti and Jaffarabadi. However, as like cattle, non-descript buffalos predominate with 56% among the total buffalo population and the graded buffalo contributes to 44% of total buffalo population.
An analysis of the cattle (cross bred & indigenous) and buffalo population based on the baseline survey indicates that farmers do not have a preference for indigenous variety of cattle is presently lacked preference among the farmers. Almost 99 percent of HHs reported not keeping indigenous breed in Bihar and
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86 Karnataka, while in the case of Gujarat and Punjab almost 85 percent of the HHs reported not having indigenous breed of cattle. The data may be little biased due to the sample district selection.
4.3.6 Health Issues
Environmental Health is a branch of public health that is related to all aspects of natural and built environment affecting human health. As per World Health Organization definition, it is defined as “Those aspects of the human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment”. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing and controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect health.
In the dairy sector, human health affected by the dairy animal’s health and vice- versa is a major concern globally. As dairy animals are part of the natural and man made environment, any health impacts and disease inter-transmission could be a potential Environmental Health concern for both dairy animals and human beings.
Cattle Diseases
Cattle diseases adversely affect the productivity of the cattle. Especially among small and marginal farmers, instances of sickness in diseases, or death of the cattle, increase the burden for the household. The risk is increased in case there is death of the cattle (cattle cost vary from ` 25000- ` 80,000 approximately). Presently the veterinary institutional system under the animal husbandry department provides veterinary as well as breeding and vaccination services. However, field and stakeholder consultations suggest that these services are intermittent and do not meet the expectation and demand of farmers who are dependent on cattle for a livelihood. Dependence on private service providers has increased as cattle in ill-health demand immediate attention, and round the clock veterinary care.
The major diseases related to cattle have been controlled to a large extent however this has been an important area of concern for the Dairy industry for long. Though farmers are aware about the diseases, lack of precaution and lack of access to quality veterinary support aggravate the problem. In Gujarat and Karnataka the unions reportedly also provide veterinary support to the cooperative members which form an important part of the input services being provided to the farmers.
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87 Figure 4.24 Diseases for which animals are vaccinated
Vaccination Services used by the Dairy Farmers
100%
80% Bihar 60% Gujarat 40% Karnataka Punjab 20% Percentage of HHs 0% None Brucellosis FMD HS BQ Others
Vaccinations
Source: Household Survey
Across the states (Figure 4.24), cattle vaccination for Foot and Mouth disease was reported to be most common practice among the dairy farmers, while brucellosis is the second most common diseases for which vaccination services were reportedly sought by the dairy farmers.
Figure 4.25 Instances of Sickness in cattle in the survey States
120% 100% 80% Bihar Gujarat 60% Karnataka 40% Punjab 20%
HHs Response in Percentage Percentage in Response HHs 0% None 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 Sickness Instances
Source: Household Survey
The instances of cattle sickness at the HH level for the last years were limited to 1-5, in most of the cases. As per Error! Reference source not found., the instance was highest in Karnataka with 99 percent of the HHs reporting the need for veterinary services somewhere between 1-5 times, followed by Gujarat where 90 percent of the HHs reported requiring the veterinary services 1-5 times in the last two years. The figure for these states may be comparatively high due to improved access to veterinary services in these states. Also people are more concerned about the income from dairy and it is likely that people do not want to take a risk with the health of their cattle.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
88 The increased practice of vaccinating cattle for diseases like Foot and mouth disease, Haemorrhagic Septicaemia and Black Quarter have also helped in reducing instances of diseases in cattle.
Environmental Health Risks
Human-health threats from livestock can be categorised into two types viz:
• Zoonotic diseases: Zoonotic diseases are those that arise in animals but can be transmitted to humans. Potentially pandemic viruses, such as influenza, are the most newsworthy, but many others exist, including rabies, brucellosis and anthrax.
The awareness level among the dairy farmers presently is not very encouraging. There is apparent lack of awareness with regard to knowledge on human animal interaction as is apparent from Figure 4.26.
Figure 4.26 Awareness level on transfer of Diseases through Animal Human Interaction
Awareness About Disease Transfer through Animal Human Interaction
120% 100% 80% Aware 60% Not Aware 40% Percentage 20%
Response on Awareness in Awareness on Response 0% Bihar Gujarat Karnataka Punjab
States
Source: Household survey
The maximum observed awareness on transfer of zoonotic diseases was observed in Gujarat, which in itself was very low at 10 percent. Almost all the states fared unsatisfactorily on this count.
Figure 4.27 indicates awareness levels among respondents on cattle testing for pathogens.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
89 Figure 4.27 Awareness Level on Pathogens in Cattle
Cattle testing for pathogens as a proportion of respondents
4% 3% 4%
23% Brucellosis Tuberculosis Johne's Disease 5% Mastitis Others 61% No response
Source: Household survey
Brucellosis disease has been repeatedly reported in animals in India; however, very few human studies have been undertaken and it is estimated that the true incidence is 25 times higher than the reported cases due to lack of diagnosis (Chugh, 2008). The study also quotes seroprevalence of brucellosis 8.5% among dairy workers and 4.2% in aborted women.
Stakeholder Response on Environmental Health Issues
In India, there is very low awareness about animal-human health issues at least at the dairy farm level. The stakeholder responses that were gathered from the four representative states of the Country are highlighted below:
• 98% of dairy farmers in Punjab; 97% in Bihar; 74% in Karnataka have done nothing to isolate diseased cattle from other healthy ones to protect them. Overall, among the four states, only 32% dairy farmers have taken some steps to isolate diseased cattle while 68% did nothing to control the situation. • When asked about the awareness level of human-animal health interaction and inter-transmission, more than 94%of dairy farmers in the four states expressed that they are unaware of such health implications between them and their cattle. Only 6% expressed that they are aware of such implications. • Almost 99% of the dairy farmers in the four states responded that there have been no cases of animal and human lives lost to fatal livestock diseases that are inter-transferable. • On the practice of de-worming cattle, Bihar seems to have an impressive record of almost 96% dairy farmers getting their cattle de-wormed. Overall, only 40% of dairy farmers get their cattle for de-worming and 60% are yet to pursue such practice.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
90 Livestock Health Initiatives in India
Animal wealth in India has increased manifold and the animal husbandry practices have changed to a great extent following the introduction of newer technologies particularly for crossbreeding and up-gradation of indigenous breeds. More recently, with the liberalization of trade, the chances of ingress of exotic diseases in to the country have increased. To ensure the control of diseases and to become compatible with the standards laid by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) - World Animal Health Organization, health schemes have been initiated to support the animal health programmes in the States of the Country.
In order to control the economically important livestock diseases and to undertake the obligatory functions related to animal health in the country, the Central Government is implementing the following Schemes (Table 4.30): In addition, India has some 8,732 Vet Hospitals, 18,830 Veterinary Dispensaries and 25,195 Veterinary Aid Centres (NDDB, 2011).
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB
91 Table 4.30 Key Initiatives related to Disease Control by Government of India
Schemes Scheme Details Livestock Health & Assistance to States for Control of Animal Diseases (ASCAD) Disease Control • Immunization (LH & DC) • Strengthening of existing State Veterinary Biological Production Units • Strengthening of existing State Disease Diagnostic Laboratories • Holding workshops/seminars and in-service training to Veterinarians and Para-veterinarians. • The states are at liberty to choose the diseases for immunization as per the prevalence and importance the disease in their state / region. • Programmes envisage collection of disease prevalence information on the incidence of various livestock and poultry diseases from States and Union Territories and compile the same for the whole country. National Project on • The objective is to strengthen the veterinary services and to eradicate Rinderpest and Contagious Bovine Pleuro - Pneumonia (CBPP) and to obtain Rinderpest freedom from Rinderpest & CBPP infection. Eradication (NPRE) • The first stage of “Provisional freedom from Rinderpest disease” for the whole country was achieved with effect from 1st March 1998. • The second stage plan for “Freedom from Rinderpest disease” was approved by OIE in May 2004. • For attaining the third and final stage of “Freedom from Rinderpest Infection”, the dossier has been submitted to OIE. • Eradication programme for Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumonia (CBPP) has been initiated in 8 districts of Assam. • The country is provisionally free from CBPP from October 2003. Foot & Mouth • to develop herd immunity in cloven-footed animals, FMD-CP is being implemented in 54 specified districts of the country in the first phase with Disease Control 100% central funding. Programme (FMD- • The State Governments are providing other infrastructure and manpower. Five rounds of vaccinations will be done during the tenth plan. About CP) 1500 lakh vaccination will be carried during the five rounds of vaccination.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 92 5 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS AND CONSULTATIONS
The stakeholder analysis process for the SESA of the proposed NDSP aims to identify and classify project stakeholders that include beneficiaries and any individual or group who is potentially affected by a project/ activity or can themselves affect or influence a project/ activity. The key inputs that have been used to develop this analysis are:
• 406 Focused group discussions across four states were held with women, SC/ST and dudhias (middlemen); • Household and village survey which covered 8291 households over 281 villages across the four sample states; and • Semi-structured interviews with key informants at the level of milk collection and procurement; milk processing; livestock extension and institutional support.
This section assesses outcome of the stakeholder consultations and their responses in the context of the activities proposed under NDSP. This includes perceptions and concerns raised by individuals and groups on the prevailing status of the dairy sector in India and also any expectations that that they may have from the proposed activities under the project.
5.1 STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION AND PROFILING
Stakeholder identification and profiling is essential to develop an engagement strategy and information disclosure process that is tailored to the needs of different stakeholder groups as well as to prioritise the available project resources. Figure 5.1 illustrates the spectrum of stakeholders that were engaged with as part of SESA.
Figure 5.1 Snapshot of Stakeholders engaged for the SESA
District/ Particulars State Village Block MILK COLLECTION & PROCUREMENT State Milk Federation/ Public Sector Milk Unions/ Private Operators Chilling Plants/ Centres/ BMC Milk Procurement Supervisors DCS (Chairman, Secretary and Members) Milk Producers’ Institutions/ Farmers’ Group Milk Producers General Women SC/ST Sahayaks/ Resource Persons Dudhia PROCESSING State Milk Federation/ Public Sector
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 93 District/ Particulars State Village Block Milk Unions Processing Plants Private Processing Plants Halwai MARKETING State Milk Federation/ Public Sector Milk Unions Private Sector/ Retail Chains Halwai/ Vendors Tabelas/ Khatals EXTENSION AND INPUT SERVICES AH Department Veterinary Collages Agricultural Universities NDRI/ IGFRI/ Other ICAR Institutes State Livestock Boards Krishi Vigyan Kendras Cattle Feed and Feed Supplement Plants Seed Processing Plants Semen Stations AI Technician/ Resource Persons Livestock Inspector/ Stockman Paravets Private Service Providers/ NGOs OTHER INSTITUTIONS Department of Tribal Affairs Registrar of Co-operatives DRDA Gram Panchayat Agricultural Credit Societies Money Lenders Self Help Groups
The subsequent section discusses specific characteristics of these stakeholders as well as the observed variations across the states. The stakeholder profile varies not only owing to the socio economic conditions existent in the different parts of the country, but also because of the lack of uniform operating procedures across the states. The expectations and the impact of these stakeholders on the project will therefore signify variations depending on these conditions. It is therefore important that the stakeholder profile is captured and NDSP appreciates the existing variations. It should be noted that the identification and management of stakeholders is an iterative process requiring change and regular review.
The following tables will be able to put across the outcomes of the stakeholder analysis in a better perspective, as well as help in making informed decisions on the projects
Table 5.1 Definitions for the quadrants
Quadrant What they mean High Influence and High These stakeholders are important to the implementation of Importance the project and can affect the project outcomes. They may be a source of catalysing the project as well as pose significant
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 94 Quadrant What they mean risk if their interests do not converge with the project. These stakeholders would need to be engaged in an appropriate and positive manner. Low Influence and High These stakeholders are important to the implementation of Importance the project but may have limited influence on project outcomes. Their capacities and involvement in the project would have to be suitably enhanced. Lack of their participation and involvement in the project may pose a risk to the success of the project. High Influence and Low Stakeholders in this quadrant would require limited Importance consultation. They are unlikely to be affected by the projects activities or outcomes but may have the potential to impact project outcomes. Therefore the actions of such stakeholders would need careful monitoring and will have to be backed with appropriate actions under the project. Low Influence and Low These stakeholders will need to be consulted but may not importance know how the issue affects them. People very low on the influence scale may need particular methods and attention. Beneficiaries In the case of these stakeholders the capacity needs to be built in keeping the special societal and cultural needs. Capacity building is important to ensure that they are able to maximise output from the various input services or other engagements envisaged under the project. Managers Managers are crucial in terms of planning fro the project. They continue to have control over the projects, and their understanding based on the monitoring and evaluation and regular reporting shapes the improvement in the project design. Their capacity and systems to understand the special needs of the beneficiaries, and incorporate changes in programmes suiting the special needs based on the basis of field level indicators is crucial for the project. Decision Makers Decision makers shape the policy and regulations crucial to maximise the benefits under the project. They need to well aligned with the managers to incorporate or address any major shift in the policy and is likely to have huge impact. Affected People Affected people are those types of stakeholders which have minimal linkage with the project, however are likely to be impacted in case of implementation of the project. In most of the cases, they have to adjust to the impacts or need to have high influence to ensure changes to mitigate the impacts.
Table 5.2 Matrix assessing the various stakeholders presently involved in Dairy Sector
Stakeholders Influencers Importance Beneficiaries Managers Decision Affected Makers Groups State level √ High √ √ √ Federations Milk Unions √ High √ √ √ DCS High √ √ Small & Marginal Low √ √ Farmers Large Dairy √ High √ Farmers DRDA/ Zila Medium √ Panchayat
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 95 Stakeholders Influencers Importance Beneficiaries Managers Decision Affected Makers Groups Animal √ High √ √ Husbandry Department Private Sector √ High √ √ Women Low √ √ SC/ST & other Low √ √ vulnerable Population Research Moderate √ Institutions AI service High √ providers NGOs Veterinary Moderate √ Colleges & Other research Institution
5.1.1 Key Stakeholders and the areas of concern
Based on the stakeholder analysis and profiling of the various stakeholders, the possible areas of concern have been listed in Error! Reference source not found.
Table 5.3 List of Key stakeholders and concerns
Category Stakeholder Concerns
Environment Social Milk Collection & Procurement District Milk Unions 9 9 Private Dairies 9 Dairy Cooperative Society 9 9 Milk Producers 9 9 Dudhias (middlemen) Dairy Farmer Groups Large Dairy Farmers 9 9 Small and Marginal Dairy Farmers 9 9 Women Groups 9 SC/STs 9 Marketing and Processing State Milk Federations Processing Facilities and Dairies 9 Dairy Infrastructure Facilities 9 Commercial Dairy Farms 9 Halwais and Private Milk Vendors 9 Livestock Extension Services Animal Husbandry Department 9 Veterinary Colleges 9 Agricultural Universities 9 IGFRI Centres Cattle Feed Plants/Seed Plants/Semen 9 9 Stations AI Technician 9 9 Veterinary Inspector 9 9 NGOs 9 9
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 96 Category Stakeholder Concerns
Environment Social Other institutions World Bank and Other Lenders 9 9 Department of Tribal Affairs 9 Registrar of Cooperatives DRDA 9 Agricultural Cooperative Societies Gram Panchayat 9
The sub section further includes a detailing of the profile of the important stakeholders, their concerns based on the stakeholder consultations and opportunities for engagement under NDSP.
5.1.2 State Milk Federations
Profile
State milk federations are primarily responsible for marketing and decision- making related to the functioning of the three-tiered cooperative structure across states. The role definition varies from state to state. They facilitate to set targets for the various milk unions for marketing and processing of various products. Most of these federations have been nurtured over a period of time with the support from NDDB.
The role of the state milk federations is undergoing a change due to the demand-driven market for milk in India. For instance, federations are vying for new markets with the removal of restrictions associated with milk shed areas and also the expansion of existing markets with the industrialization and urbanization scenario. This augurs well for the consumers in terms of choice in the type of milk; however, there are implications from increased competitiveness between conflicting federations and other private sector players.
Concerns
The concerns of the milk federations are very much aligned with the concern of the milk unions. The pricing of the milk has suddenly become an important concern for the federations. Identifying new markets and competition with the unorganised players in the market remains a challenge. The federations are also considering the expansion plan of other state federations both as a sign of growing competitions as well as threat to their business.
Project engagement with the stakeholder group
The state federations will be concerned about the impact on markets and profitability with respect to proposed interventions. The state federations will be the key to coordinating any project level intervention across the states
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 97 under NDSP. They can be engaged in persuading the Department of Animal Husbandry at the State level for creation of enabling environment for implementation of various dairy development activities.
5.1.3 Milk unions
Profile
Milk unions primarily work under the guidance of the state level federations and are responsible for the procurement and processing of milk. Nevertheless, the level of dependency and autonomous functioning of the milk unions varies across the states. The milk unions though guided by the state federations on certain issues follow their own approach to increasing the participation of the producers, though not in contravention to the guidelines of the state federations.
The milk unions of some of the districts have tried to innovate, a case in example in the Banaskanatha Milk union, which has started numerous innovative schemes. Not only has it invested in the training and capacity building, but also has coordinated interlink ages with other government schemes, apart from initiating some of them on their own. The Union also has procedures in place to obtain feedback and resolve grievances and challenges from the field.
Box 5.1 Banaskantha Union: Steps towards Improving Environmental Foot Print of Dairy
One of the important interventions is through the milk supervisors who are also responsible for ensuring filling up of information related to the DCS on fortnightly basis; this is separately done apart from the audit done through the Cooperative Registrar’s office. The form used by the supervisors contains not only the information related to the membership and payment related issues but also contains detailed information related to cleaning, operation and maintenance of the BMC, plantation of trees near the DCS building, disposal of the solid waste and liquid waste water, water supply for the BMC, the kind of disinfectant used for cleaning the BMC’s etc. Nearly 650 DCS presently have access to BMC, while there is application for 150 pending under Clean Milk Scheme. The Banaskantha union also aims to cover the rest of almost 700 villages, if not through CMS, then through its own fund or through interlinkage with other government schemes. This has gradually reduced the number of trips which needed to be made earlier for milk procurement from DCS.
The milk unions are also the main drivers for the provision of livestock extension services. Provision of such services through the cooperatives is trusted and much more accessible than similar mechanisms of the Animal Husbandry Department. In the survey states, almost 53 percent of the respondents claimed to have accessed services (Primarily veterinary and AI services) from cooperatives, followed by private service providers including NGOs (11 percent) and animal Husbandry Department (10 percent). Dependence on Animal Husbandry department was mainly reported in Karnataka ( 31 percent) and Punjab (16 percent). The basis of such an engagement is also because of relatively increased presence in the field and presence of multiple alternative channels for information and service delivery.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 98 E.g. the number of information channels which the milk unions have been maintaining are numerous- Milk supervisors, personnel involved in milk collection, AI service providers, DCS secretary, veterinary service providers, feed and other service providers etc. The milk unions are in a better position to assess the needs of their farmer members on a real time basis.
Box 5.5.2 Milk unions and the regular payment strategy
The milk unions face competition from the traditional middle men or the dudhiyas, private milk procurers, or small traders or shops too engaged in the milk procurement. The milk unions (as perceived in all the states) have tried to work and have been successful in shifting the regular milk suppliers to the DCS. One of the key strategies has been to regularise the payment dates across the DCS. Farmers have been used to getting money at the end of the harvesting season, usually, by the time they received the returns on the crop, the farmers used to be neck deep into variety of loans and credits they had taken from money lender or well wishers for their regular expenditure. Many of the decision related to the livelihood and other important matters for the families are put on hold due to lack of availability of money for longer period of time. The middle men or the informal sector milk procurers, pay dairy farmers in an informal manner without any regular time pattern. Milk unions have cashed upon the situation and in most of the cases across the states have been trying to disburse the money at an interval of mostly 10 days or 15 days. The present duration of payments has received good acceptance from the milk producers. This has given the feeling of security as well as ensured money availability across the months. Atleast they are sure that their money is safe and the returns are assured. The key is availability of capital round the year at the HH level. This has also led to milk producers keeping their allegiance with the cooperatives for longer period of time. However, opportunism especially during the festive and the marriage seasons, when the demand for milk increases, results in some of the DCS members selling milk to informal buyers.
Milk unions have been open to include participation of the SC/STs.
Milk unions are free to decide upon the rates for the milk that they procure from the dairy farmers. The milk unions also engage in giving awards to maximum producers or being in possession of such cattle which give maximum milk. These practices are common among the milk unions in Punjab and Gujarat. This has been one of the practices which has helped the unions identify better breeds in consultation with experts. Results have been good in the case of Punjab, which follows this pattern more often.
Box 5.5.3 Milk unions and the issues of land
Most of the milk unions have set up processing facilities within the city limits, or have gradually shifted within the city due to expansion of the city limits. During the consultation it was reported, that mostly the unions have not undergone much of capacity increase which would have required access to extra land. The land is also required by the unions for development of the infrastructure like feed plant/mineral mixture plant/ seed plant. However, land acquisition by Unions will not be required under the project since no infrastructure development is proposed for milk processing.
In cases where the extra land was required, it was facilitated by the district administration and the state governments. In most of the instances, the extra land available with the government (different departments) was made available to the unions. The milk unions till now have not directly engaged in land acquisition. Such a situation may not arise in the near future.
Applicability to the Project: No land acquisition/ appropriation and physical displacement is envisaged under the Project.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 99
There has been increased awareness among the milk unions on the effluent treatment of the waste at almost all the processing plants covered by the milk unions in the survey states. Moreover, it is also required as per the local compliances, which is must for the disposal of the effluent released.
Box 5.4 Milk unions and the effluent treatment practices
Based on the discussions with the Plant Managers and observations from field visits, a summary of wastewater treatment details are presented below:
Verka Dairy Milk Processing Plant at Ludhiana: ETP Capacity = 10 lakh litres/day Treatment scheme = Aerobic (extended aeration) followed by anaerobic (UASB). Disposal = Reuse within the plant for non-process purposes and balance is dumped in municipal drains. ETP functioning under Punjab State Pollution Control Board’s valid CTE and CTO under Water Act, 1974
Bangalore Milk Union Limited’s (BAMUL) Milk Processing Plant at Bangalore ETP Capacity = 6.5 lakh litres/day Treatment scheme = Aerobic (extended aeration) scheme followed by tertiary treatment. Disposal = Reuse within the plant for non-process purposes and balance (about 15 KLD) is dumped in municipal drains. ETP functioning under Karnataka State Pollution Control Board’s valid CTE and CTO under Water Act, 1974
Karnataka Milk Federation’s Mother Dairy Plant at Yelahanka ETP Capacity = 10 lakh litres/day Treatment scheme = Aerobic (extended aeration) followed by tertiary treatment. Disposal = 30-40% treated wastewater is reuse within the plant for non-process purposes and balance 60% is dumped in municipal drains. ETP functioning under Karnataka State Pollution Control Board’s valid CTE and CTO under Water Act, 1974 Source: Stakeholder consultations and institutional visit
Concerns
Milk unions are facing continuous competition from the private milk procurers who are expected to shift a section of the dairy farmers or the DCS members away from cooperatives, with increased price offer for milk. The milk unions face another concern of limited support being extended by the Central Government for establishing milk coolers. The support provided is not able to meet the requirements of the milk unions. In some of the states like Bihar, the need for increased processing capacity and the related infrastructure development is a major issue.
Project engagement with the stakeholder groups
Milk unions are expected to be one of the integral players in the delivery of services to dairy farmers through the DCS. As per the present engagement strategy, milk unions serve as the nodal agency for coordinating the activities of the DCS. Right from the delivery of the AI services (supply of LN and semen doses), veterinary services, animal management practices, to the
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 100 vaccination and deworming facilities, the milk unions are expected to be important nodes of support agency to the DCS.
5.1.4 Dairy Cooperative Societies (DCS)
Profile
The DCS is the lowest tier of the cooperative structure at the village level. More than one cooperative at the village level is permitted only in Maharashtra. There have also been guidelines related to the number of cooperatives in any village, for e.g one cooperative should not conflict with another cooperative area for at least 3 kms. Even the registration of the societies follows different processes in different states. The process followed for registration of cooperatives varies from state to state. Rules stipulating minimum number of members, share capital and quantity of milk to be procured and the set of bylaws to be adopted are generally prescribed as per the State Cooperative Acts.
DCS is one of the major information dissemination centres in the village. There is no doubt that the DCS transcends the barriers of caste, class and religion. The level of acceptance of the DCS among the villagers has increased sizeably due to the level of accountability and transparency in milk measurement. Most of the milk unions share the profits with the DCSs who after keeping a part of the share for the cooperative pass it on to the dairy farmers. In the case of Bihar, the cooperatives which were registered under Swablambi scheme are not able to get the bonus as they cannot be registered with the milk unions. Such cooperatives (registered under Swablambi schemes) are being gradually shifted to the traditional dairy models, under which they can be finally registered with the unions and share the profits.
Concerns
DCS have slowly emerged as the centre of political activity in some of the states. Politicisation of the DCS was reported as one of the issues in the dairy in Punjab; such issues cannot be ignored once DCSs become strong institution in any village. This has been due to the huge popularity and membership which the cooperatives command in the villages. The case of politicisation and lack of financial viability in some DCS’ have led to a call for reforms to the cooperative structure and the formation of the new generation cooperatives.
DCSs have been chosen by most of the milk unions as an effective centre for service delivery to the dairy cooperative members in the villages. Most of the dairy processed products, cattle feed, AI services, mineral mixture, are provided at reasonable prices to the dairy cooperative members in the villages. Accessing of the services and possible discrimination was not reported in the consultations, neither was observed. In most of the cases, the payments for these services are settled by the DCS against the payments to be made to the dairy farmers; however, the level of support in such cases commensurate with the amount of milk poured and the due payment. In such
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 101 a manner there are fewer chances of dairy farmers withholding the payments for these services provided by the DCS. This is common across the states of Punjab and Gujarat and is also used as a strategy to reduce the shift of the dairy farmers from the DCS to middlemen, who generally follow the practice of giving lump sum amounts to the dairy producers when in need.
It was observed that some people identify their prosperity with the growth of the cooperatives. However, loss of accountability at the village level can be very detrimental to the basic foundation of the cooperatives in the village. In certain states cooperatives are still in the nascent stage. In the case of Bihar, the lack of access to infrastructure at all levels has somewhat hindered the progress of the dairy sector.
Box 5.5.5 Middlemen practices & rising concern for DCS
The DCS secretaries in Ludhiana (Punjab) claimed that the middle men operating in the villages are able to afford paying higher prices to the dairy farmers by indulging in unfair practices and selling adulterated milk in the open market, thus affecting the procurement and viability of cooperatives. It was learnt that, though the dairy farmers attached to the cooperative do not want to leave the cooperative, at the same time there is a pressure on the cooperatives to raise the procurement prices of milk. The farmers stick to the cooperatives for the simple reason that they are getting good support services from the cooperatives and the process adopted is transparent. With the increased milk production proposed through NDSP intervention and the better rates being paid to the farmers of late, there may be a situation wherein there could be milk adulteration issues.
Project engagement with the stakeholder groups
The DCSs/ Milk Producers’ Institutions/ Farmers’ Groups would be the primary engagement point at the village level. The milk producers will get to know improved methods of extension, animal nutrition, issues related to breeding at the village level from these institutions/ forums.
5.1.5 Dairy Farmers
Profile
Dairy farmers in the villages are the major dairy producer groups in the villages. As per the Agriculture Census definition, farmers are small, marginal, medium, semi medium and large farmers depending upon the size of the operational land holdings. Their profile varies across the different states, depending upon the soil fertility and the access to irrigation sources, ground water level and the opportunity cost for farming, and other livelihood opportunity gained from them. Farmer’s community usually in states like Punjab have been very progressive in adapting to the market needs as well as in developing suitable markets. The innovation in technology and ready acceptance of conducive agricultural and innovative dairy practices has seen states like Gujarat reap benefits both from the green and white revolution. To an extent it would be right to term them as trend setters especially in the field of agriculture and land related livelihood.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 102 Concerns
As earlier discussed the small and marginal dairy farmers have continued with dairy while the large and medium dairy farmers have selectively chosen to either drift away or shift to a large scale model of dairy farm. This pattern is most evident in states like Gujarat and Punjab. Punjab has seen the emergence of large scale dairy farms which are gradually shifting to the professionally managed dairy farms. The trend is also visible to a limited extent in Gujarat (locally known as tabelas- these are different from the peri urban dairies which are also known as tabelas). In Punjab the availability of information on technical know-how, and the innovative approaches adopted was higher compared to other states.
There are some concerns of dairy farmers. Some of the circumstances shared by the dairy farmers present an understanding of the situation as pointed out in Box 5.5.6
Box 5.5.6 Issues of the dairy farmers across states
• Land has become premium and the return from the land decides its use. The availability of other options which give better returns than dairy is an important criterion for the famer to either remain with dairy or leave dairy. Some farmers have felt that in the beginning the returns from the dairy used to be good, however, now the returns from farming are much better. • Where land is available, the cost is lower. In case land is not available, it has to be bought either from the other farmers or from the market. In case these inputs need to be bought from the market, it substantially increases the input costs for the farmers. With reduced land holding, dependence on market sources for fodder has gradually increased. • Villages which are near the urban areas have seen a sudden upsurge in land prices. This is primarily due to the fact that land is being put to different uses and farmers are getting prices which were never imagined. It seems more beneficial to sell the land at high prices than use it for other occupations like cultivation or dairy farming. It is a tendency of the people to look for occupations which give higher returns. • The issue of non availability of labour is turning out to be one of the major challenges facing dairy farms in the state of Punjab and to some extent in the rest of the study states; primarily in Punjab as this area had seen the migration of workers from Bihar and UP. People traditionally do not do the menial labour themselves, and hence labour is becoming one of the limiting factors. • The cost paid under MNREGS in various states has resulted in a spill over effect on the wages demanded by labour for other works too. The cost of hiring labour has become almost double after the implementation of the aforementioned scheme, adding a sizeable amount to the input cost for dairy, and agriculture.
Dairy practices owing to the issues identified above, have witnessed a shift in the farming practices. These practices have always been there, however the famer types (land holding classification) engagement in dairy have witnessed a change with time (in terms of the herd size and the ownership of local and cross bred cattle and buffalo).
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 103 Box 5.5.7 Progressive dairy farmers association (PDFA) in Punjab
The PDFA is in Punjab is a reflection of a growing number of farms with relatively larger holding of milch animals and this trend is gradually extending across some of the other states. These farms have been established in Punjab with the help of the state government and some commercial banks. The social and environmental issues among these milk producers are significant. These dairy farms have undertaken innovations in upkeep and maintenance of animals and also farm mechanisation and feed storage technology. This has resulted in reduction of the dependence on hired labour in some of the farms. These farms tend to make extra profit by selling young animals.
One of the reasons for the growth of these big farms has been economic viability. Other reasons which are presently critical for dairy farmers is the competing returns that the market has to offer in terms of crops, cash crops, dairy supplementing cattle feed and the dairy itself.
Box 5.5.8 Return from Agriculture much better than dairy products
The returns from agriculture have been comparatively good as perceived by farmers in Gujarat and Punjab. Cash crops are expected to give better returns compared to the rearing of the dairy cattle. The cost of inputs like dry fodder, oil cakes, and cattle feed have grown at a much higher rate compared to the price which the farmers gets for his milk from either cooperatives or other milk procurers. Moreover, in the wake of the present price rise, famers see more sense in selling fodder, which gives a good return with minimum engagement. However, dairy continues to remain an alternative especially in case there is crop failure or the rains elude the crops. Farmers see more profit in catering to the needs of other dairy farmers rather than being in dairy farming by themselves. Dairy is seen as more labour intensive than the agriculture sector. Dairy is seen as an activity which demands regular involvement and does not leave cattle owners with the liberty of pursuing another side occupation. With nuclear families increasing and becoming a norm, this issue has become very important for farmers.
The availability of credit for buying dairy animals was raised as one of the major issues among farmers spread across all categories, and even in the SC/ST category. Not only is the availability of credit, but the rate of interest is also a concern among the dairy farmers.
Box 5.5.9 Credit rate of interest for dairy
The agriculture sector in the country has presently more takers. The schemes related to the agriculture are more conducive and more supportive for farmers especially in comparison to the dairy which does not have much support especially when it comes to certain basic support. The rate of interest for agricultural loans are more suited to the farmer at 7 percent, add to that subsidy of almost 2 percent given in case the farmers are punctual in payment of the loans, which effectively gets the interest rate to 5 percent. In the case of dairy, rate of interest for dairy loans remain the same, at a relatively high 12 percent. Some states like Punjab have taken initiative in this regard, to make loans available at lower interest rates through interlinkages with other schemes. Punjab Dairy Development department has proposed 3 per cent concession in interest component through funding from Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY).
The role of the peri-urban farms cannot be negated, or forgotten, though not primarily a concern for the NDSP as they are not to be targeted under the project. Discussion on new generation cooperatives was done at the village level. The response to the concept of the new generation cooperatives (NGC) has been
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 104 mixed across the states. There is no outright rejection or acceptance of the concept, with a little more clarity being expected at the field level.
Project engagement with the stakeholder groups
Under NDSP, the dairy farmers are expected to be benefitted through genetic improvement of their animals and the productivity enhancement measures including ration balancing programme. Farmers are also expected to respond to the training programmes related to the cattle management practices and shift towards AI practices. The dairy farmers are expected to respond positively to the interventions made under the project, however, a lot will depend on additional income generated in the background of rise in input cost, scarcity and resource vulnerability. However, it is has been observed across states, that farmers have responded well to the quality input services provided to them and tend to stick to dairy especially for the support it provides in wake of crop failures due to failure of monsoon.
5.1.6 Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes
Profile
The participation of the SC/ST population in dairying is dependent on several factors related to overall development of dairying across regions. The limited access to land, as well as not taking up dairying as a traditional occupation, appears to be a hurdle for their participation. Consultation across the states showed a common pattern, wherein limited understanding of dairying and the unavailability of seed capital, lack of access to monetary resources, access to credit, lack of alternate sources of income are some of the concerns raised in stake holder consultations. However, the families already involved in dairying did not complain of any exclusion being faced at the DCS level.
Box 5.10 Special intervention with the ST Population in Gujarat
Van Bandhu Kalyan Yojana (CM’s Ten Point Program) is being implemented for the development of 43 ITDP Talukas from 11 South- Eastern districts of Gujarat. This programme aims at ensuring very high quality social and civil infrastructure and sustainable employment such that the income of every tribal family doubles in next five years. Under this programme dairy too has been identified as one of the activities as dairy forms a sustainable income source in the families. The linkage through the Van Bandhu programme in Gujarat has been a joint initiative of the Government of Gujarat and the milk unions to increase the participation of especially tribal families in the dairy business. Milk unions were primarily selected in some of the selected districts to run this programme. The scheme has shown good results in the initial stages. However, this has required regular monitoring from the milk unions. Presence of many staffs in the field has also supported awareness and follow-up on the scheme. Field consultations with such tribal families covered under the scheme indicated acceptance in some of the targeted villages. Such interventions are not a guarantee to complete success, but are definitely an intervention in the right direction. Such innovative schemes are felt as need of the day, especially for the SC/ ST families, which more often than not have not pursued dairy as a source of livelihood traditionally.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 105 While the benefits of the dairying are obvious, resource limitations prove to be major hindrance. Even if the cattle are made available through bank linkage or easy credit facility, lack of access to fodder and feed makes it difficult for milk production. The need for holistic interventions through continued support is critical to ensuring the participation of the SC/ST families.
There are many issues which need to be addressed to ensure participation of the SC/ST HHs in dairying: • Besides the cultural inhibitions, lack of access to productive breeds accompanied with lack of resources or inputs to get good milk production, limit the participation of the SC/ ST farmers in the dairy sector. • In some instances ( in case of Bihar) the SC/ST farmers get into a kind of arrangement, “pousia system”, wherein they feed the cattle till the cattle is ready for milking, and is then sold. The whole of the effort of the HHs goes into collecting fodder and feeding the cattle somehow, so that the cattle develop better. This suits them as they get lump sum amount in a single go. • Land dependency is increased as the access to the grazing land has been highly limited, accompanied with increasing price of fodder in the market. This is evident among the SC population as the gradual shift towards dairy has been comparatively much among the SC HHs. The ST HHs have not shown a major shift, and continue to rely on daily labour for meeting their needs or either increase their dependency on other small livestock like goats and pigs. • In totality, when an SC/ST family starts with dairy, there needs to be continuous follow up and support.
Project engagement with the stakeholder groups
The gradual shift in the practice of dairying from large and medium famers to small, marginal, semi medium farmers also involves SC/ST population. Most of these SC/ST families have traditionally not been engaged in dairying; however they are gradually making a shift towards this occupation. The participation will significantly depend on the kind of input services especially made available to them while starting with dairy. With lack of other major options in the absence of land, availability of work force at home, continuous look out for other livelihood options to supplement the income from the casual daily employment, the motivation is high among this group.
SC/ST and other vulnerable group perception on participation in NDSP
The involvement of the ST population in Gujarat through Van Bandhu Kalyan Yojana in some of the selected districts like Banaskantha and Panchamahal will provide good understanding of the limitations faced by them in joining dairying. Though some limited interaction in these areas with the ST population indicates at some positive response for now, especially when the support through unions is on regular basis. With regard to the perception of SC/ST HHs towards participation in NDSP, there was uniformity in response across the states. Limited land availability or landlessness, lack of capital or access to credit, low rates for milk, and increased feed prices turned out to be commonly identified constraints for their participation in dairying. The risk associated with dairying, especially when the fall back options are limited,
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 106 was put up as a concern on detailed probing. Some of the groups also responded to having no interest; while daily labour with comparatively higher wage rates appear to be a risk free alternative to them.
5.1.7 Women Groups
Profile
Women groups that were engaged with during the SESA study were those that were (a) either involved actively in the functioning of the DCS and extension services; and (b) those involved in cattle rearing as a primary household chore. The actual role and participation sees a variation across these two spectrums and largely depends upon education levels, prevailing gender dynamics as well as the opportunities available in the region. For instance, the Kolar Milk Union in Karnataka has promoted the training of female workers as AI Technicians. In contrast, in states like Punjab, a shift in the use of the migrant labour for work purposes has been observed. This gradually alienated both men and women from the daily chores with the decreased dependence on the labour. The rest of the decision making on the whole remained with the men both at the DCS level and at the household level. However, among the lower SEC, women have continued to play an important role in dairying both at the HHs level and at the DCS level. This has also meant that the empowerment due to engagement in dairy activity has been much better in the lower SEC.
There are two exclusive women dairy cooperative milk unions in the country wherein, all members of the Board are women (Ichhamati in West Bengal and Mulkanoor in Andhra Pradesh).
Project engagement with the stakeholder groups
Women will have an improved role to play in the NDSP. The success and sustainability of the programme will depend a lot on the involvement of women at all the stages. The training of women will be crucial especially for improving their livelihood condition, through enhancing saving habits among them, either through formation of the SHG groups or through a bank linkage programme. With most of the work especially at the HH level being tended to by the women folk, the chances of bringing about change in the animal management practices will be greatly increased with the participation of women. The work pressure on women for collecting fodder, and managing water especially in dry and arid zones with limited access due to increased resource requirement is likely to increase. The accountability in the cooperatives could be increased with the participation of women folk, as has been the previous experience in most of the states.
Women groups’ perception on participation in NDSP
Women group’s engagement in dairying, primarily linked to the dairy related HH activity, resulted in their limited feedback on the proposed intervention under NDSP. Most of the discussions centred on increase in feed prices and
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 107 issues related to the fodder availability, and veterinary facility in the villages. On the issue of participation in the proposed activity under NDSP women groups showed interest; however attending training, and taking up responsibility which includes travelling, elicited limited response from them. In case of Punjab, the representation of the women at the DCS level was relatively better, even in terms of understanding of the DCS level issues. In Gujarat, the participation seems to be more equitable in terms of the awareness level and having engagement at the DCS level.
5.1.8 Veterinary Department & other AI service providers
The state veterinary department is one of the primary veterinary service providers at the village level. The veterinary department across states have not been able to raise the service delivery system up to the expectation of the dairy farmers in most of the states. The veterinary department apart from cattle and buffalo are mandated to deal with the veterinary health care of the other livestock too.
The timing of service delivery of the veterinary hospitals and dispensaries proves to be a limiting factor in the dispensing of services. It was reported that in most of the cases, the emergency requirement for the veterinary services arises either in the late evening, night or during early morning. In the absence of the government veterinary service delivery at night, dairy farmers have to shell out extra money to avail the services of private services providers. In most of the cases, the dairy farmers are expected to bring the animal to the hospitals. The extra charge the farmers have to bear adds to the cost.
Some of the milk unions are providing veterinary services to the dairy farmers. While some of the unions have veterinary doctors, the requirement is not adequately met. The dairy farmers have responded well to the veterinary services provided in Banaskantha district by the milk union and the number of veterinary doctors is being increased to cater to the needs of the dairy farmers (approx ~ 104).
The AI services are also provided by Government veterinary hospitals and dispensaries. Some of the states have integrated the AI services provided by the veterinary department with the other service providers in the field. In the case of Bihar, Bihar Livestock Development Agency (BLDA) jointly monitors the services provided by other service providers like IndiaGen, BAIF & JKTrust. The unions too have taken interest in the provision of AI services in the village, though their intervention is limited to training and ensuring supply of LN and semen doses to the AI service providers. Reportedly, the quality of the AI services through the use of semen doses provided by unions has been good.
The AI service providers are one of the important players in the improvement of genetic potential of animals in the villages. Across the states, farmers reported lack of availability of quality AI services, though the willingness to
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 108 pay was present among the dairy farmers, if the quality of AI services was good.
Most of the AI service providing agencies follows to an extent the same pattern for delivery of AI services in the village. Local villagers are selected for training and they are supplied with FS doses and LN. The model has worked well in most of the cases and the dairy farmers have benefitted.
Box 5.11 Lack of scientific approach for breeding
The farmers across the states are willing to pay higher prices for the artificial insemination facility, if it results in better milk yields. In case of Gujarat, the AI service provision is through the unions, who continue to invest a lot on the input delivery system.
