Nature Guide of the Nechako Valley

Vanderhoof Community Trails

District of Vanderhoof Resources: Conservation Officer • 250-567-6304 Report a Forest Fire • 1-800-663-5555 Department of Fisheries and Oceans • 250-561-5366 BC Fishing Regulations • http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/fw/fish/regulations/ Nechako White Sturgeon Recovery Initiative • www.nechakowhitesturgeon.org Bird Calls • www.birdjam.com References: BC White Sturgeon: Life History, Life Cycle and Population Decline. Student handout part C: Reasons for white sturgeon decline background reading for students. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. British Columbia: A natural history. Cannings and Cannings.1996. Butterflies of British Columbia. Acorn and Sheldon. 2006. Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Scott and Crossman. 1973. Life history characteristics of freshwater fishes occurring in British Columbia and the Yukon, with major empha- sis on stream habitat characteristics. M. Roberge, JMB Hume, CK Minns, and T Slaney. 2002. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2611: xiv + 248 p. Moose in British Columbia: Ecology, Conservation and Management. BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Friends. 2000. Peterson Field Guides: Animals Tracks. Murie. 1974. Peterson Field Guides: Insects. Borror and White. 1970. Peterson Field Guides: Mammals. Burt and Grossenheider. 1976. Peterson Field Guides: Western Birds. Peterson. 1990. Peterson Field Guides: Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Stebbins. 1985. Plants and Medicines of Sophie Thomas. Young and Hawley. 2002. Plants of Northern British Columbia. Mackinnon, Polar and Coupé. 1999. Recovery of the Endangered Nechako River White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) Population. T. French, D. Cadden, and K. Zimmerman. Streamline Watershed Management Bulletin Vol.7/No.4 Winter 2003/04. Page 8. The BC Roadside Naturalist. Cannings and Cannings. 2002. The Breeding Ecology and Management of White Pelicans at Stum Lake, British Columbia. Dunbar. 1984. Fish and Wildlife Report No. R-6. The Ecology of the Sub-Boreal Spruce Zone. Ministry of Forests. 1998. The Incomparable Honeybee and Economics of Pollinations. Halter. 2009. The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behavior. Sibley. 2001. The Sibley Guide to Birds. Sibley. 2000. Trees in Canada. Farrar. 1995. Wikipedia sites (various).

Photo Credits: Special thanks go to: AG • Annerose Georgeson Annerose Georgeson, Artist in Residence DM • Debra Montgomery College of New Caledonia DS • Daniel Stanyer Jon Aebischer, Sweet Nechako Honey EK • Ernest Keeley Olin Albertson, Wildlife Biologist, Avison (www.zoology.ubc.ca/~keeley/) Management Services JA • Jon Aebischer Ray Pillipow, Fisheries Biologist, Fish & MP • Mathieu Pilon Wildlife Branch Ministry of Natural MR • Michelle Roberge Resource Operations/Omineca NWSRI • Nechako White Sturgeon Recovery Wayne Salewski, Vanderhoof Fish and Game Initiative Club RN • Rod Nelson RW • Ryan Wagner Cover images top left: Rose hip (MR); top right: WM • WD McIntosh Land Surveying Ltd. Butterflies (AG); bottom left: Bear tracks (AG); WS • Wayne Salewski right: Child with rainbow trout (RN). Vanderhoof Contents Community Trails Nechako River Ecology of the Nechako River...... 2 The Vanderhoof Community Trail Nechako White Sturgeon...... 3 system is a network of walking trails Chinook and Sockeye salmon...... 4 around and through the community. Rainbow and Bull trout...... 5 The trail network is an ever expanding Aquatic and Riparian Vegetation..6 project. New sections of the trail are Invertebrates...... 7 added each year, so be sure to contact Migratory Bird Sanctuary the Vanderhoof Visitor Centre, History and Significance...... 8 located at 2353 Burrard Avenue, for Songbirds...... 9 up-to-date information. Trumpeter and Tundra Swans...... 10 Canada Geese...... 11 About this Guide American White Pelican...... 12 This guide is for the enjoyment of all Shorebirds...... 13 residents and visitors to the Nechako Bats and Bat Boxes...... 14 Valley. This guide provides general Butterflies...... 15 descriptions, interesting facts, and Woodlands key features of some of the common Ecology of Woodlands...... 16 ecotypes, and animal, plant and Deciduous Trees...... 17 invertebrate species that are found Understory Vegetation...... 18 in the Nechako region, with specific Hybrid White Spruce...... 19 examples pertaining to those seen on Grouse...... 20 the Vanderhoof Community Trails. Mammals...... 21 The guide also provides suggestions for fun, nature friendly things to do and Wetlands see in the beautiful Nechako Valley. Ecology of Wetlands...... 22 Blackbirds and Cattails...... 23 For more information on the topics Dragonflies...... 24 covered in this guide, please contact Moose...... 25 the Vanderhoof Visitor Centre. The Visitor Centre has available: directions Agricultural Lands and details about the Vanderhoof Agricultural Land Ecotype...... 26 Community Trails; area hiking trail Farmer’s Fields...... 27 maps; and more details about the Bees...... 28 “Try This!” suggestions in this guide. Northern Harrier...... 29

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Nechako River T R TH IS!

View of the Nechako River from Riverside Park. (MR) About the Nechako River

The Nechako River is a major tributary to the Fraser River, which is the largest river in BC. The Did you KNow? Nechako River joins the Fraser River in Prince Stoney Creek and George, approximately 100 km east of Vanderhoof. Murray Creek are two The Nechako River is 290 km long and many large important tributaries to and small rivers flow into it, including the Stuart the Nechako River just River and the Nautley River. The Nechako River upstream of Riverside was dammed in 1952 and the majority of the flow is Park. Visible from the controlled at Skins Lake Spillway, 150 km upstream Observation Tower in Riverside Park, Stoney of Vanderhoof. Creek joins on the south The Nechako River is made up of a variety of river bank, and Murray Creek sections, including a canyon, rapids, wide slow on the north bank. flowing areas, islands and many side channels. Salmon and trout spawn in the lower reaches of The river is home to over twenty species of fish and these creeks, and the hundreds of invertebrate species and plants. Fishing young fish can spend is permitted in the Nechako River, however some up to two years living in special regulations apply. Ask at the Visitor Centre them before migrating. for more information about fishing in the river. 2 View of Murray Creek joining the Nechako. (WS) Fish spying! Walk along the shore or wade in the water to look for large

Y schools of small fish. Young salmon, trout and minnows hide in the shallow, slow edges of the river where they are safe from big fish and fast water. These fish are fast, so move quietly along the river’s edge to watch these little fish swim T R

TH IS! together in search of food and shelter.

