Synarchy Movement of Empire Book Iv
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The Logic of Violence in Civil War Has Much Less to Do with Collective Emotions, Ideologies, Cultures, Or “Greed and Grievance” Than Currently Believed
P1: KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0 521 85409 1 March 27, 2006 20:2 This page intentionally left blank ii P1: KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0 521 85409 1 March 27, 2006 20:2 TheLogic of Violence in Civil War By analytically decoupling war and violence, this book explores the causes and dynamics of violence in civil war. Against prevailing views that such violence is either the product of impenetrable madness or a simple way to achieve strategic objectives, the book demonstrates that the logic of violence in civil war has much less to do with collective emotions, ideologies, cultures, or “greed and grievance” than currently believed. Stathis Kalyvas distinguishes between indis- criminate and selective violence and specifies a novel theory of selective violence: it is jointly produced by political actors seeking information and indi- vidual noncombatants trying to avoid the worst but also grabbing what oppor- tunities their predicament affords them. Violence is not a simple reflection of the optimal strategy of its users; its profoundly interactive character defeats sim- ple maximization logics while producing surprising outcomes, such as relative nonviolence in the “frontlines” of civil war. Civil war offers irresistible opportu- nities to those who are not naturally bloodthirsty and abhor direct involvement in violence. The manipulation of political organizations by local actors wishing to harm their rivals signals a process of privatization of political violence rather than the more commonly thought politicization of private life. Seen from this perspective, violence is a process taking place because of human aversion rather than a predisposition toward homicidal violence, which helps explain the para- dox of the explosion of violence in social contexts characterized by high levels of interpersonal contact, exchange, and even trust. -
William Irvine on Britain, France and Appeasement: Anglo-French
Martin Thomas. Britain, France and Appeasement: Anglo-French Relations in the Popular Front Era. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1996. x + 268 pp. $105.00, cloth, ISBN 978-1-85973-187-1. Reviewed by William D. Irvine Published on H-France (September, 1997) When Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland in peasing them, but wanted to demonstrate to the March 1936, Anglo-French relations were at a British that if, as they were certain would be the post-war low. To the problems of the 1920s--repa‐ case, their appeasement efforts failed, the failure rations, war debts, the middle east--were added could not be blamed on French truculence. the tensions over re-armament, France's eastern The book is based on an very thorough alliances, the Franco-Italian rapprochement, the knowledge of the relevant French and British ar‐ Anglo-German naval agreement, and mutual re‐ chives. It is classic diplomatic history, but pays criminations over the Ethiopian crisis. In essence, due obeisance to the importance of fnancial mat‐ the French found the British to be insensitive to ters and, at least with respect to France, demon‐ their security needs; the British found the French strates some sensitivity to domestic politics. None‐ obsession with security to be inimical to an un‐ theless, there remains a great deal of what Mon‐ derstanding with Germany. Paradoxically, on Mar‐ sieur X said to Lord Y in this account. No crime tin Thomas' account, the election of the Popular that, but at times it is uncommonly hard to dig a Front government, so different ideologically from clear thesis out of this dense text. -
Vichy France and the Jews