There is a lack of general awareness of breeding policies across the states studied. Bihar is a notable exception which has enlisted the support of the NDDB to frame the Bihar Animal Breeding Policy 2008; however, it has still not been notified. Although most states have implemented a good network of artificial insemination (AI) by government and non government agencies, the successful adoption of A.I is limited to the milk sheds of the larger and more productive milk unions and in the periphery of towns , where assured milk market has been available. To illustrate, the adoption of AI by the rural population in Kolar and Bangalore is evident in the increasing proportion of Holstein-Friesian cattle (cross-bred). However, the northern districts of Karnataka, such as Gulbarga, Bellary and Raichur have not seen as much demand for AI services.
Project engagement with the stakeholder groups
The state veterinary department has primarily restricted itself to veterinary care, and vaccination delivery, and limited AI service delivery. The veterinary department will have a crucial role to play especially in vaccination services for the cattle and buffalo population, and possible anticipated increased instances of diseases due to increase in the cross bred cattle population. The veterinary services will also have to play an important role in information dissemination related to disposal of veterinary waste at the village level.
5.1.9 NGOs/ Private Service Providers
Profile
There is a limited involvement of NGOs/private service providers which are working in the dairy sector such as BAIF, IndiaGen, J K Trust. They have been playing a positive role in terms of providing input services especially for AI. Their role assumes importance especially where the cooperative/government services have not been extensive enough to provide quality AI services to the dairy farmers at their doorsteps.
Concerns
Lack of access to satisfactory services through the government has opened up the market for private sector players. Almost all the AI service players in the market including the cooperatives follow a model of developing local capacity especially for the delivery of the AI services. The success of these service
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 109 providers also depends on their ability to have locally deployed trained resource persons who ensure doorstep delivery of quality and timely AI services.
Project engagement with stakeholder groups
NGOs/other service providers need to be engaged in the provision of the input services especially quality AI service delivery. Keeping in mind the track record of NGOs especially in improving capacity building and training with effective target based indicators they could be employed in areas with perceived dairy potential. Especially in the states where the unions have not been able to engage in outreach programmes, NGOs can be engaged with result oriented targets, culminating into increased participation of the farmers in the dairy sector.
5.1.10 Research institutions & Veterinary Colleges
Profile
Most of the veterinary colleges and research institutions have been working on selective projects related to cattle and buffalo breeding. However, the local level engagement of these institutions in terms of collaboration and linkages with the milk federations as well as their widespread replication was lacking. These institutions have separate training and research facilities, and in most of the cases their research is limited to the selected village in the vicinity.
Concerns
The dairy farmers and milk unions are not able to benefit from these researches at the local level. These research institutions can serve as innovative centres in providing alternative technologies for feed and fodder management suited to the local conditions. Veterinary colleges and institutions engaged in discussion in the survey states reported engagement in field coordination with the milk unions. The veterinary institutions engaged in consultations in all the survey districts or states have been working on some of the projects in collaboration with ICAR, NDRI or other institutions. However, their engagement at the local level has been reportedly found wanting in most of the cases.
Project engagement with the stakeholder groups
The veterinary institutions will have an important role to play especially in joint coordination with the animal husbandry department and the district health administration, in preparing for issues related to the transfer of technologies. There is still lack of continuous local area based research related to diseases profile or environmental indicators, which can prove to be helpful for the milk unions in planning interventions and improving input services in the villages. The increase in the population of high yielding animals will have implications for the increased rate of disease instances, as is the common perception based on previous experiences. The local veterinary institutions
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 110 can track these cases on real time and can provide support to the unions. Also the impact of the improved breed introductions on the resource consumption and feed efficiency can be monitored.
5.1.11 DRDA/ Zila Panchayats/ Integrated Tribal Development Department
Profile
In many states, the District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) or Zila Panchayats have not been proactive in the development of dairying. At most the linkage ends at the provision of services either in the form of training programmes or distribution of benefits under different skill building and livelihood promotion schemes. In the states, wherever the interlinkage has been developed, it is either through SGSY for SHG formation or through Backward Region Grant Fund for infrastructure development like DCS building.
Concerns
Effective interlinkage with the milk unions was reportedly found lacking in most of the places. Integrated tribal development programmes have been working in areas on livelihood interventions however; there are not many efforts to sustain the initiative for households/beneficiaries. A major component of the intervention programmes is the distribution of livestock; however the quality of livestock provided through the various schemes was reportedly not up to the mark, to enable farmers to use them efficiently for increased income.
Project engagement with the stakeholder groups
Some of the schemes which are presently being implemented through the Zila Panchayats or the DRDA have good scope for interlinkage with the dairy improvement in the villages. The major problems of grazing land and pasture land development in the villages and existing or likely pressure from water are the areas which have the potential for being addressed through schemes like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme which has potential for the development of common property resources (CPR) as well as recharging of water bodies in villages. Other schemes like Backward Region Grant Fund (BRGG), could be used for the development of infrastructure like DCS building, buying of milk coolers (BMCs) or for the construction of cattle shed for dairy farmers; a part of the total cost can be provided as grant, while the rest of the cost could be borne by the cooperatives or the dairy farmers respectively. Bank linkage especially for the SC/ST farmers can also be addressed through the support of SGSY programme (wherein the BPL families are given preference for SHG formation). There are many other schemes from the agricultural department which can be routed through the Zila Panchayats especially for training, skill building and fodder minikit distribution. Even the normal loans to be availed by farmers can be interlinked and made softer (available at easy rate as
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 111 compared to the normal interest rates) as is being attempted in Punjab through Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yozana (RKVY).
5.1.12 Private Sector
Profile
Private sectors in the survey states have engaged themselves only in milk procurement and creating processing facilities. Private players like Reliance have ventured into markets, where the cooperatives have been performing well. Moreover, most of the staff working under these private companies have earlier been staff of the Milk unions, making the entry of the private companies in the cooperative market easy. However, these private companies have relied more upon developing large scale dairy farms (as in the case of Punjab), and developing interlinkages with them for milk procurement.
Concerns
With the envisaged increased production of milk in the country owing to the intervention under NDSP, there will be increased demand for processing capacity. One of the aims of the NDSP is also to increase the total amount of milk to be procured through the organised sector. Attempts would be made however, to protect the interest of the small and marginal farmers who may not be perceived as suitable partners by the private sector, due to scale of operations
Project engagement with the stakeholder groups
NDSP proposes to engage NGOs/trusts and projects of entities in cooperatives or public sector (those that meet the eligibility criteria) for input services to be streamlined through SOPs. The New Generation Cooperatives (NGCs) may see the extension through the engagement with the private sectors for milk processing. There will also be increased opportunity for the private sector to converge with the milk unions especially where the unions and the federations do not have adequate capacity presently to enhance production of cattle feed, mineral mixture, and other input services. The engagement of the private players in the country however comes with a common perception wherein they are perceived as precursors to the start of the marginalisation of the resource constrained small and marginal groups.
Table 5.4 Key issues emerging from the stakeholder analysis
Stakeholder Issues Issues related to the Measures suggested to Project address the issues Women • Inadequate • Inadequate • In the village level representation in DCS representation in institutions, efforts • Lack of capacity to DCS will be made to represent issues related • Lack of capacity to enrol women as to them represent issues members • Lack of leadership for related to them • Training and their effective • Lack of leadership capacity building participation and for their effective programmes
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 112 Stakeholder Issues Issues related to the Measures suggested to Project address the issues decision making at DCS participation and especially targeting level decision making at women members • Lack of access to fodder DCS level • Promoting women resources participation in • Lack of access to various extension institutional credit activities proposed • under the Project.
SC/ST • Lack of specific • Lack of specific • In the village level information related to information related institutions, existing participation to existing information levels participation levels generation on their • Lack of capacity to • Lack of capacity to participation represent issues related represent issues • Training and to them related to them capacity building • Lack of leadership for • Lack of leadership programmes their effective for their effective especially targeting participation and participation and SC/ST members decision making at DCS decision making at • Promoting SC/ST level DCS level participation in • Lack of access to land various extension • Lack of access to activities proposed institutional credit under the Project. • Lack of awareness on access to government schemes • Lack of alternate fall back options for income • Limited understanding on dairy animal management
Landless & • Lack of access to • Lack of access to • Options could be other employment fodder resources explored through a vulnerable opportunities Pilot on fodder population • Lack of access to development and institutional credit management • Lack of access to program government support • Lack of access to fodder • Lack of alternate fall back options
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 113 6 MPACT ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
Based on the outcome of SESA, for project related activities, an appropriate Environmental & Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been formulated that needs to be implemented as part of NDSP. This section presents the details of ESMF elements that are to be integrated in the project design and delivery documents. The ESMF formulated and presented here meets the requirements of the World Bank’s OP 4.01 on Project's Environmental Management Plan and comprises of following elements:
• Assessment of environment and social impacts; • Environmental and Social Management Framework outlining mitigation measures, impact monitoring indicators, implementation schedule, cost estimates and primary responsibility for implementation; • Institutional framework for E&S Management aligned with proposed NDSP Project Management structure; • Capacity development and training; • Environmental and Social (E&S) Management Process; • Integration of ESMF with NDSP Project
6.1 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EVALUATION CRITERIA
For the purpose of evaluating the impacts on various social and environmental aspects, the criterion has been developed on the basis of understanding of the project and certain assumptions which were considered relevant in categorising the impacts. However, it is to be appreciated that the diversity of the impacts for the proposed activities under the NDSP may at times be difficult to categorise; it is assumed that a rational attempt can be made towards categorising the impacts through the below mentioned significance criterion. Primarily the method is used to categorise the environmental impacts, despite that, as the social and environmental impacts in some cases are interspersed, it was considered suitable to use these evaluation criteria for the impacts as a whole rather than developing separate impact evaluation criterion for the social and environmental impacts. The detail of the criterion that has been used to evaluate impacts on various environmental and social aspects is as following:
Context
The context refers to spatial or geographical extent of impact due to proposed project. In this study, impacts were classified as per the following context: • Local (low spread) (1) , when an impact is restricted within 500m of the project site;
(1) Parameters considered include: spread of zoonotic diseases, social interactions etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 114 • Medium (medium spread) when an impact is spread from 500m to 3km of the project site ; and • Regional (high spread) when impact is spread beyond 3km of the project site.
Duration
The duration of impact considers whether the impact would be short-term, medium-term or long-term and has been assessed based on the time taken to recover back to its pre-project state. For the proposed project, impacts were classified based on their existence in temporal scale as follows: Short term (low duration) (1) when impacting for a duration of six months; this will result in the recovery of the effected environmental component within a year; • Medium (medium duration) when impacting between six months and two years; this will result in the recovery of the effected environmental component within 1 to 3 years; and • Long term (high duration) when impacting beyond two years; and will result in recovery of prevailing conditions beyond 3 years.
Intensity
Indicators of the intensity of an impact, whether it is insignificant, minor, moderate, or major, was based on the following criteria: Insignificant intensity (2) when resulting in changes in the environmental baseline of less than 20% in regional context or 20 to 30% in medium context or up to 30% in local context but for short duration; • Minor intensity when resulting in changes in the baseline up to 20% in regional context or up to 30% in medium context or more than 30% in local context; • Moderate intensity when resulting in changes in the baseline for up to 30% in regional context or more than 30% in medium context; and • Major intensity when resulting change in the baseline beyond 30% in regional context.
Type
The type of impact refers to whether the effect is considered beneficial or adverse. Beneficial impacts would improve resource conditions. Adverse impacts would deplete or negatively alter resources. The significance assessment matrix is provided in the Table 6.1
Table 6.1 Impact Significance Criteria for Environmental and Social Components
Significance Context Duration Intensity Geography Time of Impact Weight age Negative Positive
(1) Parameters include diseases incidence, pressure on natural resources, income opportunity etc. (2) Parameters included effect on soil, land, or severity of issues related to community health etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 115 Significance Context Duration Intensity Geography Time of Impact Weight age Insignificant Local Short Insignificant Minor Local Short Moderate Local Medium Minor Local Medium Moderate Medium Short Minor Local Long Minor Moderate Local Short Major Local Long Moderate Medium Short Moderate Medium Medium Minor Medium Medium Moderate Medium Long Minor Medium Long Moderate Regional Short Minor Regional Short Moderate Regional Medium Minor Regional Medium Moderate Major Local Medium Major Local Long Major Medium Short Major Medium Medium Major Medium Long Major Regional Short Major Regional Medium Major Regional Long Minor Regional Long Moderate Regional Long Major
6.2 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION
The impact identification process has been done through detailing out the project activities to be taken under NDSP, and identifying their interaction with the environmental and social media. After the preliminary identification of the impacts through this process, the impacts for each of the social and environmental media, were analysed separately and is discussed in the next sub section.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 116
Social Media Land & other Natural Resources Livelihood & Employment Gender Dairy Sector- Land Appropriation, Land-use Competing Forest Pasture Resource Occupational Sustainable Indebtedness Risk & Empowerment Work Stages in Milk Production & Marketing cycle R&R Change uses land Land-CPR Availability patterns Livelihood Vulnerability & Inclusion Pressure Dairy Sector - Stages in Milk Production and Marketing cycle I) Dairy Animal Rearing for Milk Production 1) Feed and Fodder Open grazing of animals X X X X X X X Green fodder cultivation X X X X X X Dry fodder generation (from agri wastes) and storage X X X X Cattle feed plants X X X Fodder seed plants X Fodder seed cultivation farms X X X Transport of feed and fodder X 2) Water resource usage Dairy animal drinking water requirement X X X Animal cooling and washing X X X Cattle shed cleaning X X X 3) Veterinary health services Institute and operate Veterinary health centres X X Transport of Veterinary health service providers or animal Human-Animal disease prevalence and transmission X Medical and hazardous wastes X X Other non-hazardous wastes X X 4) Breeding and genetic improvement Institute and operate male calf rearing centres/quarantine stations X X X X X X Institute and operate bull rearing centres X X X Institute and operate semen stations X X X Transport of semen doses X X Animal breeding policy X X X X X Institute and operate AI service centres X X X Institute and operate AI services as doorstep delivery programs 5) Cattle Shed Cattle shed/ building X X 6) Pollutants Emitted Enteric fermentation process - CH4 emissions from dairy animal X X Nitrous oxide generation from dung X X Waste generation X Dead animal carcass X Wastewater generation 7) End of life milch animals, male animals and non-descript animals X X II) Milk collection, bulking and transport 8) Transport of milk from producer to collection centre X Use of motorised vehicles 9) Operate and maintain milk collection centres Bulk Milk coolers X X Chilling centres X X Transport of milk from collection centres to processing plants III) Milk Processing and Marketing 10) Install, operate and maintain Milk Processing Plants X X X 11) Processed milk marketing X 12) Transport of processed milk to consumers X
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Social Media SC/ST Access to Services Labour Community Participation Health Dairy Sector- Employme Vulnera- Inclusion Infrastructure Training, CB & Input Credit Working Wages Migration Labour Human Decision Transp- Stages in Milk Production & Marketing cycle nt, bility development Awareness services support Conditions Availability health risk making arency Livelihood Dairy Sector - Stages in Milk Production and Marketing cycle I) Dairy Animal Rearing for Milk Production 1) Feed and Fodder Open grazing of animals X X X X X X X Green fodder cultivation X X X X Dry fodder generation (from agri wastes) and storage X X X X X X X Cattle feed plants X X X Fodder seed plants X X X X Fodder seed cultivation farms X X X Transport of feed and fodder X X X X X X X 2) Water resource usage X X Dairy animal drinking water requirement X X X Animal cooling Animal washing Cattle shed cleaning 3) Veterinary health services X X X X X Institute and operate Veterinary health centres X X X X X Transport of Veterinary health service providers or animal X X Human-Animal disease prevalence and transmission X X X X Medical and hazardous wastes X X Other non-hazardous wastes X X 4) Breeding and genetic improvement Institute and operate male calf rearing centres/quarantine stations X X X X X Institute and operate bull rearing centres X X X X X Institute and operate semen stations X X X X X Transport of semen doses Animal breeding policy X X X Institute and operate AI service centres X X X X Institute and operate AI services as doorstep delivery programs X X X 5) Cattle Shed Cattle shed/ building X X X X 6) Pollutants Emitted Enteric fermentation process - CH4 emissions from dairy animal X X Nitrous oxide generation from dung Waste generation Dead animal carcass X Wastewater generation 7) End of life milch animals, male animals and non-descript animals X X X II) Milk collection, bulking and transport 8) Transport of milk from producer to collection centre X X X X 9) Operate and maintain milk collection centres Bulk Milk coolers X X Chilling centres X X Transport of milk from collection centres to processing plants III) Milk Processing and Marketing 10) Install, operate and maintain Milk Processing Plants X X X X X 11) Processed milk marketing X
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Environmental Ambient Air Quality Water Biodiversity Aspects Environmental Health Media Land Land for facilities Land for Land-fodder Topsoil Wastes Air GHG Surface Ground Fodder Dairy Occupational Community Dairy Sector- grazing cultivation Pollutants Emissions water water & Forage animal Health Health Stages in Milk Production & Marketing cycle ecology I) Dairy Animal Rearing for Milk Production 1) Feed and Fodder X Open grazing of animals X X X X X Green fodder cultivation X X X X X Dry fodder generation (from agri wastes) and storage X X X Cattle feed plants X X X X X X Fodder seed plants X X X X X X Fodder seed cultivation farms X X X X X X Transport of feed and fodder X X 2) Water resource usage Dairy animal drinking water requirement X X X Animal cooling and washing X X X X Cattle shed cleaning X X X X 3) Veterinary health services Institute and operate Veterinary health centres X X X X Transport of Veterinary health service providers or nimal X Human-Animal disease prevalence and transmission X X X Medical and hazardous wastes X X X X X Other non-hazardous wastes X X X X 4) Breeding and genetic improvement X Institute and operate male calf rearing entres/quarantine X X X X X X stations Institute and operate bull rearing centres X X X X X X Institute and operate semen stations X X X X X X X Transport of semen doses X Animal breeding policy X X X X Institute and operate AI service centres X X X X X X Institute and operate AI services as doorstep delivery programs X X X 5) Cattle Shed Cattle shed/ building X X X X X X 6) Pollutants Emitted Enteric fermentation process - CH4 emissions from dairy X X animal Nitrous oxide generation from dung X X Waste generation X X X X X X Dead animal carcass X X X X X X Wastewater generation X X X X X X 7) End of life milch animals, male animals and non-descript X X X X X X X X X X animals II) Milk collection, bulking and transport 8) Transport of milk from producer to collection centre Use of motorized vehicles X 9) Operate and maintain milk collection centers X X Bulk Milk coolers and chilling centers X X X X X X X Transport of milk from collection centers to processing plants X X X III) Milk Processing and Marketing 10) Install, operate and maintain Milk Processing Plants X X X X X X X 11) Processed milk marketing, transportation to consumers X X
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 119 6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
The impacts identified in the previous sub section have been detailed in this sub section. The impacts have been classified firstly under components and then the sub components which are likely to trigger the impacts have been mentioned. This has been done as some of the impacts are likely to get triggered owing to activities proposed under more than one sub component. The environmental and social impacts are jointly clubbed under the components to establish clarity based on the components under which they fall. The ESMF (Table 6.2) also does the impact categorization on the basis of the impact assessment criterion earlier discussed. Further, ESMF details out the mitigation/ enhancement measures which have already been incorporated in the project design, and then suggests the mitigation and enhancement measures which will be required over and above the project design. Implementation schedule for each of the suggested measures along with the primary responsibility for implementation is also incorporated in the ESMF.
6.3.1 Pilot programs
Apart from the mitigation/ enhancement measures suggested under the ESMF, there are certain small pilots, which will be supported under the project to address some key sectoral issues, such as, waste management and fodder. Accordingly two draft pilots are attached for inclusion as part of the ESMF (Refer to Annexure F). The rationale for choosing these pilots emerged from the primary HH survey done in furtherance of SESA. While fodder is an integral part of the milk production process, constraints like small land holding, lack of availability of quality seeds, poor irrigation infrastructure and limited policy interventions on this aspect has led to gaps between fodder demand and supply. Also, fodder production presently lacks collective action and suffers from lack of need assessment. The level of technical know how also seems to be lacking especially in areas which lack research and information dissemination facilities. The pilot on fodder production would address these concerns and the learning from the pilot could be replicated at a larger scale.
The waste management in dairying HHs is one of the important issues which is presently not ascribed importance especially at the farm level with small herd size; however, there is option of making some kind of waste management intervention with farmers having large herd size. The present practice of open disposal, accompanied with lack of disposal site, market linkage for organic manure, lack of technical know-how, lack of awareness, lack of consciousness etc. pose problem for proper waste management. The pilot would try to explore the various options available and try to build the capacity of the farmers through training and capacity building activities to implement such waste management practices.
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Table 6.2 Environmental and Social Management Framework for sub components proposed under NDSP
S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design 1 Strengthening Sub Component A 1 Negative Project commits to In addition to the provisions available in Implementation PMU (Project existing or setting Production of high Minor comply with GoIs technical manuals, Minimum Phase Management up new bull genetic merit (HGM) Local pertinent Technical standards and SOPs, additional Unit) rearing, calf rearing cattle and buffalo bulls Long term. Manuals, Minimum measures have been included under the centres, quarantine and import of bulls/ Standards and SOPs project to address any E&S issues (Refer stations, semen semen/ embryos of recommended by Annexure E). The setting up and stations /related HF and Jersey breeds Government of India operation of the semen stations, facilities could for semen production applicable on such quarantine station, calf rearing centres cause some minor centres and facilities. will also refer to the World Bank group adverse impacts in Sub Component A 1 (IFC) EHS guidelines on mammalian local context on Strengthening existing livestock production ( Refer to Annexure environmental semen stations/ J) aspects starting new stations for producing high quality disease free semen doses 2 Land requirement Sub Component A 1 Negative The project does not • The project will not finance any Planning and PMU & IA for any of the Strengthening existing Minor involve any land activity that entails land acquisition. Implementation (Implementing Project activities semen stations/ Local acquisition and • The project will not finance any Phase Agency) could affect the starting new stations Short term physical direct purchase of land. livelihood of the for producing high displacement for any • The IA has to provide evidence that land users. quality disease free activity. Where any land required and available semen doses public land is with it, is free of any encumbrances. involved, the project • In case there is direct purchase of will get the land land by IA, such sale deed will be encumbrance free. If based on prevailing market rates however, any land is and verifiable. required, it would be • The PMU as a part of monitoring procured through will ensure that the land being made direct purchase. available for the sub project implementation is encumbrance free.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 121 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design 3 Impact on the Sub Component A 1 Negative Bio Security • Any additional bio-security Planning and IA community health Production of high Moderate measures including measures would be assessed and Implementation genetic merit (HGM) Regional quarantine will be implemented. Phase cattle and buffalo bulls Long term practised by the • IEC campaign to increase awareness and import of bulls/ semen stations which on zoonotic diseases could be semen/ embryos of includes vaccination undertaken. HF and Jersey breeds services in the nearby for semen production 10 kms vicinity.
Sub Component A 1 Strengthening existing semen stations/ starting new stations for producing high quality disease free semen doses
4 Improved access to Sub Component A 1 Positive The Project has a • AI delivery services are made Implementation IA higher yielding Increasing the Moderate component of available at rates that are gradually stage breeds of cattle percentage of Regional targeting increase in increased to meet the full cost of the through better AI breedable animals Long term the percentage of service by the fifth-sixth year. This is service delivery artificially inseminated breedable animals likely to increase the accountability system at the (AI) by existing and artificially for delivery of quality services, as doorstep of the milk new service providers inseminated (AI) by well as beneficiaries taking the AI producers. adopting standard existing and new process with more responsibility. operating procedures service providers The time period will be relaxed laid down adopting Standard further for the tribal and other operating procedures vulnerable communities (SOPs) prescribed by • Delivery of quality AI services and DADF and adopting entrepreneurial nature of the mobile a new approach AI technicians would lead to where the activity expansion of AI services over time. becomes viable and • In case of animals not conceiving, a self sustaining by the referral system to address specific fifth-sixth year. needs of the cattle needs to be available. • Replacement of Natural service by
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 122 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design quality AI services will reduce the risk of spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) among dairy animals. The importance of AI services will be reinforced in the IEC campaigns which will be especially targeted for the ST and other vulnerable population. The AI service providers would be tracked on the performance eon this front. 5 Increased income Sub Component A 1 Moderate An increase in the • Milk producers could be provided Implementation PMU & IA opportunity for Increasing the Positive productivity of milch guidance on how to invest increased milk producers. percentage of Long Term animals is expected incomes through dairying and also Will also encourage breedable animals Regional to increase the avail value added services like cattle more people to artificially inseminated income of the milk insurance etc.; adopt dairy as an (AI) by existing and producers. The SC/ST HHs and other vulnerable income source. new service providers population could be identified for adopting standard specific training related to forming operating procedures saving groups. The usage of the income laid down earned from dairying to further strengthen resource base as well as to be Component B diversify the income source could be Village based milk taken up. procurement systems for weighing, testing quality of milk received and making payment to milk producers
6 Increased Women Sub Component A 1 Major To ensure that women participation is Implementation PMU & IA empowerment Increasing the Positive increased under the project, following through percentage of Long Term measures could be taken for the engagement and breedable animals Regional enhancement of the impact: increased artificially inseminated • Number of women accessing project participation in (AI) by existing and services and benefits be recorded dairy based new service providers with the objective that this
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 123 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design livelihood activities. adopting standard participation level should show an operating procedures upward trend through the project laid down implementation. • Women’s active participation in Sub Component A 2 milk unions and in boards to be Ration Balancing monitored. Issues seen as constraints Programme and obstacles to be removed by the IA through consultations with them and other union members. • Participation of women in training programmes to be ensured through appropriate design, location and timing choices to suit their requirements • The training and IEC programmes to focus on the maintenance requirements of high yielding animals so that people make informed choices. • Proposed training programmes to include gender sensitisation of milk producers and unions to reduce incidence of discrimination and harassment that women face while participating. • The training programmes to include information and details on ensuring fair and transparent village level procurement and payment process • Equal access to women and other poor/vulnerable groups to avail of employment opportunities generated through service delivery training (like AI, and other resource persons), Guidelines to address the social
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 124 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design component (including Gender) will be developed in course of the project implementation on the basis of the lessons learnt. 7 Increased Sub Component A 1 Major Increased input To get the maximum output from the Implementation PMU & IA awareness and Increasing the Positive services (including training programmes, the following steps knowledge about percentage of Long term training programs) as could be included: dairying among the breedable animals Local as well a part of the project • Need assessment could be done farmers artificially inseminated regional Sub Components is prior to any training programme. (AI) by existing and expected to increase Training programmes could be new service providers the awareness level targeted to capture the immediate adopting standard among the farmers. and primary concerns of the farmers operating procedures including vulnerable among them, laid down which are directly related to the productivity enhancement and hence increased income. • Demonstration facilities and model farms will be considered. Small and marginal farmers especially could be exposed to practices which suits their financial capability. Regular follow up of the training programmes could be done to ensure that the farmers are able to implement the learning’s on their own dairy farms. Alternate information and service delivery channels (like Milk supervisors, capacity building teams etc.) could be used for the follow up. 8 Increased Sub Component A 1 Minor The project design To ensure that SC/ST have equal access Implementation PMU & IA Empowerment and Increasing the Positive provides equal to project benefits under the project, reduction in percentage of Regional opportunities, equal following measures are suggested: vulnerability of the breedable animals Long Term access and a level • Customised training programmes SC/ST HHs with artificially inseminated playing field for will be organised to help SC/ST & increased income (AI) by existing and engagement to all others to avail benefits under the opportunities new service providers sections of the society project. adopting standard
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 125 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design through operating procedures • Ensure adequate representation of engagement in laid down SC/ST participants in all the dairy as livelihood training batches. activity. • Number of SC/ST HHs and other vulnerable population accessing project services and benefits be recorded with the objective that this participation level should show an upward trend through the project implementation. • The project will develop a database on the membership and representation of women, SC/ST and other vulnerable groups in the village level institutions. • The project will monitor the participation of SC/ST HHs and other vulnerable population participation in milk unions and in boards. • Efforts could be made to dovetail dairy related government schemes for the SC/ST families to encourage their participation in dairying. • Specific IEC will be planned and implemented to raise the general awareness on dairying and improved practices. • The training programmes to include information and details on ensuring fair and transparent village level procurement and payment process. • To achieve more convergence of various schemes that benefit SC/ST and other vulnerable groups, a set of enabling guidelines have been
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 126 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design developed (Refer to Annexure I). The Project will adopt these guidelines to ensure better convergence.
9 Reduced migration Sub Component A 1 Minor The Project though To maximise this impact following action Planning and IA in communities Increasing the Positive not targeting the could be taken: Implementation where lack of percentage of Long term migrant population • Awareness programmes for credit supplemental breedable animals Regional specifically is bound facility or bank linkage programme income sources artificially inseminated to result in either directly or through coverage during non- (AI) by existing and development of under existing scheme for first time agricultural seasons new service providers sustainable dairy participants. forces households adopting standard livelihood • Induction training programme for to migrate for work. operating procedures opportunities for the the first generation milk producers. laid down villagers who are In a sample village, where migration is
forced to migrate in routine, track through focussed socio- search of livelihood economic surveys the impact of the options. programme, with reduced migration as one indicator. 10 Avenue for Sub Component A 1 Major The Department of • Complementary schemes with Implementation IA increasing Increasing the Positive Animal Husbandry overlapping objectives will be Phase effectiveness of percentage of Long term and Dairying already implemented in a government breedable animals Regional runs Centrally synergistic/convergent manner schemes through artificially inseminated sponsored and through an appropriate integration with (AI) by existing and Central Sector understanding with other Sub Components new service providers schemes which are implementing agencies. The IA will under NDSP adopting standard targeted towards demonstrate in their proposals on operating procedures different components how they will leverage existing laid down being addressed government schemes. That will be
Sub Component A 2 under the project. one of the elements to evaluate the Fodder production Some of them are proposals. National Project for Milk producers would be made aware of Buffalo and Cattle other benefits through information on Breeding, assistance various government schemes. to states for feed and fodder development,
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 127 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design Central mini-kit testing programme on fodder crops.
11 Mismatch between Sub Component A 1 Moderate The project aims to • The IA in their proposal should have Planning and PMU & IA the resource Increasing the Negative carry out breeding measure they will adopt to ensure Implementation availability and the percentage of Regional activities consistent that their proposed activities have Phase type of milch breedable animals Long term with the State taken into consideration existing animals, could add artificially inseminated Government’s resources constraints. pressure on the (AI) by existing and region/ area specific • Dairy owners to be made aware of resources available new service providers breeding policy conservation and good resource with landless, adopting standard which would have management practices in areas marginal and small operating procedures guidelines on the where water scarcity and lack of farmers. laid down kind of cattle to be grazing areas is common. made available to • IEC will include focus on the most milk producers appropriate breed depending upon depending upon the the resources available resources available Improved awareness on cost effective with them i.e. the animal management practices capacity of the farmers to meet the feed and maintenance requirement of the cross bred cattle. The ration balancing programme will focus on removing imbalances in the feeding practices being followed. NDDB has carried out mineral mapping which is used to recommend sale of area specific mineral mixtures.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 128 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design 12 Chances of Sub Component A 1 Negative The project proposes • The importance of cattle insurance Implementation PMU & IA increased risk of the Increasing the Major to provide veterinary schemes could be provided as part Phase diseases in the cross percentage of Regional health care services of training and awareness bred animals, breedable animals Long term for improving the generation programmes, including leading to financial artificially inseminated health of the dairy information about existing schemes. burden on the (AI) by existing and animals as part of the Awareness among the farmers on the farmers new service providers AI service delivery importance of vaccination services could adopting standard mechanism. . be stressed upon through training operating procedures programmes laid down
13 Increased chances Sub Component A 1 Negative The Project does not • The DCS in engagement with the Implementation IA of milk adulteration Increasing the Major address the milk milk unions and the District health Phase due to increased percentage of Regional quality issues for Department could conduct periodic milk production breedable animals Short term milks coming from milk testing to generate awareness and the opportunity artificially inseminated other than DCSs or on the issues related to milk for getting in (AI) by existing and NGCs adulteration. adulterated milk/ new service providers • The DCS within its limit could artificial milk in the adopting standard encourage a penalty system in the market with low operating procedures villages in case somebody is found inputs laid down to be involved in adulteration. IEC materials especially through the State Federations and the milk unions could be used for generating awareness level among the people, who are susceptible to buying such adulterated milk. 14 Increased Sub Component A 1 Minor Project proposes to To enhance the awareness about Implementation IA awareness among Increasing the Positive deliver quality AI environmental aspects of dairying, Phase milk producers on percentage of Local services, ration following subjects can be taken up as household level breedable animals long term balancing advisory part of IEC campaigns: environmental artificially inseminated services. Easy access • Clean milk production practices ( issues of dairying (AI) by existing and to quality service milking, storage and transportation) new service providers delivery and at the dairy farm level (E) adopting standard increased interaction • Better shelter management practices
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 129 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design operating procedures with quality service resulting in increased hygiene for laid down providers is expected the dairy animals and reduced
to increase awareness chances of infection for the cattle. levels among milk • Waste management (animal dung producers on various and feed wastes) aspects. Pilot aspects of dairying programme on waste management including would be taken as part of the project environmental ( refer to Annexure F) issues. • In naturally occurring disaster prone A pilot on Biogas areas information could be plant at semen disseminated on various aspects of stations has been natural disasters, health impacts, designed with management methods and appropriate government agencies to be contacted budgetary for managing disasters. allocations. IEC campaigns could include publishing literature materials, pamphlets and other audio-visual aids (in local language)
15 Increase in water Sub Component A 1 Moderate Project envisages • AI services in an area would be Implementation IA consumption due to Increasing the Negative genetic improvement offered consistent with the State Phase genetic percentage of Regional of non-descript Government’s breeding policy for improvement of breedable animals Long term animals but does not that area. Breeding policies for an dairy animals artificially inseminated aim to promote an area take into account the agro promoted under the (AI) by existing and increase in the herd climatic condition which in turn is Project new service providers population. linked with the extent to which adopting standard water is available. (E) operating procedures • IEC campaigns could be held for laid down milk producers to augment the availability of water through rain/ roof water harvesting and ground water recharging concepts. • IEC campaigns could also be held to generate awareness in milk producers about water quantity and quality issues and promote water
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 130 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design conservation. Such IEC campaigns could be formulated and delivered on the following aspects: o Water quality aspects and its impact on milk yield per animal. o Indigenous solutions and low-cost technologies available for water treatment, if quality problems are prevalent in the region. o to manually remove dung and other solid wastes before washing the floors to reduce water consumption. Renewal of degraded land around villages and catchment areas will improve the hydrological regime. NDDB will undertake a study to estimate water usage per litre of milk production at the HH and farm level (generally large herd size). Based on the findings, some measures will be designed for sustainable use of water. 16 Adoption of Sub Component A 1 Negative The Project envisages • Through the project period, an Implementation PMU & IA breeding practices Increasing the Major providing AI services ongoing monitoring programme will Phase that are not in percentage of Regional in conformity with be in place to check and correct, if conformity with the breedable animals Long term the breeding policy necessary, inconsistent use of semen breeding policy of artificially inseminated applicable in the straws during AI service delivery the region/ area (AI) by existing and area/region. The vis-à-vis breeding policy of the may cause some new service providers project also has an region/area where the project is undesirable shifts in adopting standard Sub Component to operational. the breed operating procedures promote four (4) Emphasis will be placed on training AI population laid down indigenous breeds technicians, to adhere to the SOPs, which through genetic include inter-alia, use of semen straws (E) improvement and only as per the prevailing breeding
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 131 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design breeding. Besides policy of the region/ area. under the progeny testing programme, two local buffalo species (Murrah and Mehsana) have been identified for breed development program. The project also has an inbuilt monitoring system for tracking the AI Services done under the project. Timely reports related to the outcome of the AI intervention will be published. 17 Minor adverse Sub Component A 1 Negative Project will ensure A standard operating procedure (SOP) Implementation IA impacts in the local Increasing the Minor compliance with covering best environmental practices Phase context on percentage of Local Standard Operating that can be implemented during delivery environment due to breedable animals Long term Procedures (SOPs) of services have been formulated doorstep delivery of artificially inseminated issued by (attached as Annexure E) and the same AI services, RBP (AI) by existing and Government of shall be implemented advisory services. new service providers India/ NDDB on AI adopting standard service delivery. IAs operating procedures would include as a laid down condition in their respective contracts Sub Component A 2 with service Scientific nutrition providers of programme for milch transport and animals to produce delivery services that milk commensurate they must comply with their genetic with the applicable potential and to regulations for
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 132 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design reduce methane pollution control,
emission emission norms,
chemical safety etc. 18 Methane emission Sub Component A 2 Major Methane generation The methane emissions can be further Implementation PMU from dairying Scientific nutrition Negative can be reduced controlled through: Phase programme for milch Regional/Global through balanced • Promoting feed control strategy to animals to produce Long term feed. Ration reduce enteric methane through milk commensurate balancing program is extensive training and capacity with their genetic one of the project sub building at various levels with a potential and to components. With major focus on milk producers reduce methane the input output ratio The Project will scientifically measure emission for a given quantity methane emissions in all participating of feed better for the states as per details given in Annexure high yielding K. animals, the methane emission is further expected to reduce. 19 Increased risk Sub Component A 2 Moderate The project involves The risk related to the use of pesticides Implementation PMU associated with the Fodder Production Negative fodder seed could be further mitigated through: Phase usage of pesticides Local distribution for • NDDB to use the package of in fodder Long Term increasing fodder practices proposed by ICAR for production availability on the fodder production existing land already used for fodder production. Though the fodder production does not require pesticides, however the farmers may still use pesticides for increasing the productivity. 20 Pressure on the Sub Component A 2 Moderate The Project activity • Improved seeds would be made Planning and PMU & IA grazing land and Fodder production Negative does not directly deal available to the willing farmers to Implementation shortage of fodder & Ration balancing Regional with the enhance the productivity as well as Phase
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 133 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design due to increased programme Long term management of the availability of the fodder feed demand of the grazing land. • Breeding of local animals to produce high yielding However, availability high yielding milch animals in animals. The of the fodder, both in project area would be based on, demand is expected the normal apart from the requirements as per to increase in case conditions and in the the breeding policy, the availability of continuous disaster situations is of feed and fodder. drought or flood. an important concern • In the case of draught or flood, milk to be addressed. producer institutions may be The district level data encouraged to establish, wherever availability with feasible, linkages with the district regard to specific administration administering feed and fodder drought relief/ flood relief for availability is being sourcing feed supply for the compiled under immediate/short term especially to ICAR network decrease the burden on the resource through National poor milk producers. Institute of Animal • Explore the possibility of setting up Nutrition and fodder banks to be used during Physiology (NIANP). scarcity situations and to counter At present the fluctuations in price of fodder. All available resources large landowners availing NDSP are not being utilized benefits and growing fodder should judiciously. The be required to allocate a small part project envisages of their fodder growth to these improving the banks. In addition, the Panchayat utilization of the should be encouraged to grow available resources certified fodder seeds in Pnachayat with the farmers lands with labour and maintenance through balancing contribution from landless livestock ration scientifically. owners who will be one of the Under NDSP beneficiaries of such fodder grown. production of good • The IA proposals should have their quality fodder seeds strategy for secured access to fodder for enhanced wherever they operate. biomass production will be taken up, on
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 134 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design the existing land already under fodder cultivation, using certified seeds from State Certification Agency. Surplus fodder would be conserved (eg. in the form of silage etc) for meeting needs in feed deficient project areas. To address the feed requirement in scarcity situations, the project proposes to install fodder densification and enrichment plants. 21 Increased pressure Sub Component A 2 Major Project proposes to • Promote use of certified good Implementation IA on fodder resources Fodder production Negative generate and quality fodder seed among milk Phase Regional distribute certified producers through awareness Long term good quality fodder programs, field demonstration seeds to increase • Exposure visits and highlighting productivity per unit successful attempts by any of fodder crop area. particular milk producer in the region. • Pilot programme on Fodder Management and development (refer to Annexure F) Component B 22 Increased vehicle Component B Moderate Installation of BMCs • The location of BMCs could be Implementation PMU trips for milk Village based milk Negative under the Project will determined based on route planning Phase collection procurement systems Regional result in reduction in analysis with an objective to reduce for weighing, testing Long term the number of vehicular trip requirement. (E) quality of milk vehicular trip • All vehicles used should be in received and making movement for the compliance with emissions norms of
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 135 S No Anticipated Project Components and Sub Impact Measures Additional Mitigation / Enhancement Implementation Primary Impacts components proposed Categorisation incorporated in measures Proposed Schedule Responsibility under NDSP project design payment to milk milk procurement the country. producers from the village level • Wherever feasible, milk institutions. transportation vehicle fleet could be progressively converted to run on alternate fuels which are less polluting such as Compressed natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) after appropriate evaluation of the cost- benefits including pollution abatement. • Awareness program could be conducted for driver and helpers to promote awareness on defensive driving techniques and road safety behavioural issues. • Transport fleet contracted by dairy societies, unions and federations could be maintained in good condition to improve fuel efficiency and pollution emission parameters. Periodic pollution check-up and fuel efficiency could be made mandatory as part of contract conditions. Dairy societies, unions and federations Milk transportation could stipulate that the contracted fleet should not have vehicles that are more than 15 years old or as per prevailing national regulations.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 136 6.4 PROCESS FLOW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMF
All the proposed investments under NDSP will follow the following process for the implementation of ESMF as shown in Figure 6.1
Figure 6.1 ESMF Process Flow Chart for Proposed Investments
Submits Implementing PMU Agency
E&S Cell Screens Proposal and Categorizes Impact Level
Insignificant Minor Impact Moderate Major Impact Impact Impact
1. Proposal 1. Suggests 1. Attaches 1. Recommends Cleared good Relevant Stand‐alone 2. (No further practices Mitigation Environmental action 2. Provides Measures Impact required) SOP ESMF Steps Assessment 2. Clears 2. Evaluates EIA Project Report 3. Monitors 3. Clears Proposal Compliance with Environment Management Plan (EMP)
In case the proposed project falls under the category having major impact, the implementing agency will be required to conduct separate EIA, as per sample Terms of Reference (ToR) attached at Annexure G. The details of the roles and responsibility and an understanding of the specific functions are contained in the following sub sections.
To guide Sub Project preparation, the potential IAs would follow steps outlined in FORM ‘A’ (Annexure M) and submit duly filled FORM ‘A’ with
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 137 their proposal. The ESC of the PMU will evaluate the IA proposal as per Annexure N.