Nechako white sturgeon, roughly 5-10 years old. (NWSRI)

View of the Nechako River from Riverside Park. (MR) Nechako White Sturgeon Sturgeon Facts Distinctive Markings: The Nechako River is home to a genetically distinct Bony plates (no scales) population of white sturgeon (unique from other in rows down its body. Broad, flattened head, sturgeon populations) that are currently listed as an tiny eyes and shark- endangered species in Canada. like tail. No teeth. Nechako white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) Size: Largest inhabit deep areas of the river, but can occasionally freshwater fish in North be seen from the bridge in Vanderhoof, or surfacing America—over two in the river. They spawn in wide fast flowing areas. meters in length. With a life span of over 100 years, sturgeon in the Habitat: Deep river pools, slower backwater, Nechako River reach up to 250 cm in length and below rapids, and weigh over 140 kg. large lakes (winter). The Nechako White Sturgeon Recovery Initiative Eats mostly salmon. was formed to lead the recovery efforts for this fish. Behaviour: Migrate for This group is committed to ensuring that sturgeon spawning in May-June. continue to live in the Nechako River for many Mature after 15 years of generations to come. Visit the Nechako White age and mate roughly Sturgeon Recovery Facility for more information. every 2–5 years.

View of Murray Creek joining the Nechako. (WS) Fishing for Nechako white sturgeon is illegal! 3 Y

Nechako River T R TH IS!

Adult Chinook salmon.

Adipose fin.

Chinook and Sockeye Salmon

Two species of Pacific salmon spawn in large Did you know? numbers in the Nechako River—Chinook salmon Spawning salmon are (Oncorhynchus twshawytscha), and sockeye salmon a major food source (O. nerka). Both species spawn in the main channel for bears and other of the Nechako River and its tributaries during mammals and birds. September each year. The young salmon emerge After they spawn, from the gravel in the early spring, and stay in the these decaying fish river for a few months to a year before migrating release nutrients into to the Pacific Ocean. The adult salmon do the the water that are taken up by young fish return migration from one to four years later. The and invertebrates. As migration is approximately 1,500 river kilometers. well, salmon may get A small number of coho salmon (O. kisutch) spawn carried into woodlands in the Nechako River upstream of Vanderhoof. by bears, and their decaying bodies add nutrients to the soil, which are absorbed by young plants and trees and contribute to forest health. Adult sockeye salmon. (WS) 4 Decaying salmon in the Nechako River. (AG) Rainbow trout are known for their beauty, strength, and large size. Spend an

Y exciting day fishing in the Nechako River, or one of the nearby lakes, for this tasty sport fish. Licenses, tackle and gear are available in Vanderhoof—all you need is an excuse. Go to the Visitor Centre for more information on where to go to T R

TH IS! catch a big fish!

Adult Chinook salmon. Rainbow trout. (RN) Fish ID Fish with an adipose fin. Chinook Salmon: Grey-green to red body. Adipose fin. Sockeye Salmon: Bright red with green head and large hump. Coho Salmon: Strongly hooked nose, red sides. Rainbow Trout: Black spotted body, red (or rainbow) stripe on side. Bull Trout: Green- yellow body with red Rainbow and Bull Trout spots on sides and belly. Lake Trout: Green- Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus gairdneri) reside year yellow body with round in the Nechako River. Rainbow trout can many white spots. grow up to a half a meter in length and are prized Mountain Whitefish: for their size, fight and good taste. It is unlikely to Silvery with olive or catch a bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus)in the brown back. Short head. Nechako River during the summer as they prefer Fish without an adipose fin. cold water rivers. Yet, in the winter, a population of Sucker species: bull trout migrate roughly 400 km from the upper Mouth on underside Fraser River to the Nechako River where they are of head. Mouth looks fished for in a catch-and-release fishery. like a suction cup. Unlike rainbow trout, bull trout are not a trout— Northern Pikeminnow: they are a charr. Both charr and trout are related to Dark green backs, salmon and are called salmonids. Charr have light may have orange on cream pink or red spots, while salmon and trout fins. Large mouth. have black spots. Burbot: Eel-like. Long. Bull trout with red spots. (EK) All salmonids have Adipose Prickly Sculpin: Small. a small fin near fin. Flat belly, bottom fish. the tail, called an Redside shiner, dace and chub species not described here. Decaying salmon in the Nechako River. (AG) adipose fin. 5 Y

Nechako River T R TH IS!

Reed grass an emergent aquatic plant. (MR) Aquatic and Riparian Vegetation

Aquatic vegetation are plants that are rooted and grow in either flowing or still water. These plants Did you KNow? provide protection (cover) for small fish from larger The Nechako River fish and birds. Aquatic plants are also a food source is frozen over for for many fish and bird species. Aquatic invertebrates approximately four live and feed on a variety of aquatic plant species. months of the year, and the flowing water A potentially harmful effect to the river chemistry below the ice is at is when submerged aquatic plants become over a temperature near abundant. The plants grow too dense and make freezing. In the winter, unfavourable conditions for fish and invertebrates. fish metabolism slows down considerably Riparian vegetation are the plants and trees that to conserve energy grow along the banks of rivers, streams and lakes. and reduce the need Riparian vegetation is very important for river bank for food. Most aquatic stability (roots hold the banks in place), shade and plants die back during water temperature regulation, and terrestrial food the winter months. source for fish (insects fall off shrubs into water). Invertebrates go into a hibernation.

6 Ice over the Nechako River. (AG) Bug hunting! Head down to the river’s edge and flip over a rock. Underneath,

Y you may be surprised to find a variety of invertebrates—tiny animals that cling to submerged rocks using suction, sticky secretions, or sharp claws. One species, the caddis fly, builds a house around itself using rocks, sticks and mud. T R

TH IS! Make sure to put the rock back in the river the way you found it!

