AN ANALYSIS OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION IN AMERICAN HISTORY X (1998) FILM
A Thesis Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
Muhammad Aji Akasyah 109026000105
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2014 M/1435 H ABSTRACT
Muhammad Aji Akasyah, An Analysis of Prejudice and Discrimination in American History X (1998) Film, Thesis: English Letters Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah. Jakarta, 2014.
This reseach studies about American History X film directed by David McKeena on 1998. The analysis is aimed to find out how prejudice and discrimination issues and the relationship between prejudice and discrimination is described through theories of Prejudice and Discrimination by analyzing the characters. From the analysis, there are several characters involved in act of prejudice and discrimination. After that, it can be concluded that there are two forms of the relationship between prejudice and discrimination. There are prejudice that does not lead into discrimination and prejudice that leads into discrimination.
i
APPROVEMENT
AN ANALYSIS OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION IN AMERICAN HISTORY X (1998) FILM
A Thesis Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
MUHAMMAD AJI AKASYAH 109026000105
Approved by:
Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd NIP. 19640710 199303 1 006 (Day/Date: )
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2014
ii
LEGALIZATION
Name : Muhammad Aji Akasyah
NIM : 109026000105
Title :An Analysis of Prejudice and Discrimination in American History X (1998) Film
The thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Comittee onApril 3rd, 2014. It has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.
Jakarta, April 3rd, 2014
Examination Committee
Signature Date
1. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd. (Chair Person) ______19640710 199303 1 006
2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum. (Secretary) ______19781003 200112 2 002
3. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd. (Advisor) ______19640710 199303 1 006
4. Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum. (Examiner I) ______19780126 200312 2 002
5. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum. (Examiner II) ______19781003 200112 2 002
iii
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief. It contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, April 2014
Muhammad Aji Akasyah
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of Allah SWT, The most merciful
and our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW for peace and blessing.
My appreciation in the first place goes to my advisor, Maria Ulfa, M. A,
M. Hum, for her guidance, support, encouragement, and thought in finishing this thesis.
Many people have helped me in different ways to complete this work. I would like to thank, particulary, Dr. H. Abdul Wahid Hasyim, MA, the Dean of the Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd. the Head of the
English Letters Department, Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of the
English Letters Department. In addition, the writer`s appreciation also goes toInayatul Chusna, M.Hum., Arif Rahman Hakim M.Hum., and alllecturers of
English Letters Department, who have taught, inspired and educated the writer during his studying at campus.
The most appreciation goes to my parents, Asmad Effendi and Romlah.
This thesis and all of my work are dedicated to both of them. Their guidance, advice, prays, and supports are irreplaceable and unchangeable through the time. I love you both so much. Moreover, I also would like to thank to my brothers and sisters, Lia, Iqbal, Iqdam, Kheny, and Tia for their support, help, and sharing time.
Another best gratitude goes to all my classmates in C class: Gita, Topik,
Heri, Chris, Kos, Yudaris, Yan, Agus, Yudhi (Mamat), Hafid, Ai, Icha, Erna,
Dwi, Kiki, Ninu, Tiara, Zata, Talitha, Sri, Chusna, Dini and other friends who
v can`t be mentioned one by one here. Next, my classmates in literature class:
Andra, Ipin, Agung, Mugni, Suyuti, Vanda, Sapta, Kiput, Aida, Emil, Riri, Isti,
Iis, Nenden, Syifa, Nanda, and all friends who can`t be listed in this paper. Then,
The Bohemians: Gusti, Hakim, Icul. KKN BETA family: Panji, Aponk, Yopie,
Icha, Ruhi, Kiki.My Brothers in Arms; Fian, Ludi, Ilham, Faisal, Harris, Oki.
After that, goes to the best foreigner teachers; Mr. Kim Caula and Mr. Khadri
Fadzil Rahman. Thank you very much for sharing your support, motivation, thought, laught, and joy.
And my last praise goes to you. You are the biggest part of my support system. You have give me so much more than I could ever dreamed, your time, joy, and kindness. Thank you for giving me some memorable songs and I will always remember your beautiful voice when you are singing. Thank you for not turning away when things get uncomfortable. Thank you for caring and loving me. Thank you for everything that you have given me. Thank you for being my happiness, dear. You are the very best God’s gift to me, thank you very much.
Finally, I hope this paper will be useful and also can give a lot of benefit for students of English Letters Department who want to do the further research about Prejudice and Discrimination. And I realize that this paper is far from being perfect, therefore it is really a pleasure for me to receive some suggestions and critics.
Jakarta, March 2014
M.A.A
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT ...... i
APPROVEMENT ...... ii
LEGALIZATION ...... iii
DECLARATION ...... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study ...... 1
B. Focus of Study ...... 6
C. Research Question ...... 6
D. Significance of the Study ...... 6
E. Research Methodology...... 7
1. Objectives of the Study ...... 7
2. Method of Research ...... 7
3. Technique of Data Analysis ...... 8
4. Instrument of Research ...... 9
5. Unit of Analysis ...... 9
F. Time and Place ...... 9
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Film Theory ...... 10
1. Character and Characterization Theory ...... 11
vii
2. Prejudice and Discrimination Theory ...... 17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING
A. Characters Identification ...... 23
B. American History X, Prejudice, and Discrimination 25
C. The Relation of Prejudice and Discrimination ...... 42
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS
A. Conclusions ...... 45
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 48
viii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Humans usually deal with problems in social life, such as prejudice and discrimination. Prejudice and discrimination are two things which have relevance.
Both of these can be detrimental to the growth, development, or even integrated in society, from a small occurrence that only involves two individuals to moreextend involving group or even a region. This also accompanied by acts of violence which are very harmful and destructive.
Prejudice and discrimination is a complex and a huge problem in social phenomena from the past until this time. First known use of word prejudice was in
13th century1 and discrimination was in 1648.2 The first example is the negative stereotypes and prejudices against Muslims fuelling discrimination especially in education and employment. Muslim women in Europe are being denied jobs and girls prevented from attending regular classes just because they wear traditional forms of dress, such as the headscarf, Men can be dismissed for wearing beards associated with Islam.3 Another example a case of discrimination is Indonesia’s health services. As we can see on the news, many poor people who cannot get health care because of their lack of funds, though they have Jamkesda card. Many
1 “Prejudice,” http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prejudiceAccessed on September, 25th2013 at 17:38 2 “Discrimination,” http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/discrimination Accessed on September, 4th 2013 at 20:50 3 “Muslim Discriminated Against for Demonstrating Their Faith”, https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/muslims-discriminated-against-demonstrating-their-faith-2012- 04-23 Accessed on April. 16th 2014 at 19:56
1 2
reasons issued by the hospital to refuse underprivileged patients. Not a few patients who eventually dying because the hospital did not want to accept and give service to them.
Basically, the act of discrimination begin from a prejudice that makes a person or group making a distinction against other individuals or groups.
Prejudice and discrimination have been widespread in human history, and we must first clearly distinguish between them. Prejudice refers to opinions or attitudes held by members of one groups towards another. Gordon W. Allport defined prejudice as a feeling, favorable or unfavorable, toward a person or thing, prior to, or not based on, actual experience.4 Anthony Giddens stated a prejudiced person’s preconceived views are often based on hearsay rather than on direct evidence, and are resistant to change even in the face of new information.5This happens because we, humans, are social beings who naturally want to gather with others who are similar to ourselves.
The lack of understanding and treatment to other people who different from him or his groups are the main reasons why prejudice could happen. In his journal, Louis A. Penner explained prejudice can be based on group’s age, occupation, social-class, region of residence, or dozens of other characteristic.
Among of multitude of different kinds of prejudice, the most common is Ethnic
Prejudice. 6 Milton Rokeach, social psychologist, proposed an explanation of ethnic prejudice based on this fact. According to Rokeach,
4 Gordon W. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice, (Massachusetts: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1979). p. 6. 5Anthony Giddens, Sociology Fourth Edition, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001), p. 250. 6Louis A. Penner, “Prejudice and Discrimination”, in The Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 22, International ed., p. 545b. 3
“Members of one ethnic group may dislike members of another group because they assume that people whose race, religion, language, or cultures are different from theirs will also hold other beliefs, attitudes, and values that are different from their own. The basis of ethnic prejudice is thus not ethnic dissimilarity; it is perceived-belief dissimilarity.”7
If prejudice represents attitudes and opinions, discrimination refers to actual behavior against another group or individual. In accordance with George A.