6.5 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR E& S MANAGEMENT
NDDB will arrange to provide technical support for the institutional framework proposed for E&S management under NDSP. The E&S management cell will be responsible for screening of project proposals for impact categorisation, planning for mitigation measures and monitoring. Also, each IA will have an E&S cell consisting of either E&S specialists or specialists from within the EIAs existing structure that will assist the requirements of the E&S cell of the implementing agency.
6.5.1 Roles and Responsibilities
The arrangements for reviewing and monitoring the project from the perspective of Environment and Social Management will form a part of the overall arrangements for project management and implementation for NDSP. This is briefly described below:
Level 1: Project Steering Committee
At this level, E&S performance under the project may be reviewed on a six monthly or annual basis where strategic E&S issues faced by NDSP may be taken up for discussions and decisions taken regarding appropriate policy and coordination support as may be required.
Level 2: Implementation and Coordination Cell
At the second level, Environment and Social Management issues related to the project may be discussed and monitored at a regular frequency, say monthly or bi-monthly by a body of managers and technical experts who are involved in the implementation of the project. This body may be expected to regularly review performance on agreed E&S indicators, including an annual review.
Level 3: Environmental and Social Management Cell
At the third level, the responsibility for E&S management may be entrusted to a cell that could form part of the Unit responsible for the management and implementation of NDSP. This Unit, which would be required to have managers and technical specialists with appropriate knowledge in relation to the different sub components, is expected to take forward the planning and implementation of each specific sub component proposed under NDSP.
Through the ESM cell, the Project proponents (specifically the implementation and Coordination cell) would need to be responsible for:
• Screening of sub-projects
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 138 • Reviewing sub-projects (proposals of IA for different Sub Components) in reference to agreed E&S indicators; • Environment and social framework applicability for the sub-project in terms of identified environmental and social risks, possible mitigation and enhancement measures; • Site visit and analysis, wherever required; • Responding to queries raised on environmental and social issues. • Acting as single point information system for all information required in the context of the ESMF of the project. • Ensuring that sub-project level ES management plans (ESMP) are in accordance with ESMF • Monitoring and generating evaluation reports on the performance of the project in reference to agreed E&S indicators; • Organising training for the concerned human resources in EIAs on project ESMF process requirements • Organising mid-term and end of project evaluation studies and any specific studies to be done by PMU and IAs relating to ESMF activities; • Providing technical and quality review of the proposal submitted by various EIAs; • Monitoring and facilitating implementation of SOPs, per ESMF, for AI service; Semen Stations, BMCs etc.; • Handholding support in reference to ESMF to EIAs through the project period. • Managing the proposed pilots to be supported under the NDSP
To have a rounded view of E&S issues in reference to agreed E&S indicators, the ESM cell could also engage bi-annually or annually, on a sample basis, with key stakeholders with facilitation by IAs. These may be milk producers, belonging to different categories who are the direct project beneficiaries, NGOs working in the local area, local community leaders/ Panchayat representatives. It would be useful for the ESM cell to also document instances of successful implementation in the project area.
6.6 E&S MANAGEMENT PROCESS ELEMENTS
Multiple Implementing Agencies (IAs) will be engaged to implement activities identified as part of sub-components proposed under NDSP. IAs depending upon their capacity may propose to work for one or many States within the identified project area and also for one or many sub components proposed under NDSP.
The Implementing Agency would be inviting plan proposals for sub projects across various sub components under NDSP from the IAs pertaining to the Project area. Based on a review by IA and approval of the sub-project plan, IAs will be allocated targets, budget and time for delivering the sub components as per their accepted proposal. The Project Management Unit in IA would need to have an oversight and seek periodical reports from IAs to track the progress and performance on the various sub components proposed under NDSP.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 139 In this background, the E&S Management process elements such as the following have been formulated to neatly dovetail into overall NDSP Project Management Systems and Procedures proposed by PMU • Screening and Assessment process as part of IA Plan preparation; • Scope of E&S Screening and Assessment across various Sub components proposed under NDSP; and • Parameters to be monitored and reported by IAs across various Sub Components proposed under NDSP.
6.6.1 Screening and Assessment Process
The IAs would need to take responsibility to identify E&S concerns and screen the projects on the basis of them. The E&S screening and assessment process proposed under NDSP for individual IAs is illustrated in Figure 6.2
The key element of the process is to encourage IAs to undertake:
• Awareness campaigns to explain the context of NDSP and IAs proposed intervention areas; • Baseline screening and assessment of environmental and social issues on agreed indicators through appropriate stakeholder consultations and dataset analysis; • SWOT analysis or other appropriate tools to identify and assess E&S issues; • Awareness campaigns again to explain the outcome of SWOT analysis to pertinent stakeholders and seek their inputs into planning EIAs services; • Strategy formulation for identified E&S issues; • Draft plan preparation, disclosure to stakeholders and seek response from them on the Plan components including E&S Management strategies; • Draft Plan of the sub-project and submission to IA for review and approval. • After approval, ensure implementation • Monitor implementation of ESMPs
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 140 Figure 6.2 Best Practices Model for Category 3 & 4 Sub-projects of NDSP
Approved IAs to incorporate comments and feedback from Plan of IA IA to finalise the Plan
ESM Cell to review and approve E&S aspects of the Final Plan from EIAs.
Final Plan of Incorporate comments Undertake IEC campaigns to IAs received from stakeholders propagate Draft Plan including E&S Management Plans
Formulate Draft Plan (sub-project) Disclose Draft Plan including E&S Management Strategies as per disclosure guidelines (refer to section 6.6.2)
Undertake E&S screening and assessment of planning Suggests good practice, inputs coming from Dairy farmers and formulate E&S Proposal Cleared management strategies based on NDSP ESMF (No further action required)
Undertake IEC Campaigns to educate milk producers on E&S issues and help them take informed decisions based on SWOT analysis outcome
Based on the assessment, prepare a SWOT analysis document on E&S issues
IAs to undertake a baseline assessment of agreed E&S indicators on a sample basis along with stakeholder consultations (apart from other using latest datasets of the concerned area.
6.6.2 Scope of E&S Screening and Assessment
The IAs are expected to undertake E&S screening assessment to identify relevant issues using conventional environmental and social impact assessment approaches and tools. More specifically, the scope of such assessment should be relevant to the type of activities proposed by the IA in the project area. Illustrative areas for capturing indicators for ESMF in the baseline study for sub components proposed under NDSP are listed at Table 6.3. These parameters provide just a broad outline of issues for reference but
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 141 more detailed approach and methodology for the screening assessment will need to be provided by ESM Cell during project implementation phase.
The disclosure will not be required for all the activities proposed under the Project. While the Sub Projects with insignificant impact need no consultation, the sub projects with insignificant impact will need one consultation. However, sub-projects with moderate impacts will require two consultations, one prior to finalisation of the report and second one after the finalisation of the sub project, to be followed by disclosure of the findings of the consultation meetings. For the sub projects with major impacts two public consultations will be required; first consultation as part of EIA, and its documentation prior to finalisation of the Sub Project, and the Second consultation after completion of EIA disclosing the EIA report. Such consultations need to be documented by the IAs. The disclosure, where required, has to happen through the IAs.
Box 6.1 Note on consultation and Disclosure
IAs will conduct consultations with stakeholders during subproject development and implementation. The objectives of such consultations are to • engage stakeholders in the selection of beneficiaries and program design (i.e. goals, objectives, activities, etc); and • provide stakeholders with opportunities to assess the subproject and also the rational for decisions like selection of beneficiaries etc.
Subproject consultations on program design and implementation involve a range of stakeholders including government, NGOs, civil society organizations, (working in areas related to the activities proposed under the sub project). These consultations occur on a formal and informal basis and may involve • predesign consultations to ensure that the program will reflect priorities and/or needs, experiences, and lessons learned of the various stakeholders; and • consultations with target groups/beneficiaries as part of program design and implementation.
The consultation will be as per the following procedure: • Prior information of atleast 10 days should be given either through DCS/ PRIs or through displaying of information at public places, or any method suitable to the local context. • The details of the proposed sub projects will be made available in local language(s) with details on their entitlements, and the criteria for selection of the beneficiaries or any such decision making like selection of plot for installation of BMC, etc. • The disclosure of information would be done in a manner accessible to the local people where there are differing levels of literacy skills. • The consultation should be done in a place which has ease of access for all the people. Eg. For any activity to be implemented in any of the Panchayat, the consultation and disclosure process should happen in the local gram sabha or any such platform like meeting of all DCS members in the village. • The consultations shall be documented giving a gist of comments received and agreements/ decisions reached.
Grievance redressal mechanism
Grievance redressal mechanism for addressing grievances with respect to the implementation of the various sub projects is important to ensure transparency in the whole process. Suggested guidelines for developing a grievance redressal mechanism under NDSP has been attached as Annexure L.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 142 Table 6.3 Illustrative areas for capturing indicators for ESMF in the Baseline Study for Sub Components Proposed under NDSP
Sub Component A 1 Sub Component A 2 Sub Component C 1 Component B Breeding Policy of the State Existing awareness levels of milk Existing parameters of information Coverage of milk producers in terms Government applicable in the producers, across categories, on ration collection of villages, numbers of milk proposed project area balancing, feeding of mineral producers and quantity of milk mixtures, nutraceuticals etc. procured. Baseline Breed mix proportion Existing situation of feed and fodder Inclusiveness of the information Sample survey to have a base line on (Breedable Females) as per secondary availability in the project area based collection system especially for SC/ST existing practices for milk collection, data and sample survey, if required. on secondary data or through a primary milk producers measurement and payment in the sample survey, if required. villages. Also capture, on a sample basis, practices for storage and forwarding of milk from villages. Analysis of secondary data and Area used for fodder cultivation and Existing awareness on such Average distance between village and sample survey, if required, to average fodder production per acre information management system chilling centre/ processing plant ascertain: across different categories of milk producers Resource availability of primary milk Baseline status of use of grazing land Status of cluster villages (if planned) producers e.g. land holding pattern resources and milk producers and the socio economic population dependent on such grazing land profile including SC/ST Farmers preference for indigenous or Average expenditure on feed per Availability of electricity in the high yielding breeds cattle and existing price for feed and villages to operate BMCs and to fodder and crop residues power batteries/ UPS deployed to operate milk collection/ testing equipment Average herd size Practices in the use of pesticide for Availability of water for for cleaning Availability of AI services and growing fodder seeds BMC/ Collection Centre charges Existing practices of engaging AI Instances of natural disasters and its Optimisation efforts through route technicians (highlighting women and impact on availability of feed planning and reduction in vehicular SC/ST persons) and their modus resources emission due to installation of BMC operandi Instances of natural disasters Road access Instances of natural disasters and its impact on milk collection Access to roads Baseline empirical estimates of GHG Road access emissions
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 143 Sub Component A 1 Sub Component A 2 Sub Component C 1 Component B Standards and manuals followed by Convergence/ synergy with other current AI service providers government schemes and projects for milk collection Standards and manuals followed by Convergence/ synergy with other current AI service providers government schemes and projects for milk collection
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 144 6.6.3 Monitoring Framework
Monitoring of the ESMF implementation is needed to verify impacts, ensure adherence to approved plans, environmental standards and general compliance. Monitoring of the ESMF is not to be confused with monitoring EMPs, which are sub-project specific and therefore site specific only.
Monitoring of the ESMF would need to cover the entire project. The objective of ESMF monitoring would be: • provide timely information about the success or otherwise of the Environmental Management process outlined in the ESMF in such a manner that changes can be made as required to ensure continuous improvement to the process; and • to evaluate the performance of the ESMF by determining whether the mitigation measures designed into proposed activities have been successful.
The E& S Cell would need to undertake six monthly monitoring of ESMF. Should there be an activity in which there are indications of serious deviation in the E&S cell would need to undertake a special study to determine the true extent of the deviation and recommend the way forward. Independent assessment of the adequacy and implementation of the ESMF at two or three year intervals would also need to be undertaken. Annual reports on ESMF implementation will have to be compiled by E&S cell for review at different levels.
Apart form the suggested regular monitoring to be performed by the E& S cell, a participatory monitoring at the dairy cooperative level could be integrated into the monitoring design. The frequency of such monitoring could be on yearly basis and the findings could be integrated into the regular E&S monitoring.
The external, independent monitoring agency that would need to be engaged to undertake the mid-term and end term monitoring and evaluation of the project could also be entrusted the assessment in reference to E&S issues. In this context, the external agency would have to assess that the project impact on agreed E&S indicators are generally satisfactory and identified risks are being addressed adequately.
Monitoring Strategy
Monitoring would need to be done in a participatory manner, along with the involvement – on a sample basis – of milk producers and IAs with the possible inclusion of the various service providers in the project implementation chain and stakeholders which are identified as getting impacted, though not directly being a part of the NDSP. The midterm and end term evaluation would need to be shared by the project with stakeholders participating in the project so that they get an opportunity to give feedback, and understand the impacts of the project. While broad monitoring indicators have been provided here, sub- project specific indicators, especially for field activities, will need to be developed through consultations and PRA tools with the community.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 145
Monitoring indicators
The monitoring and reporting indicators under NDSP will include process and impacts indicators (as listed above).
For the Specific SOPs, developed for the project, the monitoring plan will integrate with the implementation of the project components. A suggested monitoring plan for the SOPs is being detailed in Table 6.4
Table 6.4 Monitoring Plan For SOPs
Planning Commissioning Operational or Decommissioning Stage Stage Implementation Stage stage SOP 01 Infrastructure Once* Once Yearly Once facilities and centres proposes under Sub Component A1 under Component A of NDSP Project SOP 02 Artificially Once/ twice Once Yearly Once Insemination (AI) services and Veterinary delivery systems proposed under Sub Component A1 and A3 respectively in Component A of NDSP SOP 03 Village based Once Once Quarterly/ half Once milk procurement yearly system under Component B of NDSP Note: *At the inception stage along with the technical verification especially in case of semen station and quarantine stations. The monitoring will be an integral part of any other technical verification or assessment done during any stage of the infrastructure development.
Process indicators
Process indicators essentially capture the institution, implementation, operation and outcomes of process elements suggested for various IAs (Refer to Screening and Assessment Process above). The process indicators will vary depending on the Sub Components proposed under the project.
For the Sub Components A1, the process indicators have already been defined in the SOPs prepared for specific activities. For Sub Components A2, A3, and Component B the following process indicators may be used at the various stages. Component C will not require process indicators.
Table 6.5 Indicative Process Monitoring Indicators for Sub Components A2, A3, and Component B
Monitoring indicators Monitoring Frequency Planning stage
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 146 Monitoring indicators Monitoring Frequency • Stakeholder consultation process and documentation • Inception/ Mid term process • Adequacy of baseline assessment and data gathering vis • Inception/ Mid term a vis monitoring parameters defined for all the impacts in ESMF • Adequacy of integration of E&S issues in the EIAs Plan • Inception/ Half yearly • EIAs Plan disclosure process and • Inception/ Mid Term • EIAs Plan related stakeholder response process • Inception/ Mid Term • Number of IEC campaigns conducted • Half yearly • Design and delivery of IEC campaigns • Yearly • Participation and effectiveness of IEC campaigns • Half yearly Implementation stage • Process for seeking periodic feed back • Half yearly • Method in place for seeking periodic feed back • Half yearly • Monitoring, supervising and reporting process followed • Half yearly • Continual improvement process • Half yearly Mid term stage and end term stage • Mid term and end term impact assessment process • Half yearly
6.6.4 Project Exclusion Criteria
To ensure that NDSP meets its overall objectives, and that the legal requirements and international safeguards are met, the following would need to be considered as criteria for exclusion in the project:
• Sub Component requiring any land acquisition/ physical displacement of people. • Sub Component that is not in conformity with the State breeding policy for an area/ region thereby leading to unsustainable pressure on the natural resources. • Sub Component that impact religious places and cultural sites.
Proposals from EIAs with potential to bring in positive environmental and social benefits through mitigation measures as well as proactive conservation and management interventions will become more attractive for funding within NDSP.
6.7 CAPACITY BUIILDING & TRAINING
NDSP Project has identified that making available skilled and trained human resources at the right time will be critical to successfully implement NDSP within given timelines. This would include: • Taking stock of currently available talent. • Identifying additional requirement • Reorientation, induction and training • Building institutional capacity in IAs. • Involving key stakeholder organizations through suitable IEC campaigns. • Facilitating induction of required professionals/ talent and its adequacy to meet the human resources requirements of the project.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 147 Aligning with the project plan, a preliminary capacity building and training framework from an E&S management perspective is outlined at Table 6.6.
The capacity building suggested in ESMF will feed into the larger Project level Capacity Building programme. It should be flexible enough to be able to take feedback from the findings of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) exercise and able to address the concerns identified in M&E reports.
Table 6.6 Capacity Building and Training Framework for NDSP
Target Groups for Subjects for Training Type, Frequency and Other Details Training CC and PSC • Emerging global sustainability • International/ National training Members issues in the Dairy sector programs to be delivered by • Status of Indian dairy sector global dairy sector on sustainability front experts/agencies practising • Sector level Sustainability sustainability in Dairy sector reporting and monitoring • Frequency of training to be at strategies least once during Project period • Type of training - Class room, Conferences, Workshops and Field visit demonstrations Project • Emerging global and national • National training programs to be Implementation sustainability issues in the delivered by global/national Unit & ESM Cell dairy sector dairy sector experts/agencies • Sector level Sustainability practising sustainability in Dairy reporting and monitoring sector strategies • Frequency of training to be at • World Bank Policies and least thrice during project period Safeguards and that are – start, mid-term and EOP applicable to dairy sector aligned with term assessment • Monitoring and reporting outcomes. requirements under a WB • Type of training - Class room, funded projects Conferences, Workshops and • National regulations on E&S Field visit demonstrations issues and that are applicable to dairy sector • Methods of assessing E&S issues and formulating management strategies • Project Management Systems and ISO models of management • E&S Issues arising out of project impact evaluation studies and management strategies. • Adequacy of baseline and management plans suitable for each agro-climatic zone and/or livelihood-based delineated areas. • Tools and participatory methods to promote the E&SMF strategies of inclusion, transparency and participation.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 148 Target Groups for Subjects for Training Type, Frequency and Other Details Training • Communication and IEC, specially if work is to be carried out in sensitive areas like tribal habitations/regions • Developing and Use of the Codes of Practice. • Participatory M & E vis a vis social and environmental issues and impacts EIAs and State • World Bank Policies and • National training programs to be Government Safeguards and that are delivered by global/national agencies co- applicable to dairy sector dairy sector experts/agencies ordinating with • Monitoring and reporting practising sustainability in Dairy EIAs requirements under a WB sector funded projects • Frequency of training to be at • National regulations on E&S least thrice during project period issues and that are applicable – start, mid-term and EOP to dairy sector aligned with term assessment • Methods of assessing E&S outcomes. issues and formulating • Type of training - Class room, management strategies Conferences, Workshops and • Project Management Systems Field visit demonstrations and ISO models of management • E&S Issues arising out of project impact evaluation studies and management strategies. • Adequacy of baseline and management plans suitable for each agroclimatic zone and/or livelihood-based delineated areas. • Tools and participatory methods to promote the E&SMF strategies of inclusion, transparency and participation. • Communication and IEC, specially to work in sensitive areas like tribal habitations/regions • Developing and Use of the Codes of Practice. • Participatory M & E vis a vis social and environmental issues and impacts Milk Producers/ As identified in Project ESMF • As defined under Project ESMF Related Groups • IAs and other identified agencies to deliver training and IEC campaigns • IEC campaign management plan to be made part of IAs Final Plan and Proposal document to NDDB • On-site campaigns and Field demonstration visits
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 149 6.8 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE & COSTING
The implementation schedule has been detailed in environmental and social impact mitigation/enhancement matrix.
About 1% of total project cost has been earmarked for implementation of the ESMF which includes training and capacity building, pilot demonstrations, studies and any investment for mitigation measures.
At EIA level, the detailed scheduling and cost estimates for implementing E&S mitigation measures, training and capacity building and other aspects will be prepared and presented as part of the IAs sub-project proposal document to PMU.
6.9 INTEGRATION WITH THE PROJECT
The ESMF developed for NDSP as part of SESA study can be implemented effectively by integrating it with NDSP’s Project Management Systems and Procedures.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 150 Annex A
List of Stakeholder Consultations all States
ANNEXURE A: STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ACROSS THE STATES OF GUJARAT, PUNJAB, KARNATAKA & BIHAR
Table A.1 Stakeholder Consultation List in Gujarat
Date Name Designation Location Contact (if any) Stakeholder Group Anand 11/30/2010 Dr. PM Patel and Agronomist AICFR - IGFRI Centre, Institutional - Fodder Dr. MR Patel Anand Agricultural Development University 11/30/2010 Mr. Rahul Prajapati Milk Procurement AMUL, Anand Cooperatives - Union Supervisor 11/30/2010 Mr. Desaibhai; and Chairman and Secretary DCS Chikhodara Village, Cooperatives - DCS Mr. Hemalbhai Anand 12/1/2010 Mrs. Reetaben; Sarpanch, Chikhodara Village, Anand Local Community Mr. Govindbhai Parmar Deputy Sarpanch and Mr. Harshal, Panchayat Officers Mr. Dahya Bhai Patel 12/1/2010 Dr. Desai, General Manager, and GCMMF, Anand Cooperatives - State Mr. Sodhi and Managing Director Federation Mr. Pavan 12/3/2010 Mrs. Niruben Patel; Secretary, Chairman and Padgol Village, Anand Mr. V Patel - 0269 Women DCS Mrs. Sharmistha Ben and Mr. Accountant, DCS 247091 Vinubhai Patel Mrs. NB Patel - 97235021776 12/3/2010 Mr. PC Patel and Sarpanch and High School Padgol Village, Anand Local Community Mr. Ramesh Bhai Teacher 12/3/2010 Mr. Nilpesh Patel, DCS Secretary, Accountant Dharmaj Village, Petlad Mr. Dyanesh Patel - Local Community and Mr. Dyanesh Patel, and Sarpanch 09426316364 DCS - Fodder Mrs Ritaben Development 12/3/2010 Dr. Pratimaben and Programme Officer and Tribhovandas Foundation, NGO Ms. Sharon Assistant Anand 12/4/2010 Dr. JV Solanki Dean Veterinary Science College, Institutional - Veterinary Anand Agricultural Hospitals and Colleges University, Anand 12/4/2010 Dr. Shah Principal MC College of Dairy Institutional - Dairy Sciences Technology 12/4/2010 Mr. RG Bhalara Additional Collector and DRDA 9925929764 Government Authorities Director
Date Name Designation Location Contact (if any) Stakeholder Group 12/4/2010 Dr. RS Gupta and Research Heads, Animal Anand Agricultural Institutional - Fodder Dr. Subhash Parnekar Nutrition University Development 12/4/2010 Mr. K Rathnam General Manager AMUL Plant Infrastructure 12/5/2010 Mr. Harishbhai Patel Chairman- DCS, Secretary- Finaav Village, Khambat Local Community - DCS Mr. Lalan Bhai Patel DCS, Sarpanch, Deputy Taluka with BMC Ramesh Bhai, Mr. Bharatbhai, Sarpanch, Villagers Mr. Hirabhai, Mr. Syed Khan 12/5/2010 Mr. Bharatbhai, other local Vadgam Village, Khambat 9909660090 Local Community - DCS community, including Mohan Taluka is underperforming, open Bhai, Diresh Bhai and 10 others grazing 12/6/2010 Mrs Jyoti Patel Mr. Donga Department of Tribal Government Authorities Development, Gandhinagar 12/7/2010 Mr. Ashok Sharma Director DRDA Panchmahal Government Authorities 12/7/2010 Dr. SJ Patel Zeal Dairy Farm 9825491000 Private Players Panchamhal (Godhra) 12/28/2010 Dr. V. R. Jani General Manager Panchmahal Union, Godhra Cooperatives - Union 12/28/2010 Mr. Vallabh Bhai Patel Secretary Village Rampur Cooperative- DCS Mr. Poonam Bhai Natwar Bhai Chairman 12/28/2010 Local Community People Secretary, Chairman and Village Karoli, Block- Kalol Cooperatives – DCS, other villagers Local Community 12/2/2010 Dr. VR Jani and Dr. Bharodiya General Manager, and Milk Panchmahal Union, Godhra Dr. VR Jani - Union and Dairy Plant and Mr. Pathan - MD Procurement Supervisor - 09925111910 Officers 12/2/2010 Dr. Alok Saxena Quality Assurance, Panchmahal Dairy, Godhra Mobile - 099798 57112 Infrastructure - Dairy Plant 12/2/2010 Mr. Ashokbhai Senior Officer, Cattle Feed Plant, Infrastructure - CFP Panchmahal, Khandiya Village 12/2/2010 Dr. PS Damor, Mr. PV Baria Deputy Director, Animal Husbandry, Godhra Institutional - Animal Husbandry Department Banaskantha 12/29/2010 Mr. P. M. Karen Officer on Special Duty ( SS) Banas Dairy, Palanpur, 9429407785 Cooperatives - Union Gujarat 12/29/2010 Dr. Prahlad Vaghela Assistant Manager Banas Dairy, Palanpur, Cooperatives - Union Gujarat 12/29/2010 Dr. Brahama Kshatri DHO Banas Dairy, Palanpur, Cooperatives - Union Gujarat 12/29/2010 Dr. Z.D. Rathore D. H. Department Banas Dairy, Palanpur, Cooperatives - Union Gujarat
Date Name Designation Location Contact (if any) Stakeholder Group 12/29/2010 Dr. Chandrakant Patel D. H. Department Banas Dairy, Palanpur, Cooperatives - Union Gujarat 12/29/2010 Dr. M.S. Mewada D. H. Department & Project Banas Dairy, Palanpur, Cooperatives - Union Incharge for the Special Gujarat Tribal Plan 12/29/2010 Dr. Pankaj Ration Balancing Expert, Banas Dairy, Palanpur, Cooperatives - Union NDDB Gujarat 12/30/2010 Mr. Bubabai Dalbabai, Secretary and other villagers Village Kuwanrsingh, Block- Tribal Village with Special Mr. Kodarbai Chanderbai Danta engagement under tribal Shahjahan, Plan Mr. Jyotibhai Narangbahi Paragi 12/30/2010 Mr. Parmar Gambhirji Kacharji Secretary and other villagers Village Vadnera, Block- Tribal Village with Special and other villagers Danta engagement under tribal Plan 12/30/2010 Dr. H.U. Adha Veterinary Officer Animal Husbandry Government Authorities Department, Banaskantha District 12/30/2010 Mr. P.J. Maccha Assistant Project Officer, Zila Panchayat Banaskantha Government Authorities MNREGS 12/30/2010 Mr. M. K. Modi Office Superintendent District Registrar Government Authorities Cooperative 12/30/2010 Madhuben Kesarbhai, Big Farmer with almost 70 Chhapi Village, Block Dairy Farmer Kesarbhai Dalaubahi cattles and winner of Banas Vadgam Chaudhary Lakshmi Award 12/31/2010 Mr. Vartaji Gunaji Choudhary Secretary and villagers Ramu Village, Block-Deesah Village gradually shifting and other villagers to Dairy 12/31/2010 Mr. Bhambhai Rajabhai Secretary and villagers Village Saral, Block- Village with per month Choudhary and other villagers Dhanera payment of Rs 50 Lakh through DCS 12/31/2010 Mr.A. Choudhary and other Secretary and villagers Village Khaprol, Block- Village near Rajasthan villagers Dhanera border 12/31/2010 Mr. Karan Jitendra Kalubi Field Supervisor Chilling centre Dhanera Infrastructure – Chilling station 12/31/2010 Mr. Debabhai v. Patel, Extension Officer Chilling centre Dhanera Infrastructure – Chilling Mr. Naranbhai R. Patel station 12/31/2010 Dr. J. P. Dave Semen Station veterinary Semen Station Dawa, Block- Infrastructure – Semen officer Deesha station 12/31/2010 Visit to Chilling Plant Tharad Block Tharad Infrastructure – Chilling station
Date Name Designation Location Contact (if any) Stakeholder Group 12/31/2010 Muljibhai Ramjibhai Dodiya Secretary and other villagers Village Jaloya, Block- Vau Water stressed village and other villagers near Pakistan Border 12/31/2010 Mr. Meghrajbhai G. Patel Secretary Village Sanwa, Block- Papad Old DCS building 1/1/2011 Mr. Dewabbhai and other Secretary and other villagers Village Ramiyani, Block- Payment day in DCS villagers Amirgarh 1/1/2011 Mr. B. A. Patel Auditor Gade I District Registrar Government Authorities Cooperative 1/1/2011 Mr. A. M. Chandisa Auditor Gade II District Registrar Government Authorities Cooperative 1/1/2011 Mr. M. D. Desai Manager procurement Banas Dairy, Palanpur, Cooperatives - Union Gujarat 1/1/2011 Mr. Bhatol Chairman GCMF, Chairman Banas Cooperatives - Union Dairy 1/1/2011 Mr. Sangram Chaudhary Managing Director Banas Dairy, Palanpur, 02742-257222 Cooperatives - Union Gujarat 1/1/2011 Mr. Vikhabaiand other villagers Secretary and other villagers Village Kushkal, Block- Cooperatives - DCS Palanpur
Table A.2 Stakeholder Consultation List in Punjab
Date Name Designation Location Contact (if any) Stakeholder Group Ludhiana 12/1/2010 Dr. A. K. Dhawan Marketing Manager Verka Cooperatives - Federation 12/1/2010 Mr. M. Sandhu Procurement Ropar Cooperatives - Union 12/2/2010 Mr. Karnail Singh PDFA Farmer Khanna PDFA Farmer 12/2/2010 Mr. G. S. Sandhu Cattle Seed Plant Dairy Related infrastructure 12/2/2010 Dr. Kanchan Administrative Officer Cattle Feed Plant Dairy Related infrastructure 12/2/2010 Dr. Bhupindar Singh Manager AH Sperm Station Dairy Related infrastructure 12/3/2010 Mr. S.R. Saini General Manager Ludhiana Milk Union Cooperatives - Union 12/3/2010 Mr. Mukesh Procurement Department Ludhiana Milk Union Cooperatives - Union 12/3/2010 Mr. B. R. Madan Procurement Department Ludhiana Milk Union Cooperatives - Union 12/3/2010 Mr. Harinder Singh Deputy Manager Procurement Cooperatives - Union Department 12/3/2010 Dr. P.K. Kaushal Incharge Technical Imput, Cooperatives - Union Ludhiana Milk Union 12/3/2010 Mr. J. S. Kang Manager Procurement Cooperatives - Union Department 12/3/2010 Dr. Mittal Doctor Veterinary Department, Cooperatives - Union Ludhiana Milk Union 12/4/2010 Mr. Kulwinder Singh Assistant Manager , Ludhiana Milk Union Cooperatives - Union Procurement Department 12/5/2010 Mr. Surendra Pal Singh & Other Secretary & Other Villagers Village Jangpura Cooperatives – DCS, Villagers Local Community 12/5/2010 Mr. Pratej Singh Member PDFA Village Mohi, Block PDFA Sudhar 12/5/2010 Mr. Jasbir Secretary DCS Village- Jangpur Cooperatives – DCS, Local Community 12/6/2010 Dr. Inderpreet Kaur Assistant Professor Gadvasu Veterinary Veterinary college University 12/6/2010 Mr. Kripal Singh Secretary Village Kotamana Cooperatives – DCS, Local Community 12/6/2010 Meeting with Dr. Kaushal & the Ludhiana Milk Union Cooperatives - Union Secretary of the DCSs
Date Name Designation Location Contact (if any) Stakeholder Group 12/16/2010 Mr SK Mandal Dy Manager, Production Cattle Feed Plant, Khanna Dairy Related Infrastructure 12/16/2010 Dr Sanjay Dy Manager AH Sperm Station Dairy Related Infrastructure 12/16/2010 Mr. Naresh Sood Incharge Manager Shri Govind Godhan- 9872022224 Gaushala Gaushala, Ludhiana 12/16/2010 Dr. ML Mehra Professor, Breeding Sciences Department of Animal Allied institutions- & Incharge - Dairy Farm Breeding and Genetics, Research Agriculture University, Ludhiana 12/16/2010 Dr. M. P Bakshi Head Department of Animal Allied institutions- Nutrition Research 12/16/2010 Dr. Jaspal Hundal Professor Department of Animal 9417618413 Allied institutions- Nutrition Research 12/16/2010 Dr. JPS Gill Head Deptt. of Veterinary & 9872856701 Allied institutions- Public Health Research 12/17/2010 Mr. Rajpal Singh Joint Secretary PDFA Village- Kular 9872913166 PDFA 12/17/2010 Mr. Mohan Singh Area Incharge Mcchiwada Headload Cooperatives - Union Chilling Centre 12/17/2010 Mr. Gurmeet Singh Centre Incharge VERKA Milk Chilling Cooperatives - Union Centre Raikut 12/17/2010 Mr. J. S. Kang Deputy Director Procurement, Ludhiana Cooperatives - Union Milk Union 12/17/2010 Mr. SP Singh Dy Manager, Production Processing Plant, Cooperatives - Union Ludhiana Milk Union 12/17/2010 Staffs Dairy Developement Cooperatives - Union Department 12/17/2010 Mr Bhatia Marketing Department TRU Milk ( Private Private Player Processing Plant) 12/18/2010 Tabelas at Habbarwal Dairy Peri-Urban Dairy 12/18/2010 Mr Tarun Plant Manager, Ramky PEDA Energy Plant, Allied institutions (High Rate Biomethanation Power Generation and Organic Manure Plant) 12/18/2010 Mr. Inderjeet Singh Supplier Green Fodder Business Other Stakeholders 12/18/2010 Mr. Krishan Lal Collector of Dead Animals Habewal Dairy Other Stakeholders 12/18/2010 Mr. Ravinderjeet Singh CEO TRU Milk ( Private 99157666631 Private Players Processing Plant) 12/18/2010 Mr. Balwant Singh Sarpanch and Ex Secretary Village Cooperative- DCS of DCS
Table A.3 Stakeholder Consultation List in Karnataka
Date Name Designation Location Contact (if any) Stakeholder Group Bangalore 12/14/2010 Mr. MS Sayed DGM, Co-operative NDDB, Koramangala Mr. GC Reddy: Institutional - Sectoral Services office, Bangalore 09481886578 Analysis team Mr. Satish: 09448946039 12/14/2010 Mr. Khanna General manager NDDB Institutional 12/14/2010 Mr. GC Reddy Sectoral Analysis NDDB Institutional - Sectoral Analysis team 12/14/2010 Mr. Satish Sectoral Analysis NDDB Institutional - Sectoral Analysis team 12/14/2010 Mr. AS Premanathan Managing Director Board of Directors, Institutional - State Karnataka Milk Federation Federation - Bangalore 12/14/2010 Mr. Maniraju; Board of Directors Karnataka Milk Institutional - State Federation Federation 12/14/2010 Dr. Gangadhar Board of Directors Karnataka Milk Institutional - State Federation Federation 12/14/2010 Mr. Kakade Marketing Manager Karnataka Milk Institutional - State Federation Federation 12/14/2010 Mr. Lakshman Shetty General Manager Bangalore Milk Union Institutional - Union 12/14/2010 Mr. K Narayan Joint Director Statistics Bangalore Secretariat Government - Animal Husbandry Dept 12/15/2010 Mr. Narsimhaya, DCS Milk Secretary, AI Institutional - DCS Delivery Gunduru Village AI Service Delivery 12/15/2010 Mrs. Varalakshmi, Gunduru Village Women Pourers Mrs. Sushilamma, Mrs. Bhagyamma, Mrs. Lakshmamma 12/15/2010 Mr. Hanumanthappa, Deputy Manager Camp Office: Milk Dr. Devaraj - Institutional - Union Dr. BK Devraj Procurement and Inputs 09591593999 Supervisor - BAMUL 12/15/2010 Mr. Channakeshwar Maintenance BAMUL Chilling Infrastructure - Chilling Supervisor/Technician, Centre, Hoskote Centre
Date Name Designation Location Contact (if any) Stakeholder Group 12/16/2010 Mrs. Ramajiamma, K. Channasandra Institutional - Woman Mrs. Tulsi, Village DCS Mrs. Siragamma, Mrs. Vannamma 12/16/2010 Dr. KS Prasad - Project Scientist National NIANP, Bangalore Institutional - Research Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology 12/16/2010 Dr. Satish Kulkarni Dairy Processing NDRI Institutional - Research Dr. Mukund 12/17/2010 Mr. Krishnappa, Chariman, Secretary, Byatha Village Institutional - DCS - Best Mr. Ramakrishnappa, Supervisor Performing Village Mr. Basayyaraju 12/17/2010 Dr. Patil and Dr. Mahesh Veterinary Doctors Nandini Sperm Station Infrastructure - Semen (Hessaraghatta) Station 12/17/2010 Mr. Lakshman Gowda, Local Community Bipannahalli village Defunct DCS which wants Mr. Chillappa, to restart Mr. Adinarayana, Mr. Narayanapura, Mr. Bhaskarbabu, Mr. Romanna, Mr. Mundajur 12/21/2010 Mrs. Romy Jacob Coordinator Ration NDDB, Koramangala 9449821358 NDSP Pilot Program Balancing Program office, Bangalore 12/21/2010 Mr Patnaik Sr Manager, Planning NDDB, Koramangala Institutional - Research office, Bangalore 12/21/2010 Mr. Uttam Chand Gaushala Caretaker Akhila Karnataka Institutional - Pranidaya Sangha, Gaushala/NGOs Bangalore 12/21/2010 Mr Devraj Manager, Gaushala Akhila Karnataka Institutional - Pranidaya Sangha, Gaushala/NGOs Bangalore 12/21/2010 Dr. JP Ravindra, Dr. Gowda Animal Nutrition and NAINP, Bangalore Institutional - Research Physiology, NAINP 12/21/2010 Dr Prakash Khandekar/ Dr Scientists, Extension NAINP, Bangalore Dr Latha - 9448912908 Institutional - Research Latha Devi Divison 12/21/2010 Dr Mukand Kataktalware Scientist NDRI Bangalore 9481481493 Institutional - Research 12/21/2010 Dr. A Obireddy Head - Dairy Research NDRI, Bangalore 9449023181 Institutional - Research 12/22/2010 Dr. Bhaskaran Livestock Production and Veterinary College, Institutional - Research Management - HOD Bangalore