Benthic Invertebrate groups Shredders: Physically break down organic debris on the bottom of streams such as leaves, twigs, and animal matter. They turn the course organic material into fine organic material that Caddis fly larvae on an overturned river rock. (WS) floats downstream. Shredders are in Aquatic Invertebrates headwater streams. Collectors: Filter out Invertebrates are animals that have no backbone. of the water column Aquatic invertebrates are the species of invertebrates fine organic material. that live for at least part of their life cycle in water. They futher reduce this Fish and many bird species eat aquatic invertebrates. material into smaller elements for use by Aquatic invertebrate that live on the bottom of the other animals. They are river on the rocks and in the mud are called benthic present in all river types. invertebrates. These include beetles, worms, snails, Grazers: Scrape algae flies, crayfish and molluscs, and are classified in off rocks. Streams with one of four groups: shredders, collectors, grazers or more light (mid-sized predators. Each group has a specific role in the river streams or ones with ecosystem (see side bar). less riparian vegetation) have proportionally Microscopic aquatic invertebrates that float through more grazers as there is the water column in wide rivers, such as the more algae production. Nechako River, are called zooplankton. You can Predators: Prey on catch zooplankton with fine meshed nets, however other invertebrates. they are often too small to see with the naked eye. There are fewer Aquatic invertebrates are a critical component of predator species. river ecology, and an indicator of river health. 7 Y

Migratory Bird Sanctuary T R TH IS!

Aerial photo of the bird sanctuary and Nechako River. (WM) History and Significance

Established in 1944, the Nechako River Migratory Did you know? Bird Sanctuary is a federally designated protected area for migrating bird species. Considered Up to 20,000 waterfowl can be seen migrating Important Bird Habitat, this sanctuary is a stopping through Vanderhoof ground for many species of birds on their way to and each year, the majority from breeding grounds, while other species migrate being Canada Geese. to and stay in the Nechako region to breed. People are welcome The river is wide and slow within the sanctuary, to boat within the and the main channel is divided to form the many sanctuary, however, the taking, injuring, secondary channels that flow between the islands. destructing, molesting, 180 hectares in size, the sanctuary is made up of or hunting of migratory small, shrub and grass covered islands. birds, their nests, Five bird species migrate to the Nechako region or eggs within the during the winter months only. They are snow sanctuary is prohibited. bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), redpoll (Carduelis Other recognized flammea) and occasionally snowy owls (Nyctea Important Bird Habitat areas include Nulki scandiaca) and Northern shrike (Lanius excubitor). and Tachick lakes.

8 Observation Tower at Riverside Park. (AG) Swallow watching! In spring and summer, 5 different swallow species swoop

Y and dart around the Burrard Avenue bridge. Cliff and barn swallows make nests under the bridge, while bank swallows build nests in the muddy banks of the Nechako River. Take a walk along the Riverside Nature Trail, or have a picnic at Migratory Bird Sanctuary T R

TH IS! the Nechako River Lookout to watch these amazing birds in action.

White-crowned sparrow. (MR) Songbird ID A subset songbirds common to the area. Listed smallest to largest. Wilson’s Warbler: All yellow body, large black eye, dark patch on top of head. Red- breasted Nuthatch: Blue-grey back and wings, orange belly, short tail, climbs down a tree trunk. Brown Creeper: Black and brown back and Songbirds wings, long tail, climbs up a tree trunk. Songbirds come in all shapes, sizes and colours. Black-capped Included in this broad group of birds are flycatchers, Chickadee: Round vireos, jays and thrushes, swallows, chickadees, body, wide white cheek warblers, sparrows, creepers and nuthatches, pipits, stripe, black-head. waxwings, tanagers, grosbeaks, buntings, blackbirds, White-crowned and finches. The Nechako region is home to Sparrow: Dull brown approximately 30 species that migrate to the area with wing stripes, each year. white eye strip. Often heard before they are seen, songbirds are Mountain Bluebird: found in a variety of habitats including: forest All blue body. understory shrubs and plants; stream- and lake-side Cedar Waxwing: vegetation; wetlands; agricultural fields, backyard Smooth sleek brown feeders and gardens; and under bridges, in barns and body, black face, other human-made structures. tuft on head. American Robin: The best time of day to look for these small elusive Grey-brown back and birds is in the early morning or at dusk. It is helpful wings, red breast. to bring binoculars, a bird identification field guide, and bird song recordings. 9

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Migratory Bird Sanctuary T TH IS!

Trumpeter swans in a field in Vanderhoof. (AG)

Trumpeter and Tundra Swans

Trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) are commonly Did you know? seen in and over Vanderhoof during migration each The red seen on the spring and fall. The largest swan in North America, trumpeter swan necks the trumpeter swan can reach 183cm in height with in the above picture is a 259cm wingspan. This beautiful all white bird has caused from the iron- a distinctive raspy ko-ho honk while flying. rich soils surrounding Vanderhoof. Swans Comparatively, the smaller tundra swan are dabblers, meaning (C. columbianus) can reach 147cm tall with a they graze in water on wingspan of 213cm. Although they are the most terrestrial and aquatic abundant and widespread swan species in North plants. When feeding America, tundra swan are less commonly seen here. in flooded fields, the heads of the birds You can distinguish the two species from one rub against the soil another by the colour of their lores—the space in and they can become front of the eye. The tundra swan has a yellow lore, stained from the iron. whereas the lore of the trumpeter swan is black. Both species can be seen in rivers, lakes and fields, where they feed on plants and some invertebrates. Trumpeter Swan Tundra Swan 10 View of Migratory Bird Sanctuary. (MR) Bird watching! Grab an area map and our bird species list from the Visitor Centre and spend an afternoon driving the roads and back roads of the area in

R Y search of waterfowl, songbirds, raptors, and other wildlife. Good spots include the Migratory Bird Sanctuary, farmer’s fields along Loop Road and Blackwater- T

TH IS! Mapes Roads, Nulki Lake, Tachick Lake, and Sinkut Lake.