Theodorson & Achilles G. Theodorson, discrimination is the unequal treatment of individuals or groups on the basis of some, usually categorical, attribute such as race, ethnic, religious, or social-class. The term is used to describe the action of a dominant majority to a weak minority in a relation, therefore this imply an immoral and undemocratic behavior.8 Nina Osin and Dina Porat defined;
“Discrimination is prohibited by six of the core international human rights documents. The vast majority of the world's states have constitutional or statutory provisions outlawing discrimination. And most philosophical, political, and legal discussions of discrimination proceed on the premise that discrimination is morally wrong and, in a wide range of cases, ought to be legally prohibited.”9
Discrimination is a social issue that frequently appears as a controversial topic in varied life contexts. It showed a negative attitude toward individuals or groups (institutional). Louis A, Penner described institutional discrimination occurs when some large organization (for example, a government, business, or school) engages in practices that are unfair to member of some group and puts them at a disadvantage. Individual and institutional discrimination differ in the following respects. Individual discrimination is carried out by people acting on
7Ibid, 545c. 8 George A. Theodorson and Achilles G. Theodorson, A Modern Dictionary of Sociology (Scarborough, ON: HarperCollins Publishers, 1979), 115-116. 9 Nina Osin and Dina Porateds, Legislating Against Discrimination: An International Survey of Anti-Discrimination Norms, (Leiden: MartinusNijhoff, 2005). 4
their own. Institutional discrimination occurs when an institution makes laws or rules that affect the behavior of large numbers of people. 10 Actually, this discussion does not mean to view further on prejudice and discrimination concepts by each sociologist figures mentioned above, but to point out what becomes the intention of this research.
Nowadays, in 20th century or above, prejudice and discrimination issues are often used as a general theme in the film industry. There are so many works which use prejudice and discrimination as a general theme such as Remember The
Titans (2000) which was directed by Boaz Yakin. It shows a flinty antidote to the virus of racial hatred and bigotry. In a variety of wonderful scenes, this film shows us how these black and white boys learn to salute the inner greatness of each other's souls. Another film is The Help (2011). Set in 1960s, The Help tells story about a local newspaper journalist who wants to make a novel concerning with black maids life in Jackson, Mississippi. This film lifts racism by showing prejudice and discrimination against black people.
One of the popular films11 that shows prejudice and discrimination issue as the main theme is American History X (1998). The film is set in Venice Beach,
County of Los Angeles, California. It reflects a wide range of diverse cultures and social classes, where prejudice and discrimination exist between white people and
10 Louis A. Penner, “Prejudice and Discrimination”, 545a. 11 In September 2008, Empire magazine named it as the 311th of The 500 Greatest Movie of All The Time.” http://www.empireonline.com/500/35.asp Accessed on July, 17th 20:50at2013. It also nominated in Golden Reel Award (1999) for Best Sound Editing - Music (Foreign & Domestic) by Richard Ford (music editor), and Golden Satellite Award (1999) for Best Motion Picture Screenplay – Original by David McKenna. Furthermore, main actor of this film, Edward Norton, have nominated for Best Actor in Academy Awards (1999), Saturn Award (1999), CFCA Award (1999), Choltrudis Award (1999), OFCS Award (1999), and Young Artist Award (1999). He has won this category in Golden Satellite Award (1999), Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards (1999), and Taormina International Film Festival (1999). 5
colored people. It tells a story about two white colored neo-Nazi brothers: Derek
(Edward Norton) and Danny Vineyard (Edward Furlong). Since his father was killed by Black men, Derek becomes the leader of D.O.C, a neo-Nazi gang in their neighborhood. He used to lead some frustrated kids and give them firebrand speech about the foreigners who stole their freedom and exploiting their country.
Derek is described as a hateful, bigoted, and cruel, but he was always an intelligent and promising man. He spends for over 3 years in prison after killing two black teen who try to steal his truck. There, Derek learns a few things about life. His younger brother, Danny, has been heading down the same track Derek did. He is a member of D.O.C too. But, after Derek realizes what he had done were truly wrong, he pulls out Danny out of the gang. In the end of the film,
Danny is killed by a black student at the restroom before he submits his essay.12
From the explanation above, in American History X (1998) film, the distinction between white and colored people constructed by idealism from few central figures, Derek and Daniel Vineyard. Derek, who became a head leader of
D.O.C, persuades another gang member to act decisively on colored people.
According to them, colored people are social parasite who ready to exploit their country, America. In this case, the film represents social structure which has been established based on the skin color associated to social structure, as stated by
Eduardo Bonilla Silva (Professor of Sociology). Because of the racial categories that lead to the origin of the racial structure, racial ideology which appears in the film serves as the basic framework for justifying the dominant race. In society,
12 An essay about the events surrounding Derek’s incarceration after he had done about Mein Kampf essay, through Danny's essay we see the rest of the story portrayed in the film. 6
racial categories based on skin color have been constructed in relation with prejudice that white groups have more power than the colored group. This prejudice is underlying the existence of an act of discrimination. According to
McLemore, the relationship between prejudice and discrimination has a mutual effect on each other which may strengthen the racial categories and the racial structures in society. In fact, the writer believes that there is a relation between prejudice and discrimination issue described in American History X film (1998).
B. Focus of Study
According to the background of the study above, this research focuses on the topic of prejudice and discrimination issue which is showed in American
History X (1998) film. This discussion is meant to give restriction within the research, so the substance of this research will not be distracted by any misconception neither from me nor the readers.
C. Research Question
The writer identifies prejudice and discrimination issue in American
History X (1998) film with the question: How is the issue of prejudice and discrimination described through the characters? And, how is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination in American History X film?
D. Significance of the Study
American History X is fiercely disturbing; not only the language in the film is pervasive but also the film itself exposes brutality. Yet, the film is important to be studied because it shows the linkage of discrimination. Ethnic, racial or skin 7
color discrimination is the main factor which causes the oppression to happen, in the film. In addition to the above mentioned factor, the other factor that causes the oppression is prejudice toward individual or other groups. Prejudice have a tendency to disregard objective facts, but it is based on minimum facts which are interpreted subjectively toward individual or other groups from different ethnics, race and skin color, which allowing the discrimination to happen. Nowadays, prejudice and discrimination issues remain to be polemics that continuously grow in social life.
The significance of this research is to understand how prejudice and discrimination are described. And also, the writer expects this study can improve the reader’s knowledge about prejudice and discrimination. Moreover, the readers are expected to get some interesting points about racial issues in American History
X film (1998).
E. Research Methodology
1. Objectives of the Study
Based on the issues discussed in the background of the study, the
purpose of this research is to describe the issues of prejudice and
discrimination and the relationship between prejudice and discrimination
that are shown in American History X (1998) film.
2. Method of Research
In this research, the writer uses the descriptive qualitative method.
Sharan B. Merriam states that qualitative research is an umbrella term
covering an array of interpretive techniques which seek to describe, 8
decode, translate, and otherwise come terms with the meaning, not the
frequency, of certain more or less naturally occurring phenomena in the
social world.13Neil J. Salkind also mentioned that, in general, qualitative
researchers are interested in studying social processes, how people make
sense and create meaning, and what their lived experiences are like.14
So, by using this method, the writer try to analyze prejudice and
discrimination issue in American History X (1998) film by using character
and characterization in film theory and S. Dale McLemore theory about
prejudice and discrimination.
3. Technique of Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the writer use descriptive analysis technique
by implementing the following procedures: Gathering the data from
several sources; such as film, books, articles, journals, encyclopedia, and
browsing from the internet, watching the film in detail and intensively,
reading the film script to avoid any misconception about the core of the
film, collecting the data by watching film and reading film script.