VICHY FRANCE AND THE JEWS MICHAEL R. MARRUS AND ROBERT 0. PAXTON Originally published as Vichy et les juifs by Calmann-Levy 1981 Basic Books, Inc., Publishers New York Contents Introduction Chapter 1 / First Steps Chapter 2 / The Roots o f Vichy Antisemitism Traditional Images of the Jews 27 Second Wave: The Crises of the 1930s and the Revival of Antisemitism 34 The Reach of Antisemitism: How Influential Was It? 45 The Administrative Response 54 The Refugee Crisis, 1938-41 58 Chapter 3 / The Strategy o f Xavier Vallat, i 9 4 !-4 2 The Beginnings of German Pressure 77 Vichy Defines the Jewish Issue, 1941 83 Vallat: An Activist at Work 96 The Emigration Deadlock 112 Vallat’s Fall 115 Chapter 4 / The System at Work, 1040-42 The CGQJ and Other State Agencies: Rivalries and Border Disputes 128 Business as Usual 144 Aryanization 152 Emigration 161 The Camps 165 Chapter 5 / Public Opinion, 1040-42 The Climax of Popular Antisemitism 181 The DistriBution of Popular Antisemitism 186 A Special Case: Algeria 191 The Churches and the Jews 197 X C ontents The Opposition 203 An Indifferent Majority 209 Chapter 6 / The Turning Point: Summer 1Q42 215 New Men, New Measures 218 The Final Solution 220 Laval and the Final Solution 228 The Effort to Segregate: The Jewish Star 234 Preparing the Deportation 241 The Vel d’Hiv Roundup 250 Drancy 252 Roundups in the Unoccupied Zone 255 The Massacre of the Innocents 263 The Turn in PuBlic Opinion 270 Chapter 7 / The Darquier Period, 1942-44 281 Darquier’s CGQJ and Its Place in the Regime 286 Darquier’s CGQJ in Action 294 Total Occupation and the Resumption of Deportations 302 Vichy, the ABBé Catry, and the Massada Zionists 310 The Italian Interlude 315 Denaturalization, August 1943: Laval’s Refusal 321 Last Days 329 Chapter 8 / Conclusions: The Holocaust in France . -
Electoral Performance and Policy Choices in the Front National
Electoral Performance and Policy Choices in the Front National James Shields* School of Languages and Social Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK *Correspondence: [email protected] This article proposes a two-level analysis of the Front National (FN) in the 2017 French presidential and parliamentary elections. The first level focuses on the electoral performances of Marine Le Pen and the FN and analyses both elections in terms of gains and losses at the polls. The second level considers FN policy and argues that the party went into these elections with a programme targeting both left-leaning and right-leaning voters, attempting a policy synthesis that partly fitted and partly subverted Kirchheimer’s paradigm of the ‘catch-all’ party. Both levels of analysis link to a number of strategic considerations prompting debate within the party over the direction to take in order to improve its future electoral prospects. 1. Far-right populism, the Front National and the electoral context of 2017 The literature on radical right-wing populism has tended to treat the French Front National (FN) as a test case in the making (Camus and Lebourg 2017; Mudde 2017; Akkerman, de Lange and Rooduijn 2016; Benveniste 2016; Judis 2016; Beauzamy 2013; Reynié 2011). As Europe’s premier far-right populist party, the FN has plotted a gradual upward course in both elections and opinion polls since its initial breakthrough in the mid-1980s. While other far-right parties have either perished or been drawn into collusion with mainstream parties (de Lange 2012), the FN has sustained its solitary advance, making a virtue of its outsider status (Perrineau 2014). -
Archives, Musées, Monuments Historiques. Quel Avenir Pour Le Patrimoine D’Alsace-Lorraine (1914-1919) ?
In Situ Revue des patrimoines 23 | 2014 Le patrimoine dans la Grande Guerre Archives, musées, monuments historiques. Quel avenir pour le patrimoine d’Alsace-Lorraine (1914-1919) ? Joseph Schmauch Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/insitu/10868 DOI : 10.4000/insitu.10868 ISSN : 1630-7305 Éditeur Ministère de la Culture Ce document vous est offert par Bibliothèques de l’Université de Montréal Référence électronique Joseph Schmauch, « Archives, musées, monuments historiques. Quel avenir pour le patrimoine d’Alsace-Lorraine (1914-1919) ? », In Situ [En ligne], 23 | 2014, mis en ligne le 21 février 2014, consulté le 30 octobre 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/insitu/10868 ; DOI : 10.4000/insitu.10868 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 30 octobre 2019. In Situ Revues des patrimoines est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. Archives, musées, monuments historiques. Quel avenir pour le patrimoine d’Als... 1 Archives, musées, monuments historiques. Quel avenir pour le patrimoine d’Alsace-Lorraine (1914-1919) ? Joseph Schmauch 1 Si la guerre de 1870 constitua un véritable traumatisme pour l’Alsace, provoquant le départ des élites et entraînant pour soixante-quinze ans la région dans les turbulences nationalistes franco-allemandes, la Première Guerre mondiale surprend l’Alsace et la Lorraine en pleine période de renaissance culturelle. Après les perturbations induites par un changement culturel brutal, c’est une véritable renaissance intellectuelle et artistique que connaît le pays annexé, s’appuyant à la fois sur le développement de l’université et des bibliothèques, ainsi que sur les efforts des sociétés savantes. -