Canada Geese flying low over the Nechak River. (AG) Waterfowl ID A subset of common waterfowl to the area. Listed smallest to largest. Description of male birds. American Coot: All black, white bill, large green feet. Bufflehead: Green head with large white patch on top of head. Mostly white body. Common Goldeneye: Glossy green head with white cheek patch. White sides. Canada Geese Ruddy Duck: Dark head with large white Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), a Canadian icon, cheek patch, red body. have come to be the symbol of Vanderhoof as it is American Wigeon: a stopping ground on their migration route. Their White strip on top distinctive ka-ronk call can be heard each spring and of head, green over fall, as thousands of Canada Geese descend on the eyes, tan sides. fields, lakes and major rivers in the area. Mallard: Glossy green head, white The size of Canada Geese ranges from 63–108cm neck-ring, tan sides tall. Canada Geese nest on the ground near sources with brown breast. of water. They feed in fields, lakes and rivers on Common Merganser: terrestrial (land) and aquatic plants. Green head, white sides, Migratory birds fly for the majority of their spike-like red bill. migration in a V-formation, like the Canada Geese. Northern Pintail: These formations are aerodynamically beneficial Brown head with as the birds in front create ‘lift’ that reduces the white breast, needle amount of wind resistance for the birds in the back. pointed tail. The lead bird moves to the back of the V-formation Common Loon: when it is tired, and a new bird takes its place. Black head, neck- ring, dark sides with white speckling. View of Migratory Bird Sanctuary. (MR) 11 Y

Migratory Bird Sanctuary T R TH IS!

American white pelicans at the Migratory Bird Sanctuary. (MR)

Sandpiper. American White Pelican

A spectacular sight to see, American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) are an immense white Did you know? bird reaching 155 cm tall with a wingspan of Spring and fall are not the only times to see 274 cm and a distinctive long bill. During breeding, birds in Vanderhoof. adults have a ‘centreboard’ on the ridge of their bills, Although the number as seen in the above photograph. of bird species in the American white pelicans are fish eaters and catch area more than doubles small trout and suckers by swimming together as a during migration, group and scooping up fish with their bills. approximately 35 species are residents The only breeding colony of American white pelican to the area. in BC is at Stum Lake in White Pelican Provincial Owls, woodpeckers, Park, west of Williams Lake. Stum Lake has no some songbirds, grouse, fish, so the pelicans feed at other lakes in the region. crows, ravens, and jay Pelican will fly over 400 km round trip to feed in species can be seen and shallow lakes in the Nechako Valley. These birds can heard in the woodlands and fields, along be spotted on Sinkut, Nulki, and Finger lakes, to the river, and in our name a few, as well as the Migratory Bird Sanctuary backyards year round. at Riverside Park. 12 Black-capped chickadee in winter. (AG) Berry picking! Head out for an afternoon of sweet adventures berry picking in Y the woodlands around Vanderhoof. The Visitor Centre has guides and resources available, including Saik’uz Elder Sophie Thomas’ book about medicinal plants of

T R the area. Please use a guide when picking wild berries and fruit. TH IS!

American white pelicans at the Migratory Bird Sanctuary. (MR) Shorebird id A subset of common shorebirds to the area. Listed smallest to largest. Description of male birds. Spotted Sandpiper: Dark back and wings, round broad breast spots. White line over eye. American Dipper: Chunky all dark grey, bob and dive into flowing water. Sandpiper. Wilson’s Phalarope: Dark wings, cinnamon Shorebirds neck patch, white throat. Killdeer: Brown wings, Many shorebird species spend the spring and two black breast-bands, summer in the woodlands, fields, lake shores and white line over eye. river banks in the Nechako Region. For example, Greater Yellowlegs: killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) may build their nests Back and wings on the ground in farmer’s fields or along gravelly checkered with black, roads. Sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis), greater grey and white. Black yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) and sometimes bill. Bright yellow legs. long-billed curlews (Numenius americanus) can be Long-billed Curlew: seen among the tall grasses in fields and along the Light sandy brown with shore of the Nechako River. dark checkered back and wings. Very long, Depending on the shape and strength of their bills, down-curved bill. shorebirds feed on by molluscs, worms, aquatic Herring Gull: Grey back insects, and plankton by digging in the sand and soil and wings. White belly. or fish through shallow water. Pale pink legs. Yellow A number of gull species can be seen foraging for bill with red spot. small fish and dead salmon along the shore of the Sandhill Crane: Over Nechako River. Gulls are also common within a meter tall. Grey body, residential and commercial areas of Vanderhoof. red head patch. Black-capped chickadee in winter. (AG) 13 Y

Migratory Bird Sanctuary T R TH IS!

Bat box located along the Riverside Nature Trail. (MR) Bats and Bat Boxes

Bats, the only true flying mammal, migrate to the Did you know? Nechako region each year to breed. They prefer There are seven species tight, narrow places to roost, such as behind tree of woodpecker that live bark and loose roof shingles and siding. They may in the Nechako region. also be found in caves, barns and attics. The most common of these that are seen Bats are an important part of the ecology of the in the community area. The Vanderhoof Fish and Game Club has year round are the been putting up bat boxes within the community, downy woodpecker including along the Riverside Nature Trail, to help (Picoides pubescens), the increase the local population, and to help reduce hairy woodpecker (P. conflicts with humans by providing alternate villosus) and the large housing outside of human homes. red-capped pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus Bats eat mosquitoes and other insects. They can be pileatus). The Northern seen at twilight, swooping through the air in search flicker (Colaptes of food, which they use sonar to find. A pulse of auratus) is a migratory sound is sent from their heads and if an insect flies woodpecker to this area within the pulse, the pulse reflects back to the bat, and is often seen in indicating to the bat the location of the insect. town and woodlands. 14 Hairy woodpecker. (AG) Climb the stairs of the Observation Tower at Riverside Park for a great view of

Y the Migratory Bird Sanctuary and Nechako River. From this high vantage point, you may be lucky enough to watch some of our expert fish catching bird species in action. Osprey, a large white raptor, make dramatic dives from height, Migratory Bird Sanctuary T R

TH IS! while the belted kingfisher hovers over the water until the right moment to dive.