Therefore, the writer analyze the data using the writer assessment
to find correlation between the data and the question which try to be
answered in this research, and the last is summing up the correlation will
be described specifically as the conclusion of this research to articulate the
answer of the research question.
13Sharan B. Merriam. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. United States of America: A Wiley Imprint, 2009. p. 13. 14 Neil J. Salkind (Ed), “Qualitative Research”, Encyclopedia of Research Design Volume 3, (Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE Publications, Inc, 2010) p.1159 9
4. Instrument of Research
Based on Buchari Alma, in the qualitative method the researcher is
the primary instrument for data collection and analysis.15 The instrument of
this research is the writer as the researcher to collect the data, to find the
correlation between the data and the research question, and to answer the
research question.
5. Unit of Analysis
American History X (1998) film is the unit of analysis of this
research. American History X is 1998 drama film directed by Tony Kaye
starring Edward Norton and Edward Furlong. It was distributed by New
Line Cinema.
F. Time and Place
This research is conducted in the Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Syarif
Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta. To mention the time of the research, this research is began in the academic year 2013.
15Buchari Alma. Metode dan Teknik Menyusun Tesis.(Bandung : AlfaBeta.2010)., p.15. 10
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Film Theory
Film is one part of the art which is produced by recording real images with cameras or by creating images through special effect or animation. Advancing audio and visual aspects, film could be an influential and effective instrument of universal communication. Present-day, film is a popular provenance of entertainment. Not only entertainment, but film is also used as a powerful method for educating and vindicating a historical record.
As mentioned in the previous chapter, Joseph M. Boggs and Dennis W.
Petrie defined film is a unique and powerful art form on a par with painting, sculpture, music, literature, and drama. 16 Film communicates visually and verbally; visually, through action and gesture; verbally, through dialogue. 17 In point of view, a film can cover the full spectrum from the purely objective to intensely subjective; in depth it can focus on the surface realities and the purely sensual, or it can delve into the intellectual and philosophical.18 Film can run the gamut of feeling from the most fragile, tender, and beautiful to the most brutal, violent, and repulsive.19
In analyzing a film, a circumspection and precision are necessary for the researchers in capturing certain elements which are presented in it. Still according
16Joseph M. Boggs & Dennis W. Petrie., Op. Cit, p.2 17Ibid. 18Ibid.,pp.2-3 19Ibid., p.3
10 11
to Boggs and Petrie, film analysis requires us to respond sensitively to the simultaneous and continuous interplay of image, sound, and movement on the screen.20 Like the novel, short story, or play, film has some unique elements such, theme and focus, conflict, character and characterization, allegory, symbolism, and irony. However, the writer did not use all the elements of the film in this research, but only focus on character and characterization.
1. Character and Characterization Theory
Boggs and Petrie claimed that characters are the most human elements
in the film. The characters in a story are believable in the same way that the
story is believable.21 The characters should bring a reality impression within
the film and insist the viewers to believe that what they see in the film is a
reality. Boggs and Petrie also explained. They conform the laws of probability
and necessity (by reflecting externally observable truths about human nature),
they conform to some inner truth (man as we want him to be), or they are
made to seem real by the convincing art of the actor.22
Boggs and Petrie define several techniques of characterizations to
portray the characteristics of each character:
a. Characterization through Appearance
Because most film actors project certain qualities of character the
minute they appear on the screen, characterization in film has a great deal
to do with casting. A major aspect of film characterization is revealed
visually and instantaneously. Although some actors may be versatile
20Ibid., 21Ibid.,p.50 22Ibid. 12
enough to project completely different qualities in different roles, most
actors are not. The minute we see most actors on the screen, we make
certain assumptions about them because of their facial features, dress,
physical build, and mannerisms and the way they move. Our first visual
impression may be proven erroneous as the story progresses, but it is
certainly an important means of establishing character.23
The viewers will directly make assumptions about how character’s
personality or character appearances about their facial features, dress,
physical build, mannerism and the way they move will be shown as long
as the story running in film. b. Characterization through Dialogue
The dialogue (what they say and how they say it) of the character
in film can reveal the significant detail about themselves. In accordance
with Boggs and Petrie, their true thoughts, attitudes, and emotions can be
revealed in subtle ways through word choice and through the stress, pitch,
and pause patterns of their speech. Actors’ use of grammar, sentence
structure, vocabulary, and particular dialects (if any) reveals a great deal
about their characters’ social and economic level, educational background,
and natural processes.24 c. Characterization through External Action
It must be assumed, of course, that real characters are more than
mere instrument of the plot, that they do what they do for a purpose, out of
23Ibid. 24Ibid.,pp.50-52 13
motives that are consistent with their overall personality. Thus, there
should be a clear relationship between a character and his or her actions;
the actions should grow naturally out of the character’s personality. If the
motivation for character’s action is clearly established, the character and
the plot become so closely interwoven that they are impossible to separate,
and evey action that the character takes in some way reflects the quality of
his particular personality. 25
The external action is not only the characters actions which grow
naturally out of the character’s personality in the film, but also the action
that the characters do beyond their motives or their substance purpose in
the film. d. Characterization through Internal Action
Inner action occurs within characters’ minds and emotions and
consists of secret, unspoken thoughts, daydreams, aspiration, memories,
fears, and fantasies. The most obvious way in which the filmmaker reveals
inner reality is by taking us visually into the character’s mind so that we
see or hear the things that the character imagines, remembers, or thinks
about. This may be achieved through a sustained interior view or through
fleeting glimpses revealed by means of metaphors. In addition to
providing glimpses into the inner action by revealing the sounds and sights
the character imagines he sees and hears, the filmmaker may employ tight
close-ups on an unusually sensitive and expressive face (reaction shots) or
may utilize the musical score for essentially the same purpose.26
25Ibid.,pp.52-53 26Ibid.,p.53 14
Through internal actions the characters unspoken thoughts,
daydreams, aspiration, memories, fears, which implied in the sounds and
sights the characters imagines, can reveal the character’s secret about his
or her emotion and minds. e. Characterization through Reactions of Other Characters
The way other characters view a person often serves as an excellent
means of characterization. Sometimes, a great deal of information about a
character is provided through such means before the character first appears
on the screen.27
Through their dialogue and the way they response the main
character, sometimes the other character have a noteworthy role to define
the main character’s personality. f. Characterization through Contrast: Dramatic Foils
One of the most effective techniques of characterization is the use
of foils─contrasting characters whose behaviors, attitudes, opinions,
lifestyle, physical appearance, and so on are the opposite of those the main
characters. The effect is similar to that achieved by putting black and
white together─the black appears blacker and the white appears whiter.28
The passage above means that other characters have contrast
characteristics with the main character. Both should affirm the line of the
difference between them.
27Ibid. 28Ibid.,p.54 15
g. Characterization through Caricature and Leimotif
In order to etch a character quickly and deeply on our minds and
memories, actors often exaggerate or distort one or more dominant
features or personality traits. This device is called caricature (from
technique used in cartooning). 29 A similar means of characterization,
leimotif, is the repetition of single action, phrase, or idea by a character
until it becomes almost a trademark or theme song for that character.
Because it essentially exaggerates and emphasizes (through repetition),
such a device acts very much like caricature. 30 In this way, the actor
described with special accents or exaggerated from the usual. h. Characterization through Choice of Name
The qualities of sound, meaning, or connotation within the name of
a character can help reveal the character personality.
One important method of characterization is the use of names
possessing appropriate qualities of sound, meaning, or connotation. This
technique is known as name typing.31
Another method which mentioned by Boggs and Petrie for
analyzing characters in film is defined into three different types of pairing: i. Stock characters and Stereotypes
Stock characters are minor characters whose actions are
completely predictable or typical of their job or profession (such as a
bartender in a western). They are in the film simply because the situation
29Ibid. 30Ibid.,p.56 31Ibid., p.57 16
demands their presence. They serve as natural part of the setting, much as
stage properties like a lamp or chair might function in a play.32
Stereotypes, however are character s of somewhat greater
importance to the film. They fit into preconceived patterns of behavior
common to or representative of a large number of people, at least a large
number of fictional people. Examples of stereotypes are the rich playboy,
the western hero’s sidekick, the pompous banker, and the unmarried
aunt.33 j. Static versus Dynamic or Developing Characters
Developing characters are deeply affected by the action of the
plot (internal, external, or both) and undergo some important change in
personality, attitude, or outlook on life as a result of the action of the story.