Date Name Designation Location Contact (if any) Stakeholder Group 12/22/2010 Dr. Bharati and Dr. Jaiprakash HOD and Professor Dairy Sciences College, Institutional - Research Bangalore 12/22/2010 Mr. Rangappa, Mr. Ramaswamy Coordinators - Peoples' Sriramanahalli, Institutional - NGO Trust Bangalore North 12/22/2010 Dr. Kulkarni Livestock Extension Officer, Bangalore Secretariat Livestock Extension Dept of Animal Husbandry Services and Veterinary Services 12/22/2010 Mr.Suresh Administration Assistant, KC Das Sweetmeat Institutional - Marketing KC Das Shop, Bangalore 12/22/2010 Mr Jaganath Kumar BAMUL Plant Karnataka Milk Infrastructure - Milk Federation - Mother processing Dairy 12/22/2010 Mr SA Prakash Dy Manager, Quality BAMUL Plant Institutional - Union 12/22/2010 Mr Mohan Kumar Engineering TO BAMUL Plant Institutional - Union 12/22/2010 Mr Kulkarni Dy Manager, Electrical BAMUL Plant Institutional - Union 12/22/2010 Mr Jayakumar Dy Manager, Refrigeration BAMUL Plant Institutional - Union 12/22/2010 Mr Ramakrishnappa Manager, Engineering BAMUL Plant Institutional - Union 12/22/2010 Mr Janardhan Reddy Manager, Procurement 7760966806 Institutional - Union 12/22/2010 Mr Mune Gowda Manager, Distribution 7760966811 Institutional - Union 12/22/2010 Mr KV Muniraju Karnataka Milk Institutional - State Federation (KMF) Federation 12/22/2010 Ms Susan Ujjivan, Bangalore Micro finance institution 12/22/2010 Dr Ramesh (spoke on Incharge of Bangalore 080-22130782 (O)/ Other institutional telephone) Municipal Slaughterhouse 9480683010 12/23/2010 Mr MT Kulkarni General Manager Mother Dairy, KMF, 9591994347 Institutional - State Yelahanka Federation 12/23/2010 Mr Govinda Gowda Manager, Engineering Mother Dairy, KMF, Institutional - State Yelahanka Federation 12/23/2010 Mr Narain/Mr Sudhakar Marketing Manager/Asst Mother Dairy, KMF, Sudhakar - Institutional - State Manager, Marketing Yelahanka 9591994374 Federation 12/23/2010 Mr Shivkumar General Manager KMF, Cattle Feed Plant, 9591994318 Infrastructure Rajankunte 12/23/2010 Mr Mahesh Technical Officer KMF, Cattle Feed Plant, Infrastructure Rajankunte 12/23/2010 Mr Chandra Staff Seed Processing and Infrastructure Fodder Demonstration Farm, BAMUL, Rajankunte 12/23/2010 Dr DV Nagaraju Sr Dy Director Calf Station, KMF, Infrastructure Rajankunte
Date Name Designation Location Contact (if any) Stakeholder Group 12/23/2010 Dr Prabhu Asst Manager Calf Station, KMF, 080-28468690 (O) Infrastructure Rajankunte 12/23/2010 Dr Mahesh Additional Director (Farms) Nandini Semen Station, Infrastructure Kakolu village 12/23/2010 Mr Thirumalesh Manager, BAMUL Dodballapur Chilling 7760965516 Infrastructure – Milk Centre Collection 12/23/2010 Mr Basavarajappa Asst Manager, P&I, BAMUL Basetiahalli Milk 7760965536 Institutional - Union Producers Co-op Society 12/23/2010 Dr Rangasamy Dy Manager, P&I, BAMUL BAMUL, Bangalore 7760965553 Institutional - Union North 12/23/2010 Mr Narayanasamy President Dodda Tumkur Milk 9986469578 Institutional - DCS - Producers Co-op Society 12/23/2010 Mr Yellappa Clerk Dodda Tumkur Milk 9986462756 Institutional - DCS - Producers Co-op Society Kolar 12/18/2010 Mr. Krishna Gowda Manager P&I KOMUL (Kolar and Institutional – Union, Mr. Sriramareddy Feed and Fodder Supervisor Chikkaballapur District Milk Procurement and Milk Union) Marketing 12/18/2010 Mr. Ibrahim, Owner & Caretaker Happy Dairy Farm, Private Dairy Farm Mr. Mohammad Channaraipura, Kolar taluka 12/18/2010 Mr. Vijay Kumar, Villagers Bandarahalli Village, Institutional - DCS - Mr. Srirama Reddy,Mr. Mulbagal Taluka Community Milking Vanigalla, Mr. Mahesh Village 12/19/2010 Mr. Chandrasekhar Raju, Villagers Andrahalli Village Woman AI technician Ms. Rupa, Discussion 12/19/2010 Sumitramma, Ms. Nagamma, Villagers Andrahalli Village Local Community - Ms. Sujata, Ms. Chodamma, Women Pourers (SC) Ms. Pushpa 12/19/2010 Mr. Ravi Kumar (Secretary); Villagers Mediahalli Village DCS with major Mr. Seerappa, Mr. Munireddy, contribution by SC/ST Mr. Ramakrishna, Mr. Ramesh, Mr. Narayana Swami 12/19/2010 Mr. Mohan Reddy, Accountant & Supervisor Tirumala Milk Products Private Dairy Chilling Mr. Subramanian Pvt Ltd - Kantaraja Plant Circle Kolar 12/20/2010 Mr. Nagaraju, Mr. Village DCS Supervisor, Local Community - Thimarayappa, Ex DCS CHairman, Maximum potential DCS Mr. Narayana, Mr. Rajanna Members of DCS
Table A.4 Stakeholder Consultation List in Bihar
Date Name Designation Location Contact (if any) Stakeholder Group Patna 1/4/2011 Mr. Ashoke Jawa Manager COMFED COMFED, Patna 9431038888 Cooperatives - Federation 1/4/2011 Mr. Vikas COMFED COMFED, Patna 9473199922 Cooperatives - Federation 1/4/2011 Sudhir Kumar Singh Managing Director Patna Dairy Project Cooperatives - Union 1/4/2011 Mr. Sammi Kishore Senior Procurement Patna Dairy Project 9835035217 Cooperatives - Union Manager 1/5/2011 Mr. Somnath Sharma Cooperative Secretary and Visit to Parsha Cooperatives – DCS & the villagers Ibrahimpur Local Community 1/5/2011 Mr. Alkh Narayan Verma and Visit to Sharma Bhatsara Cooperatives – DCS & Other villagers Local Community 1/5/2011 Mr. Bimal Kumar Jha Assitant Manager, Patna Dairy project Cooperatives - Union Procurement 1/5/2011 Mr. Upendra Prasad Supervisor Patna Dairy Project Cooperatives - Union 1/5/2011 Mr. Omprakash Singh Procurement Officer Patna Dairy Project Cooperatives - Union 1/6/2011 Professor S B Verma Professor Animal Breeding, Bihar Institutional - Research Veterinary College, Patna 1/6/2011 Dr. Pankaj Kumar Singh Extension Department Bihar Veterinary Institutional - Research College, Patna 1/6/2011 Dr. Dewesh Kumar Singh District Incharge Agriculture Technology Allied institutions Management Agency (ATMA) 1/6/2011 Mr. S. K. Negi, IAS Director Animal Husbandry, Government Authorities Government of Bihar 1/6/2011 Mr. Madan Prasad Project officer Bihar Livestock Government Authorities Development Agency 1/6/2011 Dr. Amit Veterinary Doctor Bihar Livestock Dev Government Authorities elopment Agency (BLDA) 1/6/2011 Dr. Singh Principal Sanjay Gandhi Institute Allied institutions of Dairy Technology 1/6/2011 Dr. Krishan Murari Assistant Professor Sanjay Gandhi Institute Allied institutions of Dairy Technology 1/6/2011 Dr. Vijay Malhotra District Veterinary Health Patna Government Authorities Officer
Date Name Designation Location Contact (if any) Stakeholder Group 1/7/2011 Mr. Anil Kumar Singh Director Dairy development, Government Authorities Government of Bihar 1/7/2011 Mr. R. S. Sharma Project Manager BAIF NGOs 1/7/2011 Mr. Rajiv Project Manager JK Trust Gram Vikas 9931880587 NGOs Yozana 1/8/2011 Mr. Shri Narayan Thakur Incharge Production Patna Dairy Project Cooperatives - Union 1/8/2011 Mr. Maheshwar Prasad ETP Incharge Patna Dairy Project Cooperatives - Union 1/8/2011 Mr. Sushil Kumar Quality Incharge Patna Dairy Project Cooperatives - Union 1/8/2011 Mr. Niranjan Kumar Marketing Manager Patna Dairy Project Cooperatives - Union 1/9/2011 Shailendra Kumar and other Secretary and other villagers Village- Bhilwa Cooperatives – DCS & Villagers Rampur, Block- Local Community Phulwari Sharif Muzzafarpur 1/10/2011 Ms. Chandrawati Devi Procurement Assistant and Tirhut Dairy, Cooperatives - Union Cooperative Department, Muzzafarpur 2/10/2011 Mr. Anil Kumar Chaudhary Senior Procurement Tirhut Dairy, 9430216925 Cooperatives - Union Assistant, Tirhut Dairy Muzzafarpur 1/10/2011 Mr. M. A. Tabrez Analyst, Quality Control, Tirhut Dairy, Tirhut Dairy, Cooperatives - Union Muzzafarpur Muzzafarpur 1/10/2011 Mr. Hemendra Kumar Assistant Manager, Quality Tirhut Dairy, 9279737664 Cooperatives - Union Control Department, Tirhut Muzzafarpur Dairy 2/10/2011 Mr. Rajan Sinha Manager IndianGen, NGOs Muzzafarpur 2/10/2011 Mr. Akhilesh Kumar AIT, IndiaGen Jhapahan IndiaGen AIT 9973656735 NGOs centre 2/10/2011 Dr. Kishore Kumar Veterinary Doctor, Veterinary Hospital for located at Jhapahan Government Authorities Veterinary Hospital Mushari Block, 2/10/2011 Jhapahan Village Visit Villagers 7 kms from Cooperatives – DCS & Muzzafarpur District Local Community Headquarter 2/10/2011 Maksudpur Village Visit and Scheduled caste village 15 kms from Cooperatives – DCS & Discussion community Muzzafarpur District Local Community Headquarters 2/10/2011 Mr. Vijay Kumar Managing Director, Tirhut Dugdh Utpadak Cooperatives - Union Sahakari Sangh Limited
Annex B
List of Survey Villages Across all States
ANNEXURE B: VILLAGE LIST FOR BASELINE SURVEY ACROSS THE STATES OF GUJARAT, PUNJAB, KARNATAKA & BIHAR
Table B.1 List of Villages in Gujarat
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not Done No. of Survey District Head Samples quarter (kms) Anand 1 Ajarpura 12/5/2010 20 Near CFP Kanjari Done 29 2 Bedva 12/6/2010 Anand 25 Consistently good performance Done 29 3 Bharoda 12/8/2010 35 Near Semen Stations - Ode Done 29 4 Kasbara 12/16/2010 Tarapur 90 Defunct DCS Done 29 5 Boriavi 12/5/2010 Anand 15 Near CFP Kanjari Done 29 6 Navli 12/7/2010 Anand 16 Upgraded DCS Done 29 7 Chikhodra 12/1/2010 Anand 10 Presence of tablelas Done 29 8 Dharmaj 12/11/2010 30 Fodder Project - CPR Done 29 9 Gorel 12/17/2010 Borsad 24 Upgraded DCS Done 29 10 Hadgud 12/6/2010 12 Defunt DCS Done 28 11 Jakhaliyapura 12/7/2010 Borsad 14 Women Done 28 12 Jalundh 12/12/2010 30 Near Khambat Chilling Centre Done 29 13 Khambolaj 12/9/2010 22 Near Semen Stations - Ode Done 29 14 Lambhvel 12/4/2010 Anand 10 Near CFP Kanjari Done 29 15 Nagara 12/15/2010 32 Upgraded DCS Done 29 16 Nana Kalodra 12/14/2010 32 Upgraded DCS Done 28 17 Ode 12/8/2010 32 Near Semen Stations - Ode Done 28 18 Padgol 12/4/2010 23 Women Done 28 19 Finav 12/12/2010 Khambat 30 Defunt DCS Done 28 20 Samarkha 12/3/2010 Anand 12 Upgraded DCS Done 29 21 Sekhdi 12/10/2010 Petlad 30 Upgraded DCS Done 29 22 Sili 12/9/2010 Umreth 34 Downgraded DCS Done 29 23 Undel 12/14/2010 32 Near Khambat Chilling Centre Done 28 24 Vadgam 12/15/2010 Khambat 90 Drought Prone/Unirrigated Done 29 25 Vadola 12/15/2010 30 Upgraded DCS Done 29 26 Davalpura 12/10/2010 Petlad 30 Upgraded DCS Done 28 27 Valvod 12/13/2010 40 Downgraded DCS Done 29 28 Vatra 12/14/2010 45 Near Khambat Chilling Centre Done 28 29 Dhairyapura 12/11/2010 Petlad 40 Non participation in dairy Done 29 30 Borsad 12/13/2010 Borsad 20 Non participation in dairy Done 28 31 Tarapur 12/16/2010 Tarapur 43 Drought Prone/Unirrigated Done 28
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not Done No. of Survey District Head Samples quarter (kms) 32 Indranaj 12/16/2010 Tarapur 60 Drought Prone/Unirrigated Done 29 33 Khanpur 12/16/2010 Tarapur 64 Drought Prone/Unirrigated Done 29 34 Bhuvel 12/2/2010 Khambat 32 Near Khambat Chilling Centre Not Done 35 Dodhiyapura Khambat Women Not Done 36 Vijaypura Khambat Defunct DCS Not Done 37 Tarakpur Khambat Drought Prone/Unirrigated Not Done 38 Vainaj 12/17/2010 Khambat 90 Drought Prone/Unirrigated Not Done
Panchamahal ( Godhara) 1 Nadisar 12/18/2010 Godhra Women DCS Done 29 2 Rampura Kankanpur 12/18/2010 Godhra Social schemes linked to dairying Done 29 3 Vanvasad Ghusar 12/19/2010 Godhra Adopted by Forest Department Done 28 4 Navi Vasad 12/19/2010 Godhra Tribal Done 29 5 Nani Kantdi 12/27/2010 Godhra Downgraded DCS Done 29 6 Bagidol 12/18/2010 Godhra Close to urban area Done 28 7 Derol 12/29/2010 Kalol Best performing DCS Done 29 8 Karoli 12/28/2010 Kalol Influence of Industrial houses Done 29 9 Chalali 12/29/2010 Kalol Influence of Industrial houses Done 28 10 Kalantra 12/20/2010 Kalol Influence of Industrial houses Done 28 11 Athamna 12/12/2010 Kalol Consistent performance Done 29 12 Bakhandi-Muvadi 12/20/2010 Kalol Defunct DCS, then revived Done 28 13 Pingali 12/21/2010 Kalol Inconsistent performance Done 29 14 Bordi 12/22/2010 Shehera Private Vendor Influence Done 28 15 Kotariya 12/30/2010 Shehera Downgraded DCS Done 29 16 Bilitha 12/30/2010 Shehera Private Vendor Influence Done 28 17 Dharapur 12/21/2010 Shehera Women DCS Done 29 18 Gokulpura 12/23/2010 Shehera Mini Dairy Farms Done 29 19 Navi Vadi 12/23/2010 Shehera Mini Dairy Farms Done 29 20 Mangalpura 12/24/2010 Shehera Scattered Settlement Done 29 21 Sajivav 12/24/2010 Shehera Women DCS Done 28 22 Padhora 12/31/2010 Goghamba Tribal Done 29 23 Dhaneshwar 12/23/2010 Goghamba Tribal Done 28 24 Kandi Palli 12/31/2010 Goghamba Tribal Done 29 25 Chandranagar 12/24/2010 Goghamba Tribal Done 28 26 Gajapura (Kantu) 12/22/2010 Goghamba Tribal Done 28 27 Vadinath 12/24/2010 Goghamba Defunct DCS, then revived Done 29 28 Motirel 12/28/2010 Santrampur Consistent performance Done 29 29 Umber 12/25/2010 Santrampur Mini Dairy Farms Done 29
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not Done No. of Survey District Head Samples quarter (kms) 30 Doli 12/25/2010 Santrampur Consistent performance Done 29 31 Vandariya Paschim 12/28/2010 Santrampur Mini Dairy Farms Done 29 32 Dhinglewada 12/27/2010 Kadana Consistent performance Done 29 33 Ankaliya 12/27/2010 Kadana Downgraded DCS Done 28 34 Kelamul 12/26/2010 Kadana Close to urban area Done 29 35 Metral 12/25/2010 Morva Done 28 Hadaf 36 Hamirpura Godhra Women DCS Not done 37 Vena Santrampur Mini Dairy Farms Not done 37 38 Saat Kunda Santrampur Not done 38 39 Hadhfadiya Kadana Tribal Woman DCS Not done 40 Bamna Morva Not done Hadaf Banaskantha 1 Kuvarasi 1/8/2010 Danta 37 Good - Tribal Done 29 2 Bhachadiya 1/7/2010 Danta 37 Good - Patel Community BMCU Done 29 3 Makanchampa 1/5/2010 Danta 37 No Building Poor Done 28 4 Vadvera 1/5/2010 Danta 37 Poor - Tribal Done 28 5 Jalotra 1/8/2010 Vadgam 8 Good Admin. BMCU Done 28 6 Kodaram 1/4/2010 Vadgam 8 Good Admin. BMCU Done 29 7 Vadgam 1/6/2010 Vadgam 8 Good Admin. BMCU Done 28 8 Badarpura ( Mepada) 1/6/2010 Vadgam 8 Can - Internal Politics Done 29 9 Nizampura 1/6/2010 Vadgam 8 Medium Done 29 10 Rampura ( Mahila) 1/12/2010 Palanpur 8 Women DCS Done 29 11 Kushkal 1/14/2010 Palanpur 8 Good Admin. BMCU Done 28 12 Dalwada 1/14/2010 Palanpur 8 Poor Admin Closing Frequntly Done 28 13 Khari Zamba 1/13/2010 Amirgadh 35 Tribal & New Started Done 29 14 Ramjiyani 1/13/2010 Amirgadh 35 Good in Tribal - Patel Community Done 28 15 Mota Rasana 1/4/2010 Deesa 30 Good Admin. BMCU Done 29 16 Kalyanpura 1/7/2010 Deesa 30 Autocratic Leadership Done 28 17 Aaseda 1/10/2010 Deesa 30 Good Admin. BMCU Done 29 18 Zenal 1/7/2010 Deesa 30 Internal Politics Done 28 19 Khaparol 1/9/2010 Dhanera 67 Good Admin. BMCU Done 29 20 Nenava 1/9/2010 Dhanera 67 Border area near to RJ State Done 28 21 Saral 1/4/2010 Dhanera 67 Good Admin. Done 29 22 Gola 1/9/2010 Dhanera 67 Old Mentality People Done 28 23 Jetada 1/10/2010 Thard 97 Good Admin. Done 28 24 Krushanagar 1/10/2010 Thard 97 Good Admin. BMCU Done 29
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not Done No. of Survey District Head Samples quarter (kms) 25 Budhanpur 1/14/2010 Thard 97 Medium, Prostitute business Done 28 26 Lunal 1/14/2010 Thard 97 Internal Politics, Women DCS Done 29 27 Bharadava 1/11/2010 Vav 112 Dry area, Border to Pakistan & Kutchh Done 28 28 Jelana 1/15/2010 Vav 112 Dry area, Border to Pakistan & Kutchh Done 29 29 Suigam 1/11/2010 Vav 112 Dry area, Border to Pakistan & Kutchh Done 28 30 Golap 1/11/2010 Vav 112 Dry area, Border to Pakistan & Kutchh Done 29 31 Vakha 1/12/2010 Deodar 85 Medium Admin. Done 29 32 Sihori 1/13/2010 Kankrej 70 Good Admin, Near City, Private Share Done 28 33 Shirawada 1/15/2010 Kankrej 75 Medium, Internal Politics Done 29 34 Varasada 1/13/2010 Kankrej 73 Good Admin. Done 28 35 Mandala 1/12/2010 Kankrej 78 Good Admin. Done 29 36 Virampur Amirgadh 35 Tribal Good Not Done 37 Chuva Thard 97 Good Admin, Dry Area, SC Secretary Not Done 38 Detalduva Thard 97 Closed due to internal Politics Not Done 39 Jaloya Vav 112 Dry area, Border to Pakistan & Kutchh Not Done 40 Nokha Deodar 85 Internal Politics Not Done 41 Bhadakasar Deodar 85 Medium Admin. Not Done 42 Jorwada Deodar 85 Closed due to internal Politics Not Done 43 Tantiyana Kankrej 70 Only Private- having 4 times milk then Not Done Cooperative DCS
Table B.2 List of Villages in Punjab
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not Done No. of Samples Survey District Head quarter (kms) Ludhiana 1 Hanskalan 25/12/2010 Sidhwan Bet Good DCS Done 30 2 Jangpur 6/12/2010 Mula Pur Good DCS Done 30 3 Bhairi Bharinga 15/12/2010 Raikot Good DCS Done 30 4 Racchine 12/12/2010 Pakhowal Good DCS Done 30 5 Balala 16/12/2010 Khanna Good DCS Done 30 6 Payal 7/12/2010 Dorah Good DCS Done 30 7 Galibkalan 11/12/2010 Sidhwan Bet DCS Not working properly Done 30
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not Done No. of Samples Survey District Head quarter (kms) 8 Purain 10/12/2010 Sidhwan Bet DCS Not working properly Done 30 9 Bhundri 10/12/2010 Sidhwan Bet DCS Not working properly Done 30 10 Hissowal 9/12/2010 Sudhar DCS Not working properly Done 30 11 Sahouli 17/12/2010 Sudhar DCS Not working properly Done 30 12 Roorka 11/12/2010 MullaPur DCS Not working properly Done 30 13 Halwara 8/12/2010 Sudhar DCS Not working properly Done 30 14 Cheema 17/12/2010 Khanna Women DCS Done 30 15 Jattpura 18/12/2010 Women DCS done 30 16 BurjNakliyan 18/12/2010 Women DCS Done 30 17 Virk 21/12/2010 Sidhwan Bet Women DCS Done 30 18 Dother 21/12/2010 Sidhwan Bet Women DCS Done 30 19 Dango 14/12/2010 Women DCS Done 30 20 Latonkalan 13/12/2010 Dakha Women DCS Done 30 21 Humblan 20/12/2010 Sidhwa Bet Village with sizeable SC/ST Done 30 population 22 Aliwal 20/12/2010 Sidhwa Bet Village with sizeable SC/ST Done 30 population 23 Bhamakalan 16/12/2010 Village with sizeable SC/ST Done 30 population 24 Rudewal 15/12/2010 Sidhwa Bet Village with sizeable SC/ST Done 30 population 25 Gureh 13/12/2010 Dakha Private Dairy Competition Done 30 26 Rasoolpur 14/12/2010 Pakhowal Private Dairy Competition Done 30 27 Mallah 19/12/2010 Jagraon Private Dairy Competition Done 30 28 Tihara 19/12/2010 Private Dairy Competition Done 30 29 Sangatpura 22/12/2010 Sidhwa Bet Private Dairy Competition Done 30 30 Sohian 24/12/2010 Private Dairy Competition Done 30 31 Sidhwakalan 12/12/2010 Sidhwa Bet Private Dairy Competition Done 30 32 Kend 22/12/2010 Ludhiana Good DCS Done 30 33 Dhulkut 23/12/2010 Good DCS Done 30 34 Sayion Kalan 24/12/2010 Delon Good DCS Done 30 35 Kaddon 23/12/2010 Dorrah Good DCS Done 30 36 Bhagpur Good DCS Not Done 37 Punjgrahain Village with sizeable SC/ST Not Done population
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not Done No. of Samples Survey District Head quarter (kms) 38 Raiyan Village with sizeable SC/ST Not Done population 39 Satiana Village with sizeable SC/ST Not Done population
Table B.3 List of Villages in Karnataka
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not Done No. of Samples Survey District Head quarter (kms) Bangalore 1 Bagaluru 1/3/2011 B'Lore North 25 DCS is running Smoothly since Long Done 28 Time 2 Sreeramanahalli 1/9/2011 Bangalore 25 Defunct DCS Done 28 North 3 Kamakshipura 1/4/2011 B'Lore North 26 women have taken key roles in dairy Done 29 business 4 Muthanalluru 1/5/2011 Anekal 30 Membership & Collection have picked Done 28 up in last 3-5 Years 5 Somanahalli 1/4/2011 B'Lore South 30 Membership & Collection have Done 29 pickedup in last 3-5 Years 6 Kavala Hosahalli 1/10/2011 Anekal 30 Located in the vicinity of Dairy Done 29 infrastructure facility 7 Kakolu 1/10/2011 B'Lore North 30 Located in the vicinity of Dairy Done 28 infrastructure facility 8 Kurubarahalli 1/6/2011 Hosakote 32 DCS is running Smoothly since Long Done 29 Time 9 Jigala 1/5/2011 Anekal 32 Cattle herd is affected because of the Done 29 famine condition 10 Aodigondanahalli 1/11/2011 Anekal 33 Cattle herd is affected because of the Done 28 famine condition 11 Tharahunase 1/3/2011 B'Lore North 36 Located in the vicinity of Dairy Done 28 infrastructure facility 12 Byatha 1/9/2011 B'Lore North 40 Located in the vicinity of Dairy Done 28 infrastructure facility 13 Jinke Bachahalli 1/6/2011 Doddaballap 45 Membership & Collection have picked Done 29 ura up in last 3-5 Years 14 Gudemaranahalli 1/7/2011 Magadi 48 Located in the vicinity of Dairy Done 28 infrastructure facility 15 Byrasandra 1/5/2011 Doddaballap 50 Villages which has shifted from Dairy Done 29 ura 16 Chikkathathamangal 1/2/2011 Devanahalli 50 SC / ST population engaged in dairy Done 28 a 17 Chikkonahalli 1/2/2011 Devanahalli 50 Private or Unorganised milk collection Done 29 (No DCS or Defunct DCS)
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not Done No. of Samples Survey District Head quarter (kms) 18 Nogadenahally 1/14/2011 Doddaballap 50 Cattle herd is affected because of the Done 28 ura famine condition 19 Sonnappanahalli 1/13/2011 Doddaballap 53 SC / ST population engaged in dairy Done 29 ura 20 Suggnahalli 1/6/2011 Ramanagara 55 DCS is running Smoothly since Long Done 29 Time 21 Shivapura 1/12/2011 Doddaballap 55 Villages which has shifted from Dairy Done 29 ura 22 Ekashipura 1/14/2011 Doddaballap 55 Villages which has shifted from Dairy Done 29 ura 23 I.Basapura 1/2/2011 Devanahalli 55 Private or Unorganised milk collection Done 29 (No DCS or Defunct DCS) 24 Yenigere 1/8/2011 Magadi 55 women have taken key roles in dairy Done 29 business 25 Thimmasagara 12/31/2011 Doddaballap 55 Located in the vicinity of Dairy Done 29 ura infrastructure facility 26 M Kannasandra 1/7/2011 Magadi 56 DCS is running Smoothly since long Done 29 Time 27 Hamam 1/11/2011 Doddaballap 60 Villages which has shifted from Dairy Done 29 ura 28 Kurubarahalli Doddi 1/6/2011 Ramangara 60 SC / ST population engaged in dairy Done 28 29 Kodihally 1/12/2011 Doddaballap 60 Cattle herd is affected because of the Done 29 ura famine condition 30 Tyamagondlu 1/8/2011 Nelamangala 60 Located in the vicinity of Dairy Done 29 infrastructure facility 31 Byrapattana 1/15/2011 Channapatta 65 Located in the vicinity of Dairy Done 28 na infrastructure facility 32 Kotamarnahally 1/1/2011 Channapatna 68 Villages where the women have taken Done 29 key roles in dairy business 33 Marlenahalli 1/15/2011 Doddaballap 70 Villages which has shifted from Dairy Done 28 ura 34 Kadkunte 12/31/2011 Doddaballap 70 Private or Unorganised milk collection Done 28 ura (No DCS or Defunct DCS) 35 Neraluru 1/1/2011 Channapatna 90 Private or Unorganised milk collection Done 29 (No DCS or Defunct DCS) 36 K Channamosarur Bangalore 20 Women have taken key roles in dairy Not Done 28 East business
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not Done No. of Samples Survey District Head quarter (kms) 37 Gunduru Bangalore 25 Membership & Collection have Not Done East pickedup in last 3-5 Years 38 Channanahalli Bangalore 27 SC / ST population engaged in dairy Not Done North 39 Jadenahalli Ramanagara 30 women have taken key roles in dairy Not Done business 40 Indlavadipura Anekal 35 DCS is running Smoothly since Long Not Done Time 41 Ilathore Devanahalli 35 DCS is running Smoothly since Long Not Done Time 42 Nekkundi Anekal 35 Cattle herd is affected because of the Not Done Dommasandra famine condition 43 Maranayakanahally Anekal 38 Private or Unorganised milk collection Not Done (No DCS or Defunct DCS) 44 Arasu Colony Kanakpura 40 SC / ST population engaged in dairy Not Done 45 Solur Anekal 40 Any Defunct DCS Not Done 46 Janthagondonahally Anekal 44 Any Defunct DCS Not Done 47 Gejjadahalli Doddaballap 50 Villages which has shifted from Dairy Not Done ura 48 Majarahosahalli Doddaballap 55 Any Defunct DCS Not Done ura 49 Kodihalli Doddaballap 60 Villages which has shifted from Dairy Not Done ura 50 Aralalu Kanakapura 63 Located in the vicinity of Dairy Not Done infrastructure facility 51 Ujani Doddaballap 65 Private or Unorganised milk collection Not Done ura (No DCS or Defunct DCS) 52 Mallasandra Doddaballap 68 Private or Unorganised milk collection Not Done ura (No DCS or Defunct DCS) 53 Iggalur Channaptna 70 Private or Unorganised milk collection Not Done (No DCS or Defunct DCS) 54 Lingapura Doddaballap 70 Women have taken key roles in dairy Not Done ura business 55 Kadramangala Channaptna 75 Private or Unorganised milk collection Not Done (No DCS or Defunct DCS) 56 Virupakshipura Channaptna 75 Private or Unorganised milk collection Not Done (No DCS or Defunct DCS) 57 Jaibheemanagara Kanakpura 78 SC / ST population engaged in dairy Not Done
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not Done No. of Samples Survey District Head quarter (kms) 58 Nayakanahalli Kanakapura 78 women have taken key roles in dairy Not Done business 59 Akkur Channapatna 80 Membership & Collection have picked Not Done up in last 3-5 Years 60 Neraluru Channapatna 90 Any Defunct DCS Not Done
Kolar 1 Kurugal 12/25/2010 Kolar 30 Smooth Running DCS Done 29 2 Ammmanallur 12/25/2010 Kolar 34 Smooth Running DCS Done 28 3 Kadenalli 12/26/2010 Mulabagal 38 Smooth Running DCS Done 29 4 Peddur 12/26/2010 Mulabagal 40 Smooth Running DCS Done 29 5 Hungenahalli 12/28/2010 Malur 32 Smooth Running DCS Done 29 6 Sanganahalli 12/22/2010 Bangerpet 51 Smooth Running DCS Done 29 7 Siddnahalli 12/23/2010 Bangerpet 26 Smooth Running DCS Done 29 8 Alvata 1/1/2011 Srinivaspur 48 Smooth Running DCS Done 28 9 Champalli 12/31/2010 Srinivaspur 49 Smooth Running DCS Done 28 10 Thurandahalli 12/23/2010 Kolar 24 Membership & Procurement Growth Done 29 11 Shettihalli 12/28/2010 Kolar 26 Membership & Procurement Growth Done 29 12 Blasandra 12/24/2010 Mulabagal 31 Membership & Procurement Growth Done 28 13 Masthi 12/27/2010 Malur 60 Membership & Procurement Growth Done 29 14 Yeldur 1/5/2011 Srinivaspur 34 Membership & Procurement Growth Done 28 15 Doddagurki 12/24/2010 Mulabagal 40 Low Price due to Shift of Done 29 Members/Animal Sales 16 Medihala 12/28/2010 Kolar 26 SC/ST Members Done 28 17 Melinoor 1/4/2011 Malur 57 SC/ST Members Done 29 18 Billakunte 12/31/2010 Srinivaspur 50 SC/ST Members Done 28 19 Mudegere 1/2/2011 Mulabagal 32 SC/ST Members Done 28 20 Kallur 12/12/2010 Kolar 21 Prviate Dairy Effect Done 28 21 Shettihalli 12/30/2010 Srinivaspur 47 Prviate Dairy Effect Done 29 22 Bangawadi 12/30/2010 Srinivaspur 32 Prviate Dairy Effect Done 29 23 Banahalli 1/4/2011 Malur 49 Prviate Dairy Effect Done 29 24 Mandikal 1/2/2011 Mulabagal 38 Defunct DCS Done 28 25 Muthukapalli 12/30/2010 Srinivaspur 42 Defunct DCS Done 28 26 Rampura 12/27/2010 Malur 43 Defunct DCS Done 29 27 Biyapalli 12/29/2010 Kolar 22 Defunct DCS Done 28 28 Dinnekothur 12/22/2010 Bangerpet 41 Defunct DCS Done 28 29 Andrahalli 1/1/2011 Kolar 25 Women DCS Done 29 30 Chikkapura 1/5/2011 Srinivaspur 45 Women DCS Done 28
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not Done No. of Samples Survey District Head quarter (kms) 31 Shivarapatna 1/4/2011 Malur 33 Women DCS Done 28 32 Kamasumudra 12/21/2010 Bangerpet 46 Community Milking Parlour Done 29 33 Kurugal 12/25/2010 Kolar 30 Community Milking Parlour Done 28 34 Bandarahalli 1/3/2011 Mulabagal 20 Community Milking Parlour Done 29 35 Chikkathimmanahalli 12/21/2010 Srinivaspur 45 Community Milking Parlour 36 Ahanya Malur 57 Smooth Running DCS Not Done 37 Gangasandra Malur 56 Low Price due to Shift of Not Done Members/Animal Sales 38 Gudisalawarapalli Srinivaspur 67 Low Price due to Shift of Not Done Members/Animal Sales 39 Rayalpad Srinivaspur 60 Low Price due to Shift of Not Done Members/Animal Sales 40 C.K.ward Bangerpet 43 SC/ST Members Not Done 41 Bhimapura Mulabagal 18 Women DCS Not Done
Table B.4 List of Villages in Bihar
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not No. of Samples Survey District Head Done quarter (kms) Patna 1 Sarva Bhadsara 6/1/2011 Vikram Women DCS Done 30 2 Badi Tangraula 7/1/2011 Naubatpura Women DCS Done 30 3 Zinpura 7/1/2011 Bihta Women DCS Done 30 4 Nisarpura 6/1/2011 Vikram Women DCS Done 30 5 Karauta 18/1/2011 Bakhtiyarpur Women DCS Done 30 6 Datiyana 15/1/2011 Vikram AI related DCS Done 30 7 Sahalichak 19/1/2011 Maner AI related DCS Done 30 8 Pali 8/1/2011 Naubatpura AI related DCS Done 30 9 Neuri 8/1/2011 Bihta AI related DCS Done 30 10 Hasanchak 19/1/2011 Bihta Godhna AI related DCS Done 30 11 Salimpur 18/1/2011 Bakhtiyarpur AI related DCS Done 30 12 Arap 15/1/2011 Vikram Village with sizeable SC populatiom Done 30 13 Sattar 12/1/2011 Maner Village with sizeable SC populatiom Done 30 14 Mahinwa Bagicha 13/1/2011 Maner Village with sizeable SC populatiom Done 30 15 Jamalpura 10/1/2011 Naubatpura Village with sizeable SC populatiom Done 30 16 Harwanshpur 16/1/2011 Masaudhi Village with sizeable SC populatiom Done 30 17 Parsa 11/1/2011 Naubatpura Village facing water scarcity Done 30 18 Tilahwan 11/1/2011 Naubatpura Village facing water scarcity Done 30 19 Mohamed Rampur 9/1/2011 Fulwarisharif Village facing water scarcity Done 30 20 Chechaul 10/1/2011 Naubatpura Village facing water scarcity Done 30 21 Beeranchak 9/1/2011 Fulwarisharif Village facing water scarcity Done 30 22 Tineri 16/1/2011 Masaudhi DCS with limited or negative growth Done 30 23 Ankuri 17/1/2011 Paliganj DCS with limited or negative growth Done 30 24 Masauda 17/1/2011 Paliganj DCS with limited or negative growth Done 30 25 Mohamed Taret 11/1/2011 Naubatpura DCS with limited or negative growth Done 30 26 Hirachak 14/1/2011 Naubatpura Village with small land holdings Done 30 27 Korawan 10/1/2011 Naubatpura Village with small land holdings Done 30 28 Andhara Chauki 15/1/2011 Vikram Village with small land holdings Done 30 29 Kasba Mahabalipur 17/1/2011 Paliganj Village with small land holdings Done 30 30 Mohamed Korarra 9/1/2011 Fulwarisharif Village with small land holdings Done 30 31 Vidhipur 18/1/2011 Bakhtiyarpur Average performance DCS Done 30 32 Ratantola 13/1/2011 Maner Average performance DCS Done 30 33 Hathiyela 13/1/2011 Maner Average performance DCS Done 30 34 Balupar Maner 14/1/2011 Maner Average performance DCS Done 30
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not No. of Samples Survey District Head Done quarter (kms) 35 Barah 14/1/2011 Vikram Average performance DCS Done 30 36 Baijalpur Dulhinbazar DCS with limited or negative growth Not done 37 Dakshini Chak Aadhman Average performance DCS Not done Gola 38 Achuara Badh Average performance DCS Not done 39 Kamrapar Aadhman Average performance DCS Not done Gola 40 Rajpura Badh Average performance DCS Not done Muzzafarpur 1 Nawalpur Godhwara 13/01/2011 Motipur 40 DCS & Middle Man Competition Done 30 2 Pahar Chak 13/01/2011 Motipur 35 May be taken Done 30 3 Morshandi Mahua 14/01/2011 Motipur 25 DCS & Middle Man Competition Done 30 4 Ratanpura 14/01/2011 Motipur 25 DCS & Middle Man Competition Done 30 5 Manpura 15/01/2011 Kanti 3 DCS Bad Done 30 6 Sherukahier 15/01/2011 Kanti 7 Milk going to DCS in another village Done 30 7 Pathi Ashwari 16/01/2011 Motipur 40 DCS & Middle Man Competition Done 30 8 Itah Manikpur 16/01/2011 Murol 30 SC/ Backward Class Participation Done 30 9 Baikatpur Mahila 17/01/2011 Mushari 20 Women DCS Done 30 10 Naroulidih 17/01/2011 Mushari 20 SC/ Backward Class Participation Done 30 11 Muralichak 18/01/2011 Murol 35 SC/ Backward Class Participation Done 30 12 Prahladpur Mahila 18/01/2011 Mushari 20 Women DCS Done 30 13 Titra Ashanand 19/01/2011 Murol 25 SC/ Backward Class Participation Done 30 14 Sambha 19/01/2011 Mushari 20 SC/ Backward Class Participation Done 30 15 Srikrishna Mahila 20/01/2011 Mushari 20 Women DCS Done 30 16 Chhapra Megh 20/01/2011 Mushari 25 DCS & Middle Man Competition Done 30 17 Mohammedpur 21/01/2011 Murol 25 Women DCS Not done 18 Hirdopatti 21/01/2011 Aurai 25 SC/ Backward Class Participation Not done 19 Jhaua Mahila 21/01/2011 Aurai 30 DCS Good to Bad Not done 20 Tara Jiwarkot 22/01/2011 Aurai 30 DCS Good to Bad Not done 21 Bandra 22/01/2011 Bandra 40 DCS Good Not done 22 Simra 22/01/2011 Bandra 40 SC/ Backward Class Participation Not done 23 Dayalpur Keshopur 23/01/2011 Kuddhani 45 May be taken Not done 24 Bhagwanpur 23/01/2011 Kuddhani 40 DCS Good Not done 25 Mohani 23/01/2011 Kuddhani 30 DCS Bad Not done 26 Thumha 24/01/2011 Kuddhani 25 DCS Bad Not done 27 Jhakra 24/01/2011 Marwan 22 DCS Good to Bad Not done 28 Shirazabad 24/01/2011 Sakra 35 DCS Good to Bad Not done 29 Majholia 25/01/2011 Sakra 40 Women DCS Not done
SI.No. Name of the village Date of Block Distance from Reason for selection Done/ Not No. of Samples Survey District Head Done quarter (kms) 30 Chakrawe Maniyari 25/01/2011 Sakra 45 Women DCS Not done 31 Ratanpur 25/01/2011 Sakra 40 DCS Good to Bad Not done 32 Bejha 26/01/2011 Sakra 35 DCS Good Not done 33 Machichi 26/01/2011 Sakra 30 DCS Good Not done 34 Sarmaspur 26/01/2011 Sakra 32 DCS Good Not done 35 Sahdullapur 27/01/2011 Sakra 40 DCS Good Not done 36 Bharwari 27/01/2011 Sakra 30 DCS Good Not done 37 Malpur Chak Hazrat 28/01/2011 Sakra 40 DCS Good Not done 38 Mura Harlochanpur 28/01/2011 Sakra 42 DCS Good Not done 39 Banjaria Motipur 40 DCS & Middle Man Competition 40 Kodhar katta Motipur 30 May be taken 41 Kateshar Sakra 35 DCS & Middle Man Competition 42 Bhaugha Badiyarpur Sakra 40 DCS & Middle Man Competition 43 Bhaganagri Saraiyan 25 DCS Good to Bad
Annex C
List of Village Level Consultations Across Survey all States
ANNEXURE C: VILLAGE LEVEL STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ACROSS THE STATES OF GUJARAT, PUNJAB, KARNATAKA & BIHAR
Table. C.1 List of Village Level Stakeholder Consultations in Gujarat
SLNO District Name Village Name Block Name DCS Women SC/ST Dudhia/ Milkman Consultations Consultations consultations Consultations Anand 1 Anand Vadgam Khambat √ √ √ √ 2 Anand Bedwa Anand √ √ √ 3 Anand Ode Anand √ √ √ 4 Anand Vatra Khambat √ √ √ 5 Anand Bharoda Umreth √ √ √ 6 Anand Borsad Borsad √ √ √ √ 7 Anand Dharmaj Petland √ √ √ 8 Anand Kashwara Tarapur √ √ √ 9 Anand Nagra Khambat √ √ √ 10 Anand Hadgud Anand √ √ 11 Anand Lambhvel Anand √ √ √ √ 12 Anand Navli Anand √ √ √ 13 Anand Vadola Khambat √ √ √ 14 Anand Dhairya Pura Petland √ √ √ 15 Anand Daval Pura Petland √ √ √ 16 Anand Undel Khambat √ √ √ √ 17 Anand Shekadi Petland √ √ √ 18 Anand Jalundh Khambat √ √ √ √ 19 Anand Kambholaj Anand √ √ √ 20 Anand Bhuvel Khambat √ √ √ 21 Anand Chikhodra Anand √ √ √ √ 22 Anand Tarapur Tarapur √ √ √ 23 Anand Samarkha Anand √ √ √ √ 24 Anand Vinaj Khambat √ √ √ 25 Anand Finav Khambat √ √ √ 26 Anand Boriavi Anand √ √ √ √ 27 Anand Ajarpura Anand √ √ √ 28 Anand Gorel Borsad √ √ √ 29 Anand Khanpur Tarapur √ √ √ 30 Anand Jakhariya Anand √ √ √ 31 Anand Padgol Petland √ √ √ √ 32 Anand Nana Kalodra Khambat √ √ √
SLNO District Name Village Name Block Name DCS Women SC/ST Dudhia/ Milkman Consultations Consultations consultations Consultations 33 Anand Indranaj Tarapur √ √ √ 34 Anand Shili Umreth √ √ √ 35 Anand Valvod Borsad √ √ √ √ Panchamahal ( Godhara) 1 Panchmahal Umbtir Santrampur √ √ √ 2 Panchmahal Ankaliya Kadana √ √ √ √ 3 Panchmahal Metral Murvahadaf √ √ √ 4 Panchmahal Gajapurakant Goghamba √ √ √ 5 Panchmahal Kothariya Shahera √ √ √ 6 Panchmahal Karoli Kalol √ √ √ 7 Panchmahal Kalantra Kalol √ √ √ √ 8 Panchmahal Sanjivan Shahera √ √ √ 9 Panchmahal Kandipali Goghamba √ √ √ 10 Panchmahal Kankarpur Godhra √ √ √ 11 Panchmahal Vadinath Goghamba √ √ √ √ 12 Panchmahal Chalali Kalol √ √ √ 13 Panchmahal Navi Vadi Shahera √ √ √ √ 14 Panchmahal Nalisar Godhra √ √ √ √ 15 Panchmahal Motirail Santrampur √ √ √ 16 Panchmahal Bordi Shahera √ √ √ 17 Panchmahal Kelamal Kadana √ √ √ 18 Panchmahal Dharapur Shahera √ √ √ √ 19 Panchmahal Motikatdi Godhra √ √ √ 20 Panchmahal Vanvasad Gusra Godhra √ √ √ 21 Panchmahal Derol Kalol √ √ √ 22 Panchmahal Bilitha Shahera √ √ √ √ 23 Panchmahal Navivasad Harida Godhra √ √ √ √ 24 Panchmahal Vandariya Santrampur √ √ √ 25 Panchmahal Dhaneshwar Goghamba √ √ √ √ 26 Panchmahal Mangalpur Shahera √ √ √ 27 Panchmahal Gokulpura Shahera √ √ √ 28 Panchmahal Bakhandi Muvadi Kalol √ √ 29 Panchmahal Dhinliwada Kadana √ √ √ 30 Panchmahal Doli Santrampur √ √ √ 31 Panchmahal Pingali Kalol √ √ √ 32 Panchmahal Bagidol Godhra √ √ √ 33 Panchmahal Padhora Goghamba √ √ √ 34 Panchmahal Althamna Kalol √ √ √ 35 Panchmahal Chandranagar Goghamba √ √
SLNO District Name Village Name Block Name DCS Women SC/ST Dudhia/ Milkman Consultations Consultations consultations Consultations Banaskantha 1 Banaskantha Kuvarasi Danta √ √ √ 2 Banaskantha Bhachadiya Danta √ √ 3 Banaskantha Makanchampa Danta √ √ √ 4 Banaskantha Vadvera Danta √ √ √ 5 Banaskantha Jalotra Vadgam √ √ 6 Banaskantha Kodaram Vadgam √ √ √ √ 7 Banaskantha Vadgam Vadgam √ √ √ 8 Banaskantha Badarpura ( Mepada) Vadgam √ √ √ 9 Banaskantha Nizampura Vadgam √ √ √ 10 Banaskantha Rampura ( Mahila) Palanpur √ √ 11 Banaskantha Kushkal Palanpur √ √ √ 12 Banaskantha Dalwada Palanpur √ √ √ 13 Banaskantha Khari Zamba Amirgadh √ √ √ √ 14 Banaskantha Ramjiyani Amirgadh √ √ 15 Banaskantha Mota Rasana Deesa √ √ √ √ 16 Banaskantha Kalyanpura Deesa √ √ √ 17 Banaskantha Aaseda Deesa √ √ √ 18 Banaskantha Zenal Deesa √ √ √ 19 Banaskantha Khaparol Dhanera √ √ √ 20 Banaskantha Nenava Dhanera √ √ √ √ 21 Banaskantha Saral Dhanera √ √ √ 22 Banaskantha Gola Dhanera √ √ √ 23 Banaskantha Jetada Thard √ √ √ √ 24 Banaskantha Krushanagar Thard √ √ √ 25 Banaskantha Budhanpur Thard √ √ √ 26 Banaskantha Lunal Thard √ √ √ 27 Banaskantha Bharadava Vav √ √ √ √ 28 Banaskantha Jelana Vav √ √ √ 29 Banaskantha Suigam Vav √ √ √ 30 Banaskantha Golap Vav √ √ √ 31 Banaskantha Vakha Deodar √ √ √ 32 Banaskantha Sihori Kankrej √ √ √ √ 33 Banaskantha Shirawada Kankrej √ √ √ 34 Banaskantha Varasada Kankrej √ √ √ 35 Banaskantha Mandala Kankrej √ √ √
Table.C.2 List of Village Level Stakeholder Consultations in Punjab
SLNO District Name Village Name Block Name DCS Women SC/ST Dudhia/ Milkman Consultations Consultations consultations Consultations Ludhiana 1 Ludhiana Purains Sidhwanbet 2 Ludhiana Kend Ludhiana √ 3 Ludhiana Saholi Sudhar √ 4 Ludhiana Malak Jagraon 5 Ludhiana Bhamia Kalan Sidhwanbet √ 6 Ludhiana Racchine Pakhwal √ 7 Ludhiana Sidhwa Kalam Sidhwanbet √ 8 Ludhiana Bhaini Baringan Raikot √ √ 9 Ludhiana Halware Sudhar √ 10 Ludhiana Payal Doraha √ 11 Ludhiana Sohian Dakha √ √ 12 Ludhiana Sangatpura Sidhwanbet √ √ 13 Ludhiana Rudewal Sidhwanbet √ 14 Ludhiana Aliwal Sidhwanbet √ √ 15 Ludhiana Hambram Sidhwanbet √ √ 16 Ludhiana Bhundri Sidhwanbet 17 Ludhiana Balala Khanna √ √ 18 Ludhiana Birk Sidhwanbet √ √ 19 Ludhiana Burj Nakalujan Raikot √ √ √ 20 Ludhiana Galib Kaln Sidhwanbet √ √ 21 Ludhiana Dothar Sidhwanbet √ √ 22 Ludhiana Tihara Sidhwanbet √ √ 23 Ludhiana Cheema Khanna √ √ 24 Ludhiana Kaddon Darrah √ 25 Ludhiana Jungpur Mullarpur √ 26 Ludhiana Gureh Dakha √ 27 Ludhiana Hissowal Sudhar √ 28 Ludhiana Jaipura Sidhwanbet √ √ 29 Ludhiana Hanskalen Sidhwanbet √ √ √ 30 Ludhiana Dango Ludhiana √ √ √ 31 Ludhiana Roorka Mullarpur √ √ 32 Ludhiana Lalton Kalan Dakha √ √ √ √ 33 Ludhiana Dhulkut Pakhwal √ √ √ 34 Ludhiana Sohian Kalan Delon √ √ 35 Ludhiana Rasoolpur Pakhwal √
Table.C.3 List of Village Level Stakeholder Consultations in Karnataka
SLNO District Name Village Name Block Name DCS Women SC/ST Dudhia/ Milkman Consultations Consultations consultations Consultations Bangalore 1 Bangalore Sannappanahally Doddabalapura √ √ √ 2 Bangalore Hamam Doddabalapura √ √ √ 3 Bangalore Muthanalluru Anekal √ √ √ 4 Bangalore Aodi Godanahally Anekal √ √ √ 5 Bangalore Kurubasahalli Ramanagara √ √ √ 6 Bangalore Balasandra Doddabalapura √ √ √ 7 Bangalore Tharahunase Bangalore North √ √ √ 8 Bangalore Bhayatha Bangalore North √ √ √ √ 9 Bangalore Byrapatna Channapatna √ √ √ 10 Bangalore Jigala Anekal √ √ √ 11 Bangalore Thyamagundlu Neelamangala √ √ √ √ 12 Bangalore Godemarnahally Magadi √ √ √ 13 Bangalore Chikatha Thamangla Devanahalli √ √ √ 14 Bangalore Chikkonahalli Devanahalli √ √ √ √ 15 Bangalore Lakulu Bangalore North √ √ √ 16 Bangalore Sugghahally Ramanagara √ √ √ 17 Bangalore Marlenahally Doddabalapura √ √ √ 18 Bangalore Shivapura Doddabalapura √ √ √ 19 Bangalore Timma Sandra Doddabalapura √ √ √ 20 Bangalore Somanahalli Bangalore North √ √ √ 21 Bangalore Katamarnahally Channapatna √ √ √ 22 Bangalore Jinke Bachahally Doddabalapura √ √ √ 23 Bangalore Kodihalli Doddabalapura √ √ √ 24 Bangalore Kankunte Doddabalapura √ √ √ 25 Bangalore Bagalurm Bangalore North √ √ √ 26 Bangalore Basapura Devanahalli √ √ √ 27 Bangalore Noga Denahally Doddabalapura √ √ √ 28 Bangalore Srikamanahalli Bangalore North √ √ √ 29 Bangalore Kamashipura Bangalore North √ √ √ 30 Bangalore Ekashipura Doddabalapura √ √ √ 31 Bangalore Neraluru Channapatna √ √ √ 32 Bangalore Majarahosahalli Doddabalapura √ √ √ 33 Bangalore Kannasandra Magadi √ √ √ 34 Bangalore Kauala Hosahalli Anekal √ √ √ 35 Bangalore Yenigere Magadi √ √ √
SLNO District Name Village Name Block Name DCS Women SC/ST Dudhia/ Milkman Consultations Consultations consultations Consultations Kolar 1 Kolar Bangawadhi Srinivaspur √ √ 2 Kolar Ammanallur Kolar √ √ √ 3 Kolar Shettihalli Srinivaspur √ √ √ √ 4 Kolar Masthi Malur √ √ √ √ 5 Kolar Banahalli Malur √ √ √ 6 Kolar Bandarahalli Mulbagal √ √ √ 7 Kolar Chikkathimana Halli Srinivaspur √ √ √ 8 Kolar Thuranda Halli Kolar √ √ √ 9 Kolar Mudigere Mulbagal √ √ √ 10 Kolar Hurgamahalli Malur √ √ √ 11 Kolar Kumgal Kolar √ √ √ 12 Kolar Mandikat Mulubagal √ √ √ 13 Kolar Shrivarnapatha Mazur √ √ √ 14 Kolar Chikkandahalli Kolar √ √ √ 15 Kolar Muthyakapally Srinivaspur √ √ 16 Kolar Balsandra Mulbagal √ √ √ 17 Kolar Sanganahalli Bangarapet √ √ √ 18 Kolar By Pnally Kolar √ √ √ √ 19 Kolar Rampur Kolar √ √ √ √ 20 Kolar Shethhali Kolar √ √ √ 21 Kolar Peddur Mulbagal √ √ √ 22 Kolar Aluata Srinivaspur √ √ √ 23 Kolar Chawpalli Kolar √ √ √ 24 Kolar Muddikothare Kolar √ √ √ 25 Kolar Kamaramudran Kolar √ √ √ 26 Kolar Andrahally Kolar √ √ √ 27 Kolar Melinoor Malur √ √ √ 28 Kolar Billa Kante Srinivaspur √ √ √ 29 Kolar Bhimpura Mulbagal √ √ √ 30 Kolar Doddagere Mulbagal √ √ √ 31 Kolar Kylnur Kolar √ √ √ 32 Kolar Yeldur Srinivaspur √ √ √ √ 33 Kolar Sildenahall Bangarapet √ √ √ √ 34 Kolar Kandenalli Kolar √ √ √ √ 35 Kolar Mdihale Kolar √ √ √ √
Table.C.4 List of Village Level Stakeholder Consultations in Bihar
SLNO District Name Village Name Block Name DCS Women SC/ST Dudhia/ Milkman Consultations Consultations consultations Consultations Patna 1 Patna Salimpur Bakhtiyarpur √ 2 Patna Andhar Chouki Bikram √ √ 3 Patna Ratan Tola Maner √ √ 4 Patna Barah Bikram √ √ √ √ 5 Patna Badi Tangraila Naubat Pur √ √ √ 6 Patna Godhna Bihita √ √ √ 7 Patna Pali Naubat Pur √ √ √ √ 8 Patna Sahalichak Maner √ √ √ 9 Patna Hirachak Naubat Pur √ √ √ √ 10 Patna Sarmavatsara Bikram √ √ √ 11 Patna Tilhawan Naubat Pur √ √ 12 Patna Tared Naubat Pur √ √ √ √ 13 Patna Korra Phoolwari √ √ √ √ 14 Patna Kasba Pali Ganj √ √ 15 Patna Nishapura Bikram √ 16 Patna Datiyana Bikram √ 17 Patna Rampur Phoolwari √ 18 Patna Mahindwa Bagaicha Maner √ 19 Patna Sattar Maner √ 20 Patna Biran Chak Phoolwari √ 21 Patna Bidhipur Bakhtiyarpur √ 22 Patna Karauta Bakhtiyarpur √ √ 23 Patna Hathitola Maner √ √ 24 Patna Balupar Maner Maner √ √ √ √ 25 Patna Neuri Bihita √ √ 26 Patna Mahal Karwan Naubat Pur √ √ 27 Patna Harbansh Pur Nasuri √ √ 28 Patna Masouda Pali Ganj √ √ √ 29 Patna Parsa Naubat Pur √ √ √ √ 30 Patna Jamal Pura Naubat Pur √ √ √ √ 31 Patna Ankuri Pali Ganj √ √ 32 Patna Tineri Nasuri √ √ √ 33 Patna Chechaul Naubat Pur √ √ 34 Patna Arap Bikram √ √ √ √ 35 Patna Jinpura Bihita √ √