Canadian tiger swallowtail butterflies. (AG) Butterfly id General description of common butterfly groups in the area. Listed smallest to largest. Blues: Bright to dark blue. Coppers: Iridescent orange or copper. Skippers: Wide heads, stout bodies. Most are black, dark brown, some with yellow. Sulfurs: BC is home to the most sulfur species of butterfly of Butterflies anywhere else in the world. Orange, yellow With over 60 species of butterfly in the Nechako or some are pale green. region, butterflies of all colours: yellow, white, blue, Brush-footed: Orange orange, or a mixture, can be seen flying in meadows and brown, various and fields, along rivers and lakes, in woodlands, and patterns and sizes. in high elevation areas. Nymphs: Diversity of The flying season here is from April to October. colours and patterns, Depending on the species, the entire life cycle— rough-edged wings, from egg to caterpillar to adult—can take the resemble bark. entire season. Some species, however, have several Whites: White, some generations in one season. The pupa (stage between black or yellow a caterpillar and adult butterfly) hibernate during patterning. White the winter, often buried within leaf litter. indicates bad taste to predators. Butterfly groups and individual species are Swallowtails: Bright distiguished from one another by their colour, but yellow and black, with also by their flight pattern. Some species fly fast and some blue, red and low to the ground, while others flit about clumsily orange along the wing in the open. The combination of flight pattern and edges. Wings have ‘tails’ colour tells predators if they are bad tasting or not. (see picture above). Hairy woodpecker. (AG) 15

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Woodlands T TH IS!

View of valley from Sinkut Mountain. (RW) Ecology of Woodlands

Vanderhoof is located at the centre of the Sub- Boreal Spruce Biogeoclimatic Zone. Simply put, Did you know? this area is dominated by a variety of coniferous The red conifer trees (evergreen) species of trees; it lies on the Fraser seen in the above Plateau that is mostly low rolling hills at an altitude picture are dead of roughly 1,000m; and, has moderate precipitation lodgepole pine that with a high snow pack. This combination of factors were infested by results in a productive woodland, with a diverse the Mountain Pine ecology of understory plants. Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae). The pine Due to the frequent forest fires and removal of trees beetle infestation of by the logging industry, the resulting woodlands in BC has had a major this area are of a mixed age. impact on the forest ecology and economy Deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves), are of this region. The dead most noticeable on the landscape during the fall trees also increase the when their leaves turn brilliant yellow and orange. fire risk of the area.

Birds and mammals inhabit woodlands year round Mountain Pine Beetle in this area. actual size.

16 Cedar waxwing chicks are hidden by leaf cover. (MP) Hiking! There are a number of scenic hiking trails of variable lengths and difficulty levels within 20 minutes of downtown Vanderhoof. Ask at the Visitor

R Y Centre for more information about one of these popular trails: Omineca Trail, Waterlily Lake Trail, Telegraph Trail, Sinkut Mountain, Greer Creek Falls,

Woodlands T

TH IS! Cutoff Butte Trail.

Black cottonwood trees and Tree and Plant Species leaf litter in fall. (AG) Deciduous ID of the Sub-Boreal Spruce In order from most to Zone least common. Alder species: Bark smooth with horizontal lenticels (raised markings). Leaves oval 5–10cm. Trembling Aspen: Bark smooth to furrowed. Leaves kidney-shaped 3–7cm. Paper (White) Birch: Bark thin smooth, dark- red to creamy white. Deciduous Trees Bark sheds in large sheets, inner bark dies Deciduous trees provide nesting habitat for a and turns black. Leaves variety of songbirds that are commonly seen along triangular 5–10cm. woodland trails in the Nechako region, such as Black Cottonwood: yellow-rumped warblers. Woodpeckers make cavities Dark greyish-brown in these trees in search of food and nesting. Some bark with ridges and waterfowl, such as goldeneyes, also use tree cavities V-shaped furrows. for their nests. Leaves oval 7–12cm. The leaf litter is broken down by invertebrates, and Tamarack: Bark thin, adds important nutrients to the forest soil. redish-brown and smooth to scaly. 2–5cm needles 15–60 per tuft. Common Plant Species Combinations by Area

Along Large Rivers and Moist Well Drained Areas Dry Areas Streams Spruce, Subalpine Fir with Lodgepole Pine with Blue- Black Cottonwood and Spruce Alder and berry producing berry, Kinnikinnick, Black shrubs Huckleberry Wet Areas Spruce, Subalpine Fir, Queen’s Moist to Dry Upland Areas Cup, Black Gooseberry, and Trembling Aspen and Paper other berry producing shrubs Birch 17 Y

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Kinnikinnick, is a species used by First Nations as a TH IS! “women’s medicine” as well as a diuretic. (AG)

Understory Vegetation

Sophie Thomas, a Saik’uz First Nation Elder and Healer, based her book, Plants and Medicines Did you know? of Sophie Thomas, on the understory plants that Forest fires are a grow in this region. Because of the relatively moist natural part of the climate, an array of berry producing plants can be forest ecology of the found in the forests around Vanderhoof. Many of interior of BC. In this these plants, along with lichen, certain wildflower area, forest fires are species, and even trees such as alder and tamarack, caused primarily by offer medicinal properties. lightening strikes during hot weather. Mammals, birds, and reptiles make their homes in, Fireweed, aspen, birch and from understory plants. Lichen is eaten by deer and logdepole pine are species, and birds and bears feed on berries from the first species to grow native plants such as wild raspberry, blueberry, wild on a burnt landscape. black current, kinnikinnick, and black huckleberry. Strict fire restrictions are put in place during the Small mammals make their home within the dense hottest periods in the forest floor cover. summer to help prevent unnecessary forest fires.

18 A burnt landscape south of Vanderhoof. (RN) Owl search! Spend an evening looking for owls along the country roads around

Y Vanderhoof. Pack a flashlight and some warm clothes along with your bird identification field guide, and head out when the sun sets, as owls are active at night. There are seven owl species that make Vanderhoof home all year long. Woodlands T R

TH IS! Stop in at the Visitor Centre for a list of the best owling spots in the area.