The change can be of any type but is significant to the total makeup of the
individual undergoing the change. 34
Static characters remain essentially the same throughout the film.
The action does not have an important effect on their lives (as might
generally be the case with the her of an action/adventure film). Or they are
insensitive to the meaning of the action and thus are not capable of growth
or change.35 k. Flat versus Round Characters
Flat characters are two-dimensional, predictable characters who
lack the complexity and unique qualities associated with psychological
32Ibid.,pp.57-58 33Ibid.,p.58 34Ibid. 35Ibid.,p. 59 17
depth. they often tend to be representative character types rather than real
flesh-and-blood human beings.36
Round characters or three-dimensional characters are not
inherently superior to flat characters. The terms merely imply how
different characters function within the framework of a story.37
In other words, this utilization of three different types of pairings is
used to classify a character and his or her importance and his or her role in
the film into a specific definition of a character which intended to
analyzed.
2. Prejudice and Discrimination Theory
It is mentioned in the previous chapter, prejudice and discrimination is
a complex and a huge problem in social phenomena from the past until this
time. Prejudice and discrimination have been widespread in human history,
and we must first clearly distinguish between them. S. Dale McLemore
explained, firstly, the term of prejudice refers to an attitude or some other
similar internal state or disposition, feeling, or opinion. The term
discrimination in contrast, refers to an overt acting. Secondly, although racial
and ethnic prejudice and discrimination may involves attitudes and actions
that are intended to favor a particular group or its members, these terms refer
to actions directed against certain persons. Thirdly, prejudice usually is
thought to precede, lie behind, or be the cause of discrimination.38
36Ibid.,p. 60 37Ibid. 38S. Dale McLemore, Racial and Ethnic Relations in America; Second Edition, (Newton, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon, Inc, 1983). p. 108 18
a. Prejudice
Prejudice represents attitudes and opinions. Prejudice refers to
opinions or attitudes held by members of one groups towards another. In
accordance with McLemore, prejudice is an unfavorable attitude toward
people because they are members of a particular racial or ethnic group. 39
There are three factors that can affect the prejudice, namely:
1) Cultural Transmission
Cultural transmission is a factor which was influenced by the
cultural environment. People will naturally learn what is already
established in the community. McLemore defined, two aspects of a culture
are particularly closely related to the extent and kind of prejudice that is
found in given society. The first of these has to do with the shared beliefs
that members of one group have about the members of the other groups in
the society. The second has to do with culture’s prescriptions concerning
the degrees of intimacy of “nearness” that one group’s members should
permit or desire from any other group’s members.40
39Ibid., p.108 40Ibid.,pp.110-111 19
2) Personality Traits
Personality traits are a factor which related to the frustration-
aggression hypothesis. As mentioned by various scholars in McLemore that
frustration always leads to aggression and aggression is always the result of
frustration. But, this hypothesis got refinement and revised after a number
of studies have been designed, proposed, and tested that aggression could
be caused by things other than frustration.41 Here, McLemore generalized
the argument that all people experience various frustrations in their daily
lives, that these frustrations give rise to hostile feelings, that the hostile
feelings may lead to aggressive behavior, and that the aggression may be
aimed at a substitute target. He explained the frustration-aggression theory
points in a different direction. It assumes that the guilt produced by
scapegoating―the sense that one may have committed an injustice―may
be accompanied by a fear that the injured person will retaliate. The
combination of guilt and fear now becomes a new source of frustration, and
this new source of frustration, like the original source, arouses aggressive
feelings. For example racial minorities have afforded a weak and a
convenient target ─ scapegoats ― for the free-floating aggressions of the
majority. In this way, prejudice serves to assist the majority-group
members to displace (and possibly to “drain off”) their accumulated
feelings without exposing themselves to a high risk of retaliation.42
41Ibid., p.116 42Ibid.,pp.117-118 20
3) Group Identity
This factor explained that the members of human groups would be
drawn together by a common interest, they simultaneously become
distinguished from another group. The ethnocentrism automatically
generates prejudice in a group’s member. McLemore said, in this way, the
group’s preference become their preference; its standard, their standard; its
beliefs, their beliefs, and its enemies, their enemies. Prejudice is a
predictable consequence of this natural ethnocentrism.43 b. Discrimination
If prejudice represents attitudes and opinions, discrimination refers to
actual behavior against another group or individual. Discrimination is a social
issue that frequently appears as a controversial topic in varied life contexts. It
showed a negative attitude toward individuals or groups (institutional).
McLemore argues that discrimination is an unfavorable action toward people
because they are members of a particular racial and ethnic group.44It was
mentioned before that prejudice may lead to discrimination. But, this process
can be reversed. Discrimination by those who are wealthy and powerful may
create other group differences which then foster prejudice. There are three
factors of discrimination (which also are theories of indirect prejudice)
43Ibid., p.120 44Ibid., p.108 21
1) Situational Pressure
As well as a number of studies demonstrated that prejudice and
discrimination do not necessarily go together. Discrimination may not
occur when prejudice in present, and it may occur when prejudice is
absent. In either case, a serious objection is raised to the presumption that
prejudice is the cause of discrimination. People may claim to be
unprejudiced but, in fact, discriminate under some conditions; but they
also show that people may claim to be prejudiced and not discriminate.
The specific social pressures arising in particular situations seem, in many
instances, to many outweigh personal prejudice as a cause of
discrimination. Situational pressures theory is focus on behavior rather
than attitudes, but it also emphasizes the current determinants of behavior
rather than those growing out of socialization process. Individuals learn
stereotypes and social distance norms; individual develop personality
needs that predispose them more-or-less toward becoming prejudiced;
individuals respond to situational pressures and behave in discriminatory
ways.45
45Ibid.,pp.127-129 22
2) Group Gains
This theory of discrimination is based on how groups struggled for
possession of the land; how the fear of another group would take jobs
away. Those two important resources conflicts between groups led to
relatively fixed social arrangements in which the members of the more
powerful groups enjoyed greater privilege and higher social standing than
those in the less powerful group. The members of dominant group have
discriminated systemically against the members of racial and ethnic groups
because the discriminators seem to gain by that.46
3) Institutional
In this case, we could see that the discrimination that occurs in one
institutional setting may carry over into or have side effects on a related
institutional setting. Schools, hospitals, factories, banks, and so on do not
need to be staffed by prejudiced people in order to achieve discriminatory
result. To carry the matter further, a father’s difficult in finding
employment may lead his son to drop out of school to go to work. The son,
too, may encounter the same employment problems as the father. Both the
group-gains theory and the institutional-discrimination theory emphasize
that discrimination has important sources other than individual prejudice.47
46Ibid., pp.130-135 47Ibid.,pp.136-137 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDING
In this chapter, I analyze prejudice and discrimination issue in American
History X (1998) film. After watching this film carefully and continuously, I analyze some characters through their dialogues, pictures, and acts that are relevant with the issue of prejudice and discrimination in the film by using character and characterization theory. Hereafter, I connect the correlation between character acts with prejudice and discrimination theory. Finally, I explain the relationship between prejudice and discrimination issues portrayed in American
History X (1998) film.
A. Characters Identification
The issue of prejudice and discrimination in American History X are shown through the characters with various ethnics, such as White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic. In this film, a number of white characters consider that colored characters or other ethnics are not part of their country, America. They, colored people, are illegal immigrants who should not be protected by the state.
Character is one of the important elements in a film. Derek and Daniel
Vinyard are the major characters in American History X film. They are two white- brothers, who join into D.O.C. gang. Derek Vinyard is an intelligent man with a high courageousness and leadership to runs his gang. He battles through a purification to help his younger brother and becomes the father figure of the
23 24
family. Daniel Vinyard is the younger brother of Derek. He lost a father figure in his life, so he has been heading down the same track Derek did.