Synarchism, Sinarquismo, Synarquismo, Sinarchismo, Synarchismo, Sinarchie, Synarchie, Sinarchia, Synarchía, Sinarq
On Synarchy (Synarchism, Sinarquismo, Synarquismo, Sinarchismo, Synarchismo, Sinarchie, Synarchie, Sinarchia, Synarchía, Sinarquia, Synarquia, Sinarkia, Synarkia; Global Synarchist Movement) Copyright © 2003 Joseph George Caldwell. All rights reserved. Posted at Internet website http://www.foundationwebsite.org. May be copied or reposted for non-commercial use, with attribution to author and website. (13 July 2003, updated 27 July 2003; title updated 15 April 2009) Contents On Synarchy (Synarchism, Sinarquismo, Synarquismo, Sinarchismo, Synarchismo, Sinarchie, Synarchie, Sinarchia, Synarchía, Sinarquia, Synarquia, Sinarkia, Synarkia; Global Synarchist Movement) .......................................................... 1 Origins of the Term Synarchy and Its Derivatives (synarchism, synarchic, synarchical, synarchist) .................. 1 Synarchist Concepts Since the Time of Saint-Yves ............ 26 Some Concluding Remarks ................................................ 32 Origins of the Term Synarchy and Its Derivatives (synarchism, synarchic, synarchical, synarchist) In my writings on a long-term-sustainable system of planetary management for Earth, I have variously used the terms “Platonic” and “synarchic” to describe the nature of the planetary management system. Neither of these terms is exactly “right” to describe the system that I am proposing. Plato wrote his Republic in the context of the Greek city- state of 500 BC, and Saint-Yves d’Alveydre developed his concept of Synarchy in the late 1800s. Since Saint-Yves’ concept is most closely aligned with what I propose for the management system of the planetary management organization, that is the term that I generally use. It should be recognized, however, that the terms synarchy and synarchism have been used by many different people over the years, and the particular concept that the user had in mind may differ from what I have proposed. -
The Project of Liberation and the Projection of National Identity. Calvo, Aragon, Jouhandeau, 1944-1945 by Aparna Nayak-Guercio
The project of Liberation and the projection of national identity. Calvo, Aragon, Jouhandeau, 1944-1945 by Aparna Nayak-Guercio B.A. University of Bombay, India, 1990 M.A. University of Pittsburgh, 1993 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2006 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Aparna Nayak-Guercio It was defended on December 13, 2005 and approved by Dr. Alexander Orbach, Associate Professor, Department of Religious Studies Dr. Giuseppina Mecchia, Assistant Professor, Department of French and Italian Dr. Lina Insana, Assistant Professor, Department of French and Italian Dr. Roberta Hatcher, Assistant Professor, Department of French and Italian Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Philip Watts, Assistant Professor, Department of French and Italian ii Copyright © by Aparna Nayak-Guercio 2006 iii THE PROJECT OF LIBERATION AND THE PROJECTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY. ARAGON, CALVO, JOUHANDEAU, 1944-45 Aparna Nayak-Guercio, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2006 This dissertation focuses on the months of liberation of France, June 1944 to May 1945. It analyzes three under-studied works taken as samples of texts that touch upon the question of contested identities. The texts are chosen from the main divisions of the political spectrum, namely Gaullist, far right, and far left. Although the focus is on the texts themselves, I trace the arguments found in these works to the larger discourses in which they are inscribed. In particular, I address the questions of guilt and innocence, justice and vengeance, past and future in the given historical circumstances. -
Operation Greif and the Trial of the “Most Dangerous Man in Europe.”