Spruce tree branch. (WS) conifer ID In order from most to least common. Lodgepole Pine: 30m tall, 60cm diameter. Bark thin orange-brown to grey. Needles in bundles of 2, 3-7cm long. Hybrid White Spruce: 30-40m tall, 60-90cm diameter. Bark thin, scaly. Large rouch scales that break off easily. Exposed bark. Needles aromatic when Hybrid White Spruce handled. Dominant tree species on landscape. Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannil) and white Subalpine Fir: 30m tall, spruce (P. glauca) naturally hybridize in this region 75cm diameter. Smooth, to produce what is referred to as the Hybrid White ash-grey bark with Spruce (P. glauca x engelmannil). This hybrid is irregular scales. Needles thought to dominate the central interior forests 25-40mm, rounded tip. of BC. Walking through the forest one can find Black Spruce: 20m tall, individual trees that are more characteristic of either 30cm diameter. Bark parent species, however most trees are intermediate reddish- or greyish- in characteristics between the Englemann and the brown with scales. New white spruce. exposed bark olive- or yellowish-green. There are a few characteristics that can distinguish Needles 8-15cm long, a white spruce from an Engelmann spruce. White dull greyish-green. spruce are shorter (40m compared to 50m), and Douglas Fir: 60m tall, have a straighter trunk. The young twigs of the 200cm diameter. Bark white spruce are smooth and shiny, whereas the deep furrows with Engelmann are usually hairy. White spruce needles irregular ridges. Needles are shorter (3.5cm compared to 5cm) and are more flat flexible 2-3cm long. stiff and blunt.

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Woodlands T R TH IS!

Female spruce grouse. (RN) Grouse

Grouse are primarily found in woodland areas and are related to wild and domestic turkeys. Grouse are Did you know? not strong fliers and are often seen walking along Trapping is a long-lived gravel roads. When startled, they make short bursts trade in the Nechako region, carried out first of flight and return to the ground fairly quickly. by the First Nations The plumage of these birds can be quite people of the area, ornamented, as the males display (pump out their then by settlers for feathers and spread their tail) to females during the the fur trade in the breeding season. 1800-1900s. Although still done for food and The three species of grouse in the NechakoValley are clothing, today trapping Spruce grouse (Falcipennis canadensis) that inhabit is also used as a tool dense conifer forests, ruffed grouse(Bonasa umbellus) for wildlife population that inhabit mixed to deciduous forests, and a recent management. Fox, immigrant into the region due to a warming climate, wolf, beaver, lynx, pine the sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus). marten, otter, muskrat, coyote, and mink are Until sharp-tailed populations become sufficiently just some of the species robust, only Spruce grouse and ruffed grouse can be trappers target. hunted in the Nechako Valley. 20 Coyote in winter. (WS) Take a walk along any one of the local trails and search for wildlife clues such

Y as: vertical gouges on a tree trunk about 1–2 metres up the tree indicate a bear was searching for sap and insects; fireweed and other tall plants with their tops nipped off, and shrubs that look severely pruned indicate moose and deer have T R

TH IS! been in the area eating; gnawed sticks or tree trunk indicate a beaver is nearby.

Black bear. (WS) Mammal Habitat Animals are organized by their most typical habitat, yet most species are found in more than one habitat.

Woodlands: grizzly bear • black bear • mule deer • white-tailed deer • elk • fisher • wolverine • northern flying squirrel • porcupine • pine martens • striped skunk • deer mouse • jumping mouse species Mammals • chipmunk • grey wolf • red fox • coyote • lynx Even in the patches of woodlands within the town • cougar • snowshoe limits of Vanderhoof, bear, moose, and deer pass hare • packrat through on their way to the Nechako River. There are over 30 species of mammals in the Rivers, Streams, and Nechako region, and they fall into two categories: Wetlands: predator or prey. Although wolves, cougars and moose • river otter • beaver • mink • muskrat bear are sometimes taken by another animals, these species are predator species, while herbivores (plant Grasslands and Farms: eaters), such as mice, squirrels and moose, are prey long-tailed vole • species. A delicate balance exists between predators meadow vole • packrat and prey. When there are lots of prey to eat, • long-tailed vole predator numbers increase, causing prey numbers • meadow vole to dwindle. When prey numbers get too low that causes starvation in predators, which reduces their Urban Areas: numbers and thus there are fewer predators to hunt bats • red squirrel prey. The prey species then rebound and the cycle • mice species starts over. Hunting by humans influences this balance as well, and hunting regulations are set to

manage wildlife populations. 21 Wetlands ht S ig ht See ing

View of WL McLeod Wetland. (MR) Red-winged blackbird perched on a cattail. (AG) Ecology of Wetlands

A wetland ecosystem is a transition zone between open water and land. Wetlands form when organic material accumulates and specific species of plants, Did you know? trees, mosses and algae establish. The different The WL McLeod Wetland is located in the middle wetland ecosystems are defined by their location and of Vanderhoof. As part water supply. The common wetland ecosystems in of the Vanderhoof this region include marshes, fens, bogs, and swamps. Community Trails Each is important for wildlife. network, the trail Fens are the typical wetland, and are home to a great around the wetland offers different vantage diversity of animals and plants. Comparatively, bogs points to view a variety have very acidic soil and are fed by rainfall. As a of plant, bird, mammal result few plant species grow in bogs. and invertebrate Beaver activity on small streams often flood tree species. The wetland stands and create swamps, which are important was once a side channel habitat for wildlife. Tamarack trees are often found of the Nechako River. It is fed by groundwater in swamps. Marshes are formed at the edges of lakes and rainfall. and larger rivers. Horsetails and sedges are common marsh plant species. 22 WL McLeod Wetland. (MR) There are a number of natural wetlands within 5 minutes of downtown Vanderhoof. WL McLeod Wetland, and the Redmond Pit Wetland are excellent examples of wetland habitat. Ask at the Visitor Centre for more information about Wetlands how to get to these two scenic areas to go for a walk and view wildlife and plants specific to wetland habitats. ht S ig ht See ing Black Birds Listed smallest to largest. Brown-headed cowbird: All black with dark brown head. Red-winged blackbird: All black with red or red and yellow wing patch. Brewer’s blackbird: All black with a whitish eye. Rusty blackbird: All

View of WL McLeod Wetland. (MR) Red-winged blackbird perched on a cattail. (AG) black with a yellow eye, rusty looking only in the fall and winter. Blackbirds and Cattails Yellow-headed blackbird: All black A perennial herb, cattail (Typha latifolia) is a with bright yellow common wetland plant. These tall plants can grow head and neck. The to 2.0 metres in height. Cattails grow in slow- Nechako Valley is flowing or standing water, in marshy areas, ponds home to one of the and even in wet ditches. Animals that use cattails for few populations of this food and habitat include wrens, various waterfowl, species in Northern BC. muskrats, and most commonly, the red-winged American Crow: All blackbird. black with wide wing span and a short tail. Smaller than a robin, male red-winged blackbirds American Magpie: (Agelaius phoeniceus) are often seen perched on Black with white the fuzzy head of the cattail, belting out a loud, belly. Extremely long distinctive call that is synonymous with wetland- tail and harsh call. marshy habitat. Males puff out their wings to Common Raven: show their bright red wing patches to defend their All black with long territory against other males. Red-winged blackbirds narrow wings. Long are also very defensive of their nests, and may swoop wedge-shaped tail. or hit an invader. Female red-winged blackbirds are Live here all year. not black at all, but a dark brown bird.