Asides from major character, there are some minor characters in American
History X. The householder of Vinyards family, Dennis Vinyard; a firefighter, was killed on his duty to extinguish hazardous fires that threaten in the black neighborhood. The other Vineyard families are Doris, their mother, and Davina, younger sister of Derek. She is a liberal, open-minded, and brainy young woman.
Seth Ryan is a Derek’s close friend, an overweight white man and a member of
D.O.C gang. Derek has a girlfriend, her name is Stacey. She is a member of
D.O.C gang too.
Other minor characters are Dr. Bob Sweeney; a Black principal at Venice
Beach High School, Mr. Murray Rosenberg; a teacher and he had been dating with Doris, Cameron Alexander; an idealist and prime mover of D.O.C gang,
Lamont; Derek’s best friend in jail, Huge Aryan; a prisoner and leader towards a small Nazi group in jail, Lawrence; one of black gang member and Little Henry; a young black student at Venice Beach High School, also one of black gang member. In addition, numerous other characters are not described clearly, such members of D.O.C gang and employees of Archie’s Ranch Market.
From all of the characters that mentioned above, some of them will be focus discussed related to prejudice and discrimination issues whether they are actors; who perform prejudice and act of discrimination, victims; who become victims of what the actors have done. The characters who are relatedin prejudice and discrimination as actorsareDerek Vinyard, Daniel Vinyard, Dennis Vinyard, 25
Seth Ryan, and several of D.O.C gang members. Furthermore, a number of characters who are related to prejudice and discrimination issues as victims in
American History X (1998) film are Mr. Murray, Lawrence (with his friend), Dr.
Bob Sweeney and some minority group members.48
B. American History X, Prejudice, and Discrimination
American History X (1998) is a film which raises prejudice and discrimination issues towards White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, and another ethnic.
After analyzing some characters through their dialogues, pictures, and acts that are relevant with the issue of prejudice and discrimination in the film by using character and characterization theory, in this part, I will analyze the issues through theory of prejudice and discrimination by S. Dale McLemore which is divided into cultural transmission, personality traits, and group identity lead to prejudice, and situational pressure, group gains, and institutional structure lead to discrimination.
There are several characters who become actors of prejudice and discrimination, such as Derek Vinyard, Daniel Vinyard, Dennis Vinyard, Seth
Ryan, and D.O.C gang members. From that mentioned characters, they are commit to the act prejudiceand discrimination.
Derek Vinyard, the oldest son of Vinyard’s family. Through his appearances, firstly he described as a simple or naïve person with a neat hair and slightly longer who is swallowing everything he recently know (Picture 1). At this
48 This refers to some characters who work in Archie’s Ranch Market. 26
time, Derek has a real father figure, Dennis Vinyard, his father. Dennis Vinyard, is a husband of Doris and a father from his four children. He works in L.A County fire department. Derek describes him as a decent hard worker man. On his duty to extinguish hazardous fires in a Compton drug den, Dennis is killed. He gets shoot after some social parasites (minorities) rob him. He cares about his children activities and discusses it together. When he is still alive, Derek tells him about his activity in school and he follows what his father said.
Derek : What do you expect? A decent hard working Americans like my dad are getting rubbed out by social parasites.
Picture 1 (01:39:52)
Derek has a younger brother, Daniel Vinyard or Danny. He is a
student of Venice Beach High School. This young bald guy is so infatuated
with Derek. Danny actually seems to be like Derek. As the dialogue that
mentioned, Danny is a talented student same as Derek.
Dr. Bob Sweeney : How are you doing‟? Daniel : Fine. Dr. Bob Sweeney : Things at home ok? Daniel : Yap Dr. Bob Sweeney : Derek got out this morning, did he not? Daniel : Yeah, he did. Dr. Bob Sweeney : He was one of my students you know that right? Honors English. He was a brilliant student. Like you. But he hung out with simple-minded fools, also like you… (00:08:29 – 00:09:02) 27
Danny is a very young and impressionable guy. He is one of a D.O.C gang member too. When he was a teenager, he lost his father. Derek, as his first brother, turns into a father figure for Danny. Danny stays on behind his brother. It is shown in various scenes; when Derek gives a firebrand speech toward D.O.C members (Picture 4) and then at the basketball court on the
D.O.C versus black gang game (Picture 5).After Derek’s incarceration, Danny follows his brother foot-steps further. However, in his quite young age, it is difficult to maintain his thought without any companion. He starts influenced with rhetoric or propaganda white supremacy, and blinded by them in the gang.
Picture 2 (00:36:11) Picture 3 (00:17:56)
He thinks that what he has done is right. He feels that he had grown up and now he is not a 14 years old kid anymore. Danny becomes a heavy smoker. Later than Derek’s free from prison, Danny wants to impress Derek with his essay about Adolf Hitler’s “Mein Kampf” and his new tattoo which he got a month ago officially from Cameron. Derek does not want his brother fall into the same track Derek did. Firstly, Derek just tells Danny to stay at home and not to join the party, but Danny ignores it. At the end of the film, 28
after he realizes what had he done and taught were wrong, and he tries to make a new life, but Danny is getting shot and die at a school’s toilet.
From three characters mentioned above, the first aspect that leads prejudice,cultural transmission, is described.According to McLemore,
Cultural transmission is a factor which was influenced by the cultural environment. People will naturally learn what is already established in the community.49
Dennis is a major factor or who should be responsible for the beginning of prejudice in Vinyard’s family. At first, Derek is very impressed with his teacher, Sweeney. He is so excited and passionate when Sweeney gave him an essay exam on Native Son book and learn about black literature.
Dennis : Read the book. Ace the guy‟s test. Just don‟t swallow everything he feeds you whole. Just because you see it on the news. Derek : But, like what? Dennis : All this stuff about making everything equal. It‟s not that simple. Look! Now, you got this book, Native Son, what happen to the other books in the course? They are not any good anymore because Mr. Two-Ph.Ds says they aren‟t? Derek : (laughing) Dennis : Are you gonna trade in great books for black books? Does that make sense? Huh? You gotta question these things, Derek. You gotta look at the whole picture. We‟re talking about books here. But, I‟m also talking about my job. I got two black guys on my squad now. Who get their job over a couple of white guys who actually scored higher on the test. That makes sense? Huh? Yeah. Sure. Everything equal now. But I got two guys watching my back or responsible for my life who aren‟t as good as two others. They go the job because they were black. Not because they were the best. Derek : That sucks Dennis : Yeah! Is that what America is about? No, America is about best men for the job. You do your best you got the job. You know that. This affirmative action crap I don‟t know what that‟s about. There‟s some hidden agenda or something going on. You see what I‟m saying?
49 McLemore, Op. Cit, p.110 29
Derek : Yes, I do. I don‟t know. I didn‟t think about that. This guy though, I don‟t know, Dr. Sweeney, he comes on like so strong, it‟s hard not to listen to him. I don‟t know maybe some of what he says is kind of… Dennis : It‟s bullshit. Derek : Yeah... Yeah… Maybe... Dennis : No. no. no. it‟s nigger bullshit. You see that don‟t you? Derek : Yeah. Dennis : You gotta watch out for that. Derek : Yeah! I got what you saying. I will. Dennis : Good boy I‟m proud of you/ (01:39:33 – 01:42:03)
Firstly, Derek does not have a little bit prejudice about black people.
But, when Dennis tells him that the entire thing Sweeney or Black literature said is nonsense, it changes not only Derek, but also Danny’s perspective and mindset about black people or black literature. McLemore explained that the building blocks of prejudice are contained within the society’s traditions or culture and are transmitted to children in a natural way as they are exposed to those traditions in the home and community50. Things which happened to
Dennis’ job environment and experiences are the cause of prejudice. In this prejudice aspect Dr. Bob Sweeney is a victim. He is the headmaster of Venice
Beach High School and Derek’s former history teacher. He is well educated mid-forties African-American with 2 PhDs. He assists for Derek and Danny.
He helps Derek to realize his actions and makes him understand that his younger brother sets him as a pattern on everything he does. Then, Bob
Sweeney becomes his mentor when Derek in prison and helping him to release his past. He is a good figure that comes to Derek in his time of need.