SLNO District Name Village Name Block Name DCS Women SC/ST Dudhia/ Milkman Consultations Consultations consultations Consultations Muzzafarpur 1 Muzzafarpur Hirdopatti Aurai √ √ 2 Muzzafarpur Bejna Sakra √ √ √ 3 Muzzafarpur Sarmaspur Sakra √ √ 4 Muzzafarpur Shirazabad Sakra √ 5 Muzzafarpur Bangha Badiyarpur Sakra √ √ 6 Muzzafarpur Chakarwa Maniyari Sakra √ √ 7 Muzzafarpur Chhapra Megha Mushari √ √ 8 Muzzafarpur Malpur Chak Hazrat Sakra √ √ 9 Muzzafarpur Jhala Mahila Aurai √ √ √ 10 Muzzafarpur Murahar Lochanpur Sakra √ √ 11 Muzzafarpur Tara Jhnarkot Aurai √ √ 12 Muzzafarpur Nawalpur Gurdwara Motipur √ √ 13 Muzzafarpur Ratnpura Motipur √ √ 14 Muzzafarpur Bharwari Sakra √ 15 Muzzafarpur Ratnpura Sakra √ 16 Muzzafarpur Murshandi Meghwa Motipur √ √ 17 Muzzafarpur Dyalpur(Padmoi) Kudhani √ 18 Muzzafarpur Mohini Kudhani √ √ 19 Muzzafarpur Sheru Kahain Kanthi √ √ √ 20 Muzzafarpur Mohammadpur Murol √ √ √ √ 21 Muzzafarpur Manpura Kanthi √ √ 22 Muzzafarpur Narulidih Mushari √ √ 23 Muzzafarpur Paharchak Motipur √ √ 24 Muzzafarpur Sambha Murol(New Musheri) √ √ 25 Muzzafarpur Pathi Ashwari Motipur √ √ 26 Muzzafarpur Baikatpur Mushari √ √ √ 27 Muzzafarpur Sri Krisahna Mushari √ √ √ 28 Muzzafarpur Machichi Sakra √ 29 Muzzafarpur Prahaladpur Mushari √ √ √ 30 Muzzafarpur Titre Ashanand Murol √ √ √ 31 Muzzafarpur Itha Mamk Pur Murol √ 32 Muzzafarpur Majholia Sakra √ √ √ 33 Muzzafarpur Sahadulla Pur Sakra √ √ 34 Muzzafarpur Murdiachak Murol √ √ 35 Muzzafarpur Katesar Sakra √ √ √ √
Annex D
Additional Information on Baseline Section
D1 MAPS, GRPAHS & TABLES
Figure 1.1 Ground Water Resource in India
Source: CGWB
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 1 Figure 1.2 Map Showing Depth to Groundwater Level in India
Source: http://www.cgwb.gov.in
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2 Figure 1.3 Map Showing Over Exploited and Dark (Critical) Watersheds in India
Source: http://www.cgwb.gov.in/images/block_category.jpg
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 3 Box 1.1 IGFRI Publication on Indian Forage Crops
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute in Jhansi has collated and published detailed information regarding following forage crops in January 2011. • Cereal forages o Jowar (Sorghum) o Bajra (Pearl millet) o Maize o Oats o Job’s tear (Coix) • Graminacious forages o Napier grass (Elephant grass) o Napier bajra hybrids (NB hybrid) o Dinanath grass o Sudan grass o Teosinte (Mak chari) o Guinea grass o Anjan grass (Buffel grass) o Motha dhaman (Birdwood grass) o Saen grass (Sehima nervosum) o Black spear grass (Heteropogon contortus) o Dharaf grass (Golden beard grass)/Dhawalu grass o Tall fescue o Golden timothy (Setaria) o Marvel grass o Sewan grass • Leguminous forages o Berseem (Egyptian clover) o Lucerne (Alfalfa) o Cowpea o Guar (Cluster bean) o Sem (Lablab bean) o Rice bean (Red bean) o Stylosanthes o Hedge lucerne o Shaftal (Persian clover) o Red clover o White clover o Senji (Indian clover) o Metha (Fenugreek) o Subabul
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 4 Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Indigenous Cattle Breeds and their Population in India
Indigenous Breeds Cattle Numbers as per LC 2007 Vechur 160 Kumauni 459 Kasasagode Dwarf(black) 480 Punganur 733 Krishna Valley 2,314 Tarai 2,606 Bargur 20,879 Ponwar 24,072 Ladakhi 24,213 Binjharpuri 29,749 Alambadi 31,874 Jellicut 34,191 Siri 61,750 Mewati 75,427 Ghumsuri 82,117 Amritmahal 96,021 Indigenous Cattle Breeds Numbering less than 1 Million in India Manapari 102,046 Purnea 147,988 Deoni 165,846 Kherigarh 171,414 Red Kandhari 176,621 Kenkatha 179,987 Tho Tho 207,220 Umbla Cherry 217,960 Gaolao 222,566 Ongole 257,661 Dangi 303,630 Nimari 309,237 Kangayam 314,817 Gangatiri 375,154 Bachaur 454,103 Sahiwal 457,177 Red Sindi 550,272 Tharparkar 557,621 Mottu 700,908 Nagori 837,334 Rathi 924,057 Indigenous Cattle Breeds Numbering More than 1 Million in India Maland Gidda 1,282,121 Khilari 1,419,735 Malvi 1,515,753 Gir 2,126,421 Hallikar 2,191,486 Hariana 2,600,111 Kankrej 3,884,457 Other Graded 4,218,272 Non-descript 138,655,925 Total Indigenous Cattle in India 166,014,945 Source: Livestock Census, 2007
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 5 Annex E
SOPs for Various Sub Components under NDSP
Standard Operating Procedure
SOP # SOP 01 Infrastructure facilities and centres propose under Sub Component A1 Activity under Component A of NDSP
Brief Description of Activity
This standard operating procedure (SOP) relates to setting up new or expansion/ strengthening of existing facilities and centres such as the following proposed under Sub Component A1 of Component A of NDSP Project: • Bull Stations ; • Calf rearing and Quarantine Stations; and • Semen Stations.
Scope of the SOP covers the entire life cycle of above mentioned facilities and centres such as planning, construction, operation and decommissioning phases.
Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Issues
EHS issues that are anticipated through the entire life cycle of above mentioned facilities and centres proposed under genetic improvement and breeding sub-component are identified and presented in Table 1 below. These could be additionally followed apart from the existing Progeny testing Manual and MSP for semen station provided by GoI.
Table 1: Brief Description of EHS Issues and Impacts Institute and operate bull and calf Institute and operate semen Environmental Media rearing centres stations • Siting issues associated with • Siting issues associated with Land for facilities new or expansion proposals new or expansion proposals • Disturbance to topsoil and • Disturbance to topsoil and Topsoil erosion erosion • Feed and fodder waste • QA/QC reject semen waste Land • Dung wastes • Laboratory glassware and • Dead animal carcass chemical wastes Wastes • Wastes arising out of • Rejected/Used semen straws veterinary services • Used/Old semen collection, • Wastes arising out of staff storage and transport quarters, offices etc. equipments/ instruments • Back-up power generation equipments such as DG sets Air Pollutants • Vehicular emissions • Vehicular emissions from Ambient Air semen transport Quality • Enteric methane emissions GHG Emissions from animals kept at the - rearing centres • Water abstraction and use Surface/ Ground • Water pollution due to Water - water resources wastewater discharge and surface runoff Disaster events such • Physical destruction of • Physical destruction of Natural as Flood, Drought, buildings and sheds buildings and costly Disasters Cyclones, • Loss of animal life equipments
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 1 Earthquakes and • Disease prevalence and • Loss of quality stored semen Tsunami transmission • Inability to meet the demand • Resource crunch (water, for AI services in short term fodder, energy) • Staff handling laboratory chemicals, equipments and • Human and animal health Occupational Health liquid nitrogen Environmental interactions • Human and animal health Health interactions • Human and animal health Community Health - interactions
Environmental issues associated with managing fodder production farms which are generally integrated with above facilities have been dealt in detail in SOP # 3. If a bull rearing centre has integrated fodder cultivation farms for internal use, then SOP #3 shall also be referred and construed as forming part of this SOP.
Policy and Legal requirements, if any
The activity is regulated under the following acts: • Live Stock Importation Act, 1898 amended till date • Section 25/26 of The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 • Section 21 of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 • Prevailing local land use and Town & Country Planning regulations • Schedule I of Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 pertaining to DG set emission and noise pollution standards and vehicular emissions • Central Groundwater Authority Guidelines & Ground Water (Regulation, Development and Management) Rules, 2007 • Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 amended till date • Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 • Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 • The Prevention and control of infectious and contagious diseases in animals Act, 2009 & Notification dated 24-08-09 for the prevention and control of infectious and contagious diseases in animals • The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and Rules
Recommended Environmental Practice/ Management Measures
The mitigation strategies and measures as against the EHS issues and impacts identified under Table 1 and regulatory requirements have been summarised in Table 2 for easy review and implementation. The table also lists the monitoring indicators against each EHS impacts/ issues for verifying and monitoring purposes.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 2
Table 2: Recommended Practice/ Measures Monitoring EHS Issues/Impacts Environment Measures Indicator Planning Phase • It is desirable that LIA/EIA at the project planning stage Process adopted to identify the appropriate site for setting up animal rearing identify best site centres and semen stations. from E&S • The identification of such site should include an perspective environmental assessment process (see ESA details below) to integrate location related sensitivities. Alternate sites shall be evaluated against environmental impacts anticipated at each Siting issues site. The site with least environmental problems, which are associated with new mitigable, shall be identified and selected for PMU-NDDB or expansion approval. proposals • All possible efforts shall be undertaken to identify land area where no major alteration will be required compelling a drastic change in land use. Drastic change in land use could occur if productive agricultural lands, horticultural orchards, forest lands, dense vegetated land etc are identified for setting up the centre. Preferably rocky and barren area shall be identified and which are well away from local human settlements. • Undertake Environmental and Social Screening Assessment Process adopted to (ESA) of the sites chosen for setting up new or strengthening integrate E&S existing centres under sub component A1 of NDSP. The concerns Screening assessment shall be undertaken following a modified EIA approach (Refer to EIA Manual published by Siting issues MoEF, Govt of India) wherein baseline monitoring is not associated with new required, unless site exigencies warranted. or expansion • Formulate and implement E&S Management Plan (ESMP) proposals (contd.) pertaining to the site through the remaining phases of activity life cycle covering construction, operation & maintenance and decommissioning. • The ESA and resultant ESMP shall integrate the generic mitigation strategies recommended under this SOP to the extent possible along with site-specific issues and concerns. • As part of the scope of ESA, include an analysis of regulatory Preparation of clearances and provisions that are applicable on the proposed comprehensive Regulatory project activity which it is expected to comply through its life legal register provisions and cycle. clearances • Prepare a legal register to enable regulatory compliance by the project. • As part of the scope of ESA, analyse the probability of natural - hazards occurring at the identified site and formulate Risk due to Natural mitigation strategies using National Disaster Management Hazards Authority (http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/index.htm) guidelines and manuals as reference document. Operation Phase • As per the legal register prepared during the planning phase, Valid clearances Regulatory verify and process all regulatory clearances and permits and permits clearances and before commencing operation phase of the activity. available for audit permits all the time. • Topsoil disturbance and soil erosion (during monsoon Quantity of soil seasons) could result in areas where animal movement is refill needed over a frequent on a daily basis such as semen collection yards, period of time. animal shed and loitering area etc. Top soil can be replaced with coarse sand as bedding material and bunded all around Disturbance to to prevent its escape during monsoon season. topsoil and erosion • Alternatively, top layer can be paved with clay material to present a gritty surface that is least prone to disturbance and erosion. • Storm water drains near potential soil erosion sites shall be provided with silt traps or geo-textiles to prevent soil erosion. Waste management • Appropriate waste collection, storage, transport, treatment Waste Management
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 3 Monitoring EHS Issues/Impacts Environment Measures Indicator issues at animal and disposal systems for both hazardous (including bio- Plan and process rearing centres and medical and carcass) and non-hazardous waste shall be quarantine stations formulated as part of planning phase ESA study suggested earlier and implemented during operation phase. • Non-hazardous and organic wastes such as feed and fodder waste, animal dung, wastes arising out of staff quarters, offices etc can be sustainably composted onsite well away from semen station (to avoid contamination issues) through simple landfill or vermin composting techniques. • Organic waste composting technologies promoted by private companies can be explored for domestic and other organic waste generated from Centre/Station (E.g http://www.excelind.co.in/cat.htm) • Dead animal carcass shall be disposed as per the Minimum Standards prescribed by Government of India for such Stations/Centres or as per global best practice guidelines (See References # 12 and 13) • Wastes arising out of veterinary services, especially, the hazardous and bio-medical variety shall be incinerated on- site through autoclaves or disposed off through local State Pollution Control Board authorised waste service providers. • Reject semen waste arising out of QA/QC procedures shall Waste Management be disposed off as per the Minimum Standards prescribed by Plan and process Government of India for such Stations/Centres or as per global best practice guidelines. Thermal destruction through incineration or autoclave could be a simpler procedure to decontaminate the reject semen wastes before disposal along Waste management with domestic non-hazardous wastes. issues at Semen • Laboratory glassware, rubber-ware, rejected/used semen station straws, rejected semen collection, storage and transport equipments/ instruments shall be thermally decontaminated (by incinerating or autoclave) or through other appropriate means before writing off and disposal. • Lab chemical wastes shall be disposed off as per the relevant chemical MSDS data sheets and they should not be disposed along with domestic wastes. • Install and operate DG sets that are compliant to Regulatory Environment Protection Rules, 1986 compliance. • Deploy or contract vehicles (used in Semen transport) in compliance to Environment Protection Rules, 1986 and Central Motor Vehicle regulations along with appropriate licenses and permits. Vehicular emissions • Wherever feasible, vehicle fleet used for semen transportation and DG sets could be progressively converted to run on alternate fuels which are less polluting such as Compressed natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) after appropriate evaluation of the cost-benefits including pollution abatement. • Vehicle fleet deployed for semen transport should not have vehicles that are more than 15 years old or as per prevailing national regulations. • All dairy animals kept at the rearing centre will be provided Implementing GHG with balanced nutritional diet as per the Minimum Standards Emission prescribed by Government of India for such rearing centres. Monitoring • Being ideal cases for testing the reduction in enteric methane Program at the Centre Enteric methane emissions from dairy animals due to consistent and sustained emissions from use of ration balanced diet, field monitoring of GHG animals kept at the emissions should be undertaken periodically to establish rearing centres GHG emission co-efficient in controlled conditions and appropriately modify the RBP proposed under the project. • The field monitoring program shall be launched in collaboration with research institutions/ experts in India doing enteric methane emission related research. The GHG
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 4 Monitoring EHS Issues/Impacts Environment Measures Indicator emission data should be perused and shared with research institutes for further fine tuning the diet balancing at different agro-climatic zones of the country with an objective to achieve reduction in GHG emissions from dairy animal sector. • Abstraction of groundwater in notified blocks of the Country Regulatory are regulated by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) or compliance State Groundwater Authorities (SGWA). • The Central Groundwater Act (model bill) regulates the Water use and exploitation of ground water for the protection of ground wastewater water resources; prevents sinking of any well within five generation rates per hundred meters of a public drinking water source; and ACU or LU. regulates extraction of water from a well within one kilometre of the public drinking water source in a declared water scarcity area preventing sinking of well in a declared ‘over exploited’ watershed. • The provisions of the Act/ Rules can be better consulted with local CGWB or SGWA prior to planning abstraction of water. • Domestic sewage/wastewater generated from centre/ station (such as wastewater generated from animal washings, floor cleaning, staff quarters, office washrooms, laboratory etc) shall be treated before discharge. Discharge of wastewater is regulated under Water Act, 1974 and requires consent from Water pollution and local regional office of the concerned State Pollution Control abstraction Board (SPCB) which stipulated wastewater treatment and disposal standards. • On-site treatment systems such as soak pits (where groundwater level is sufficiently low) or septic tank followed by soak pit shall be provided. • Wastewater treatment approach shall be to reduce, recycle and re-use wastewater generated from centre/ station. Water conservation measures shall be adopted across the entire Centre/ Station. Water saving equipments and instruments shall be deployed at all water usage points. • Wastewater shall be segregated and treated at source to the extent possible to reduce treatment cost and also enable appropriate reuse and recycle options. • Water use and wastewater generation rates shall be monitored, measured and reported annually against per adult cattle units (ACU) or Livestock Units (LU) for easy reference and comparison across such centres/ stations in the Country and under the project. • Based on disaster mitigation strategies formulated during the Updated disaster Planning phase, undertake annual training and capacity mitigation strategy; building of staff on probable disasters and mitigation Training and Natural hazards strategies. awareness among • Continuously re-evaluate the disaster mitigation strategies staff and update them at least once in 3 years. • As part of Planning Phase, an Occupational Health and OHSAS 18001 Safety (OHS) Management Plan shall be prepared and Certification. implemented. The goal should be to get the Centre/ Station certified for OHSAS 18001 systems within next 2 years of OHS reports operation. • The OHS Plan should include identification of potential site- OHSAS Training specific hazards, mitigation strategies, training, monitoring programs Occupational Health and reporting systems. and Safety • Continuously re-evaluate the OHS Management Plan and update them at least once in 3 years. • The staff and workers involved in the operation of the centre/ station shall be provided with adequate/ appropriate PPEs, Clothing and training. The Centre/ Station shall maintain as far as practicable a working environment in which employees are not exposed to all kinds of hazards.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 5 Monitoring EHS Issues/Impacts Environment Measures Indicator • The Centre/ Station shall provide wholesome drinking water (meeting IS 10500-1993 standards) and sanitary facilities in adequate numbers as per provisions of Chapter III of Factories Act, 1948. Latrines provided at site shall have appropriate night-soil treatment systems such as septic tanks, twin-pit pour flush type latrines etc. • The Centre/ Station shall maintain first aid kits and appliances in compliance to the provisions of State Factories Rules and Minimum Standards recommended by Government of India for Production of Frozen Semen. • All the staff and workers deployed at the Centre/ Station shall be subjected to annual health check up as per the Minimum Standards recommended by Government of India for Production of Frozen Semen for addressing human health-animal disease transmission issue. • All events of fatal accidents, injury incidents, disease transmission cases etc shall be recorded through an appropriate OHS reporting framework and submitted to PMU NDDB for review. • As part of Planning Phase, a Community Health and Safety Updated CHS (CHS) Management Plan shall be prepared and implemented. Management Plan The CHS Plan should include identification of potential site- specific hazards, mitigation strategies, training, monitoring CHS reports and reporting systems. • Continuously re-evaluate the CHS Management Plan and Training programs update them at least once in 3 years. • Undertake awareness and training program for Semen transport fleet drivers and staff to promote awareness on defensive driving techniques and road safety behavioural issues. • Undertake periodical and sustained awareness and training Community Health program for local community residing within 10 km radius of and Safety the Centre/ Station to disseminate information on animal diseases and human health issues and what is expected from the local community especially those residing closer to the Station/ Centre. • Encourage local community to report on suspected animal disease spreads or human health instances outside the Centre/ Station. • All events of disease spread among local community, animal diseases outside the centre/ station, disease transmission cases etc shall be recorded through an appropriate CHS reporting framework and submitted to PMU NDDB for review. Decommissioning Phase • A Reinstatement Stage Management Plan shall be prepared Formulation and and implemented. implementation of • The land area shall be reinstated completely after Reinstatement stage decommissioning is over. Minimum level of reinstatement Management Plan. required is to achieve the pre-project (installation) stage status or adjoining land use status. • All civil structures including foundations, internal road Reinstatement of pavements, paved drainage channels, wastewater treatment land systems, landfills and other waste management systems etc shall be completely removed from site. • Trees and green cover shall be left as it is at the site. • Waste treatment systems such as soak pits, night soil treatment systems etc shall be closed safely. • All the building and other demolition debris shall be removed, suitably segregated and reused if possible and rest shall be disposed off in a municipal/ panchayat approved
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 6 Monitoring EHS Issues/Impacts Environment Measures Indicator landfill site. • To prevent encroachment of land area vacated by animal Process adopted for rearing centre or semen station, the Centre/Station swift hand-over of administration shall inform the successive land owner vacant land (especially if it is a Government Department) well in advance Permanent change to take possession of the land immediately after the in land use Centre/Station is decommissioned. • If the landowner desires, the Centre/Station administration shall plant the vacated area with trees. The maintenance and nurturing of trees, however, shall be the responsibility of landowner thereafter.
References and Recommended further reading
1. http://cgwb.gov.in/GroundWater/gw_regulation.htm 2. http://cpcb.nic.in/Vehicular_Exhaust.php 3. http://cpcb.nic.in/Generator.php 4. http://moef.nic.in/modules/rules-and-regulations/water-pollution/ 5. http://moef.nic.in/modules/rules-and-regulations/air-pollution/ 6. http://moef.nic.in/modules/rules-and-regulations/environment-protction/ 7. http://www.moef.nic.in/legis/hsm.htm 8. http://dahd.nic.in/trade/mamta.doc 9. http://dahd.nic.in/Gazette_20-03-09.pdf 10. http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927258 11. http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924161 12. http://ipublishing.co.in/jesvol1no12010/EIJES2088.pdf 13. http://ces.ca.uky.edu/clark-files/Dead_Animal_pub.pdf
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 7
Standard Operating Procedure
SOP # SOP 02 Artificially Insemination (AI) services and Veterinary delivery systems Activity proposed under Sub Component A1 and A3 respectively in Component A of NDSP
Brief Description of Activity
This standard operating procedure (SOP) relates to delivering AI services and Veterinary health services at the doorstep of dairy farmer proposed under Sub Component A1 and A3 respectively in Component A of NDSP Project.
Scope of the SOP covers the storage of input materials, transport and delivery of doorstep services. This SOP is in addition to the Project SOPs that will be published by PMU of NDDB.
Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Issues
EHS issues that are anticipated due to proposed activities under Sub Component A1 and A3 are identified and presented in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Brief Description of EHS Issues and Impacts Institute and operate Veterinary Institute and operate AI service Environmental Media health centres and doorstep centres/ doorstep programs programs Siting issues associated with Siting issues associated with Land for facilities locating health centres locating AI centres Land Top soil pollution associated Top soil pollution associated with Wastes with waste handling and waste handling and disposal disposal Ambient Air Air Pollutants Vehicular emissions Vehicular emissions Quality • Water use • Water use • Pollution associated with • Pollution associated with Surface water/ Water waste disposal (both waste disposal (both Groundwater hazardous and non- hazardous and non- hazardous wastes) hazardous wastes) AI service in compliance of local Ecology Dairy animal ecology - breeding policy to avoid undesirable breed mix in an area Doorstep services demand Doorstep services demand frequent transport of men and frequent transport of men and Transport Road safety material increasing the road material increasing the road safety safety hazards hazards Disaster events such as Flood, Drought, Emergency service planning and AI service planning and delivery Natural Cyclones, Earthquakes, delivery in the immediate to integrate natural disaster issues Disasters Tsunami and Global aftermath of disasters in an area/locality. health hazards/ epidemic • Animal kicks, bites and • Animal kicks, bites and other other OHS issues OHS issues Environmental Occupational Health • Handling hazardous wastes • Handling hazardous wastes Health • Staff exposed to zoonotic • Staff exposed to zoonotic diseases diseases Community Health Incidences of zoonotic diseases -
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 1
Policy and Legal requirements, if any
The activity is regulated under the following acts: • Dairy animal breeding policies of the concerned State/District/Region • Schedule I of Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 pertaining to vehicular emissions • Central Groundwater Authority Guidelines & Ground Water (Regulation, Development and Management) Rules, 2007 • Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 amended till date • Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 • Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 • The Prevention and control of infectious and contagious diseases in animals Act, 2009 & Notification dated 24-08-09 for the prevention and control of infectious and contagious diseases in animals • The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and Rules
Recommended Environmental Practice/ Management Measures
The mitigation strategies and measures as against the EHS issues and impacts identified under Table 1 and regulatory requirements have been summarised in Table 2 for easy review and implementation. The table also lists the monitoring indicators against each EHS impacts/ issues for verifying and monitoring purposes.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 2
Table 2: Recommended Practice/ Measures Monitoring EHS Issues/Impacts Environment Measures Indicator Planning Phase • It is desirable that EIA at the project planning stage identify Criteria adopted to the appropriate site/building (for setting up Service Centres select a site for delivering on-site and doorstep services) that is satisfactory from E&S perspective as well. • A site or building having following features shall be preferred over others: o At least 0.5-1.0 km away from sensitive receptors such as Schools, Hospitals, Religious sites, Surface water bodies, drinking water sources, tourism spots, Siting issues notified historical sites, regulated forest areas etc. associated with o Site having enough space in front of the building to Veterinary Service attend animals and compound wall all around and AI Service o Site not flooded during monsoon season Centres o Site located off the main road to avoid traffic snarls due to waiting animals and farmers o Sparsely populated area o Adequate water supply and sanitary facilities for staff and visiting farmers o Shaded area with trees and plants (else the EIA shall plant more trees to provide shade to animals and farmers with adequate resting facilities) o Easy road access to all farmers in the region • ESMF suggested for NDSP has recommended a Screening Process outcome and Assessment Process to identify and integrate E&S issues documents and and concerns prevailing in the proposed service area during photo/video the Service Planning and Preparation stage. evidences of • The EIAs should take responsibility to identify E&S concerns process and integrate them in project planning. In order to identify implementation. and integrate E&S concerns, ESMF for NDSP has suggested following process elements to be implemented by EIA: o Awareness campaigns to explain the context of NDSP and EIAs proposed intervention areas; Integration of E&S o Baseline screening and assessment of environmental issues and concerns and social issues on agreed indicators through during AI and appropriate stakeholder consultations and dataset Veterinary Service analysis; Planning/ o SWOT analysis or other appropriate tools to identify Preparation Phase and assess E&S issues; o Awareness campaigns again to explain the outcome of SWOT analysis to pertinent stakeholders and seek their inputs into planning EIAs services; o Strategy formulation for identified E&S issues; o Draft plan preparation, disclosure to stakeholders and seek response from them on the Plan components including E&S Management strategies; o Final Plan preparation of the sub-project and submission to NDDB/ NDDB Dairy Services for review and approval. • The PMU at NDDB will train the EIAs on how to conduct - each of the above E&S Screening and assessment process elements such that the process outcome is useful in project Integration of E&S planning and implementation. issues and concerns • EIAs are encouraged to seek guidance and training from during AI and PMU NDDB if they have any doubts or issues associated Veterinary Service with E&S Screening and assessment process. Planning/ • The scope of E&S Screening and assessment process for Sub Preparation Phase Component A1 and A3 has been presented as part of ESMF (contd…) and they shall be referred. • E&S Screening and assessment process should be undertaken following an EIA approach or simple EA approach as per MoEF EIA Manual or International best practices. However,
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 3 Monitoring EHS Issues/Impacts Environment Measures Indicator baseline quality monitoring is not envisaged unless demanded by PMU-NDDB. • As part of the Service Delivery planning, analyse the Emergency Service Risk due to Natural probability of natural hazards occurring in the service area Delivery Plan Hazards and formulate emergency service delivery plans for all kinds of natural hazards envisaged at the service area. Operation Phase • Topsoil disturbance and soil erosion (during monsoon Quantity of soil seasons) could result in areas where animal movement is refill needed over a frequent on a daily basis such as AI and Veterinary service period of time. areas and animal waiting areas at Service Centre complex. Top soil can be replaced with coarse sand as bedding material Disturbance to and bunded all around to prevent its escape during monsoon topsoil and erosion season. • Alternatively, top layer can be paved with clay material to present a gritty surface that is least prone to disturbance and erosion. • Storm water drains near potential soil erosion sites shall be provided with silt traps or geo-textiles to prevent soil erosion. • In case DG sets are to be installed and operated at Service Regulatory Centres, do check its compliance to Environment Protection compliance. Rules, 1986. • Deploy or contract vehicles (used for men and material transport during doorstep services) in compliance to Environment Protection Rules, 1986 and Central Motor Vehicle regulations along with appropriate licenses and Vehicular emissions permits. and DG sets • Wherever feasible, vehicle fleet used for services delivery could be progressively converted to run on alternate fuels which are less polluting such as Compressed natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) after appropriate evaluation of the cost-benefits including pollution abatement. • Vehicle fleet deployed should not have vehicles that are more than 15 years old or as per prevailing national regulations. • AI service provides engaged by EIAs should be well aware of Monitoring records local breeding policy and any amendments such that they of each of the semen strictly adhere to the policy directives. straws used by AI • In this regard, EIAs should institute and operate sustained service providers training management systems on the importance of local breeding policies, conservation of merit dairy animals amongst the indigenous breeds, definite identification of AI service in boundaries of native tracts of merit dairy animals in the area. compliance of local • EIAs should also institute and operate a rigorous monitoring, breeding policy to surveillance and reporting system to check if each AI semen avoid undesirable straws are being used by each of the Service providers in breed mix in an area compliance to local breeding policy directives and its amendments thereof. This system should collaborate and tally with semen straw inventory management system at EIA level. • The monitoring, surveillance and reporting system of AI services delivered should be cross verifiable by PMU NDDB or any third party anytime during the project period. • Ensure all drivers engaged for transporting men and material Road safety record while delivering AI and veterinary services at door step are and training having authorised and valid license issued by RTO. programs • Organise and conduct periodic and sustained training program for driver and helpers to promote awareness on Increased road defensive driving techniques, road safety behavioural issues safety hazards and elements of road safety management plan (see below). • Prepare and implement a road safety management plan covering accident response, emergency management plan, chemical handling, spill kits, PPEs etc. • Record all incidents and accidents involving road safety as
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 4 Monitoring EHS Issues/Impacts Environment Measures Indicator part of the overall OHS documentation. • Abstraction of groundwater in notified blocks of the Country Regulatory are regulated by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) or compliance State Groundwater Authorities (SGWA). • The Central Groundwater Act (model bill) regulates the Water use and exploitation of ground water for the protection of ground wastewater water resources; prevents sinking of any well within five generation rates per hundred meters of a public drinking water source; and ACU or LU. regulates extraction of water from a well within one kilometre of the public drinking water source in a declared water scarcity area preventing sinking of well in a declared ‘over exploited’ watershed. • The provisions of the Act/ Rules can be better consulted with Water pollution and local CGWB or SGWA prior to planning abstraction of water. abstraction • Domestic sewage/wastewater generated from service centres shall be treated before discharge and shall comply the local government standards (Municipal Corporation/Municipality or Panchayat) • On-site treatment systems such as soak pits (where groundwater level is sufficiently low) or septic tank followed by soak pit shall be provided. • Wastewater treatment approach shall be to reduce, recycle and re-use wastewater generated from centre/ station. Water conservation measures shall be adopted across the entire Centre/ Station. Water saving equipments and instruments shall be deployed at all water usage points. • Appropriate Waste Management Protocol for AI services and Waste Management Veterinary Services (covering both on-site at Service Centres Plan and process and doorstep services) shall be formulated and implemented using the mitigation measures suggested below. • The protocol should cover waste collection, storage, transport, treatment and disposal systems for both hazardous (including bio-medical wastes, animal parts, rubber ware, medicine containers, needles etc) and non-hazardous waste. • All hazardous wastes generated shall be collected, transported, stored, treated and disposed off in compliance to Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 amended till date and Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998. • All hazardous wastes cannot be incinerated or put in autoclave and the treatment shall be in consonance with hazardous nature of the waste. The guidelines given for on- site treatment in the above mentioned regulations shall be strictly followed. Waste management • When delivering door step services, no wastes (be it issues hazardous or non-hazardous) shall be handed over to the dairy farmer for disposal. The staff should carry appropriate storage containers/ bags (as per regulations mentioned above) and collect all the wastes in them; store and transport as regulatory requirements. • The wastes collected over a period can be stored at one central point (may be at the Service Centre building, if planned) on daily basis. However, the intermediate storage should also comply the regulatory requirements. • The collected hazardous waste can be handed over to local SPCB authorised hazardous waste treatment agencies, if it cannot be handled on-site by the EIAs. The documents/ records of handing over such hazardous waste should be maintained as specified under the regulations. • Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 govern the non-hazardous waste handling and disposal procedures. These wastes can be given to dairy farmer for disposal with clear instructions given on how to dispose them.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 5 Monitoring EHS Issues/Impacts Environment Measures Indicator • As part of Planning Phase, an Occupational Health and OHS reports Safety (OHS) Management Plan shall be prepared and implemented. OHSAS Training • The OHS Plan should include identification of potential programs service-specific hazards (animal bites, kicks, waste handling, disease transmission etc), mitigation strategies, training, monitoring and reporting systems. • Continuously re-evaluate the OHS Management Plan and update them at least once in 3 years. • The staff and workers involved in delivery of services and the operation of the service centres shall be provided with adequate/ appropriate PPEs, Clothing and training. The Centre/ Station shall maintain as far as practicable a working environment in which employees are not exposed to all kinds of hazards. • OHS Plan should also cover Service delivery staffs’ personal health issues such as: drinking plenty of water; having food Occupational Health at right time; carrying adequate drinking water all the time to and Safety avoid drinking contaminated water on-site; preventing heat strokes; managing extreme climatic seasons such as monsoons, cold and winter seasons; resting adequately; sitting postures etc. • If a service centre is envisaged, then it shall provide wholesome drinking water (meeting IS 10500-1993 standards) and sanitary facilities in adequate numbers. Latrines provided at site shall have appropriate night-soil treatment systems such as septic tanks, twin-pit pour flush type latrines etc. • All the staff and workers deployed for Service delivery by EIAs shall be subjected to annual health check up as per the Minimum Standards recommended by Government of India for addressing human health issues arising out of zoonoosis. • All events of fatal accidents, injury incidents, disease transmission cases etc shall be recorded through an appropriate OHS reporting framework and submitted to PMU NDDB for review. • As part of service delivery, each service personnel shall create - awareness among dairy farmers about the zoonotic diseases and imperative for reporting at the earliest to veterinary doctors and family physicians. Community Health • Encourage and engage local community to share or report on and Safety suspected animal disease spreads or human health impacts due to zoonosis in the service delivery area. • All events of zoonotic disease spread among local community in the service area shall be recorded and reported to PMU NDDB for review and action.