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Wetlands T TH IS!

Dragonfly species. Dragonflies

Adult dragonflies resemble miniature helicopters by the way they hover and maneuver in flight. Did you know? Wood frogs (Rana The brightly coloured male insects do only two sylvatica), Western toads jobs, defend territories and attract females. Females (Bufo boreas) and the choose their mate. After mating, females deposit common garter snake their eggs on aquatic vegetation or directly into (Thamnophis sirtalis) are the water of a swamp, marsh or stream. Each egg the only amphibians develops and hatches into a nymph. The nymph and reptiles that live stays underwater and feeds on other invertebrates. in the Nechako region. Because these animals Once large enough, the nymph climbs up a stem are cold blooded—rely of a cattail, or other emergent plant, and molts. on the environment to Molting is when the outer skeleton of the nymph warm and cool their breaks open and the adult form of the dragonfly bodies—not many unfolds. The newly emerged dragonfly must stay still species have adapted until it is dry. During that time it is vulnerable to to our cold Northern being eaten by birds. Once dry, the dragonfly takes climate. These animals off to find a mate and start the cycle over again. hibernate during the winter months.

24 Western toad. (WS) Animal tracks! Going on an animal track treasure hunt is an easy and fun way to spend an afternoon. Pick up an animal track guide from the Visitor Centre. Then R Y head out to the Nechako River, WL McLeod Wetland, or any one of the lakes or

Wetlands T trails in the area to see how many different animal tracks you can find. TH IS!

Moose and calf. (DS)

Dragonfly species. Moose Wetland Plants Emergent Plants: Moose (Alces alces) are the largest and most common Plants that are rooted ungulate (hooved animal) in the Nechako region, underwater and the stem and leaves grow despite the fact that they first moved into the region above the surface of in the early 1930s. Before that time, First Nation the water, or float on people traded with far away villages for moose hide, the surface. Examples, which today is still important to their culture. cattails, reeds, This massive animal, standing nearly two meters tall, horsetails, water lilies. is an herbivore. Moose are found in both wetlands Submergent Plants: and woodlands foraging primarily on wetland plants Entire plant is in the summer, and twigs, bark, and saplings in underwater. Example, pond weed. the winter. Moose are well adapted for life near water and using their long legs, can swim as fast as Floating: The stem 56 km/hr and can hold their breath for long periods and leaves float on the surface of the for feeding underwater. Their long legs also help water, while the roots them in the winter to walk through deep snow. hang from the surface. Moose are most active at night, and are a common Example, duckweed. concern for drivers along the roads and highways. Moose are hunted annually in the area. Western toad. (WS) 25 Y

Agricultural Lands T R TH IS!

Cattle ranging. (DM) Agricultural Land Ecotype

Agricultural lands are made up of naturally open areas and previously forested lands that have been Did you know? cleared. The lands around Vanderhoof are mostly Each year for three days cultivated for single crop production. Although in August, the Nechako Valley Exhibition takes agricultural lands are regularly manipulated by over the community. humans and house domestic animals, they remain The weekend draws important areas for wildlife. equestrian riders and Agricultural lands provide food and shelter for many jumpers, draft horse species of bird, mammal, and invertebrates. They are farmers, ranchers, sheep dog competitors, also passage ways between forested or wetland areas artisans, bakers, for mammals and birds. musicians and lots Streams flow through agricultural lands, and the and lots of children health and variety of species of plants, animals to this true country and birds that live in or use these waterways are fair. Education about agriculture and its influenced by agricultural practices. importance to the Good land stewardship occurs through cooperation local economy is between ranch owners, farmers, wildlife groups, showcased at the fair. governments, and local residents. 26 Goats at the fair. (MR) Take a tour of a dairy farm! Always fun for children, families can book a tour of a Y local dairy farm to learn what it takes to operate a dairy. From caring for the cows, to milking, to cleaning-up, these tours are an excellent way to spend a sunny

Agricultural Lands T R summer afternoon. Contact the Visitor Centre in advance to arrange a tour. TH IS!

Crop Plants In order from most to least common in this area. Alfalfa: Grown as a forage crop for cattle. Harvested as hay and used to feed livestock over the winter months. Straw, the dried stalk, is used as bedding for livestock. Barley: Grown as a Cattle ranging. (DM) Field of round bales of alfalfa (hay) with Sinkut Mountain in the background. (AG) forage crop for cattle, also can be processed for its seed and used Farmer’s Fields in foods for human consumption. Used to Known for producing quality hay, the vast make beer and other agricultural lands that surround Vanderhoof have distilled beverages. been in cultivation for nearly 100 years. Cleared by Oats: Grown for the settlers and First Nation people in the early part of seeds, wild oats are a the 1900s, these fields produce a variety of grain forage crop for livestock, and forage crops for livestock and human use. These in particular horses. The lands are also used as rangelands for livestock. seeds are also good for human consumption. Domestic animals are not the only ones who forage Wheat: Grown for on these open fields. Mule deer are frequent visitors its grain, this grass to farmer’s fields in the summer and fall. Some species is used for farmers in the area leave a strip of wheat or alfalfa at human consumption the end of the harvest specifically for mule deer to and is processed into feed on before winter. flour or whole grains. Other animals use these fields: raptors fly overhead Canola: Grown as a looking for small mammals that live underground forage crop for cattle. in the fields; and fox and coyote travel hidden from It is also processed into canola oil for view within the tall grasses, also searching for prey. human consumption. Farmer’s fields are a good place to view wildlife. Goats at the fair. (MR) 27 Y

Agricultural Lands T R TH IS!