50Ibid. 30
The second aspect that leads prejudice is personality traits. Personality traits are a factor which related to the frustration-aggression hypothesis.
McLemore argues that all people experience various frustrations in their daily lives, that these frustrations give rise to hostile feelings, that the hostile feelings may lead to aggressive behavior, and that the aggression may be aimed at a substitute target.51
This second aspect is described when Derek’s father is killed by Black people. Derek is interviewed by a media to respond his father’s death which is suspected occurs in a black Compton drug den.
Reporter :Look, I know this is though. But, how do you feel right now? Derek : How do you think I feel? I think is typical. Reporter : Typical how? Derek : Well, this country‟s becoming a heaven for criminals so what do you expect? A decent hard working Americans like my dad are getting rubbed out by social parasites. Reporter : Parasites? Derek : Blacks, browns, yellow, whatever. Reporter : I don‟t understand. You think maybe your father‟s murder was race- related? Derek : Yeah. It‟s race-related. Every problem in this country is race-related. Not just crime, like immigration, AIDS, welfare. Those are problems of the Black community, Hispanic community. Asian community, they‟re not white problems. Reporter : Aren‟t those really issues the deal more with poverty? Derek : No. They‟re not products of their environments. Minorities don‟t give two shits about this country. They come here to exploit it, not to embrace it. Millions of white Europeans came here and flourished within a generation. So what the f*** is the matter with these people? They have to go around shooting at fireman? Reporter : What does this have to do with the murder of your father? Derek : Because my father was murdered doing his job! Putting out a fire in a f***ng nigger neighborhood. He shouldn‟t have given a shit about. He got shot by a f***ing drug dealer who probably still collects a welfare check. (00:14:31 – 01:15:42)
51Ibid., p.117 31
The dialogue above shows that Derek’s frustration about the death of his father in a Black Compton drug den brings him to the aggression at a substitute target. His anger against a perpetrator that likely executed by Black drug dealer, instead him to other minorities such Asian and Hispanic which engender a new frustration. In this chase, new frustration becomes a cornerstone of Derek’s bad opinion aligned with minorities which residing in the United States and assumes that minorities are the cause of all the problems that exist in his country.
Then, along with his maturity and joining the gang, Derek becomes a manly and an intrepid person. Not only his body is muscled but also he has a shaved head, a thick goatee, and a well-crafted swastika on his left chest
(Picture 4).At this time, he is an important figure in D.O.C, his Neo-Nazi gang. He becomes a leader of D.O.C and an acquaintance of Cameron
Alexander; the mastermind of D.O.C gang. Cameron does white supremacy propaganda through article, literature, and videos. He is the biggest distributor of white power literature in L.A. County. He also promotes white power bands, writes some reviews, and hates columns. Cameron looks Derek as a clip to recruit a slew of insecure, frustrated, impressionable kids, and be sick over the presence of black or Mexican gang near Venice Beach. Derek sticks to Cameron very close. Start from these two people work in partnership,
D.O.C grows to be one of considerable white gang in there.
32
Picture 4 (00:54:54)
While joining the D.O.C gang, Derek is described as a hateful, bigoted, and cruel. He turns into an idealist person. He clings with the bedrock of the gang. He has a good leadership. Even though he uses to lead a neo-Nazi punk gang with some frustrated kids as the members. In the gang, Derek is a Christ like or a prophet figure. The members pay some respects to him, and they follow everything what Derek said. His devotion with the gang is one the cause of prejudice and discrimination.
Seth : Drink up, Danny, before your brother sees you. Chris : Holy f***, he‟s here? Seth : Yeah, he‟s f***ing here. Go pay your respect. Chris : F*** you, Seth! ………… Chris : Father Vinyard? Jason : How‟s it going? I‟m Jason. This is Chris. We‟re friends with your brother. Chris : You‟re a f***ing God, man! ………… (00:57:43 – 00:58:00)
In the film, there are some dialogues from some characters which are members of the D.O.C gang that associated to the last aspect of prejudice;
Group Identity. This aspect explains that the group preferences will be the same preferences for members in the group. McLemore said that in this way, the group’s preference become their preference; its standard, their standard; its 33
beliefs, their beliefs, and its enemies, their enemies. Prejudice is a predictable consequence of this natural ethnocentrism.52
First, from the dialogue below, Derek who became the leader of the
D.O.C gang gives a speech to the members on the existence of minorities in their country, America. Derek says that minorities are not the part of America.
They all come to America illegally, with bad purpose, ruin, exploit or take over everything in the Country. In Venice Beach, there are so many minorities who take over the jobs which previously occupied by the local community or white race.
Derek : All right, listen up. We need to open our eyes. There‟s over two million illegal immigrants bedding down in this state tonight. This state spent three billion dollars last year on services for those people who had no right to be here. Three billion dollars. $ 400 million just to lock up illegal immigrant criminals, who only got into this country because the INS decided it‟s not worth the effort to screen for convicted felons. Our government doesn‟t give a shit. Our border policy is a joke, so is anybody surprised that south of the border they‟re laughing at us? Laughing at our laws? Every night, thousands of these parasites stream across the border like some f***ing piñata exploded. Don‟t laugh! There‟s nothing funny here. This is about your life and mine. It‟s about decent hard-working Americans falling through the cracks and getting the shaft because the government cares more about the constitutional rights of a bunch people who aren‟t even citizens of this country. On the Statue of Liberty it says “Give me your tired, your hungry, your poor.” Well it‟s American who are tired and hungry and poor. And I‟m saying until you take care of that close the f***ing book because we‟re losing. We‟re losing our right to pursue our destiny. We‟re losing our freedom so a bunch of f***ing foreigners can come in here and exploit our country. And this isn‟t something that‟s going on far away. This isn‟t happening places we can‟t do anything about it. It‟s happening right here. Right in our neighborhood. Right in that building behind you. Archie Miller ran that grocery store since we were kids here. Dave worked there. Mike worked there. He went under, and now some f***ing Korean owns it who fired these guys and is making a killing because he hired 40 f***ing border jumpers. I see this shit going on and I don‟t see anybody doing anything about it. And it f***ing pisses me off. So look around you, this isn‟t our f***ing neighborhood. It‟s a battlefield. We‟re on battlefield tonight. Make a decision. Are we going
52Ibid., p.120 34
to stand on the sidelines? Quietly standing there while our country gets raped? Are we going to ante up and do something about it? (00:35:26 – 00:37:48)
All the members of the gang accept Derek’s speech above immediately. And, they have to believe and pursue all the words Derek said because they are part of the gang which is led by Derek.
Secondly, this aspect is described by Danny and Seth. Seth Ryan,
Derek’s best friend, is an overweight man, an extremist and a white- supremacist. In one of some scenes, Seth sings pertaining to his pride become a white man. He sings out loud and he clenches his left hand while driving his van (Picture 5). He works as a pest exterminator. He has a big mouth. Derek describes him as an idiotic. He can’t find the sufficient words to express himself and his lack of knowledge is reveal by his continual and over use of swear words.
Seth : Derek, can we please go eat? I‟m f***ing starving here. Derek : I don‟t give a shit. Go wait in the living room Doris : I want him out of my house Derek : I know. Look. He‟s an idiot. He‟s always been an idiot (00:32:06 – 00:32:32)
Picture 5 (00:24:43)
35
From the dialogue below, Danny still believe that the half of minorities is not white race problems. However, because they are members of the same gang, Seth emphasizes Danny to equalize that they, the minorities, are all the same; no one of them is good. They will always be parasites or barrier for white’s welfare.