References and Recommended further reading
1. http://cgwb.gov.in/GroundWater/gw_regulation.htm 2. http://cpcb.nic.in/Vehicular_Exhaust.php 3. http://cpcb.nic.in/Generator.php 4. http://moef.nic.in/modules/rules-and-regulations/environment-protction/ 5. http://www.moef.nic.in/legis/hsm.htm 6. http://dahd.nic.in/Gazette_20-03-09.pdf
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 6
Standard Operating Procedure
SOP # SOP 03 Village based milk procurement system under Component B of NDSP Activity
Brief Description of Activity
This standard operating procedure (SOP) relates to setting up new or expansion/ strengthening of existing village based milk procurement systems for weighing, testing quality of milk received and storing the collected milk before transporting it to milk processing plants through milk tankers.
Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Issues
EHS issues that are anticipated due to implementation of Village based milk procurement and storage system under Component B of NDSP Project are identified and presented in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Brief Description of EHS Issues and Impacts
Institute and operate Village based milk procurement and storage Environmental Media systems Land for facilities • Siting issues associated with new or expansion proposals Land Topsoil • Disturbance to topsoil and erosion • Vehicular emissions and DG set operations Ambient Air Air Pollutants • Deterioration in ambient noise levels due to operation of DG Quality sets Surface/ Ground • Water abstraction and use Water water resources • Wastewater discharge Disaster events such Natural as Flood, Cyclones, Disasters Earthquakes and Tsunami • Physical destruction of buildings and other infrastructure Environmental Occupational and • Breeding of disease vectors such as mosquitoes and flies health Community Health
Environmental issues at the dairy farmer level are covered in detail in the following manuals published by NDDB: • Doodh ki Kahani Gai ki Jabani • Clean Milk Production Manual
The Clean Milk Production Manual published by Quality and Plant Management Group at NDDB covers the following aspects: • Animal health and sanitation • Milker and surroundings • Milking and milk handling procedures • DCS as an element of clean milk production o Milk collection and sampling o Milk cans
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 1 o BMCs o Hygiene and sanitation at DCS o Cleanliness of surroundings o Hygiene of the DCS personnel
Doodh ki Kahani Gai ki Jabani published by NDDB largely deals with animal health and hygiene, milking practices, dung management and animal upkeep and maintenance etc. Scope of this SOP is hence limited to issues that are not covered in the above guidelines.
Policy and Legal requirements, if any
The activity is not directly regulated by any legislation, however following acts could be useful to review and comply: • Local government regulations on siting of BMCs and disposal of wastes/ wastewater, if any • Schedule I of Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 pertaining to DG set emission and noise pollution standards and vehicular emissions • Central Groundwater Authority Guidelines & Ground Water (Regulation, Development and Management) Rules, 2007 • Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 • The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and Rules
Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 will be however directly applicable on BMC equipment. The rule regulates the production and use of Ozone depleting substances (ODS). Most of the bulk milk chilling systems generally operate on hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerant - R22. However, the production of R22 will be phased out by the year 2015 as per the Schedules listed under ODS Rules 2000. The most likely replacement for R22 will be a total ozone benign refrigerant R407c which is a mixture of hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) - namely, R32, R125 and R134a in the ratio of 23:25:52. All new compressors should be able to operate with R407c without the need for major alterations1.
Recommended Environmental Practice/ Management Measures
The mitigation strategies and measures as against the EHS issues and impacts identified under Table 1 and regulatory requirements have been summarised in Table 2 for easy review and implementation. The table also lists the monitoring indicators against each EHS impacts/ issues for verifying and monitoring purposes.
(1) 1 Technews #50, May-June 2004, NDDB
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 2
Table 2: Recommended Practice/ Measures Monitoring EHS Issues/Impacts Environment Measures Indicator Planning Phase • It is desirable that EIA at the project planning stage identify Process adopted to the appropriate site/ building for setting up new or identify best site expanded BMCs that is satisfactory from E&S perspective as from E&S well. perspective • A site or building having following features shall be preferred over others: o At least 0.5-1.0 km away from sensitive receptors such as Schools, Hospitals, Religious sites, Surface Siting issues water bodies, drinking water sources, tourism spots, associated with new notified historical sites, regulated forest areas etc. or expansion o Site having enough space in front of the building to proposals for BMCs park the milk tanker while loading without disturbing local traffic movement. o Site not flooded during monsoon season o Sparsely populated area o Adequate water supply and sanitary facilities for DCS staff o Easy access to all farmers in the region with vehicle parking space in front of the building o Building having sewer/drainage facilities • During planning stage, verify the probabilities of disasters Strategy adopted to such as Floods, Earthquake, Tsunami and Cyclone affecting manage disasters. Risk due to Natural the building and associated infrastructure. Hazards • Take appropriate mitigation strategy or abandon the site for another favourable site. Operation Phase • Topsoil disturbance and soil erosion (during monsoon Paved loading point seasons) could result at the loading point from where milk and cleanliness of tankers will come and collect milk from BMCs on a daily the area devoid of Disturbance to basis. milk spills and topsoil and erosion • Loading point and vehicle turning area shall be paved with wash water. bitumen or concrete to avoid top soil pollution and soil erosion. Adequate slope shall be provided to drain storm water and milk spills away into a near by drain. • Install and operate DG sets that are compliant to Regulatory Environment Protection Rules, 1986. Check the CPCB compliance. approval before purchasing a new DG set from the supplier. • Store fuel, oils and lubricants meant for DG set operations Noise mitigation without polluting the environment. There should be no signs strategy of spills, leaks and seepage on the storage area, DG set fuel tank area, in and around DG set platform etc. Stack height • If in doubt, pave all the areas where spills, leaks and seepages could occur with collection pit to collect such spills, leaks and Signs of fuel, oil and seepages. lubricant spills, • The oil soaked cloths used in cleaning the equipment should leaks and seeps. not be thrown with normal solid waste as it is hazardous in DG sets nature. These clothes can be stored and provided to boiler operators or brick manufacturers to be used along with their fuel material. • The DG set stack height is estimated using the following formula: H = h+0.2x KVA where H = Total height of stack in metre; h = Height of the building in metres where the generator set is installed; and KVA = Total generator capacity of the set in KVA (refer http://cpcb.nic.in/oldwebsite/Environmental%20Standards /Emission/standard22.html) • In order to reduce noise levels during operation of DG set, keep the DG set within a brick walled enclosure with door and windows that can be locked during operation.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 3 Monitoring EHS Issues/Impacts Environment Measures Indicator • Deploy or contract vehicles (used in milk transport) in Regulatory compliance to Environment Protection Rules, 1986 and compliance. Central Motor Vehicle regulations along with appropriate licenses and permits. • Wherever feasible, vehicle fleet used for milk transportation could be progressively converted to run on alternate fuels which are less polluting such as Compressed natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) after appropriate Vehicular emissions evaluation of the cost-benefits including pollution abatement. • Vehicle fleet deployed for milk transport should not have vehicles that are more than 15 years old or as per prevailing national regulations. • Switch off the vehicle when loading is underway to save fuel and reduce emissions. • Check spills, seeps and leaks of fuel, oils and lubricants from parked milk tanker and attend them immediately. There should be no signs of spills, leaks and seepage on the milk loading area. • Abstraction of groundwater in notified blocks of the Country Regulatory are regulated by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) or compliance State Groundwater Authorities (SGWA). • The Central Groundwater Act (model bill) regulates the Water use with exploitation of ground water for the protection of ground respect to quantity water resources; prevents sinking of any well within five of milk handled. hundred meters of a public drinking water source; and regulates extraction of water from a well within one kilometre of the public drinking water source in a declared Water abstraction water scarcity area preventing sinking of well in a declared ‘over exploited’ watershed. • The provisions of the Act/ Rules can be better consulted with local CGWB or SGWA prior to planning abstraction of water. • Reduce water consumption to the optimal level by reducing, recycling and reusing water consumed to the extent possible without affecting milk quality. Water saving equipments and instruments shall be deployed at all water usage points. • Undertake rainwater harvesting measures to conserve water. • Domestic sewage generated from sanitary facilities, if any Regulatory shall be treated using septic tanks and soak pits. No compliance untreated domestic wastewater and sanitary wastes shall be dumped outside unless and until local municipal facilities Wastewater (such as sewer lines) are available for disposal. generation rates per • Wastewater generated from BMC washing and floor cleaning ACU or LU. shall be treated using septic tanks and soak pits. No untreated wastewater shall be dumped outside to form cesspools, unless and until local municipal facilities (such as sewer lines) are available for disposal. • On-site treatment systems such as soak pits or septic tank Water pollution followed by soak pit shall be provided only where groundwater level is sufficiently low beyond 50m BGL at all seasons. • Wastewater treatment approach shall be to reduce, recycle and re-use wastewater generated from milk collection centre. • Wastewater shall be segregated and treated at source to the extent possible to reduce treatment cost and also enable appropriate reuse and recycle options. • Wastewater generation rates shall be monitored, measured and reported annually against milk quantity handled for easy reference and comparison across such centres/ stations in the Country and under the project.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 4 Monitoring EHS Issues/Impacts Environment Measures Indicator • Energy is required for heating water (used in cleaning BMC Energy vessel) and running the refrigeration equipment in BMC. consumption • Solar water heaters shall be deployed to generate hot water against milk Energy for cleaning and washing purposes. quantity handled. consumption • Use CFL bulbs for illumination purposes. • Check if solar energy can be tapped, stored and used for running BMC equipment either as back-up power or as regular power supply. • Check the compliance to ODS Rules 2000 while purchasing Regulatory new or expanding the existing BMC equipment. compliance. Comply Ozone • Currently, BMCs operate on hydrochlorofluorocarbon Depleting (HCFC) refrigerant - R22 which is scheduled for phase out by Substances 2015 as per the Schedules listed under ODS Rules 2000. (Regulation and • EIAs need to be aware of the regulatory provisions and check Control) Rules, 2000 with BMC equipment supplier regarding the compliance status before placing the purchase order. • The workers involved in the operation of BMC centre shall be Observations on provided with adequate training on health and hygiene health and hygiene aspects; operation of BMCs; and safety hazards during aspects operation and maintenance of BMCs, DG sets etc. • The BMC centre shall be maintained as far as practicable a Training to BMC working environment in which employees are not exposed to staff. safety hazards. • The Centre/ Station shall provide wholesome drinking water (meeting IS 10500-1993 standards) and sanitary facilities in adequate numbers as per regulatory provisions. Latrines Health and Safety provided at site shall have appropriate night-soil treatment systems such as septic tanks, twin-pit pour flush type latrines etc. • Due to milk handling, breeding of mosquitoes and flies could increase due to milk spills, leaks and seepages and milk laden wash water disposal. Maintain the Centre free of flies and mosquitoes and any foul smell by cleaning and washing the floors as well using hot water and detergents/ floor cleaning agents after every collection period (morning and evening). • BMCs shall be maintained as per the guidelines published by NDDB (see Annex A).
References and Recommended further reading
1. http://cgwb.gov.in/GroundWater/gw_regulation.htm 2. http://cpcb.nic.in/Vehicular_Exhaust.php 3. http://cpcb.nic.in/Generator.php 4. http://www.moef.nic.in/legis/ods/odsrcr.html 5. http://www.moef.nic.in/legis/hsm.htm 6. Doodh ki Kahani Gai ki Jabani, Manual published by NDDB 7. Clean Milk Production Manual published by NDDB
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 5 Annex A
BULK MILK COOLERS CLEANING OPERATIONS AND HYGIENE MAINTENANCE1
Bulk tanks must be properly cleaned and sanitized. An improperly cleaned tank would be a major source of bacterial contamination in milk, thereby causing its deterioration and mitigating the advantages of chilling milk at farm level. Prevailing low temperatures of milk in an improperly cleaned tank favour rapid multiplication of psychrophilic bacteria (microorganisms capable of rapid growth at temperatures of 2 to 10°C) and cause serious flavour defects in milk. a) Cleaning procedure: Tanks may be cleaned manually or with CIP or mechanical systems. A typical example of cleaning cycle for bulk milk tanks is provided in Table below.
Table: Cleaning Procedures for Bulk Milk Tanks
Step / Cleaning Cycle Pre-rinse • Rinse the tank manually and flush pipeline with lukewarm (38-43°C) water immediately after use to remove remaining milk residues. Water temperature should not exceed 49°C. • Disassemble all parts that must be hand-washed. Before carrying out routine cleaning of the tank, the thermometer probe and dipstick should also be removed and put aside carefully. Detergent Wash • Mix chlorinated alkaline cleaning solution (usually containing basic alkalies, phosphates, wetting agent, and chelating agent) or as specified in manufacturer’s recommendations and based on water quality tests. • All detachable parts like tank covers, gaskets, calibration rod etc. should be cleaned manually after disassembling. For hand washing of disassembled parts: o Soak all parts at 49-57°C for at least 5 minutes. o Brush all parts thoroughly. o Drain.
• For bulk tanks: o Circulate cleaning solution for 6-10 min. o The wash solution temperature should be above 49°C at the end of the cycle. Start with detergent solution at 77°C. o Brush all parts, including outside of tank and outlet valve, not designed for cleaning by circulation of cleaning solution. o Drain. o Clean the outlet connection and outlet valve manually. Rinse o Rinse off the detergent solution with tap water before the acid rinse, if required. o Rinse tank thoroughly (inside and outside). o Rinse tank outlet valve. Acid-rinse (Occasional) o Rinse the bulk tank with lukewarm or cold acidified water (Occasionally, rinsing with an appropriate acid solution is required to remove inorganic soils that build over a period of time). o Do not re-circulate rinse solution. o Circulate for 2-3 minutes and drain. o Visually inspect line, receiver jar, etc., for proper cleaning. Sanitization Immediately before milking: • Flush pipeline and bulk tank with sanitizer immediately before milking (a cold dilute solution of sodium hypochlorite of 250 ppm can be used as a sanitizer and sprayed on interior surface of the milk tank). • Circulate for 2-3 minutes and drain. (hypochlorite solution needs to be thoroughly flushed out with clean cold water within five minutes of its use or else serious corrosion of the tank may occur). • Sanitize hand-washed parts. • Drain.
Checkpoints
(1) 1 Source: Reproduced from Technews No.50,For Efficient Dairy Plant Operation, National Dairy Development Board, May-June 2004
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 6 • Check cycle times as recommended on the wash chart. • Check that all solutions drain completely between cycles. • Check that the pump has sufficient pressure to reach all areas. • The last action before adding milk to the cooler should be a sanitize cycle. • Consider an acid wash if no softener is being used in hard water. • Check outlet valve, gasket and manhole area for cleanliness. • Check inlet area to cooler and inlet pipe. • The outside of the bulk tank needs to be kept clean at all times.
USEFUL TIPS • Always keep the tank and the surroundings clean and dry. • Follow the operating instructions strictly. • During storage the milk should be periodically stirred at least for a period of 2 minutes every half an hour or so. • Do not start / stop the unit from the main supply switch. If the main supply is required to be shut down for any reasons, ensure that the pump down operation has been completed prior to switching off the main supply. • In case of shut down of the system due to power failure during operations, wait for 5-10 minutes before restarting the system. • Maintain a logbook to be filled up on daily basis to monitor the performance of the tank. Maintain a separate logbook on preventive and breakdown maintenance. • In case the system is not working, empty the tank by transferring milk into clean cans. Shift the milk to the nearest chilling centre or to the processing plant so as to prevent deterioration of milk. • Do not try to repair anything locally. Call the service agent in case of any breakdowns of the system. • Do not keep the junction boxes / control panels open or loosely fitted. • Do not clean the cooling unit area especially the copper pipes with water. Wipe off the excessive dust or dirt with a dry cloth. Due care should be taken not to disturb the cabling or the thin copper pipes which are very delicate and serve as connections to the control and safety devices. • Do not use sharp objects to clean condenser fins. • Do not try to start the compressor when it gets tripped due to internal heat sensing relay. Wait for the compressor to cool down by itself and then restart automatically. It may take 30-180 minutes, depending upon the internal heat, for the compressor to restart. If you try to start the compressor in the tripped condition, it may lead to further overheating and result in more delay and compressor failure. • Do not alter the setting in the control panel with regard to the temperature or agitator time intervals. • Do not by-pass any safety devices to keep the system operational during failures. • Do not by-pass the voltage stabilizer / voltage guard, even if faulty. In case of faults call the service agent. In case the agent removes any safety device, get him to sign the maintenance logbook with appropriate entries to the effect. • Due care should be taken during the operations and cleaning not to pour / spray water on the cooling unit especially the motors, which may result in major failures and hazards. • When operating the DG set, do not shut it off until the pump down operation is complete.
REFERENCES • MDC (1995), Bulk Milk Tank Cooling Efficiency, a project report No.95/RI/19, Milk Development Council, UK. • ISO (1983), Refrigerated bulk milk tanks, International Standard ISO 5708-1983 (E), First edition, International Standards Organization, Switzerland. • Jones, G.M. (2001), Cleaning and Sanitizing Milking Equipment, Dairy Science Publication 404-400, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Virginia. Website: www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/dairy/404-400/404-400.html#L5
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 7 • Hag, J.T. (2001), A Refresher on Cleaning Pipelines and Coolers, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Canada. Website: www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/livestock/dairy/facts/info_refresh.htm • All India Symposium on Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Environmental Control in the Dairy Industry (1967), Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, Chapters XIII and XXVIII
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT I7953, STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT, NDDB 8 Annex F
Pilot Projects Proposed Under NDSP
Pilot Program 1
Low Cost Waste Management Technology Demonstration under NDSP
The dairy operations results in sizeable amounts of solid and liquid wastes when considered in a cumulative manner at the household level with many milch animals or at the dairy farm level. A concerted effort has been missing at the national level from the dairy sector to address this issue. This is partly due to low sensitivity towards environmental issues at the sector level as well as low awareness at the dairy farmer level.
Management of Livestock Waste in India: Current Practices
Presently, livestock wastes are managed in the following three ways:
1. The excreted waste is collected and dumped into heaps, allowed to settle and, eventually, when converted into manure it is subsequently utilized in fields as an organic matter. 2. Livestock waste is dried as dung cakes at household levels and used as a fuel for cooking. 3. Biogas units, where waste is used for the production of biogas1 under anaerobic conditions are established and the gas produced is used for cooking purpose whereas the slurry after methane extraction is used as farm manure. This approach is more recently being promoted both by the Central and State Governments.
The NDSP and Livestock (cattle) Waste Management
The NDSP presents a unique opportunity to develop and test low-cost waste management practices that, if found successful, can be replicated at the village, state and national level. The NDDB has, therefore, taken the initiative to pilot waste management approaches under the NDSP with an aim to generate knowledge, use available technology, assess feasibility and explore financing to promote low-cost waste management technologies.
The LoCoWaMaTeDe pilot is designed to develop and provide training, goods and civil works for construction of cost-effective and replicable livestock waste management systems and facilities and the implementation of effective waste management approaches in areas with a high concentration of dairy farms and farmers, as described below:
Area selection will be based on the following locations:
• Village where there are at least 50 households involved in dairying – total of 25 such villages and at least 25 households in each village will be selected. Selection of households will depend on the willingness of the dairy farmers to be part of the pilot. • Households with 1-6, 6-10, and over 10 milch cattle per household would be selected under the pilot. • At least 5 small, medium and large (each) dairy farms will be selected having 10 or more milch cattle.
1 Biogas consists of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and traces of other gases such as hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) • At least 3 semen stations will be selected. • The pilot would be run through the existing cooperative structure.
The pilot program would have the following three components:
Component 1: Waste management through energy production (biogas)
This will be essentially designed for households with less than 6 cattle. Such milk contributing households constitutes about 94% of dairy farmers and therefore the extent of the waste generation, cumulatively, is sizeable and requiring attention. Yet, because of low volume of waste generated at the household level, especially when there are dairy farmers with 2 to 4 cattle per household, addressing waste management could be a real challenge.
At the household level, biogas units would be piloted for farmer with 1-6 cattle. At small, medium and large farm level, both biogas production and its utilization for generating electricity would be piloted. Already available technologies would be used and important lessons would be learned from already on-going efforts (see box).
The following technology designs of Family Type Biogas Plants are available:
• Floating Drum Plants (KVIC) having digester made of bricks or stone masonry and gas holder made of ferro-cement digester of fiber-glass reinforced plastic or different combinations of the above. • Fixed dome design called Deshbandhu Model made of brick masonry or ferro-cement with in-situ construction technique. • Fixed dome model made of pre-fabricated reinforced cement concrete
Case Study: Biogas Production in the Indian Dairy Sector
• In Uttar Pradesh, USAID is working with community-run 'Gaushalas' (old-age homes for non-productive, scrub cattle) to construct biogas plants for the conversion of cattle waste to thermal and electrical energy. This energy will be provided to the community on a user-fee basis to run micro-enterprises such as a milk-chilling plant and flour mill and to power irrigation systems and the delivery of drinking water. The waste slurry will be used as high quality organic compost. • Three Gaushalas have been selected, beneficiary groups identified for energy off-take, blueprints for the plants developed through a multi-stakeholder participatory process, and an application made to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India for a subsidy. Challenges remain though, including the development of a larger market for organic compost, leveraging additional funds to support energy-utilizing entrepreneurial activities, and handling the seasonal demand for energy. The programme also targets the dairy industry for the capture and use of methane gas. Three dairies located in the state of Maharashtra, with diverse management structures, have been identified for piloting anaerobic digestion. They are the Warana Milk Cooperative near Kolhapur, Bharat Agro Industries Federation near Pune and Chitale Dairy near Sangli. They represent the cooperative, research and development, and private sector dairies, respectively. In addition to electricity generation, the project will help address a cattle waste problem and reduce pollution levels in dairy wastewater. • A unique aspect of this activity is the planned development of a large-scale standardization/dissemination initiative such as the EPA AgStar. Similar to the EPA AgStar initiative, the Indian program will develop a process of standardization and benchmarking of the dairy wastewater treatment (through anaerobic digestion and solids separation) and productive use of methane (direct-fire in boilers and/or installation of micro-turbine/internal combustion engine for electricity generation) in participating dairies. The standardization process will be moderated through a network of research and development institutes in the Indian dairy sector.
Cited from www.globalmethane.org
Fortunately, there is good policy support and financing available under Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India. The National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP) promotes indigenously developed simple-to-construct and easy-to-operate family type biogas plants and NDSP can strategically leverage funding available under this central scheme as one of its objectives entails provide fuel for cooking purpose and organic manure to rural households through family type biogas plants.
Component 2: Recycling the wastes, as nutrients, back into the agriculture fields as manure
This component will involve composting and reusing the livestock wastes generated at the household and farm level. Technologies to process animal waste into manure would be demonstrated followed by awareness and capacity building of farmers to adopt these measures.
Component 3: Processing and packaging the wastes as nutrients for sale
This component will explore setting up vermicompost demonstration units, either at individual farmer level, or by aggregating farmers into small groups and at the diary farm level. This could also be tried through existing SHGs or by creating new SHGs for the purpose.
The demonstration activities would be supported by training and extension to provide: (i) farmers with the essential skills and technical support needed to improve their on farm manure management practices; and (b) capacity building and training packages for operating and maintaining biogas digesters as well as for marketing of processed manure (vermicompost).
The pilot program would also document the following:
• Gender-based differences among participating households. • Factors that develop farmer’s interest in and constraints for adoption of manure management technologies. • Outreach and responsiveness of service delivery to support technological solutions to waste management. • Other incidental benefits arising from adopting waste management technologies, such as, additional income generation through savings on fertilizers and improvement in indoor air pollution status.
Pilot Program 2
Fodder Development and Management under NDSP
Availability of good quality fodder throughout the year could result in profitable dairying. But its absence could also limit the gains as well as exert pressure on the already stressed pastures and rangelands. It is commonly reported that due to shortage of green fodder, the intake of dry fodder is higher than the required amounts.
Challenges in fodder resource management
Due to lack of common/panchayat/waste lands, small landholdings and poor awareness about the use of quality feed, fodder development has remained a challenge and could pose a reasonable risk to promoting dairy operations. Over the years, overgrazing and inadequate investments on the Common Property Resources (CPR) have also rendered existing pastures and rangelands unproductive.
NDSP and ensuring fodder supply
To overcome the constraint posed by lack of easy availability of good quality fodder, particularly for poor, landless and marginalized farmers, the NDSP will pilot a fodder development and management program.
This FoDeMa pilot will look into three broad aspects:
1. Individual farmer based contract fodder development program: This will encourage farmers to enter into an agreement either with a group of dairy farmers (with varying number of milch cattle) or with milk unions or dairy cooperatives (depending on local conditions) for growing fodder with buy back guaranty. The farmer will also be supplied certified high quality fodder seeds from the project. Likely outputs of this pilot may include net increase in area under fodder crops at the village level.
2. Community based fodder development and management program: In certain areas, where wasteland/panchayat land and/or village commons are available, the project will pilot developing these as CPR or fodder banks. Such a scheme was successfully tried in an earlier World Bank supported project in Gujarat, where village community created eco kunj or fodder banks. Native and palatable grasses and other fodder crops can be grown on village commons.
3. Leveraging funds from on-going fodder programs/schemes and aligning the pilot with the forthcoming National Fodder Mission (NFM): This will entail closely working with the approach adopted by the NFM and synchronizing dairy operation with it. The project should: (i) maximize from quality fodder seed production target of 60,000 MT under the NFM; (ii) integrate project supported dairy farmers with the crop residue management approach under the NFM, which targets recovering about 200,000 MT dry fodder annually; and (iii) align its landless dairy farmers in areas where NFM is targeting development of common lands (0.5 million hectares for developing and about 140,000 hectares under Joint Forest Management approach using silvi-pasture models. Apart from these, the NDSP could also benefit from over a million demonstrations on improved fodder varieties, silage and introduction of power chaff cutter planned under NFM.
Learning from others
A number of Civil Society initiatives are already in the field to address the fodder issue and some of the leading research institutions have also developed technologies in this regard, that can be easily utilized and/or dovetailed with NDSP. The project could draw up on the existing technologies and expertise available with various research institutions like the India Grasses and Fodder Research Institute (IGFRI), Jhansi.
Snapshot of ongoing pilots and available technologies
1 The Integrated Fodder-Livestock Development Project (IFLDP) was started with an aim of addressing critical issues related to fodder and animal husbandry in Uttarakhand.
The programme is being implemented in 34 villages by CHIRAG (20 villages), HSS (5 villages), HGVS (5 villages) and CSS (4 villages). In each village, 3 ha of common land and 0.8 ha of private land will be covered thereby covering a total of 102 ha of common land and 27.2 ha of private land on which grass plantation and soil & water conservation measures will be undertaken. The programme is aimed at alleviating the fodder scarcity in the state using a multi-dimensional approach involving augmentation of fodder resources (broadleaved forests and pastures) through plantation, protection and management, introduction of improved fodder grasses (of better productivity and nutrient quality) and promoting methods of fodder preservation; and developing livestock-based enterprises as alternate livelihood options.
Activities undertaken involved development of village based fodder grass nurseries of selected species (Tall fescue, Cocks foot, Perennial rye, Brome in temperate areas and Napier and Ouns grass for sub-tropical zone), digging of contour trenches, plantation of grass rootstock and saplings of fodder trees; protection and management by the community.
In 2007, with three other partner NGOs Chirag started a pilot project over a one-year period for fodder development with the help of Himmothan Cell. Now, Chirag is acting as the nodal agency for the programme providing technical support and monitoring to 3 different partner organisations (POs), namely Chatrashal Seva Sansthan (CSS), Himalayan Seva Samiti (HSS) and Himalayan Gram Vikas Samiti (HGVS), who will implement the programme in their respective areas.
2 Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP) has initiated Dairy Development activity in 2006-07 by Piloting in 2 mandals i.e Yellareddy mandal in Nizamabad and Addakal (Musapeta) mandal of Mahabubnagar districts. Experiences learnt through Pilot are being mainstreamed from 2007-08 in convergence with APDDCF Ltd. Samakhyas started taking initiatives for establishment and improvement of fodder, feed, animal health services, etc. SERP, in convergence with APDDCF has taken forward the activity to 158 mandals in the State covering 2806 villages and 1,38,910 milk producers so far.
Focus on fodder cultivation by the SHG members as critical linkage for increased milk production by March 2009, fodder cultivation is taken in 640 acres in 361 villages in 72 mandals:- About 20,000 acres of fodder cultivation is planned for this year.
Fodder development Activity: The activities under this subject include establishment of fodder nurseries and training and exposure visits to community members and staff to best practioners places within or out side the district. Considering the scarcity of fodder slips/stems required for propagation, it is planned to establish and raise fodder nurseries in all BMCUs. Each BMCU will raise a nursery in an area of 3 Acres for a period of 3 years by spending Rs.1.20 Lakhs. Every year it gives 7 cuttings, which is sufficient to propagate in 100 Acres every year. This initiative will fulfil the fodder production target of 20000 acres.
Technologies developed by the Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute
1. Silvopasture Systems for Wastelands
In the context of wastelands development, IGFRI has developed environment friendly technologies for rehabilitation of degraded non-arable lands/rangelands leading to sustainable livestock production, supply of energy, minor timber and additional income generation.
OUTPUTS Production/ha Forage 10 - 14 t/ha (Green) Firewood 2 - 3 t/ha (Dry) Other 3 - 5 t/ha (Felling cycle) 1 - 2 t/ha (Minor fruits) MANPOWER Managerial 1-3 /crop Labour 120-150 mandays/ha/yr PLANT MATERIALS MPTS 200-400 Smplings/ha Grass 4 - 7 kg seed/ha Legume 5 - 8 kg seed/ha FERTILIZER 20 kg N/ha 30 kg p/ha 30 kg K/ha MACHINERY Pitter - Discer ECONOMICS 1 : 3 (Cost/Benefit ratio)
Suitable Species
Arid Semi-arid Sub-humid Humid Temperate Khejri, Bhemal, Black Anjan, Nutan, Subabul, Willows, Oak, Trees Israeli locust, Money Aonla Siris,Soapnut Apple Babul, Ber Jack
Sewan, Borthicloa, Ryegrass, Kazangula, Signal, Grasses Buffel, Marvel, Orchard Grass, Greenpanic Pangola, Bahia Bluepanic Deenanath Fescue
Siratro, Cassia, Red clover, Desmodium, White clover, Legumes Carribean Stylo, Indigofera White clover Alysicarpus Lotus Butterfly pea
PROCESS
Various steps involved in rehabilitation of the wastelands/rangelands are: soil and water conservation treatments, planting of MPTS, introduction of grasses and legumes, fertilizer application, pruning and harvesting.
BENEFITS
• A minimum of 2.5 times improvement in land productivity was found with use of such silvipasture systems compared to the prevailing traditional practices. • Compared to degraded rangelands such systems provided more than 10 times biomass in a rotation of 10-12 years. • Mean annual production of 3.5 - 6.1 t/ha dry forage per hectare was possible under different tree species on diverse habitats. • At 8 years of growth, production of fodder and firewood from tree lopping has been found to vary from 1.0-2.5 t/ha of tree fodder per year.
2. Round the Year Green Fodder Supply
The IGFRI has developed the overlapping system of year round green fodder production system to obtain economically viable maximum forage yield. The recommended highest yielding crop rotation is:
OUTPUTS Production/ha Forage 220 t/ha green fodder PLANT MATERIAL REQUIRED Hybrid napier 3000 slips/ha Cowpea 40 kg seed/ha Maize 30 kg seed/ha Berseem 25 kg seed/ha Sorghum 20 kg seed/ha Mustard 1.5 kg seed/ha FERTILIZER/FYM FYM 10 tonnes/ha FERTILIZER Nitrogen 150 kg Phosphate 150 kg Potash 60 kg MACHINERY Weeder - cum – mulcher ECONOMICS (Net profit Rs./ha) Rs. 21,000=00/ha/year Crop Varieties Hybrid napier IGFRI No. 6/ IGFRI No. 10 Berseem Wardan Bundel Bersem-2 Mustard Japanese rape/ Chinease cabbage Maize Cowpea African tall Bundel Lobia 1/ Sorghum Bundel Lobia 2 PC-6/HC 136
BENEFITS
• In central region berseem along with mustard in winter followed by hybrid napier intercropped with cowpea in summer and rainy season has produced high yield (240 - 280 t/ha green fodder). • The Institute recommends to grow berseem with recommended inputs in October and planting of high yielding perennial grasses like hybrid napier or guinea grass in the month of February/March in rows of 100 cm apart. The berseem crop is over in April/May. The row space now available is sown and cultivated with cowpea. • The technology of year round fodder production has been tested in All India Coordinated Research Project on Forage Crops and different crop sequences have been identified on regional basis. • In northern region the green fodder yield varies from 123-201 t/ha/ year. Similarly, the green fodder yield varies as 168-253, 85-131 and 75-225 t/ha/year in western, eastern and southern regions respectively. • The technology of growing year round fodder production has helped the farmers/dairy owners to sustain their milch animals of 6-7 litres per day potential with minimum use of concentrates, thus producing milk at cheaper cost.
3. Drought Preparedness for the Fodder Crops in the Country
The severe drought in the country requires a contingency plan for meeting the needs of vast populations of humans and the animals. While, the requirements of grains for the human consumption can be met during the period, animals are likely to suffer due to non-availability of fodder and crop residues. Due to the failure of crops and uncertainties of the monsoon it is of utmost importance to emphasize growing of fodder crop even if there is slight availability of moisture. IGFRI proposes the following technologies, varieties and feeding management to meet the demand.
Strategy for Drought Perennial Grasses & grasslands If rain comes · Interculture of grass areas for better growth during · Top dressing of N in 2-3 split doses @ 20-25 kg N/ha with the monsoon pattern August 1 - 10 · Increased use of top feed resources like Leucaena lucocephala for feeding August 11 - 30 · Interculture of grass areas for better growth · Top dressing of N in 2-3 split doses @ 20-25 kg N/ha with the monsoon pattern · Increased use of top feed resources like Leucaena lucocephala for feeding September 1 - 15 · Interculture of grass areas for better growth · Top dressing of N in 2-3 split doses @ 20-25 kg N/ha with the monsoon pattern · Increased use of top feed resources like Leucaena lucocephala for feeding September 16 - 30 · Interculture of grass areas for better growth · Top dressing of N in 2-3 split doses @ 20-25 kg N/ha with the monsoon pattern · Increased use of top feed resources like Leucaena lucocephala for feeding
Feeding Strategy of Livestock in Droughts
The feeding strategy for livestock during drought should aim to optimize the efficiency of utilization of available feed resources. The approach should be to supply feeds rationally in such a manner that provides essential nutrients to maintain the physiological function of livestock and also to protect their productive traits.
Approaches :
(i) Maximum exploitations of dry roughages – available kadbi in chopped form and enrichment thereafter. (ii) Use of unconventional feed resources – (a) Tree leaves like Bargad, Pipal, Gular, Shisam, Bamboo, Mulbery, Ardu, Subabul, Dhaman etc. (b) Use of kitchen waste-mixing with dry fodder. (c) Use of sugarcane bagasee and food industrial by products. (d) Riverbed and fallow land grazing of livestock. (iii) Use of crop residues: Crop residues such as straw, paddy straw, maize/sorghum stover, residue from oilseed crop and pulses. (iv) Resurgence in fodder-agronomic practices – The legume fodder crop like Sesbania, subabul, Egyptica, Desmanthus etc. can be propagated on all waste lands. Canal banks, hillock slopes and field boundaries. (v) Use of Fodder enrichment technologies: (a) Straw/stover treatment with urea and molasses. Use of 2 kg fertilizer grade ures to dissolve in 10 lit. of water, then mixed 10 kg molasses. This mixture is sprayed ever the Straw and Stover (100 kg) and allow to remain in sunlight for while. The treated Stover may be given 4-5 kg/animal day. (b) Alkali treatment of fodder: Alkali like sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide may be used @ 2% with molasses. Treated straw any be fed @ 5-6 kg/animal. (c) Use of Common salt: Straw soaking with 1% common salt solution and sun dried for a while. (d) Use of non-toxic fungi for straw treatment. (vi) Use of Urea molasses mineral blocks. (vii) Use of complete feed blocks from unconventional roughages or Straws. (viii) Mineral and Vitamin supplementation with available feeds.
Contingency plan for delayed rainfall at different phases Crop Varieties Seed rate Row Fertilizer Phase I Phase Phase (kg/ha) spacing II III (N: P: K kg/ha) Bajra Rajkoo, Giant 10 25 cm 80:40:0 a a a (Fodder) bajra, L-74, K- 677 & Anand Selection Bajra 5 50 cm 60:30:0 a a r (grain) Sorghum UP-Chari, Pusa 40 25 cm 60:30:0 a a a (fodder) Chari, HC-136 & HD-2 Sorghum 15-20 50 cm 60:30:0 a r r (grain) Maize African tall, 60 25 cm 60:30:0 a a a (fodder) Kisan composite, Moti, Manjari & BL-7 Maize 25 50 cm 90:40:30 a a a (grain) Teosinte Improved 40 25 cm 80:40:0 a a a (fodder) Teosinte Cowpea IGFRI-S-457, 40-50 25 cm 20:60:20 a a a (fodder) C-26, C-30, Russian Giant, Kohinoor & S- 540 Cowpea 25-30 50 cm 20:60:20 a a a (grain) Guar Durgapur 30 25 cm 20:60:0 a a a (fodder) safed, SFG- 119, IGFRI- 214, Guar No. 2 and FS-277 Guar (grain) - 20-25 50 cm 20:60:0 a r r
Rice bean - 30 25 cm 20:40:0 a a a (fodder)
Phase I – upto August 10, Phase II – upto August 20, Phase III – upto August 31. aCrop may be grown successfully r Crop may not be successful
Cultivation of rabi crops if the rain occurs after August Annex G
Sample Terms of Reference (ToR) for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Sub Projects with Major Impacts
TERMS OF REFERNCE (TOR) FOR DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) OF SUB PROJECTS WITH MAJOR IMPACT
Once a sub project has been categorised as having major impacts, a standalone EIA would be required before sanction is accorded to the sub project. The EIA will be carried out in accordance with this ToR, which may be suitably modified as per the scope of the proposed Sub Project. The ToR shall be composed of the following sections.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This section should state the purpose of the terms of reference, identify the proposed Sub Project to be assessed, and explain the executing arrangements for the environmental assessment.
1.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
This section would include a brief description of the components or investments envisaged in the proposed Sub Project, a statement of the need for it and the objectives it is intended to meet, the implementing agency, a brief history of the project (including alternatives considered), its current status and timetable, and the identities of any associated projects. This will primarily give the consultants a detailed understanding of the sub project.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
Based on the nature of the sub project being proposed by the Implementing Agency (IA), this section will summarize the general scope of the environmental assessment and discuss its timing in relation to the processes of project preparation, design and execution.
1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS
The Consultants shall collect information on the various prevailing environmental laws/ regulations applicable to the sub project. Dairy sector per se in the country does not have specific regulations, hence depending upon the nature of the sub project and the activities involved therein the national laws and regulations triggered will be assessed. Eg. In case of infrastructural sub project, this may relate to regulations related to setting up of industries or processing plants etc. Other laws and regulations related to the land, gender, SC/ST and other vulnerable populations will also be referred to for their applicability.
On the whole, it should refer to the following: • World Bank relevant safeguards, OPs and ODs; • National laws and/or regulations on environmental reviews and impact assessments; (EPA- 1986, Air Act, Water Act etc. ) • State level policies and regulations relating environmental assessment regulations; and
1.5 STUDY AREA
The boundaries of the study area for the assessment (e.g. site selected for infrastructure, or specific area for intervention under the sub project) will be detailed out for the consultant. This should include mapping of any prominent natural area within or adjacent to the study area. If there are any adjacent or remote areas which should be considered with respect to the sub project, these areas should be clearly identified.
1.6 SCOPE OF WORK
In some cases, the task to be carried out by a consultant will be known with sufficient certainty to be specified completely in the terms of reference. In other cases, information deficiencies need to be alleviated or specialized field studies or modeling activities performed to assess impacts, and the consultant will be asked to define particular tasks in more detail for contracting agency review and approval.