Honeybee on dandelion. Bees

Bees are an important component of the ecosystem. There are thousands of bee species worldwide and Did you know? they are responsible for pollinating the majority of The Nechako Valley plants on earth. Honeybees, however, are the most is home to several honeybee farmers, common and efficient pollinator. In the Nechako otherwise known region, honeybee farmers (apiarists) make homes for as apiarists. In the millions of honeybees that in turn pollinate many of Nechako Valley, there the agricultural crops in the area, including alfalfa are roughly 500 hives, and canola. each containing up to 65,000 bees, producing Honeybees use a complex communication system over 18,000 kg of honey of dance to direct each other to new sources of each year. World- nectar—the sweet liquid in flowers that bees collect wide, over a billion to eat and feed to the queen bee. Bees unintentially kilograms of honey are pollinate flowers as they move between flowers in produced each year. For search of nectar. perspective, it takes 12 honeybees their entire Many honeybee populations around the world are lifespan to produce just disappearing, due to many factors, including habitat 21 grams of honey. loss and the use of herbicides and other chemicals. 28 A local apiarist with his necklace of bees. (JA) Raptors are big birds, and therefore make big nests. Most raptors come back

Y to the same nest each year. There are nests scattered around the Nechako region. One that is easy to see is an osprey nest at the L&M Lumber yard, located just 5 minutes from downtown Vanderhoof on Highway 16. Contact the Visitor Centre Agricultural Lands T R

TH IS! for directions and the best time of year to see ospreys on the nest.

Raptor ID In order from smallest to largest. American Kestrel: Long wings and tail, orange-red back. Merlin: Short pointed wings, dark back and wings. Sharp-shinned Hawk: Small head and bill. Broad wings. Dark back and wings, orange belly. Honeybee on dandelion. Female Northern harrier. Northern Harrier: Slender. White patch Northern Harrier on rump during flight. Red-tailed Hawk: Northern harrier (Circus cyaneus) are raptors, or in Red tail. Body varies other words, birds of prey. Raptors hunt for their dark to light. food, which includes small mammals and even small Swainson’s Hawk: birds. Slender. Belly varies The Northern harrier is one of the few raptor species dark to light. to have different looking males and females. Males Rough-legged Hawk: are grey backed while females are brown and slightly Small bill and feet. Belly larger. Both have an obvious white rump when varies dark to light. in flight, which distinguishes them from all other Northern Goshawk: raptors. Northern harriers usually hunt by flying Broad tail, long wings, slowly and low over fields. broad body. Grey. On a drive along an open field in the spring when Osprey: Long narrow wings. White belly, the snow has just melted and the ground is thawed, neck and underwing. you will see a number of raptor species perched on fence posts, power lines, tree branches and power Golden Eagle: Dark body, with yellow on poles searching for a meal. Raptors have excellent shoulders and neck. vision, and are able to detect the slightest movement on the ground. Bald Eagle: White head, black body. A local apiarist with his necklace of bees. (JA) 29 EINSPHAR RD HUTTON RD HARGREAVES AVE HARGREAVES HAWES PL HAWES MARROW PL

Murray HEALTH CENTRE RD Creek VANDERVIEW DR

HOSPITAL

RD REDFERN DR Vanderhoof Community Trail COLLEGE OF NEW LOOP ROAD CALEDONIA NORTHSIDE RD Downtown Core Parks & Green Spaces SACKNER RD Hospital Motorbike Trail Fire Hall Museum NECHAKO RIVER LOOKOUT Police Station Personal Watercraft Airport Picnic Area ATV Trail Playground REID DR Baseball Post Office Biking Trail Public Telephone Boating Public Washroom R Camping Recycling Centre RIVERSIDE PARK i ve r Canoeing Restaurant AND CAMPGROUND s i Migratory Sturgeon d Community Recovery e Running Track Garden Centre N a RV Camping Bird Sanctuary t u Cross-country r Sani-Dump e Skiing Trail T r NECHAKO Kenney Dam Float Plane Dock a i Dog Path Sheltered Picnic Area l Fishing Shopping PEACH Fitness Equipment Snowboarding LOUVAIN ST LN Snowmobiling Trail Garbage Disposal Snowshoeing Trail Gas Station Spray Park OMINECA ST Golfing BASEBALL Stable Grocery Store DIAMONDS RIVER Swimming RIVERVIEW DR Hiking Trail DOUGLAS ST Horse Riding Tennis Courts Wading Area Ice Fishing Walking Trail Ice Skating WL MCLEOD Waterskiing AVE WETLAND VICTORIA ST

Kayaking CHURCH VIEW ST Wheelchair Access VICTORIA ST Laundromat Wildlife Viewing Library FERLAND Lodging PARK CONNAUGHT ST Mechanic Shop CONNAUGHT ST Stoney Creek

LAMPITT AVE

CAMPBELL AVE

BURRARD AVE COLUMBIA ST SPORTS FIELD AND RUNNING

STEWART ST BUTE AVE TRACK AVE STEWART ST CURLING ICE ARENA WEST EAST BASEBALL CLUB CREASEY AVE SILVERSMITH DIAMONDS

HIGHWAY 16 PARK FIRST STREET WEST

FIRST STREET EAST SECOND ST SECOND ST

RILEY AVE

PINE ST VANDERHOOF FRASER AVE THIRD ST NECHAKO AVE COMMUNITY MUSEUM RECREATION AVE

FOURTH ST Herit Trail RIVETT LN age Park and Heritage Nature FIFTH ST Vanderhoof Community Trail SPRUCE ST FIFTH ST RIP’N THE NORTH SIXTH ST FIFTH ST BIKE PARK CLARKE AVE SEVENTH ST SIXTH ST

SEVENTH ST RILEY AVE KENNEY DAM RD 16

To Wilderness Resorts and Saik’uz First Nation Reserve

BERRY RD BREWSTER RD

For more information about this guide, please contact: DUMP RD

Vanderhoof Visitor Centre WILLOW RD 250-567-2124

REST 1-800-752-4094 STOP 2353 Burrard Avenue, Vanderhoof, BC DERKSEN RD www.vanderhoofchamber.com SPEEDWAY RD

District of Vanderhoof 250-567-4711 160 Connaught St., Vanderhoof, BC www.vanderhoof.ca