Seth : Who do you hate Danny? Danny : I hate anyone that isn‟t a white Protestant. Seth : Why? Danny : They‟re a burden to the advancement of the white race. Some of them are alright I guess... Seth : None of them are f***ing alright Danny, ok? They're all a bunch of f***in‟ freeloaders. Remember what Cam said “we don't know 'em. We don't wanna know „em. They're the f***ing enemy.” Now what don't you like about them? And say it with some f***ing convictions! Danny : I hate the fact that it‟s cool to be black these days. Seth : Good. Danny : I hate this hip-pop f***in‟ influence on white-f***in' suburbia. Seth : Good. Danny : And I hate Tabitha Soren and all their Zionist MTV f***ing pigs telling us we should get along. Save us the rhetorical bullshit Hillary Rodham Clinton cuz it ain'tgonna f***in‟ happen. Seth : That's some of the best shit I have ever heard come out of your mouth, damn!! (00:27:38 – 00:28:24)
And, by the presence of D.O.C, the first aspect of discrimination − group-gains, is illustrated. D.O.Cis a white supremacist Neo-Nazi gang which presumes that the arrival of illegal immigrant or minorities will not only break the ecosystem in their environment but also in their country. Their disgust against the existence of minorities is wreaked by destructing Archie’s Ranch
Market. They believe that the transition of Archie's Ranch Market ownership into Korean lead deterioration for local residents which being fired and replaced with the minorities which later become victims of discrimination. 36
This aspect of discrimination is based on how groups struggled for possession of the land; how the fear of another group would take jobs away, said McLemore. 53 It is very clearly illustrated The pictures below are overview of discrimination conducted by D.O.C gang members. After running into the market, Derek straights to the owner, a Korean, then strangling and say that what he had done is against the law. At the moment, he throws that
Korean into a rack (Picture 6). Therefore, Derek beats one of employees with a stick who went into the back room and took a firearm (Picture 7). Several other gang members persecute a black cashier by pouring cleaning products, chili, cream, and milk to make her face white (Picture 8) and there is also a
Mexican employee showered with bottles and beans after he gets trampled
(Picture 9). Seth is involved in this case. He destroys all the objects in front of him and also throws a small-Latin employee into a rack (Picture 10).
Picture 6 (00:38:06) Picture 7 (00:39:01)
Picture 8 (00:39:23) Picture 9 (00:39:14)
53Ibid.,p.130 37
Picture 10 (00:39:35)
Hereinafter, Derek has to undergo his tough times. He is imprisoned for three years after killing two black gang members who try to steal his truck.
That is the first illustration of situational pressures aspect that appears in
American History X film. Besides killing two black gang members, another situational pressures illustrated when Derek evicts Mr. Murray from his house.
According to McLemore, Situational pressures aspect focuses on behavior rather than attitudes, but it also emphasizes the current determinants of behavior rather than those growing out of socialization process. And, individuals learn stereotypes and social distance norms; individual develop personality needs that predispose them more-or-less toward becoming prejudiced; individuals respond to situational pressures and behave in discriminatory ways.54
Lawrence is a victim of this aspect. He is one of black gang members who involved in Derek’s car robbery. In a basketball game, he engages a deliberate with Seth and tries to bet a hundred bucks which is switched with a court bet and he lost the game. When he is stealing Derek’s car, his action is known by Danny who immediately rushed to inform that incident to Derek.
54Ibid., p.129 38
Derek, who has assumed that all minorities are social parasites, does not hesitate to commit acts of discrimination against them. Derek is very annoyed with the arrival of three black gang members who tried to steal his car in the garage of the house. Lawrence is shot in the leg by Derek. Lawrence who is lying in pain and cannot escape then killed sadistically. Derek tells him to sink his teeth into the sidewalk, at that moment Derek treads his head tightly
(Picture 11). One of Lawrence friend get shot at his right chest (Picture 12).
And, another one successfully escapes from Derek’s anger.
Picture 11 (00:54:15) Picture 12 (00:05:07)
Later, when Vinyard’s family held a dinner, Doris invites her date; Mr.
Murray Rosenberg, to having dinner together. He is a Jewish and also a teacher in Venice Beach high school. Murray assigns a report to his students; one of them is Danny, which related to the struggle for the civil right. He thinks that Danny’s essay about “Mein Kampf” is travesty. He assumes that
Derek is the man behind Danny’s report. He has a terrible experience with
Derek, he involves in a heated discussion about liberalism at a dinner with
Vinyard’s family. On the sidelines of dinner, there is a debate about the problems of minorities in America. Derek trying really hard to show that his opinion is the most corrects in this debate. Finally, Derek evicts Murray because he considers that Murray’s advent will only damage his family with 39
Murray’s positive statements aligned with minorities. The dialogue below shows Derek’s resentment that led to the eviction of Murray from his home.
Murray : What are you doing, Derek? This is your family. Derek : Right, my family. So you know what? I don‟t give two shits about you or anybody else or what you think. You‟re not part of it. And you never will be. Murray : That has nothing to do with it! Derek : Oh, it doesn‟t? You don‟t think I see what you trying to do here? You think I‟ll sit here and smile while some kike tries to f**k my mother? It‟s never gonna happen, Murray. F***ing forget it. Not on my watch. Not while I‟m in this family. I will f***ing cut your shylock nose off and stick it up your a** before I let that happen. Coming in here and poisoning my family‟s dinner with your Jewish, nigger-loving, hippie b***s***! F**k you! Yeah, walk out! A**hole-f***ing, Cabala reading.Motherf***er! Get the f**k out of my house! You see this? That‟s mean not welcome! (00:47:05 – 00:47:53)
From the two examples above show that Derek does act of discrimination in certain situations with pressure. And, the victims of his acts of discrimination are minorities. At this point, we can see clearly that Derek follows the stereotypes that developed during his joining of D.O.C gang and also after he considers how awful the minorities, deeply affected him to discrimination. However, this does not only happen to Derek but also on
Danny. After Danny urinates in the school toilet, he sees Little Henry, one of
Venice Beach high school students and a member of black gang. He hates
Danny. He is slightly described in the film. Along with his two black friends, he overruns a white student in a toilet who tells the teacher that he is cheating.
Little Henry is not delighted to see Danny's presence, he immediately push and insult Danny. Danny does not say at all, he just blowing smoke into Little
Henry’s face. 40
Picture13(00:11:43) Picture14 (00:11:45)
The last aspect is Institutional. According to McLemore, both the group-gains aspect and the institutional-discrimination aspect emphasize that discrimination has important sources other than individual prejudice. In this case, we could see that the discrimination that occurs in one institutional setting may carry over into or have side effects on a related institutional setting.55 In American History X film, this theory is not illustrated.
During in prison, Derek gets a lot of lessons. He meets Lamont at laundry who becomes his close friend. Lamont is a funny middle-aged Afro-
American. He is sentenced for six years because of stealing a television and wounding a policeman’s foot. Beforehand, Derek does not want to say any words toward Lamont when they are working together to sort out the underwear at laundry. Lamont notices Derek’s strange attitude and he tells
Derek that in the prison Whiteman is minority.
Lamont : By the way, what you in for? Derek : …………… (Silence) Lamont : Probably robbed some old lady, huh? Derek : …………… (Silence) Lamont : (Laugh) Ok, I know your kind, right? Badass peckerwood with an attitude. Let me tell you something, man.
55Ibid., p.137 41
You better watch your ass. Because in the joint, you the nigger, not me. (01:12:42 – 01:13:17)
Derek meets and enters with some other prisoners who have a similarity with him; neo-Nazi belief, aside from Lamont. However, after he joins them, he discovers so many indiscretions contained therein. Then, he decides to go away from them because of that oddity. Shortly after Derek leaves them, they put a grudge and retaliate by rape him. Derek becomes so complicated. Fortunately, Dr. Bob Sweeney comes in his time of need.
Sweeney is a teacher who gets highly pleased by Derek. He tells Derek about
Danny, gives him some books, and asks him a question; “Has anything you‟ve done made your life better?” (01:29:06 – 01:29:08). With that question,
Derek realizes after what he had done in his life were truly wrong, he begs
Sweeny to help him out of this situation. After a lot of experience which led him to an alteration, he exchanges his appearance. He grows his hair to show that he is not the old Derek (Picture 15).
Picture 3 (01:32:52)
From the explanation above about the three aspects of prejudice according to McLemore appears in American History X (1998) film,cultural transmission is rising through Dennis Vinyard. Afterwards, a personality trait 42
is reveal through Derek Vinyard. And the last, group identity is portraying
through Derek, Danny, and Seth. Then, about the three aspects of
discrimination, group gains is portraying through D.O.C gang, situational
pressures by Derek and Daniel Vinyard. And institutional is not illustrated in
American History X (1998) film. And, The characters who become victims of
prejudice and discrimination are Mr. Murray Rosenberg, Lawrence, Dr. Bob
Sweeney, Little Henry, Lawrence unknown friend, and Archie’s Ranch
Market staff. From that mentioned characters, some are victims of prejudice
and another are victims of discrimination.