Operation Greif and the Trial of the “Most Dangerous Man in Europe.” A disheveled George S. Patton reported to Dwight Eisenhower with unsettling news from the front. “Ike, I’ve never seen such a goddamn foul-up! The Krauts are infiltrating behind our lines, raising hell, cutting wires and turning around road signs!”1 Such was the characteristic response in the aftermath of Operation Greif, orchestrated by Germany’s top commando, Otto Skorzeny. Through his actions during the Ardennes Offensive of 1944, and his acquittal while on trial, Skorzeny effectively utilized disinformation and covert operations to both earn his credibility and infamous reputation. Born in Vienna in 1908, Skorzeny led a mundane life during the years of the First World War. Despite his inability to concentrate on his studies, he managed to graduate in 1931 from the Technischen Hochschule in Wien with an engineering degree.2 His participation in the Schlagende Verbindungen (dueling societies) during his academic career gave Skorzeny the reputation of being a fierce fighter and resulted in his characteristic scars that covered both sides of his face. With the unification of Austria into Germany in 1938, Skorzeny had his first contact with the Nazi party. While visiting Vienna, he came upon Austrian President Miklas in the midst of an attempt on his life by Nazi roughnecks. Skorzeny, always a man of action, blocked the way of the would-be assassins and ended the confrontation. Word spread across the Germany of the bold Austrian who had saved the President’s life on a whim. 1 Glenn B Infield, Skorzeny (New York: St. -
Mexican-Style Fascism Spreads in U. S. A. with the Support of Some Americans
PM, SUNDAY, MAY .21, 1944 THE NAT ION Mexican-Style Fascism Spreads in U. S. A. With the Support of Some Americans . 5. Smarquum Is Nationalistic These Are the Principles Sinarquismi "I submit that. Sinarquism is the a g selected by Providence to bring about Mexico's fulfilment of her appr to destby, America and the world." Preseneis littering del Sinorquinno, leaflet published by the Los Angeles or Sinarquism, a mass movement of 900,00 Sioarontst Regional Committee. mem rs is -we aces counterpart of the Neu Party in Germany, 6. Sinarquism Is Anti•Dernocratic e Fascist Party in IItaly and the Falange in Spain. "It [democracy has corrupted our concept of liberty, tutting.maa lais The movement, when judged by its official propaganda for foreign con- El Stnarquista, Nov. 27. 194L sumption, or by Its so-milled official 'Sixteen Principles," appears to be an relations with morality, justice and law." booffensive and high-minded attempt at social reform—just as many of the National Socialist Party's original 25 points sound progressive and decent even 7. Sinorquisth Is Anti.Parliamentary today. "Sinarquism Is not an electoral party, not a sectarian movement. It hos not But the following quotations, taken from official Sinarquist publications come to prolong the 'sordid bitter contest between 'conservatives' and 'liberals. not generally distributed in the U. S, A., tell the real stray of Sinarquism and between 'reactionaries' and 'revolutionists,' for it has realized with clear vision what it stands for. that from these horrible conflicts derive all the nation's nu.s• forhtnes." Prsoencis lit:laded del Sinorquiiisto. -
Synarchy Movement of Empire Book Ii
SYNARCHY MOVEMENT OF EMPIRE BOOK II THE MODERN SYNARCHY INTERNATIONAL by Pierre Beaudry LAVAL BEASTMAN OF VICHY LEESBURG, Va. June 20, 2005 1 DEDICATION This book is dedicated to the LaRouche Youth Movement (LYM) worldwide, and particularly to the French LYM, who deserve to know the truth about French history and world affairs. Previous generations of French citizens had settled their accounts with their immediate past history by either going to war, or by getting involved into absurd coups d'Etat, however, they never knew why they were doing so. My generation of Bohemian Bourgeois (BoBos) has not done that; it didn't care to do anything for history, nor for the future generations. It was only interested in lying and in taking care of "Me, Me, Me!" The problem that the youth of today are face with is that the truth about the French Revolution, about Napoleon Bonaparte, about the Synarchy, about the destruction of the Third Republic, or about Vichy has never been told. So, either the truth comes out now, and finally exorcises the French population as a whole, once and forever, or else the French nation is doomed to repeat the same mistakes of the past, again and again. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS BOOK II THE MODERN SYNARCHY INTERNATIONAL 1.1 SAINT YVES D'ALVEYDRE: THE SYNARCHY OF A ONE-WORLD EMPIRE …………… 8 ***** 1.2 INTRODUCTION 2.2 AGAINST THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA AND AMERICA 3.2 A SYNARCHIST CONSTITUTION FOR EUROPE 4.2 SYNARCHIST ALLIANCE AGAINST ISLAM AND THE "TARTARS" 5.2 THE EXCLUSION OF ISLAM 6.2 SAINT-YVES D'ALVEYDRE, A VICTIM OF BIPOLARITY 7.2 THE HATRED OF PLATO AND OF {AGAPE} 8.2 THE CREATION OF THE {ORDRE MARTINISTE ET SYNARCHIQUE} 9.2 THE MYSTICAL ORIGINS OF THE SYNARCHY DOCTRINE 10.2 EISENHOWER INVITED TO HEAD THE AMERICAN SYNARCHY . -