1.7 TASK 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
The consultants will provide a brief description of the relevant parts of the project, using maps (at appropriate scale) where necessary. In case of dairy related infrastructure projects like construction of the semen station or processing plants this may include information related to location; general layout; size, capacity, etc.; pre construction activities, construction activities; schedule; staffing and support; facilities and services; operation and maintenance activities; required off-site investments; and life span of the proposed project.
This information can be changed with respect to the nature of the sub project for which the EIA is being proposed and necessary details will need to be provided in the relevant context.
1.8 TASK 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
The Consultants will (a) collect information from secondary sources that are relevant to understanding the baseline, as well as design and mitigation of enhancement measures, as pertaining to physical (geology, topography; soils; climate and meteorology; ambient air quality; surface and groundwater hydrology; coastal and oceanic parameters; existing sources of air emissions; existing water pollution discharges; and receiving water quality), biological (flora; fauna; rare or endangered species; sensitive habitats, including parks or preserves, significant natural sites, etc.) and socio-cultural environments (land use; planned development activities; community structure; employment; distribution of income, goods and services; recreation; public health; cultural properties; tribal peoples) (b) carry out site visits and investigations of all environmentally sensitive locations and document them on base maps to identify conflict point with
preliminary designs (including verification of these from authentic sources of information, such as from revenue and forest records, etc.), and (c) prepare detailed specific maps showing details of candidate sites for environmental enhancements.
Baseline surveys: If required, based on the nature of the sub project, baseline surveys could be asked for.
1.9 TASK 3. LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
Depending upon the nature of the sub project, the IA will require the consultants to assess the requirement under the pertinent regulations, at the National level, State level etc, apart from the WB Safeguards and OPs. The consultant is required to analyse and assess the applicability of the relevant legislations.
1.10 TASK 4. DETERMINATION OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
The Consultants shall determine the potential impacts due to the project through identification, analysis and evaluation on sensitive areas (natural habitats, sites of historic, cultural and conservation importance), urban settlements and villages / agricultural areas. These should be classified as significant positive and negative impacts, immediate and long-term impacts, and unavoidable and reversible impacts.
For each impact predicted, feasible and cost-effective mitigation measures shall be identified to reduce potentially significant averse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. The capital and recurring costs of the measures, and the institutional training and monitoring requirements to effectively implement these measures shall be determined. At this stage, it would be important to identify issues that cannot be dealt with during the project preparation stage, but should be undertaken during the implementation stage.
In this analysis, the consultant will distinguish between significant positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect impacts, and immediate and long- term impacts. This will also include Identification of impacts which are unavoidable or irreversible. Wherever possible, describe impacts quantitatively, in terms of environmental costs and benefits.
1.11 TASK 5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT
As the area for sub project intervention is final at this stage, the environmental analysis of alternatives shall focus on location-specific issues and their sources from an environmental management perspective. Eg. In case of dairy related infrastructure projects, this analysis shall also cover comparisons in relation to siting, design, technology selection, construction techniques and phasing, and operating and maintenance procedures. For projects other than infrastructure development the analysis of alternatives will identify relevant environmental
considerations to be assessed for the project or the consultants may be asked to identify the alternatives based on the nature of the sub project.
1.12 TASK 6. DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT PLAN TO MITIGATE NEGATIVE IMPACTS
Environmental Management Plans:
Based on the predicted environmental impacts, separate EMPs, shall be prepared in such a manner that they can be incorporated in the sub project commissioning, implementation and decommissioning.
The EMP shall be prepared to fulfil all the requirements of the GoI, and at the minimum, shall meet the requirements of World Bank. The EMP shall also include a list of modifications recommended to be incorporated at the various stages of sub project implementation.
Each EMP shall list all mandatory government clearance conditions and the status of procuring the clearances. Additionally, the EMPs shall include as separate attachments, if applicable, Natural Habitat Plan and / or Cultural Properties Plan, etc. to satisfy the requirements of World Bank’s operational Policies.
Each EMP shall provide a summary description of where and how the recommendations of EA and EMP are made part of the project’s design, construction schedule, and all contract documents.
Environmental mitigation and enhancement measures:
The EMP shall describe feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. Apart from mitigation of potential adverse impacts on environmental components, the EMP shall identify opportunities that exist for enhancement of environmental quality in the proposed intervention area. Responsibilities for execution and supervision of each of these mitigation and enhancement measures shall be specified in the EMP.
Stakeholder consultation:
A plan for continued consultation to be conducted during the implementation stage of the project shall also be prepared. The Consultants shall undertake community consultation sessions at the Community levels or with other relevant stakeholders. The objective of these sessions shall be to improve the project’s interventions with regard to environmental management. At least two rounds of consultations shall be carried out – the first to seek views from the stakeholders on environmental issues and ways that these could be resolved, and the second to provide feedback to stakeholders that their views have been taken into account for the project (when the EMPs are nearly complete). Following this the final feedback received shall be analysed, and the Consultants shall determine how these shall be addressed in the Final EMP and project designs.
Institutional arrangements to manage environmental impacts effectively: The Consultants shall identify institutional and organisational needs to implement the recommendations of the project EA, and to propose steps to strengthen / expand them if needed. This may extend to new agency functions, inter-sectoral arrangements, management procedures and training, staffing, operation and maintenance, training and budgeting.
Training of staff:
The Consultants shall develop and implement a plan for training the client’s staff. This plan must specify types of training, participants for each type, number of sessions, duration of each session and when they should be conducted. At the end of the training, when the draft EMPs are ready, brief reports shall be prepared on the training conducted and observations relevant for future training, if any.
1.13 TASK 7. IDENTIFICATION OF INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS TO IMPLEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
The consultants shall review the IAs and capability of institutions under it and recommend steps to strengthen or expand them so that the management and monitoring plans in the environmental assessment can be implemented. The EMP shall describe the implementation arrangement for the project, especially the capacity building proposals including the staffing of the environmental unit (as and when recommended) to implement the environmental mitigation and enhancement measures. The recommendations may extend to new laws and regulations, coordination with other departments, management procedures and training, staffing, operation and maintenance training, budgeting, and financial support. For each staff position recommended to be created, detailed job responsibilities will be defined. Equipment and resources required for the environmental unit shall be specified, and bill of quantities be prepared. A training plan and schedule shall be prepared specifying the target groups (environmental unit, supervision consultants, and contractors) for individual training programmes, the content and mode of training.
1.14 TASK 8. DEVELOPMENT OF A MONITORING PLAN
The consultant shall prepare a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of mitigating measures and the impacts of the project during construction and operation. The EMP shall specify the environmental supervision, monitoring and auditing requirements. The monitoring programme shall specify parameters, reference standards, monitoring methods, frequency, duration, location, reporting responsibilities, and any other necessary inputs (e.g. training). An estimate of capital and operating costs and a description of other inputs (such as training and institutional strengthening) needed to carry it out, may also be attached. In addition, the programme will specify what actions shall be taken and by whom in the event that the proposed mitigation measures fail, either partially or totally, to achieve the level of environmental protection expected. Customised formats for reporting on the progress of EMP activities to different stakeholders shall be prepared and included in the EMP.
1.15 TASK 9. ASSIST IN INTER-AGENCY COORDINATION AND PUBLIC/NGO PARTICIPATION, CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE
The consultant shall assist in coordinating the environmental assessment with other government agencies, in obtaining the views of local NGO’s and affected groups, and in keeping records of meetings and other activities, communications, and comments and their description. As the EIA is being done for the projects with major impacts, these will require two rounds of public disclosure and consultation with the affected community.
1.16 REPORT
The consultant shall submit the EIA report in a concise manner and limit itself to significant issues. The main text should focus on findings, conclusions and recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. Detailed or uninterpreted data are not appropriate in the main text and should be presented in appendices or a separate volume. Unpublished documents used in the assessment may not be readily available and should also be assembled in an appendix.
The consultant shall organize the environmental assessment report broadly following the following sequence and ensuring coverage of the relevant aspects outlined below. • Executive Summary • Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework • Description of the Proposed Project • Description of the Environment • Significant Environmental Impacts • Analysis of Alternatives • Mitigation Management Plan • Environmental Management and Training • Monitoring Plan • Inter-Agency and Public/NGO Involvement • List of References • Appendices: List of Environmental Assessment Preparers Records of Inter-Agency and Public/NGO communications Data and Unpublished Reference Document
Annex H
Pest Management Plan
1 PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN
1.1 INTRODUCTION- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTIVITY
Dairy Activities particularly fodder production, may involve limited usage of pesticides. The concern of the dairy farmers regarding the susceptibility of the quality/hybrid seeds leads them to use pesticides. The NDSP involves the distribution of the quality seeds and hence the usage of pesticides too is anticipated. With this context, it is imperative that the farmers are adequately trained in terms of non usage of banned pesticides, storage, transportations, handling and suggested best practices for administering of pesticides. The pest management plan gives guidelines in terms of steps to be considered while pesticides are used by the farmers. This plan can be used by the identified trainers for awareness generation among the farmers and should be amply demonstrated through on site training.
1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES
• Potential soil and ground water contamination • Non point surface run-off containing pesticides and fertilizers –polluting surface water leading to potential eutrophication and impact on aquatic fauna • Spillage and leaks during transport, storage, mixing and application of pesticides. • Impacts on avian fauna. • Associated occupational health and safety hazards • Possible increase of pesticide residues in food chain. • Pesticide/fertilizer containers disposal • Direct and indirect health impacts due to exposure especially among children and pregnant women
1.3 LEGISLATION FOR STORAGE & HANDLING OF PESTICIDES
• Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Amendment Rules, 2000 & 2003; and • Insecticides Act- 1968 & Insecticide Rules- 1971
1.4 SELECTION AND TRANSPORTATION
1.4.1 Selection
The following pesticides that are banned or are categorised as pesticides for restricted use should not be used for agricultural crops.
A. Pesticides Banned for manufacture, import and use (27 Nos.) 1. Aldrin 2. Benzene Hexachloride 3. Calcium Cyanide 4. Chlordane
5. Copper Acetoarsenite 6. CIbromochloropropane 7. Endrin 8. Ethyl Mercury Chloride 9. Ethyl Parathion 10. Heptachlor 11. Menazone 12. Nitrofen 13. Paraquat Dimethyl Sulphate 14. Pentachloro Nitrobenzene 15. Pentachlorophenol 16. Phenyl Mercury Acetate 17. Sodium Methane Arsonate 18. Tetradifon 19. Toxafen 20. Aldicarb 21. Chlorobenzilate 22. Dieldrine 23. Maleic Hydrazide 24. Ethylene Dibromide 25. TCA (Trichloro acetic acid) 26. Metoxuron 27. Chlorofenvinphos 28. Lindane (Banned vide Gazette Notification No SO 637(E) Dated 25/03/2011)
B. Pesticide / Pesticide formulations banned for use but their manufacture is allowed for export (2 Nos.) 1. Nicotin Sulfate 2. Captafol 80% Powder
C. Pesticide formulations banned for import, manufacture and use (4 Nos) 1. Methomyl 24% L 2. Methomyl 12.5% L 3. Phosphamidon 85% SL 4. Carbofuron 50% SP
D. Pesticide Withdrawn (7 Nos) 1. Dalapon 2. Ferbam 3. Formothion 4. Nickel Chloride 5. Paradichlorobenzene (PDCB) 6. Simazine 7. Warfarin
E. List of Pesticides Refused Registration
1. Calcium Arsonate 2. EPM 3. Azinphos Methyl 4. Lead Arsonate 5. Mevinphos (Phosdrin) 6. 2,4, 5-T 7. Carbophenothion 8. Vamidothion
9. Mephosfolan 10. Azinphos Ethyl 11. Binapacryl 12. Dicrotophos 13. Thiodemeton / Disulfoton 14. Fentin Acetate 15. Fentin Hydroxide 16. Chinomethionate (Morestan) 17. Ammonium Sulphamate 18. Leptophos (Phosvel)
F. Pesticides Restricted For Use in India
1. Aluminium Phosphide 2. DDT 3. Lindane 4. Methyl Bromide 5. 5. Methyl Parathion 6. Sodium Cyanide 7. Methoxy Ethyl Mercuric Chloride (MEMC) 8. Monocrotophos 9. Endosulfan 10. Fenitrothion 11. Diazinon 12. Fenthion 13. Dazomet
1.4.2 Transportation
Following measures are needed to ensure safe loading/unloading and transportation of these agro chemicals.
• The flooring of the loading/unloading area should be constructed from material like cement concrete or asphalt and bunded on three sides with garland drains around it; • It should be large enough to accommodate the vehicle which is likely to be used for the purpose as well as some additional space to enable manual loading; • The area around the loading platform should be sloping to help the rainwater run off and avoid creating puddles at site; • Any spilled pesticides should be removed immediately. In case of dry powders, they can be re-blended in a dry usable form; • The loading/unloading techniques should avoid any spillage and fall of container bags; and • Torn bags and damaged containers need to be repackaged on an urgent basis.
Any spills should be cleaned immediately to avoid potential contamination of soil and groundwater. This can be done by using absorbents such as fine sand or dry soil, which can either be disposed in a designated land fill or on barren land that is not to be used for cultivation. If there is provision of separate disposal of hazardous waste in the area, then it should be disposed
accordingly. While cleaning the spills, it is important to use personal protective equipment like gloves, respirators etc.
1.5 INTERIM STORAGE (RETAILER, CONSUMER LEVEL)- DEVELOPMENT OF STORAGE FACILITY OR UPGRADATION OF EXISTING FACILITY
1.5.1 Retailer level
The fertilisers and pesticides need to be stored in a dry and secure location to avoid any contamination of groundwater or nearby surface water bodies. The flooring as in case of loading/unloading facility should be impermeable and made of cement concrete or asphalt to avoid any probability of seepage into the ground water. The roof and the windows should be constructed in a way to avoid any rainwater into the storage area. The pesticides need to be kept away from any such objects that might tear the bags or cut the containers. Some of the things that need to be ensured before construction of a new storage facility (or a retail shop) include:
• Distance from the nearest water body should be at least 15m • Size of the facility should be adequate to meet the peak requirement of pesticides • The storage area should be well constructed with cement finished floors and walls; • Ensure that rain water does not enter the area where pesticides are likely to be kept; • Storage place for these chemicals should have adequate segregation between incompatible chemicals (so as not to contaminate accidentally) as well as far enough to avoid contamination with other products like seeds, grains, etc; and • Ensure appropriate warning signs in the local language at the place of storage. There should be proper labelling with instructions on how to take out or use the, material.
Pesticide containers need to be regularly checked for leaks and signs of damage, such as stains, rusted seams and loose lids. In case of any damage or leak, the containers should be replaced immediately. If the contents are in good condition, they can be repacked in sound containers similar to those used by the manufacturer. However, it is important to relabel the new containers correctly to prevent mistakes. Fasten them securely to the repacked container without delay. Efforts should be made to sell repacked material first. These should not be used for any other purpose. .
1.5.2 Household level
• It should be ensured that the all packs are securely sealed by the manufacturer to prevent leakage and loss and that the packaging of the bags/containers has not been tampered with in any way.
• Manufacturer’s packages should not be broken down into smaller quantities nor repacked for sale into bottles, bags or tins.
The storage place at home should be away from the reach of children, animals and other people who are not aware of the precautions to be taken while handling these chemicals • Should not be stored in kitchen or living areas • Should be kept away from all food items, animal feed, water stored for domestic use • Storage place should be away from any source of fire and should also not be exposed to direct sunlight • Ensure adequate ventilation in the storage space • Expiry dates should be strictly adhered to
1.6 HANDLING & USAGE
1.6.1 Suitability
Before using any pesticides, the need for the appropriate pesticide should be determined according to the crop, local soil (nutrient levels) and water conditions, weather, local pests and insects that attack the particular crop.
Efforts should be made by consortia to avoid any major dependence on the chemical pesticides. The farmers need to be provided information on
judicious use of these chemicals Source: http://www.fadinap.org/safetyguide/handling.htm and also encouraged to adopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
1.6.2 Label instructions
• The manufacturers need to ensure that basic instructions for safe and effective use must always be available in the local language on each pack. If the label cannot contain all information, then additional information may be given in a leaflet. • The instructions on the label must be read before using the pesticide and strictly followed. The instructions will provided assistance in understanding the following o Is it appropriate for the soil and crop? o Is it the proper pesticide to control the pest? How poisonous is the pesticide to the user? o Is there a sign to warn the user of poison hazards? o Which safety precautions must be taken? o What application method is recommended? o Is there a serious residual action?
1.6.3 Handling
• The pesticide bags and containers need to be handled carefully; • Pesticide containers need to be inspected regularly for leaks and signs of damage, such as stains, rusted seams and loose lids. Old and leaking containers are extremely dangerous to move; • Protective clothing should be worn to minimize the possibility of skin contamination by pesticides. If possible, special clothing should be kept for use only during handling, mixing and application. All protective clothing must be well washed after each day’s use; • Wherever recommended, gloves, goggles and respirator to cover hands, eyes and nose should be used. However, they should be checked for any damage before use; Source: http://www.fadinap.org/safetyguide/handling.htm • Even when no specific protective clothing is recommended on the product label, use of clothes that cover all body parts is recommended. Adequate head cover like a turban/hat should be worn to protect the head and neck. • Hands and other body parts need to be washed thoroughly after using these chemicals; and • Pesticides bought for pest attacks on a particular crop should be used for other crops like vegetables or to kill others pests/rodents at home.
1.6.4 Usage
• Instructions on the label for using the fertilizers and pesticides should be strictly followed; • Protective clothing and equipments while mixing and applying these on the fields should be used; • Users should be informed of steps to be taken following an accident; • The pesticides should be stored and handled in a manner to minimise spillages; • Avoid drift to non-target areas, which may endanger other plants or animals. The drift can be minimised by using correct nozzles, pressure and boom height; • Pesticide application should ideally be done when it is not windy; • Use soap for bathing after applying fertilizers and pesticides in fields; and maintain a record for the amount of pesticides used.
1.6.5 Disposal
• The equipment used for spraying and mixing should ideally be washed at the place of there use;
• Follow the instructions, if any, on the label for washing and disposing the bags/containers; • Burning or burying of these empty bags and containers on farmland should not be allowed; • In case empty containers are accepted by the manufactures, they should be returned to them through their dealers; • Empty containers should not be used for any other purpose; • Empty containers should be thoroughly washed before disposal or return; • It should be ensured that the washing and rinsing of containers is not done close to the drinking water source or a surface water body; and • Empty containers and bags should be punctured at several places to make them unusable.
Regular health check ups for the people directly involved in handling and usage of pesticides is recommended.
Annex I
Guidelines for Tribal Convergence
GUIDELINES FOR TRIBAL CONVERGENCE
To increase the participation of the tribal population in the various development projects, so as to increase sustainable livelihood opportunities for them, the Central government (through CSS, CSP and Tribal sub plan) and the various State Governments have started various schemes. There are synergies available from the various components of these special plans which need to be harnessed to optimise the benefits under the NDSP, benefitting the tribal population.
It is therefore important that the IAs, should consider integrating the tribal HHs either already engaged in dairying or plan to engage in dairying linking to the existing schemes targeted at the welfare of the tribal population.
Following process could be followed for ensuring such convergence: • The IAs through their field level functionaries/ DCS secretary etc. should utilise the available list of the tribal HHs which could be considered for possible engagement in dairying or are already engaged in dairying • The local field level functionaries should collate a list of schemes available for the welfare of ST HHs in coordination with the various departments primarily at the district level ( DRDA, Zila Panchyat, District Collectorate, ITDP etc.) and also through regular integration with the Development extension officers of the various departments (like agriculture, ITDP etc.) • The eligibility, benefits and other criteria for the schemes identified could be further communicated to the ST HHs. The interlinkage with these schemes and the beneficiary selection could further happen through consultation process. • Availability of the credit is one of the issues identified by the ST HHs as limitation to taking up dairying activities. The IAs could take steps for facilitating credit support from banks to ST HHs. The IAs would ensure that the progress of these ST HHs is regularly monitored to ensure that, in case any training or capacity building needs are identified, these could be provided by the IAs.
Annex J
Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock Production
Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines MAMMALIAN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
WORLD BANK GROUP Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock Production
Introduction The applicability of specific technical recommendations should be based on the professional opinion of qualified and The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are experienced persons. When host country regulations differ from technical reference documents with general and industry- the levels and measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, specific examples of Good International Industry Practice projects are expected to achieve whichever is more stringent. If (GIIP) 1. When one or more members of the World Bank Group less stringent levels or measures than those provided in these are involved in a project, these EHS Guidelines are applied as EHS Guidelines are appropriate, in view of specific project required by their respective policies and standards. These circumstances, a full and detailed justification for any proposed industry sector EHS guidelines are designed to be used alternatives is needed as part of the site-specific environmental together with the General EHS Guidelines document, which assessment. This justification should demonstrate that the provides guidance to users on common EHS issues potentially choice for any alternate performance levels is protective of applicable to all industry sectors. For complex projects, use of human health and the environment multiple industry-sector guidelines may be necessary. A complete list of industry-sector guidelines can be found at: Applicability www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/EnvironmentalGuidelines The EHS Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock Production The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and includes information relevant to cattle ranching and farming, measures that are generally considered to be achievable in new dairy farming, and hog and pig farming. Sheep and goat farming facilities by existing technology at reasonable costs. Application operations, while not explicitly discussed, are similar to the of the EHS Guidelines to existing facilities may involve the operations included in this document, and the recommendations establishment of site-specific targets, with an appropriate presented here are also generally applicable. This document timetable for achieving them. The applicability of the EHS does not address feed production, dairy processing, or meat Guidelines should be tailored to the hazards and risks processing, which are covered under other EHS Guidelines. For established for each project on the basis of the results of an guidance on animal welfare, see the IFC Good Practice Note environmental assessment in which site-specific variables, such “Animal Welfare in Livestock Operations.”2 This document has as host country context, assimilative capacity of the the following sections: environment, and other project factors, are taken into account. Section 1.0 — Industry-Specific Impacts and Management Section 2.0 — Performance Indicators and Monitoring 1 Defined as the exercise of professional skill, diligence, prudence and foresight Section 3.0 — References and Additional Sources that would be reasonably expected from skilled and experienced professionals Annex A — General Description of Industry Activities engaged in the same type of undertaking under the same or similar circumstances globally. The circumstances that skilled and experienced professionals may find when evaluating the range of pollution prevention and control techniques available to a project may include, but are not limited to, 2 http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/Publications_GoodPractice. An additional varying levels of environmental degradation and environmental assimilative source for animal welfare guidance is the Farm Animal Welfare Council available at capacity as well as varying levels of financial and technical feasibility. www.fawc.org.uk
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WORLD BANK GROUP 1.0 Industry-Specific Impacts Waste Feed and Management Livestock feed includes hay, grain (sometimes supplemented
The following section provides a summary of EHS issues with protein, amino acids, enzymes, vitamins, mineral supplements, hormones, heavy metals, and antibiotics), and associated with mammalian livestock production that occur silage. Livestock operations may produce all, a portion, or none during the operational phase, along with recommendations for of the feed used. Feeding can take place in buildings, feedlots, their management. Recommendations for the management of EHS issues common to most large projects during the and pastureland. Feed can become unusable waste material if construction and decommissioning phases are provided in the spilled during storage, loading, and unloading or during animal General EHS Guidelines. feeding. Waste feed, including additives, may contribute to the contamination of stormwater runoff, primarily because of its 1.1 Environment organic matter content.
Environmental issues in mammalian livestock production To maximize the efficiency of the operation and minimize primarily include the following: wasted feed, the following measures are recommended:
· Waste management · Promote efficient storage, handling and use of feed by · Wastewater maintaining records of feed purchases and livestock feed · Air emissions use; · Hazardous Materials Management · Use covered or protected feeders to prevent feed from · Ecological impacts exposure to rain and wind; · Animal diseases · Maintain feeding systems in good working condition to prevent spills and feed contact with the ground; Waste Management · Consider mixing of waste feed with other recyclable Solid waste generated during mammalian livestock production materials destined for use as fertilizer, or else consider includes waste feed, animal waste, and carcasses. Other incineration or land disposal options, based on an wastes include various kinds of packaging (e.g. for feed and assessment of potential impacts of each option to air, soils, pesticides), used ventilation filters, unused / spoilt medications, and surface water / groundwater.3 used cleaning materials, and sludges from wastewater Animal Waste treatment if present (which may contain residual amounts of growth enhancers and antibiotics, among other hazardous Mammalian livestock production operations generate significant constituents). . In addition to the following sector specific quantities of animal waste, mainly in the form of un-metabolized guidance, wastes should be managed and disposed of nutrients excreted as manure. A mature pig, for example, according to the guidance for hazardous and non-hazardous waste provided in the General EHS Guidelines. 3 Since some of the growth promoters used in livestock feed contain heavy metals (with the type and concentration of the metals determined by the type of livestock), the environmental impacts of the treatment and disposal options should be assessed (e.g. metals emissions to air from incineration, metals accumulation in soils, or migration into surface water or groundwater media from land application) and mitigated accordingly.
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WORLD BANK GROUP excretes on average 67 percent of the protein in feed via its of animal wastes, and to reduce migration of contaminants to urine and feces.4 surface water, groundwater, and air:
Manure contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and other excreted · Implement a comprehensive nutrient and waste substances which may result in air emissions of ammonia and management plan that takes into account the potentially other gases and may pose a potential risk of contamination to harmful constituents of this waste including potential phyto- surface or groundwater resources through leaching and runoff. toxicity levels, potential concentration of hazardous Manure also contains disease-causing agents such as bacteria, substances in soils and vegetation, as well as nutrient pathogens, viruses, parasites, and prions which may also limits and groundwater pollutant limits; ;6 potentially affect soil, water, and plant resources (for human, · Observe internationally recognized guidance, such as that livestock, or wildlife consumption). Most of the animal waste is published by FAO, on land requirements for livestock generated at housing, feeding, and watering locations. Animal production for livestock units (LU) per hectare (ha) to wastes can be either liquid, slurry, or solid, depending on the ensure an appropriate amount of land for manure solids content. Animal waste management systems involve the deposition;7 collection, transport, storage, treatment, and utilization (rather · Match feed content to the specific nutritional requirements than disposal) of the waste to reduce such adverse impacts. of the animals in their different production and growth stages;8 Manure collection systems include slotted floors that allow · Use low-protein, amino acid-supplemented diets (e.g. a 1 manure to drop into a storage area located beneath the floor; percent reduction in the protein content of pig feed may scraping of solid floors; and water flushing. The most common result in a 10 percent reduction in the amount of nitrogen manure storage methods are belowground tanks, aboveground excreted);9 circular tanks and earth-banked lagoons, and weeping wall · Grind feed to increase utilization efficiency by the animals, stores (aboveground concrete paneled stores with slots to allow allowing the use of less feed and thereby reducing the liquid seepage to a collection tank). Lagoons should be fenced amount of manure generated (as well as increasing the to prevent access by wildlife and nearby communities. production efficiency);
Manure may be used as a fertilizer on agricultural land after · Use low-phosphorus diets with highly digestible inorganic careful assessment of potential impacts due to the presence of phosphates; hazardous chemical and biological constituents. The results of · Use quality, uncontaminated feed materials (e.g. the assessment may indicate the need to some level of concentrations of pesticides, dioxins, and so on are known treatment and preparation prior to its application as a fertilizer as
5 well as the application rates. 6 A source for good practice includes Roy et al. (2006) Plant Nutrition for Food Security, A Guide for Integrated Nutrient Management, FAO, available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/fpnb16.pdf The following management measures are recommended to 7 A livestock unit is a term used to express the generic production of nitrogen minimize the amount of manure produced, to facilitate handling (N) from livestock; one livestock unit produces 100 kg of N per year. Guidance regarding land areas for manure deposition is discussed in Roy et al. (2006). 8 Further information is available from Animal Feed Resources Information 4 EC (2003). System AFRIS Publisher by the FAO and available at 5 Additional information on the application of crop nutrients is provided in the http://www.fao.org/ag/AGA/AGAP/FRG/afris/tree/cat.htm and in EC (2003). Annual Crops and Plantation Crops EHS Guidelines. 9 Ibid.
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and do not exceed acceptable levels) that contain no more · Conduct manure spread only as part of well planned copper, zinc, and other additives than is necessary for strategy that considers potential risks to health and the animal health;10 environmental due to the presence of chemical and · Ensure production and manure storage facilities11 are biological agents as well as nutrient balance in an constructed to prevent urine and manure contamination of agricultural setting.12 Ensure that manure is applied to surface water and groundwater (e.g. use concrete floors, agricultural land only during periods that are appropriate for collect liquid effluent from pens, and use roof gutters on its use as plant nutrient (generally just before the start of buildings to collect and divert clean stormwater); the growing season); · Keep waste as dry as possible by scraping wastes instead · Manure storage facilities should have capacity for 9–12 of, or in addition, to flushing with water to remove waste; months of manure production or as necessary to avoid · Reduce the amount of water used during cleaning (e.g. by over application; using high-pressure, low-flow nozzles); · Design, construct, operate, and maintain waste · Minimize the surface area of manure in storage; management and storage facilities to contain all manure, · Cool the manure surface to maintain temperatures at 15ºC litter, and process wastewater including runoff and direct or less (e.g. by using cooling fins on the manure surface), if precipitation;13 practical, to reduce ammonia emissions; · Remove liquids and sludge from lagoons as necessary to · Locate manure stacks away from water bodies, floodplains, prevent overtopping; wellhead fields; or other sensitive habitats; · Build a reserve slurry storage lagoon; · For feedlots, ensure that solid waste (e.g. bedding and · Transport liquid effluent in sealed tankers. muck) is gathered regularly and is not permitted to lie on the ground for long periods of time; Animal Carcasses · Reduce the volume of rainwater in the storage system by Animal carcasses should be properly managed and quickly covering slurry tanks or lagoons with a rigid roof or floating disposed of in order to prevent the spread of disease (see cover and by placing dry manure or litter in a covered or Animal Disease section below) and odors, and to avoid the roofed area; attraction of vectors14. Operators should implement carcass · Check for storage systems leakage regularly (e.g. inspect management and disposal arrangements such that animal tanks for corrosion of seams, especially those near ground level; annually empty and inspect tanks);
· Use double valves on outlets from liquid tanks to reduce 12 Additional information on the application of crop nutrients is provided in the the probability of release; IFC Annual Crops EHS Guideline and Plantation Crops EHS Guidelines. 13 Typically designed for 100-year flood event. 14 For further information on culling and disposal of carcasses, in addition to animal health issues, see Carcass Disposal: A Comprehensive Review, Kansas State University (2004) available at http://fss.k- state.edu/research/books/carcassdisp.html; Guidance Note on the Disposal of 10 Further information regarding animal feed is available from the FAO Animal Animal By-Products and Catering Waste, UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Production and Health Division, available at and Food (2001) available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/by- http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/home/en/home.html prods/publicat/dispguide.pdf; and various documents provided by the Animal 11 Further information regarding manure storage is available from the Livestock Health Australia, available at and Poultry Environmental Stewardship Curriculum, at http://www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/aahc/index.cfm?E9711767-B85D- http://www.lpes.org/Lessons/Lesson21/21_2_sizing_storage.pdf D391-45FC-CDBC07BD1CD4#ops
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WORLD BANK GROUP carcasses are not recycled into animal feed. Recommended the operation, as well as the nature of stormwater management carcass management practices include: features, some facilities may also include point sources which typically require collection and treatment prior to final discharge. · Reduce mortalities through proper animal care and disease In either case, effluents have the potential to contaminate 15 prevention; surface water and groundwater with nutrients, ammonia, · Store carcasses until collection, using cooling if necessary sediment, pesticides, pathogens and feed additives, such as
to prevent putrefaction; heavy metals, hormones, and antibiotics.18 Effluents from · Use a reliable collection company approved by local livestock operations typically have a high content of organic authorities that disposes of carcasses by rendering or material and consequently a high biochemical oxygen demand
incineration, depending on the cause of fatality. (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), as well as nutrients Incineration should only be conducted in permitted facilities and suspended solids (TSS). operating under international recognized standards for
pollution prevention and control;16 Effective waste management, as described above, is critical to · Where no authorized collection of carcasses is available, reduce discharges to surface water and groundwater. In on-site burial may be one of the only viable alternatives, if addition, the following management techniques are allowed by the competent authorities. Whether onsite or recommended to further reduce the impacts of water runoff from offsite, the burial area should be accessible to earthmoving mammalian livestock operations: machinery and have stable, low-permeability soils with · Reuse water used for cleaning milking equipment to clean sufficient physical separation from houses and water the milking parlor; resources to avoid contamination by vapors or leachate · Reduce water use and spills from animal watering by from buried, decaying materials.17 preventing overflow of watering devices and using Wastewater calibrated, well-maintained self-watering devices; Industrial Process Wastewater · Install vegetative filters to trap sediment; · Install surface water diversions to direct clean runoff Livestock operations most commonly generate non-point source around areas containing waste; effluents due to runoff from feed (including silage) storage, · Implement buffer zones to surface water bodies, avoiding loading, and unloading, livestock housing, feeding, and landspreading of manure within these areas; watering, waste management facilities, and areas of land · Reduce leachate from silage by allowing plant material to application of manure. Depending on the type and intensity of wilt in the field for 24 hours, varying cutting and harvesting times, and adding moisture-absorbent material as the 15 Information on animal health and disease prevention is available from Animal Health Australia, at silage is stored. http://www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/aahc/index.cfm?E9711767-B85D- D391-45FC-CDBC07BD1CD4#ops and from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Inspection Service, available at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/index.shtml 16 Examples of key environmental issues associated with incinerations facilities are available in the IFC EHS Guidelines for Waste Management Facilities. 17 Many countries forbid burial of carcasses. More information on the treatment of dead animals can be found in the Waste and By-products section of the EHS 18 Forty percent of antibiotics manufactured are fed to livestock as growth Guidelines for Meat Processing and Rendering. enhancers (Reynolds 2003).
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Process Wastewater Treatment odors (e.g. animal housing and waste management), bioaerosols, and dust (e.g. feed storage, loading, and unloading, Techniques for treating industrial process wastewater in this feeding, and waste management activities). Effective waste sector include sedimentation for suspended solids reduction management, as described above, is critical to reduce the using clarifiers or settling ponds; flow and load equalization; emission of air pollutants. The management techniques biological treatment, typically anaerobic followed by aerobic discussed below are recommended to further reduce the treatment, for reduction of soluble organic matter (BOD); impacts of air emissions from mammalian livestock operations. biological nutrient removal for reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus; chlorination of effluent when disinfection is Ammonia and Odors required; dewatering of residuals and composting or land Ammonia gas and other sources of odor are generated primarily application of wastewater treatment residuals of acceptable quality. Additional engineering controls may be required (i) if during denitrification of manure and can be released directly into the atmosphere at any stage of the manure handling process, pass through of active ingredients (residual amounts of growth including through ventilation of buildings and manure storage enhancers and antibiotics, among other hazardous constituents) areas. Ammonia gas levels are also affected by the ambient is an issue, and (ii) to contain and neutralize nuisance odors. temperature, ventilation rate, humidity, stocking rate, litter Management of industrial wastewater and examples of quality, and feed composition (crude protein). Ammonia gas treatment approaches are discussed in the General EHS (NH3) has a sharp and pungent odor can act as an irritant when Guidelines. Through use of these technologies and good present in high enough concentrations. Ammonia gas deposition practice techniques for wastewater management, facilities into surface waters may contribute to their euthrophication. should meet the Guideline Values for wastewater discharge as Release of ammonia gas also reduces the nitrogen content and, indicated in the relevant table of Section 2 of this industry sector therefore, the fertilizer value of the manure. document. Recommended measures to reduce impacts of ammonia and Other Wastewater Streams & Water Consumption odors include the following:
Guidance on the management of non-contaminated wastewater · Consider the siting of new facilities taking into account from utility operations, non-contaminated stormwater, and distances to neighbors and the propagation of odors; sanitary sewage is provided in the General EHS Guidelines. · Control the temperature, humidity, and other environmental Contaminated streams should be routed to the treatment system factors of manure storage to reduce emissions; for industrial process wastewater. Recommendations to reduce · Consider composting of manure to reduce odor emissions; water consumption, especially where it may be a limited natural · Reduce emissions and odors during land application resource, are provided in the General EHS Guidelines. activities by applying a few centimeters below the soil surface and by selecting favorable weather conditions (e.g. Air Emissions wind blowing away from inhabited areas); Air emissions from mammalian livestock production include ammonia (e.g. management of animal waste), methane and nitrous oxide (e.g. animal feeding and waste management),
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· If necessary, apply chemicals (e.g. urinase inhibitors) · Implement balanced feeding (e.g. optimizing proteins and weekly to reduce conversion of nitrogen to ammonia;19 amino acids to correspond to requirements of particular animal groups) · Consider various techniques to manage methane Greenhouse gases emissions from manure including controlled anaerobic The livestock account for 9 percent of anthropogenic CO2 digestion (to produce biogas), flaring / burning, use of emissions (mostly from deforestation / land use changes for biofilters, composting, and aerobic treatment. Use of grazing and pasture for feed crops), 37 percent of anaerobic digestion may also reduce emissions of nitrous anthropogenic methane emissions, mostly from enteric oxide; fermentation by ruminants, and 65 percent of anthropogenic · Minimize the amount of manure production through the nitrous oxide emissions, the majority of which from manure. implementation of animal waste management approaches; Methane has 23 times the global warming potential (GWP) of · Control the temperature, humidity, and other environmental CO2, while nitrous oxide has 296 times the GWP of CO2. factors of manure storage to reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions. This may involve use of closed storage By improving livestock production efficiency, producers can both tanks, or maintaining the integrity of the crust on open increase profits and reduce methane emissions.20 Methane can manure storage ponds / lagoons. also be produced from microbial action in manure. · Implement pasture / grazing management techniques to The recommended measures to reduce methane generation reduce nitrous oxide and methane emissions, including not and emission follow: overstocking pastures, avoiding late fall and winter grazing, improving soil drainage, and avoiding soil compaction from · Improve the productivity and efficiency of livestock grazing to maintain the anaerobicicity of the soil. production (thus lowering the methane emissions per unit Dust of livestock) through improvements in nutrition and genetics; Dust can reduce visibility, cause respiratory problems, and · Supplement livestock diets with nutrients, as necessary facilitate the transport of odors and diseases. Recommended (e.g. increasing the level of starch and rapidly fermentable measures to reduce dust generation include the following: carbohydrates, use of urea supplements). Production of feed supplements, may also, however, result in production · Install dust-collection systems at dusty operations, such as of GHGs. feed grinding; · Prevent overgrazing of pastureland; · Increase the carbon to nitrogen ratio in feeds to reduce methane and nitrous oxide production; · Implement fugitive-dust-control measures, such as wetting frequently traveled dirt roads, as necessary.
19 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Use of Urease Inhibitors to Control Nitrogen Hazardous Materials Loss from Livestock Waste, 1997. 20 For further information on strategies to reduce emissions of methane from Hazardous materials are used throughout the beef, milk, and livestock rearing activities is available in Livestock’s Long Shadow, Livestock Environment and Development Initiative (LEAD), FAO 2006, available at pork production cycles (e.g. disinfecting agents, antibiotic and http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf
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WORLD BANK GROUP hormonal products). Guidance on the handling, storage, and environmental and human health impacts. Recommended IPM transport of hazardous materials is provided in the General EHS approaches in the mammalian livestock industry include the Guidelines. following:
Use of Pesticides · Maintain structures to keep out pests (e.g. plug holes, seal gaps around doors and windows); Pesticides may be applied directly to livestock or to structures · Use mechanical controls (e.g. traps, barriers, light, and (e.g. barns and housing units) and to control pests (e.g. sound) to kill, relocate, or repel pests; parasites and vectors) using dipping vats, sprayers, and · Use predators to control pests. Protect natural enemies of foggers. Pesticides can also be used to control predators. The pests by providing a favorable habitat (e.g. bushes for potential pollutants from pesticides include the active and inert nesting sites and other indigenous vegetation) that can ingredients, diluents, and persistent degradation products. house pest predators; Pesticides and their degradation products may enter · Use good housekeeping practices in barns and other groundwater and surface water in solution, in emulsion, or facilities to limit food sources and habitat for pests; bound to soil particles. Pesticides may, in some instances, impair the uses of surface waters and groundwater. Some · Improve drainage and reduce standing water to control mosquito populations; pesticides are suspected or known to cause chronic or acute health hazards for humans as well as adverse ecological · Consider covering manure piles with geotextiles (which impacts. allow water to enter the pile and maintain composting activity) to reduce fly populations; By reducing pesticide use, mammalian livestock production · If pesticides are used, identify in the IPM plan the need for operators may reduce not only the environmental impacts of the pesticide and evaluate their effectiveness, as well as their operations, but also production costs. Pesticides should be potential environmental impacts, to ensure that the managed to avoid their migration into off-site land or water pesticide with the least adverse impact is selected (e.g. environments by establishing their use as part of an Integrated nonleachable pesticides). Pest Management (IPM) strategy and as documented in a Pesticide Management Plan (PMP). The following stages should Good Management Practices be considered when designing and implementing an IPM If the application of pesticides is warranted, spill prevention and strategy, giving preference to alternative pest management control measures consistent with the recommendations strategies, with the use of synthetic chemical pesticides as a last applicable to pesticides and other potential hazardous materials option. as noted in the General EHS Guideline should be followed.