• Derek Vinyard • Danny Vinyard The Actors of • Denis Vinyard Prejudice and Discrimination • Seth Ryan • D.O.C gang members
• Murray Rosenberg • Lawrence The Victims of • Dr. Bob Sweeney Prejudice and Discrimination • Little Henry • Archie's Market Staff
C. The Relation of Prejudice and Discrimination
In this section, I try to explain the relationship between prejudice and discrimination portrayed in American History X (1998) film. After correlating all of the explanation above, there are two forms of prejudice and discrimination relationship. 43
PREJUDICE DOES NOT LEAD TO DISCRIMINATION
The first is prejudice which does not lead to discrimination. This form is showed through Denis’ depiction that is presently does prejudice toward Dr. Bob
Sweeney or another black but does not discriminate them. Dennis declares all the things Sweeney said to Derek are nonsense even Sweeny has two PhDs. Also, he tells Derek not to swallow everything from Black literature because he assumes that there is a veiled propaganda to make black people equal with white people.
PREJUDICE DOES LEAD TO DISCRIMINATION
The second form is prejudice that leads to discrimination. This form is described from several characters such Derek, Danny, Seth, and D.O.C gang members. At the first, Derek does not have any prejudiced feeling about blacks or other minorities but all the things are changing after his father tell them about black. Afterwards, when his father is killed, Derek getting ignite with his emotion 44
and makes him to start prejudice toward black people or other minorities. When he needs a father figure, Cameron comes with his white supremacists propaganda and he creates Derek to become a leader of D.O.C. That prejudice develops in a row with socialization process, Derek learns stereotype around him then establish him to discriminating black or other minorities. This also happens to Danny; who is always admiring his brother. He follows his brother steps. While Derek joins the gang, Danny does the same. When he needs a father figure after Derek sent to prison, he goes deeper because he meets Cameron. So that a cause he forming the same mindset as Derek. Seth and another D.O.C gang members are becoming prejudice because they are believe to white supremacist propaganda by Cameron.
They feel overwhelmed since the emergence of new gangs or the comings of minorities in their neighborhood and lead them to discriminate. This is become exacerbated by the presence of a sense to struggled for their possession of the land; how they fear of another group would take jobs away in their neighborhood.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS
A. Conclusions
American History X is directed by Tony Kaye and it is distributed by New
Line Cinema. It is first released in United States in 1998. The film is abou two white colored brothers who become involved in the neo-Nazi movement. The film is set in Venice Beach, County of Los Angeles, California. It reflects a wide range of diverse cultures and social classes, where prejudice and discrimination exist between white people and colored people. I analyze the prejudice and discrimination portrayed and how the relationship between them described through some characters.
In this research, to understand the film in detail, I did not use all the elements of the film, but only focus on character and characterization theory by
Joseph M. Boggs and Dennis W. Petrie. They define several techniques of characterizations to portray the characteristics of each character, such
Characterization through appearance, dialogue, external action, internal action, reactions of other characters, contrast: dramatic foils, caricature and leimotif, choice of name. And, they also explain about stock characters and stereotypes, static versus dynamic or developing characters, flat versus round characters.
Hereafter, the prejudice and discrimination issues are raised by using S.
Dale McLemore prejudice and discrimination theory. He defines prejudice represents attitudes and opinions. Prejudice refers to opinions or attitudes held by
45 46
members of one groups towards another. The three aspects that can affect the prejudice are cultural transmission, personality traits, and group identity. Then, He also defines that discrimination refers to actual behavior against another group or individual. The three aspects that can affect discrimination are situational pressures, group gains, and institutional structure.
From the analysis, I found two major characters and several minor characters. Derek is an important figure in his gang, D.O.C. Daniel or Danny is
Derek’s brother and he is so infatuated with him by following the same track
Derek did. And, several minor characters are Dennis Vinyard, Seth Ryan, Huge
Aryan, Mr. Murray Rosenberg, Dr. Bob Sweeney, Lawrence, and Little Henry.
Those characters mentioned above, subsequently divided into two categories. The first category is the actor of prejudice and discrimination; Derek
Vinyard, Daniel Vinyard, Dennis Vinyard, Seth Ryan, And D.O.C gang members.
The second category is victims of prejudice and discrimination; Mr. Murray
Rosenberg, Dr. Bob Sweeney, Lawrence, Little Henry, and Archie’s Ranch
Market staffs.
After that, those characters are correlated with prejudice and discrimination theory. The first aspect of prejudice is cultural transmission. This cultural transmission aspect is influenced by the cultural environment and shown in the film by Vinyard’s family; Dennis, Derek, and Danny. The second aspect is personality traits and shown by Derek. In accordance with personality traits aspect, Derek’s frustration about the death of his father brings him to the aggression at a substitute target. The last of prejudice aspect, group identity is 47
shown through Derek, Danny, and Seth. They have the same preferences because they are members in D.O.C, white supremacy gang.
Then, the first aspect of discrimination is situational pressures. Several illustrations of situational pressures aspect in American History X film is Derek kills two black gang members and evicts Mr. Murray from his house, also Danny blows smoke into Little Henry’s face. The second aspect is group gains which is very clearly illustrated D.O.C gang ruins Archie’s Ranch Market. The last aspect of discrimination is institutional structure, this aspect is showed by Huge Aryan who feels annoyed or frightened by Derek’s arrival to gang which would destabilize the existing system with Derek’s behavior and speech.
Finally, I found that there are two forms of prejudice and discrimination relationship portrayed in American History X (1998) film. The first is prejudice which does not lead to discrimination. This form is showed through Denis’ depiction that is presently does prejudice toward Dr. Bob Sweeney or another black but does not discriminate them. The second form is prejudice that leads to discrimination. This form is described from several characters such Derek, Danny,
Seth, and D.O.C gang members.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
Alma, Buchari. Metode dan Teknik Menyusun Tesis. Bandung : AlfaBeta.2010.
Allport, Gordon W. The Nature of Prejudice. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1979.
Ballinger, Claire “TEXT,” in The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods, Vol. 2, 2008 ed.
Boggs, Joseph M. and Dennis W. Petrie.The Art of Waching Film,5th Ed.California:Mayfield Publishing Company.2000.
Boordwell, David and Kristin Thompson. Film Art: An Introduction, fourth edition. New York: Mc-Graw Hill, Inc. 1993.
Giddens, Anthony.Sociology Fourth Edition. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001.
McLemore, S Dale.Racial and Ethnic Relations in America; Second Edition. Newton, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1983.
Merriam, Sharan B. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. United States of America: A Wiley Imprint. 2009.
Osin, Nina and Dina Porat eds.Legislating Against Discrimination: An International Survey of Anti-Discrimination Norms. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2005.
Penner, Louis A. “Prejudice and Discrimination”, in The Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 22, International ed.
Salkind, Neil J. (Ed), “Qualitative Research”, Encyclopedia of Research Design Volume 3, Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE Publications, Inc. 2010.
Silva, Eduardo Bonila. Racism without racists: color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2006
Theodorson, George A. and Achilles G. Theodorson.A Modern Dictionary of Sociology. Scarborough: HarperCollins Publishers. 1979.
Websites:
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amnesty. org, Muslims discriminated against for demonstrating their faith, (Accessed on April. 16th 2013)< https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/muslims-discriminated-against- demonstrating-their-faith-2012-04-23> empireonline.com, 311th of The 500 Greatest Movie of All The Time, (Accessed on April. 17th 2013)< http://www.empireonline.com/500/35.asp> merriam-webster.com, Prejudice, (Accessed on September, 25th2013)< http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prejudice> merriam-webster.com, Discrimination, (Accessed on September, 4th 2013)
Film:
American History X. Dir. David McKeena. Perf. Edward Norton, Edward Furlong. 1998.