London, Washington, and the Management of the Franc, 1936-39
PRINCETON STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, NO. 45 London, Washington, and the Management of the Franc, 1936-39 Ian M. Drummond INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY • 1979 - PRINCETON STUDIES , IN INTERNATIONAL. FINANCE This is the forty-fifth nurnber, in the series PRINCETON STUDIES IN IN- TERNATIONAL FINANCE, published from time to time by the .Interna- tional Finance Section of the Department of, Economics at Princeton University. The author, Ian M. Drummond, is a professor in the Department of Political Economy at the University of Toronto. He has also taught at Yale University and, as a visitor, at Princeton University and the Uni- versity of Edinburgh. Among his recent publications are British 'Eco- nomic Policy and the Empire, 1919.-1939, Imperial Economic Policy, 1917=1939, and Economics: Principles and Policies in an Open Econ- omy. / This series is intended to be restricted to meritorious research stud- ies in the general field of international financial problems that are too technical, too specialized, or too long to qualify as ESSAYS. The Section welcomes the submission of manuscripts for the series. While the 'Sec- tion ,sponsors the studies, the writers are free to develop their topics as they will. • PETER B. BENEN Director, International Finance Section PRINCETON STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE NO. 45 London, Washington, and the Management of the Franc, 1936-39 Ian M. Drummond INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY NOVEMBER 1979 CONTENTS CAST OF CHARACTERS V 1 INTRODUCTION 1 The Tripartite Declarations 1 Historical Backdrop 3 Attitudes toward Cooperation and Mutual Support 4 2 BLUM AND AURIOL 9 3 CHAUTEMPS AND BONNET 16 4 CHAUTEMPS AND MARCHANDEAU 26 5 BLUM ONCE MORE 30 6 DALADIER AND MARCHANDEAU 32 7 TRANQUILLITY WITH DALADIER AND REYNAUD 39 8 MORGENTHAU AND THE FRENCH: CREDIT AND EXCHANGE CONTROL 42 9 SOME CONCLUSIONS 53 REFERENCES 57 INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION EDITORIAL STAFF Peter B. -
Anton Maegerle / Heribert Schiedel Krude Allianz Das Arabisch-Islamistische Bündnis Mit Deutschen Und Österreichischen Rechtsextremisten
www.doew.at Anton Maegerle / Heribert Schiedel Krude Allianz Das arabisch-islamistische Bündnis mit deutschen und österreichischen Rechtsextremisten Neues von ganz rechts, November 2001 „Die Deutschen wissen, wie man es macht, um die Juden loszuwerden.“ (M. A. al-Husseini, Mufti von Jerusalem, 1943 bewundernd in Berlin) Seit den Terrorakten gegen die USA wird über mögliche Vernetzungen zwi- schen deutschsprachigen Rechtsextremisten und islamistischen Fundamentalis- ten spekuliert. Denn die von klerikalfaschistischen Islamisten verursachten Ter- rorszenarien in New York und Washington könnten in ihrer Dramaturgie auch einem braunen Drehbuch entstammen. New York „in Schutt und Asche legen“ wollte kurz vor dem Ende der NS- Herrschaft Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler. „Die Amerikaner“, so Himmler, „müssen auch etwas vom Krieg zu spüren bekommen.“ Der „psychologische Effekt wäre enorm. Ich bin überzeugt, dass es die Amerikaner nicht ertragen könnten, in ihrem eigenen Land angegriffen zu werden.“ Adolf Hitler selbst fällte im März 1941 die Bemerkung, man müsse mit Terrorangriffen auf ameri- kanische Millionenstädte „den Juden“ eine „Lektion“ erteilen. Und gegenüber Albert Speer malte er „wie in einem Delirium sich und uns den Untergang New Yorks in Flammenstürmen“ aus. Antisemitische Vernichtungsphantasien 47 Jahre später lässt der Hitler-Verehrer William L. Pierce (Jg. 1933) in seinem rechtsterroristischen Machwerk „The Turner Diaries“ einen rechtsextremen 2 Anton Maegerle / Heribert Schiedel www.doew.at www.doew.at Krude Allianz 3 Kamikaze mit einem Flugzeug in das Pentagon stürzen. In einer apokalypti- schen Szene wird auch die Zerstörung von New York als dem „jüdisch domi- nierten und verseuchten Zentrum des Weltkapitals“ beschrieben. Lustvoll lässt Pierce unter seinem damaligen Pseudonym Andrew Macdonald die „100 Stock- werke der Wolkenkratzer“ in sich zusammenstürzen.