Integrated Pest Management In addition, the following actions specific to mammalian livestock
IPM uses an understanding of the life cycle of pests and their production should be taken to reduce environmental impacts: interaction with the environment in combination with available · Train personnel to apply pesticides according to planned pest control methods to keep pests at a level that is within the procedures, while using the necessary protective clothing. economically damaging threshold with a minimum of adverse
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Where feasible or required, pesticide application personnel · Select application technologies and practices designed to should be certified for this purpose21 reduce unintentional drift or runoff, only as indicated in an · Review the manufacturer’s instructions on the maximum IPM program, and under controlled conditions recommended dosage and treatment, as well as published · Maintain and calibrate pesticide application equipment in experiences on the reduced rate of pesticide applications accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations; without loss of effect, and apply the minimum effective · Store pesticides in their original packaging, and in a dose dedicated location that can be locked and properly · Avoid the use of pesticides that fall under the World Health identified with signs, with access limited to authorized Organization Recommended Classification of Pesticides by persons. No human or animal food should be stored in this Hazard Classes 1a and 1b location · Avoid the use of pesticides that fall under the World Health · Mixing and transfer of pesticides should be undertaken by Organization Recommended Classification of Pesticides by trained personnel in ventilated and well lit areas, using Hazard Class II if the project host country lacks restrictions containers designed and dedicated for this purpose on distribution and use of these chemicals, or if they are · Used pesticide containers should not be used for any other likely to be accessible to personnel without proper training, purpose (e.g. drinking water) and should be managed as a equipment, and facilities to handle, store, apply, and hazardous waste as described in the General EHS dispose of these products properly Guidelines. Disposal of containers contaminated with · Avoid the use of pesticides listed in annexes A and B of the pesticides also should be done in a manner consistent with
Stockholm Convention, except under the conditions noted FAO guidelines and with manufacturer's directions;23 in the convention;22 · Purchase and store no more pesticide than needed and · Use only pesticides that are manufactured under license rotate stock using a “first-in, first-out” principle so that and registered and approved by the appropriate authority pesticides do not become obsolete. Additionally, the use of and in accordance with Food and Agriculture obsolete pesticides should be avoided under all Organization’s (FAO’s) International Code of Conduct on circumstances;24 A management plan that includes the Distribution and Use of Pesticides; measures for the containment, storage and ultimate · Use only pesticides that are labeled in accordance with destruction of all obsolete stocks should be prepared in international standards and norms, such as the FAO’s accordance to guidelines by FAO and consistent with Revised Guidelines for Good Labeling Practice for country commitments under the Stockholm, Rotterdam and Pesticides; Basel Conventions · Implement groundwater supply wellhead setbacks for pesticide application and storage;
21 For example, tThe US EPA classifies pesticides as either “unclassified” or · Maintain records of pesticide use and effectiveness. “restricted.” All workers that apply unclassified pesticides must be trained according to the Worker Protection Standard (40 CFR Part 170) for Agricultural Pesticides. Restricted pesticides must be applied by or in the presence of a certified pesticide applicator. For more information, see http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/worker.htm. 23 See FAO Guidelines for the Disposal of Waste Pesticides and Pesticide 22 The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001), controls Containers on the farm. the use of the following POPs-pesticides: Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, 24 See the FAO publication on pesticide storage and stock control manual. FAO Endrin, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, and Toxaphene. Pesticide Disposal Series No. 3 (1996).
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Ecological Impacts endangered species, or important wildlife breeding, The most significant potential ecological impacts resulting from feeding, and staging areas; mammalian livestock production are associated with water and · Be aware of the presence of critically endangered or air emissions, as discussed above. In addition, livestock with endangered species in the areas already used for livestock access to creeks, rivers, and other natural water sources may production and consider them during management cause environmental damage by contaminating the water with processes; animal waste, destroying riparian habitat, and eroding the · Provide for minimum disturbance to surrounding areas stream banks. In addition overgrazing may contribute to soil when managing livestock. losses because of severe erosion, and a reduction in soil productivity caused by alteration of the vegetation composition Animal Diseases and associated organisms in rangelands. Animal disease-causing agents can spread rapidly, especially in
Effective waste management, control of water discharges and intensive livestock operations. Animal diseases can enter a air emissions, and management of pest control products, as facility with new animals, on equipment, and on people. Some described above, are critical to reducing adverse ecological diseases can weaken or kill large numbers of animals at an impacts from mammalian livestock rearing operations. In infected facility. In some cases, the only remedy available to an addition, the management techniques discussed below are operation is to sacrifice an entire group of animals to prevent the recommended to further reduce potential ecological impacts: spread of the disease to other parts of the facility or to other facilities. The procedures to protect against the spread of animal · Prevent animals’ access to surface water bodies using diseases will depend on the type of animal at a facility, the way fences, buffer strips or other physical barriers; the diseases of concern spread to and infect animals, and the · Prevent overgrazing of pastureland through use of: vulnerability of the animals to each specific disease. o Rotational grazing systems based on seasonal and The key to developing adequate disease-prevention procedures local ecosystem resilience (e.g. riparian zones) is to find accurate information about animal diseases and how to o Use of livestock trails to reduce soil trampling and prevent them. Some of the recommended general types of gully formation / erosion near streams management methods to reduce the potential for the spread of
animal pathogens include the following: The following actions should be taken to help maintain regional biodiversity: · Control farm animals, equipment, personnel, and wild or domestic animals entering the facility (e.g. quarantine · Before converting land to livestock production, survey the periods for new animals, washing and disinfecting crates, project area to identify, categorize, and delineate natural disinfection and coverage of shoes before entry into and modified habitat types and ascertain their biodiversity livestock zones, providing protective clothing to personnel, value at the regional or national level; and closing holes in buildings to keep out wild animals); · Ensure that any natural or modified habitat to be converted · Vehicles that go from farm to farm (e.g. transport of to livestock production does not contain critical habitat, veterinarians, farm suppliers, buyers, etc.) should be including known habitat of critically endangered or
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subject to special precautions such as limiting their addition, the following management measures specific to operation to special areas with biosecurity measures, mammalian livestock production may reduce the risk of spraying of tires and treating parking areas with accidents and injuries. disinfectants; · Ensure that all underground manure storage tanks and · Sanitize animal housing areas; lagoons are properly covered and fenced off at a sufficient · Identify and segregate sick animals25 and develop height; management procedures for adequate removal and disposal of dead animals).26 · Store liquid manure (e.g. in barn pits, pumping stations, storage tanks, and application tankers) to minimize release
of dangerous gases (e.g hydrogen sulfide); 1.2 Occupational Health and Safety · Design pens, gates, and chutes to facilitate movement of Agriculture has one of the worst fatal accident and occupational livestock and reduce the need for farm workers to enter health records of any major employment sector. Occupational pens; health and safety hazards related to the daily operations of the · Instruct staff in correct livestock care, to reduce the mammalian livestock sector include: incidence of bites and kicks.
· Exposure to physical hazards Chemical Hazards · Exposure to chemical hazards Hazardous materials are used throughout the beef, milk, and · Exposure to biological agents pork production cycles (e.g. disinfecting agents, antibiotic and · Confined spaces hormonal products). Chemical exposures should be prevented and controlled according to guidance presented in the General Physical Hazards EHS Guidelines. Many occupational safety and health hazards injuries Exposure to pesticides associated with equipment and vehicle operation and repair, trip and fall hazards, and lifting heavy weights, are common to other Potential exposures to pesticides include dermal contact and industries and are discussed in the General EHS Guidelines. In inhalation during their preparation and application as well as ingestion due to consumption of contaminated water. The effect 25 Information on animal health and disease prevention is available from Animal of such impacts may be increased by climatic conditions, such Health Australia, at http://www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/aahc/index.cfm?E9711767-B85D- as wind, which may increase the chance of unintended drift, or D391-45FC-CDBC07BD1CD4#ops and from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Inspection Service, available at high temperatures, which may be a deterrent to the use of http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/index.shtml personal protective equipment (PPE) by the operator. 26 For further information on culling and disposal of carcasses, in addition to animal health issues, see Carcass Disposal: A Comprehensive Review, Kansas State University (2004) available at http://fss.k- Recommended management practices include the following: state.edu/research/books/carcassdisp.html; Guidance Note on the Disposal of Animal By-Products and Catering Waste, UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (2001) available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/by- prods/publicat/dispguide.pdf; and various documents provided by the Animal Health Australia, available at http://www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/aahc/index.cfm?E9711767-B85D- D391-45FC-CDBC07BD1CD4#ops
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· Train personnel to apply pesticides and ensure that result in a permanent lung condition commonly known as personnel have received the necessary certifications,27 or farmer's lung. equivalent training where such certifications are not In addition to the general dust exposure prevention and control required; guidance provided in the occupational health and safety section · Respect post-treatment intervals to avoid operator of the General EHS Guidelines, industry specific exposure during reentry to crops with residues of recommendations for dust control include: pesticides; · Respect preharvest intervals to avoid operator exposure to · Use local air extraction devices at dust-generating pesticide residues on products during harvesting; equipment, such as silos and grinders; · Ensure hygiene practices are followed (in accordance to · Store only dry grain (and dry, well-cured forages and hay) FAO and PMP) to avoid exposure of family members to to reduce microorganism growth; pesticides residues. · Repair and / or decommissioning of facilities for liquid manure should be carried out by experts with relevant Air quality training and qualifications following strict confined space Sources of organic dust in mammalian livestock operations entry procedures, including the use of personal protective include handling and storage of grain and milk powder which equipment such as air-supplied breathing apparatuses. may include particles from grain, mites, fungi, and bacteria, as well as inorganic material. Other respiratory sensitizers include Biological Agents animal urine and manure. Manure storage areas (e.g. in pits Workers may be exposed to disease-agents such as bacteria, within the barns, and in pumping stations, storage tanks, and fungi, mites, and viruses transmitted from live animals, manure, application tankers) may release dangerous gases such as animal carcasses, and parasites and ticks (zoonoses). Workers hydrogen sulfide. may also be exposed to skin sensitizers such as animal proteins Jobs that can entail a risk of exposure to dust include cleaning from urine that can cause an allergic reaction.Because of the silos and grain hoppers, milling feed grain, and handling animal use of antibiotics in feed, antibiotic-resistant microorganisms waste, among others. Acute toxic alveolitis, otherwise known as might develop in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. Resistant organic dust toxic syndrome, can accompany brief, occasional bacteria can potentially infect humans on or in the vicinity of the exposures to heavy concentrations of organic dust in agricultural farm. The genetic material (DNA) can be taken up by other environments. Some dust (e.g. from moldy forage, grain, or bacterial human pathogens. hay, carries antigens that can cause severe irritation to the Management measures that can be taken to avoid the negative respiratory tract. Breathing dust from moldy feed materials can consequences of worker exposure to biological agents include the following:
27 The US EPA classifies pesticides as either “unclassified” or “restricted.” All workers that apply unclassified pesticides must be trained according to the · Inform workers of potential risks of exposure to biological Worker Protection Standard (40 CFR Part 170) for Agricultural Pesticides. Restricted pesticides must be applied by or in the presence of a certified agents and provide training in recognizing and mitigating pesticide applicator. For more information, see http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/worker.htm those risks;
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· Provide personal protective equipment to reduce contact Additional management measures that can be taken to prevent with materials potentially containing pathogens; any detrimental effects on the community include the following: · Ensure that those who have developed allergic reactions to · Banned chemical and biological substances in mammalian biological agents are not working with these substances. livestock production should not be used; Additional guidance on prevention and control of biological · Avoid application of solid or liquid manure directly onto hazards is presented in the General EHS Guidelines. grazing areas or edible crops.
Confined Spaces Concerning risks to community health and safety from the Occupational health and safety impacts associated with ingestion of hazardous substances in beef, milk, and pork, the confined spaces associated with mammalian livestock FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius provides guidance on veterinary operations (e.g. manure pits, silos, grain bins, water tanks, or drug residues (such as growth hormones) and pesticide inadequately ventilated buildings) are common to most residues and provides official Codex standards for dairy and industries, and their prevention and control are discussed in the meat products, such as cheese and ham. For example, the General EHS Guidelines. Codex contains 147 maximum residue limits (MRLs) for veterinary drugs in cattle tissue (including milk), as well as 1.3 Community Health and Safety MRLs for pesticide residues in cattle and pig tissue.28
Community health and safety issues associated with the The following actions should be taken at the system level to construction and decommissioning of livestock production ensure the proper use of veterinary drugs: facilities are similar to those of other large projects and are addressed in the General EHS Guidelines. Community health · Facilities involved in livestock production should use a and safety hazards specific to mammalian livestock operations veterinary service on an annual or more frequent basis to include the potential spread of animal diseases already review and assess the health of the stock and employees’ addressed in this document as well as the following food safety competence and training. With the assistance of the issues. veterinary service, facilities should develop a Veterinary
Health Plan to include the following aspects29: Food Safety Impacts and Management Routine treatment of animals with antibiotics may result in · Summary of major diseases present and potentially antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in the intestinal tract of present; treated animals. Potential routes for infection of humans are the · Disease prevention strategies; consumption of contaminated meat or water or of food contaminated by manure. People living near the farm may also be at risk of infection. Residues of feed additives and 28 The Codex Alimentarius provides maximum residue limits (MRLs) for veterinary drug residues and pesticide residues in all major food raw materials, contaminants may also be present in meat and dairy products. including cattle and pigs. The FAO/WHO veterinary drug MRL database is available at http://www.codexalimentarius.net/mrls/vetdrugs/jsp/vetd_q-e.jsp The FAO/WHO pesticide MRL database is available at Measures to mitigate environmental and occupational safety http://www.codexalimentarius.net/mrls/pestdes/jsp/pest_q-e.jsp 29 For more information, see EUREPGAP guidance on integrated farm and health also will reduce potential risks to the community. assurance at http://www.eurepgap.org/farm/Languages/English/documents.html
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· Treatments to be administered for regularly encountered 2.0 Performance Indicators and conditions; Monitoring · Recommended vaccination protocols; · Recommended parasite controls; and 2.1 Environment · Medication recommendations for feed or water. Emissions and Effluent Guidelines Table 1 presents effluent guidelines for this sector for If antibiotics are recommended, the following measures should concentrated livestock feeding operations generating point be considered: source effluents. Guideline values for process emissions and
· Apply approved over-the-counter antibiotics in strict effluents in this sector are indicative of good international accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions to ensure industry practice as reflected in relevant standards of countries responsible and correct use; with recognized regulatory frameworks. These guidelines are · Apply approved antibiotics that are purchased and utilized achievable under normal operating conditions in appropriately on prescription under the guidance of a qualified designed and operated facilities through the application of professional; pollution prevention and control techniques discussed in the · Make a contingency plan covering how antibiotics should preceding sections of this document. be applied following the identification of disease outbreaks; Table 1. Effluent levels for mammalian · Store antibiotics in their original packaging, in a dedicated livestock production location that: Pollutants Units Guideline Value o Can be locked and is properly identified with signs, with access limited to authorized persons pH pH 6 – 9
o Can contain spills and avoid uncontrolled release of BOD5 mg/l 50 antibiotics into the surrounding environment COD mg/l 250
o Provides for storage of containers on pallets or other Total nitrogen mg/l 10 platforms to facilitate the visual detection of leaks Total phosphorus mg/l 2 · Avoid stockpiles of waste antibiotics by adopting a “first-in, Oil and grease mg/l 10 first-out” principle so that they do not exceed their Total suspended solids mg/l 50 expiration date. Any expired antibiotics should be disposed Temperature increase °C <3b of in compliance with national regulations. Total coliform bacteria MPNa / 100 ml 400
Active Ingredients / To be determined on a case specific Antibiotics basis Notes: a MPN = Most Probable Number b At the edge of a scientifically established mixing zone which takes into account ambient water quality, receiving water use, potential receptors and assimilative capacity
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These levels should be achieved, without dilution, at least 95 production and nutrient content and nitrogen availability rates percent of the time that the plant or unit is operating, to be respectively that can be used as part of a manure nutrient calculated as a proportion of annual operating hours. Deviation management strategy. from these levels in consideration of specific, local project conditions should be justified in the environmental assessment. Environmental Monitoring Environmental monitoring programs for this sector should be Mammalian livestock production operations may also be implemented to address all activities that have been identified to characterized by non-point sources of effluents or emissions have potentially significant impacts on the environment, during which may need to be monitored through the proper normal operations and upset conditions. Environmental implementation of nutrient management strategy as described monitoring activities should be based on direct or indirect above, taking into consideration potential impacts to human indicators of emissions, effluents, and resource use applicable health and the environment from the presence of disease- to the particular project. agents in the waste streams. The objective should be the minimization of “excess” nutrients and other pollutants in runoff Monitoring frequency should be sufficient to provide with additional considerations for discharge to surface waters as representative data for the parameter being monitored. described in the General EHS Guidelines. Monitoring should be conducted by trained individuals following monitoring and record-keeping procedures and using properly Resource Consumption and Waste calibrated and maintained equipment. Monitoring data should be The following section presents benchmarks for emissions and analyzed and reviewed at regular intervals and compared with waste in the mammalian livestock production industry. These the operating standards so that any necessary corrective benchmarks may be used to facilitate the estimation of nutrient actions can be taken. Additional guidance on monitoring balances. Tables 2 and 3 provide a summary of manure programs is provided in the General EHS Guidelines.
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Table 2. Nutrient balance for beef, milk, and pork production.
Annual manure Content of nutrients in manure (kg per production animal per year at storage) per animal Type of housed all year Number of livestock Type of livestock and housing manure (tons at storage) N P K per livestock unit
Solid manure 10.6 60.3 19.1 33.5 Tied up 0.85 Urine 10.4 55.4 2.1 85.2 1 dairy cow, Free range; Liquid heavy type, 22.8 124.1 21.5 118.7 0.85 cubicles and manure per year slats Free range; deep litter with Deep litter 15.2 128.4 23.8 168.2 0.85 straw Solid manure 8.7 49.8 16.5 28.1 Tied up 1.0 Urine 8.5 45.5 1.7 72.0 1 dairy cow, Free range; small type Liquid 18.2 102.2 18.5 100.1 1.0 (Jersey), cubicles and manure per year slats Free range; deep litter with Deep litter 12.6 105.9 20.1 141.3 1.0 straw 1 sow per year incl. 23 Partly slatted Liquid 5.4 24.0 6.6 9.6 4.3 piglets to 7.2 floor manure kg 1 piglet 7.2– Partly slatted Liquid 1.13 0.5 0.1 0.3 175.0 30 kg floor manure
1 growing pig Partly slatted Liquid 0.49 2.8 0.6 1.3 35.0 30–102 kg floor manure
Source: Values calculated from Danish Agricultural Advisory Service Instruction 95.03-03 and Plant Directorate, Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries.
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Table 3. Nitrogen losses from manure management.
Losses from Total Total losses available Animal Manure management system N excreted Building Storage Field to air for crops
(pounds N per head per year)
Lagoon, uncovered 18.3 4.9 9.5 0.8 15.2 3.1
Lagoon, covered 18.3 4.9 0.5 2.8 8.2 10.1 Hogs Deep pit, surface applied 18.3 6 0 2.6 8.6 9.7
Deep pit, incorporated 18.3 6 0 0.4 6.4 11.9
Flush barn, surface applied 220 44 125 11.2 180.2 39.8
Flush barn, incorporated 220 44 125 2.8 171.8 48.2 Dairy Daily spread, surface applied 220 15.2 2.2 37.7 55.1 164.9
Daily spread, incorporated 220 15.2 2.2 8.3 25.7 194.3
Solid storage, surface applied 102 0 20.8 13.8 34.6 67.4 Fed beef Solid storage, incorporated 102 0 20.8 0.7 21.5 80.5
Source: Aillery et al. (2005)
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WORLD BANK GROUP 2.2 Occupational Health and Safety designed and implemented by accredited professionals as part of an occupational health and safety monitoring program Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines Facilities should also maintain a record of occupational Occupational health and safety performance should be accidents, diseases, and dangerous occurrences and other evaluated against internationally published exposure guidelines, kinds of accident. Additional guidance on occupational health of which examples include the Threshold Limit Value (TLV®) and safety monitoring programs is provided in the General EHS occupational exposure guidelines and Biological Exposure Guidelines. Indices (BEIs®) published by American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH),30 the Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards published by the United States National
Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH),31 Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) published by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the United
States (OSHA),32 Indicative Occupational Exposure Limit Values published by European Union member states,33 or other similar sources.
Accident and Fatality Rates Projects should try to reduce the number of accidents among project workers (whether directly employed or subcontracted) to a rate of zero, especially accidents that could result in lost work time, different levels of disability, or even fatalities. Facility rates may be benchmarked against the performance of facilities in this sector in developed countries through consultation with published sources (e.g. US Bureau of Labor Statistics and UK Health and Safety Executive)34.
Occupational Health and Safety Monitoring
The working environment should be monitored for occupational hazards relevant to the specific project. Monitoring should be.35
30 Available at: http://www.acgih.org/TLV/ and http://www.acgih.org/store/ 31 Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/ 32 Available at: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDAR DS&p_id=9992 33 Available at: http://europe.osha.eu.int/good_practice/risks/ds/oel/ 34 Available at: http://www.bls.gov/iif/ and http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/index.htm 35 Accredited professionals may include certified industrial hygienists, registered occupational hygienists, or certified safety professionals or their equivalent.
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WORLD BANK GROUP 3.0 References and Additional Sources
Aillery, M., et al. 2005. Managing Manure to Improve Air and Water Quality. 2003/04. p 23. HSE. Available at Economic Research Report No. ERR9. USDA Economic Research Service. http://www.hse.gov.uk/agriculture/pdf/fatal0405.pdf Available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/ERR9/ HSE (Health and Safety Executive, UK). 2005b. Fatal Injuries Report 2004/05. ATTRA–US National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. Matching Fatal Injuries in Farming, Forestry and Horticulture. Part 3: Non-Fatal Injuries in Livestock and Forage Resources in Controlled Grazing. Available at the Agricultural Sector, 1994/95–2003/04, pp. 42–46. HSE. Available at http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/matchlandf.html - intro http://www.hse.gov.uk/agriculture/pdf/fatal0405.pdf
DAAS (Danish Agricultural Advisory Service). 2000. Manuals of Good Irish EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Integrated Pollution Control Agricultural Practice from Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. DAAS. Licensing. Batneec Guidance Note for the Pig Production Sector. Dublin, Available at http://www.lr.dk/international/informationsserier/intfbdiv/cgaps.htm Ireland: Irish EPA. Available at http://www.epa.ie/Licensing/IPPCLicensing/BATNEECGuidanceNotes/ DAAS (Danish Agricultural Advisory Service) and IMBR. 2004. Farm Standards for Feed and Manure Storage. Stables. Poland: European Commission. Knowledge Centre of Manure and Biomass Treatment Technology. The centre is gathering knowledge about research and technology within the manure and DANCEE (Danish Co-operation for Environment in Eastern Europe). 2004. biomass sector. Available at www.manure.dk Implementation of the IPPC Directive in Zachodniopomorskie Voivodship, Poland. Guideline for inspections regarding integrated permits in IPPC Kolpin, D.E. 2002. Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater companies. Sector-specific guideline: pig farms. Draft 1. Cowi in association with Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999–2000: A National Reconnaissance. Carl Bro. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(6): 1202–1211. Available at http://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-027-02/index.html) EC (European Commission). 1991. EU Nitrate Directive — Protection of Waters against Pollution Caused from Agricultural Sources (91/676/EEC). EC. Michigan State University Extension. 1993. Michigan’s Drinking Water. Nitrate Available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/water/water- — A Drinking Water Concern. Ext. Bulletin WQ-19. Michigan State University nitrates/directiv.html Extension. Available at http://www.gem.msu.edu/pubs/msue/wq19p1.html
EC (European Commission). 1992. Natura 2000 Directive 92/43/EEC. EC. National Safety Council. Includes HS, for example. Available at Available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/nature/ http://www.nsc.org/library/facts.htm
EC (European Commission). 2003. Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. Ohio Livestock Manure and Wastewater Management Guide Bulletin 604. Reference Document on Best AvailableTechniques for Intensive Rearing of Available at http://ohioline.osu.edu/b604/b604_15.html Oleson, J.E. 2006. Poultry and Pigs. Seville. Spain. Seville, Spain: EC. Available at Sådan reducers udledningen af drivhusgasser fra jordbruget [How to Reduce http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/FActivities.htm Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture]. Danish Agricultural Advisory Service. Available at http://www.lr.dk/planteavl/informationsserier/info- EUREP (Euro-Retailer Produce Working Group). 1997. EUROGAP. EUREP. planter/PLK06_07_1_3_J_E_Olesen.pdf Available at http://www.eurep.org/documents/webdocs/EUREPGAP_Livestock_base_modul OSHA (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work). European Network. e_CPCC_IFA_V2-0Mar05_1-3-05.pdf FAQ on Agriculture Sector. OSHA. Available at http://agency.osha.eu.int/good_practice/sector/agriculture/faq_agriculture AO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Agricultural Department for Livestock and Health provides various software and publications Peterson, S.O. 2006. Søren O Petersen: Emission af drivhusgasser fra on livestock. Available at landbrugsjord [Emission of Greenhouse Gases from Agriculture]. Danish http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/resources.html Agricultural Advisory Service. Available at http://www.lr.dk/planteavl/informationsserier/info- FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Animal Feed planter/PLK06_07_1_1_S_O_Petersen.pdf Resources Information System AFRIS. Available at http://www.fao.org/ag/AGA/AGAP/FRG/afris/tree/cat.htm Reynolds, Kelly. 2003. Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water Supplies. Water Conditioning and Purification Magazine, 45(6). Available at FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Gives http://www.wcponline.com/column.cfm?T=T&ID=2199 UNFCC (United Nations recommendations and links to various sources on feed safety. Available at Framework Convention on Climate Change). Greenhouse Gases Database. http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/feedsafety/special.htm Emission from Livestock Production. Available at http://ghg.unfccc.int/
FAO and WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Roy, R.N., A. Finck, G.J. Blair & H.L.S. Tandon. 2006. Plant Nutrition for Food World Health Organization).1962–2005. Codex Alimentarius. Geneva: FAO and Security, A Guide for Integrated Nutrient Management. FAO Fertilizer and Plant WHO. Available at http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web/index_en.jsp Nutrition Bulletin 16. Available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/fpnb16.pdf
HSE (Health and Safety Executive UK). 2005a. United Kingdom, Fatal Injuries US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Dairy Production. National Report 2004/05. Fatal Injuries in Farming, Forestry and Horticulture. Part 2: Agriculture Compliance Assistance Centre, Agriculture Centre, Ag 101. Analysis of Reportable Fatal Injuries in the Agricultural Sector, 1994/95– Washington, DC: US EPA. Available at http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/ag101/dairy.html
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US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Beef Production. National griculture Compliance Assistance Centre, Agriculture Centre, Ag 101. Washington, DC: US EPA. Available at http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/ag101/beef.html US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Pork Production. National Agriculture Compliance Assistance Centre, Agriculture Centre, Ag 101. Washington, DC: US EPA. Available at http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/ag101/pork.html
US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Regulation and Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), 68 FR 7175- 7274. Washington, DC: US EPA. Available at http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA- WATER/2003/February/Day-12/w3074.htm
US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Available at http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=7
USDA (Department of Agriculture). 1997. Use of Urease Inhibitors to Control Nitrogen Loss from Livestock Waste. Washington, DC: USDA.
USDA (Department of Agriculture). Natural Resources Conservation Service Nutrients. Available from Livestock Manure Relative to Crop Growth Requirements at http://www.nrcs.usda.ov/technical/land/pubs/nlweb.html
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Annex A: General Description of Figure A.1: Mammalian Livestock Production Cycle Industry Activities
The EHS Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock Production Meat production covers cattle ranching and farming, dairy farming, and hog and Culling of dairy Breeding pig farming. Sheep and goat farming operations, while not cattle and breed stock explicitly discussed, are similar to the operations included in this document. The document does not address the processing of agricultural livestock products (e.g. meat processing plants, milk processing, and so on) and only discusses livestock production Weaning to the point of sending the livestock to the processing point (e.g. Growth beyond the feedlot). The individual processes involved in raising Milk different livestock for different purposes vary significantly. production However, many of the basic process and operations described below are common to most operations in this sector. balance should provide information on the land area Mammalian livestock facilities generally include the following requirement for the agricultural hinterland and the manure operations: feed storage and handling, livestock housing, application rates to ensure that the nutrient load resulting from feeding and watering, management of animal waste, and pest landspreading does not become an environmental problem. control. Facilities generally consist of a core production area with an agricultural hinterland. The livestock are gathered in the Breeding core production area to facilitate drinking, watering, and animal Traditionally, cattle breeds have been selected simultaneously welfare; the surrounding agricultural hinterland is ideally used for beef and milk production, and this integrated form of for tillage crop production and facilitates the use of the manure production is still used in many parts of the world. Increased as a crop nutrient. The typical land requirement for the core specialization means that milk and beef production have production area varies considerably, depending on the number become separate sectors, and farms may even specialize in a of livestock units and the type of production. particular part of the production cycle, for example, fattening beef cattle in feedlots. The milk production sector uses special The typical land area requirement for the agricultural hinterland cattle breeds characterized by a high milk yield, and the beef also varies considerably, depending on the number of livestock production sector uses special cattle breeds that are units and, among other things, the volume of manure generated. characterized by high daily gain and good meat quality. It is essential to conduct a mass balance of nutrients when considering the location of a livestock facility. The mass nutrient Although dairy cattle herds are culled to remove cows that are no longer suitable for milk production, the meat quality is not normally as high as that of beef cattle.
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Pork production is always divided into three phases: (1) sow delivers another calf 9 months later. Dairy cows are normally section, (2) weaned piglets section, and (3) growing pigs milked after calving for a period of 12–14 months before milking section. These phases are collectively known as “three-site” or is terminated some 2 months before the next calving. Dairy “multisite production.” The three sites can be located at the cows average 2.5 lactations in a lifetime, although some may same site; however, the intention is to physically separate the remain productive for longer.36 Pigs 30–100 kg are kept in the growth phases for environmental and animal health reasons. growing section. At 100 kg they are ready for the market. Some The sow section holds the breeding stock and consists of a gilts may be transferred back to the sow section to replace mating section, a gestation section, and a farrowing section. culled sows. Sows typically farrow a litter of 8–12 piglets. Production Infrastructure Weaning The need and specifications for cattle production buildings After birth, the calf is usually removed from the cow after less depend on which climatic region the production is located in and than 1 day. As soon as it is dry, it is moved to an individual pen the type of production. Milk production in temperate regions or hutch. Initially it is fed with milk, which is gradually replaced requires dairy barns with insulation and a milking parlor. Milk with water and starter feed before it is fully weaned at the age of production in subtropical and tropical regions also requires a 6–8 weeks. Male calves from dairy and beef cattle herds may milking parlor and dairy barns to provide protection from the sun either be castrated and raised as steers for beef production or and rain. In some climatically favorable regions, only milking raised as veal calves. A small number of bull calves from dairy parlors are required because the cows can stay outside year- and beef cattle herds may be raised for breeding stock. Female round with or without access to grazing. Beef cattle production calves from the dairy herd are raised as replacement heifers to normally has no specific requirements for building facilities. replace culled cows. Female calves from the beef cattle herd Cows with suckling calves are put to graze, and steers are become heifers and part of the breeding stock. either put to graze or finished in feedlots, which requires only some feeding and manure-handling facilities. Shelter for The piglets are typically kept with the sow until reaching an age protection against rain and sun is recommended under certain of 4r weeks and a weight of 7 kg. Some facilities use farrowing climatic conditions. Milking parlors and milking equipment are crates in the sow section to protect piglets from being crushed cleaned with water and disinfected after each milking; other when suckling. The piglets that weigh 7–30 kg are in the buildings and equipment are cleaned regularly. weaned piglets section; once they reach 30 kg, they are moved to the nursery section. The need for pork production buildings depends on the climatic region in which the production is located and the type of Growth and Milk Production production. Pig farm buildings in the temperate regions should Growth and milk production constitute the main operational be fully insulated and equipped with mechanical or natural phase of the production cycle. Steers in beef and dairy cattle ventilation to remove ammonia gas. Building requirements are herds are fed until they reach market weight. Heifers in beef and simpler in subtropical regions, where a roof to protect against dairy cattle herds are bred to deliver their first calf at 24 months the sun and rain is sufficient. Ventilation systems are not of age. A 12-month calving interval then takes place, in which the cow is rebred 2–3months after birth of a calf and then 36 US EPA.
APRIL 30, 2007 22 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines MAMMALIAN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
WORLD BANK GROUP installed in these open constructions, but ventilators for air production constitute an environmental risk if not managed movement and nozzles for water spraying are often required. All correctly. The qualities of the manure produced reflect the building facilities and equipment are cleaned with water and animal housing and the feed given. For example, pigs raised in disinfected after each batch of pigs has been moved from a production systems that do not use bedding produce slurry with section. a dry matter content of 5–10 percent. Pigs raised in production systems that do use bedding materials, generally straw, produce
Feed pig dung with a dry matter content of 15–20 percent.37 Cattle feeding varies according to the type of production and the climatic region in which the production is located. Dairy cow Manure can be gathered by a wide variety of methods. The feed is based on roughage, such as corn or grass silage, hay, simplest is dry scraping of livestock areas, such as feedlots, to fresh grass, and grazing. However, high-yield dairy production remove solids. A more sophisticated method, used in production requires that a certain proportion of the feed be concentrate buildings, is to place animals on slatted floors above manure feed. Beef cattle feed is based on grazing and roughage, such pits. The manure pits are emptied, according to need, by a as corn or grass silage and hay. The final fattening of beef cattle vacuum system. Mechanical or biological methods can be used for slaughter is based mainly on concentrate, although a certain to separate the manure into a solid fraction and a liquid fraction. proportion of roughage can be used. Roughage feed is normally Liquid effluent is pumped to manure storage tanks on site. Solid produced on the farm. Concentrate can be produced on the waste is stored on a sealed concrete slab. Manure is applied to farm or purchased from a feed mill. By-products from the food agricultural land where it acts as a fertilizer. Other treatment processing industry are often available — for example, methods include incinerating it and using it to develop biogas. molasses from sugar manufacture — and can contribute as a Slaughtering and Culling resource-efficient cattle feed. Fully grown cattle and pigs are sold to the market and Pig feed is normally 100 percent concentrate based on grain, slaughtered for the production of beef and pork. Culling is the protein source, minerals, and vitamins, but in some regions a process in which animals that show signs of weakness are minor part of the feed can be based on roughage feed. The removed from the herd or stock. The average cow in a beef main part of the feed can be produced at the pork production cattle herd remains productive for 7–9 years; this interval is location. The pig feed is produced on the farm in accordance usually 5 years for dairy cattle. with the pigs’ nutrient requirements. Another option is to purchase ready-made feed from a feed mill. By-products from the food processing industry — for example, molasses from sugar manufacture — are often available and can be used as inexpensive pig feed supplement.
Manure Livestock manure left by cattle grazing on grassland is not normally considered to have an environmental impact; however, the volumes of manure generated by intensive livestock 37 Irish EPA (1998).
APRIL 30, 2007 23 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines MAMMALIAN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
WORLD BANK GROUP
Dairy cows may be culled for a number of reasons, including low health problems, and failure to conceive or because they are milk production, infertility, mastitis, and lameness. Beef cattle able to raise only a low number of pigs per litter. Culled animals are culled because of infertility and disease. Sows may be may be sold to the market for conversion into meat products or culled because of age, disposed of by incineration or by other means, depending on their health.
Figure A-2. Principal Operations in Mammalian Livestock Production
Feed milling and grinding
Feed storage
Feed mixing
Unloading and Animal housing loading of animals
Storage of Wastewater carcasses Storage of waste Storage of manure treatment
On-farm manure Landfill Incineration treatment
External Storage of Application on processing residual products own land
External treatment or application
APRIL 30, 2007 24 Annex K
Methane Emission Reduction Study through RBP under Field Conditions
Methane emission reduction study through Ration Balancing Programme (RBP) under field conditions
Under NDSP, 12 estimation studies on methane emissions reduction through ration balancing programme (RBP) will be conducted in different parts of the country. These studies will be undertaken over a period of 6 years, two studies each year.
Methane measurement
For each study, 30 lactating animals will be selected. Methane emission under field conditions will be measured by using standard SF6 tracer technique. Initially, baseline methane emission of all the animals will be estimated. The breath samples of all the animals will be collected daily for four consecutive days in canisters for methane and SF6 analysis. Subsequently, the ration of animals will be balanced for metabolizable energy, crude protein and essential minerals using the ration balancing software developed by NDDB and all the animals will be fed a balanced ration. After 30 days of feeding balanced ration, methane emission by the animals will be measured again using SF6 tracer technique.
Dry matter intake, milk yield and milk fat will be recorded daily during methane gas sampling period, before and after balancing the ration. Samples of feeds and fodders fed by farmers to animals will be collected for analysis of proximate composition. Blood and urine samples of animals will be collected before and after balancing the ration for analysis of blood urea nitrogen, purine derivatives in urine and microbial protein synthesis.
Four field studies have been conducted so far to measure methane emission reduction through implementation of RBP in the states of Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. Filed studies revealed that feeding balanced ration not only increased milk production significantly but also reduced methane emission, from lactating cows and buffaloes. In future, large scale implementation of this technology can help in improving productivity of milch animals with the available feed resources, in environmental friendly manner. In view of this future field studies would be undertaken to evaluate the effect of RBP on milk production and methane emission reduction in lactating animals. One study in each of the following states will be conducted: Gujarat, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
Annex L
Grievance Redressal Mechanism under NDSP
1 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM UNDER NDSP
For addressing grievances arising under NDSP, following grievance redressal mechanism can be adopted. Even before the implementation of NDSP, a grievance redressal system is already in place which can be further formalised.
1.1 APPOINTMENT OF GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL OFFICER
1. The PMU under NDSP shall nominate an officer as ‘Grievance Redressal Officer’ (GRO) to deal with all matters relating to public grievances/ complaints. At the Milk uniraon level/ Producer Company/ Implementing Agency (IA), an official will be designated to serve the role of GRO. 2. The list of GROs has to be displayed at all levels. Every office should display at a prominent place/ notice board the name of GRO with location, Contact numbers/ mailing IDs and address along with the specific visiting hours for hearing / receiving the grievance/complaints of the public.
1.2 GRIEVANCE/COMPLAINT SUBMISSION:
1. While complaint is made, it can either be made orally or in writing : • The name of the individual or organization, address and telephone number (if any) of the complainant. • A brief description of the matter which is the source of the grievance, including copies of any relevant and supporting documents. • Relief sought 2. Grievances may also be submitted in the Complaint Box kept at reception of every office. The Complaint Box should be opened on daily basis by the GRO. Complaint can also be sent by post. 3. A complaint made through electronic means (e-mail, fax) should also be accepted and replied, if requested, should be sent through e- mail also. The complaints may also be send to the e- mail address of the GRO of PMU, NDSP i.e., or may be submitted at webpage. 4. In case the complainant is not satisfied with the response at a certain level, he/ she will be free to approach the next level.
1.3 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL PROCEDURE:
1. Every application received should be tagged with any kind of reference number. The grievance system should be continuous for the whole year. 2. Every application or petition should be acknowledged through standard acknowledgement slips or a copy of the receipt which should be dispatched to the complainant within 3 days of receipt of complaint or handed over to person at the time of receipt for complaints submitted in person.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 1 3. Every application should carry such a slip for future reference indicating the name, designation and telephone number of the official who is processing the case. The time frame in which a reply will be sent should also be indicated. 4. The complainant should be quickly informed of the action taken by way of redressal within proposed response time suggested at each level. 5. A record of all complaints received and action taken till disposal should be maintained at each level. 6. A reply to any grievance must cover all points raised and not address the grievance partially. If there is any follow- up action, it must be pursued. 7. No grievance is to be rejected without having been independently examined. At a minimum, this means that an officer superior, to the one who delayed taking the original decision or took the original decision that is cause for grievance, should actually examine the case as well as the reply, intended to be sent to the complainant. If a complaint is rejected, the reasons for such rejection must be made explicit and should be intimated to the complainant with in the time frame. 8. The Complaints related to PMU will be dealt directly by the GRO of the PMU and redressal will be done as per fixed time frame. The decision of the PMU will be final and will be abided. 9. Grievance redressal mechanisms will consider the vulnerability of gender, SC/ST and other vulnerable populations.
A suggested approach for grievance redressal mechanism is being presented in Error! Reference source not found.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2 Box 1.1 Schematic Diagram for Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM)
Complainant Redressal Points Response Time
Complaints at village Level
Cooperatives Producer Company Other IAs
DCS Secretary MPIs- Sahayak/ Sanyojak MAITs/ LRPs for 7 Days followed by DCS- followed by technical input Managing Committee representatives of village milk producers advisory group
Route Supervisors Area officer/ CC incharge Area officer of IAs 7 Days
Mlk Unions Producer Companies Implementing 14 Days agencies (IAs)
Project Management Unit (PMU) 30 Days
Annex M
FORM A Environmental and Social Checklist for Subprojects
FORM A: Environmental and Social Checklist for Subprojects
This form is to be used by the IAs and after completing the required process submit this form with the sub project proposal to the PMU. (Note: One copy of this form and accompanying documentation to be kept in the PMU office.)
Name of Subproject : Proposing IA & Address : Subproject Location : Estimated Cost : Proposed Date of Commencement of Work :
Checklist for requirements for different Sub Projects to be followed by IAs
S.No. Sub Project Types Categorisation of Requirements based on the impact the Sub projects categorisation 1 Any sub project with Insignificant • No requirement • Investment less then 10 lakhs (single point investment) • Land requirement less than 5 acres (Single piece of land) 2 • Investment Minor • One consultation between 10-25 • Documentation of the consultation lakhs (single point investment) • Land requirement between 5 - 10 acres (Single piece of land) 3 • Investment Moderate • One consultation and its documentation between 25-50 prior to finalisation of the Sub Project lakhs (single point • Second consultation after the finalisation investment) of the Sub Project (incorporating • Land requirement feedback from the first consultation) between 10 - 50 • Disclosure of the consultation findings acres (Single piece of land) 4 • Investment more Major • Conducting EIA than 50 lakhs • As part of EIA, one consultation and its (single point documentation prior to finalisation of the investment) Sub Project • Land requirement- • Second consultation after completion of more than 50 acres EIA disclosing the EIA report (Single piece of • Final disclosure of the Sub Project after land) project is cleared by PMU
Annex N
Environmental and Social Screening Checklist for Subprojects at PMU Level
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING CHECKLIST FOR SUBPROJECTS AT PMU LEVEL
This Form is to be used by the Project Management Unit (PMU) in Screening Subproject Applications. (Note: One copy of this form and accompanying documentation to be kept in the PMU office.)
Name of Subproject: Proposing IA : Subproject Location: Estimated Cost: Proposed Date of Commencement of Work:
Checklist for Screening of Sub Projects by PMU
S.No. E& S related issues Yes No Remarks Whether Baseline assessment done for the relevant E& S issues? Whether consultation done in the preparation of the sub project activities? Whether disclosure done before the finalisation of the Sub project? Whether the relevant inputs from the community integrated into the sub Project?
The sub project has been screened for E&S issues and on the basis of impact categorisation it falls into
Insignificant □ Proposal cleared Minor □ Good Practices and SOP to be followed Moderate □ Relevant Mitigation Measures as part of ESMF to be incorporated Major □ Stand alone EIA suggested. To be reviewed again after submission of EIA report and EMP, and be given clearance.
Signed by PMU: Signed by Project Manager:
Title: Title: Date: Date:
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