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A P a R T H E I D Y E S T a D O T E S I S D O C T O R A L A P A R T H E I D Y E S T A D O DESIGUALDAD ANTE LA LEY Y FRAGMENTACION DE LA POBLACION Y EL TERRITORIO Departamento: Derecho Público (Universidad de Zaragoza) Doctorando: Santiago Tazón Serrano Directores de Tesis: Dr. Carlos Ruiz-Miguel Catedrático de Derecho Constitucional en la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Dr. Francisco Palacios Profesor de Derecho Constitucional en la Universidad de Zaragoza Programa de Doctorado: Conflictos, Seguridad y Solidaridad (Universidad de Zaragoza) 2 APARTHEID Y ESTADO Desigualdad ante la ley y fragmentación de la población y el territorio “Todos los hombres nacen iguales, pero es la última vez que lo son” Abraham Lincoln APARTHEID Y ESTADO Desigualdad ante la ley y fragmentación de la población y el territorio 3 Agradecimientos Quisiera expresar mi agradecimiento a todas aquellas personas que de diversas maneras han colaborado conmigo en la elaboración de este texto. Doy las gracias: En primer lugar a mi mujer, por soportar todo lo que rodea a la elaboración de esta tesis y especialmente por acompañarme en mis periplos a zonas de conflicto, arriesgando su integridad física y empleando sus vacaciones. A mis directores de tesis que resultaron tan compatibles con la idea de esta tesis como yo supuse al principio, y sin los cuales esta tesis no hubiera sido posible. A mis amigos Pilar y Humberto por ayudarme a corregir los textos. A todas aquellos amigos en países africanos a los que he sometido a baterías de preguntas si no políticamente incorrectas, sí al menos ciertamente incómodas acerca de violencia étnica y políticas identitarias. Nombraré a Michael Quintana desde Harare (Zimbabwe) Oscar Mateos desde Freetown (Sierra Leona) Dave Rogers desde Johannesburg (Sudáfrica) Sin olvidar a Mohamed Amiin desde Mogadiscio (Somalia) por su ayuda y consejos de seguridad para mi -aún irrealizado- proyecto de viajar a Somalia. Así como a las muchas personas de Namibia que -conscientemente o no- me han ayudado al contarme sus historias personales, lo que abarca no sólo a namibios de Windhoek y Walvis Bay sino también a miembros de la comunidad “baster” de Rehobot, de los bushmen de la zona del Kalahari cercana a Rundu o los habitantes damara del township junto a Lüderitz. A los libreros de lance de la Laangstraat en Ciudad del Cabo de los que conseguí libros que ya nadie vende...ni compra. A Shmuel, de Kochav-Yair (Israel). A los miembros de los Apprentice Boys of Derry que me ayudaron a organizar mi asistencia a los desfiles, me recibieron en su sede y me mostraron su museo. A la Academia General Militar de Zaragoza por sus seminarios sobre Derecho Internacional Humanitario en el marco de Interacademias. Al Grupo Español de Estudios Estratégicos por posibilitar un foro de análisis y pensamiento en el que tengan cabida estos temas y por contar conmigo para participar. A los taxistas chipriotas a uno y otro lado de la línea verde. A medios de comunicación como la revista Warheat International, Periodista Digital o Telemadrid no sólo por publicar y comentar lo que escribo sobre Africa Subsahariana sino sobre todo, por creer en lo que hago. A la cadena británica de librerías Waterstone’s, especialmente la situada en Picadilly - Londres- por aguantarme hasta última hora consultando sus libros como si fuese una biblioteca. 4 APARTHEID Y ESTADO Desigualdad ante la ley y fragmentación de la población y el territorio ABSTRACT keywords: apartheid, segregation, inequality, bantustan, ethnic conflict, nationalism, multiculturalism, minority rights, power-sharing, conflict resolution Abstract This dissertation is a deep insight into the South African apartheid., Analysing its legal system of segregation and inequality and describing the different levels of separateness, since the separated public facilities up to the independent bantustans that pretend a separate development of the different tribes. An approach to a global concept of apartheid, the study will extract the essential elements comparing other conflict situations in the world that share common features with the South African apartheid: legal inequality and fragmentation of population and territory. The study purports extract lessons to apply on conflict resolution, specially legislative techniques to deactivate ethno-cultural conflicts. Moreover, the ethnical question is getting a higher importance in our increasingly multicultural scenarios. The dissertation links with the most updated debates about collective rights and management of ethno-cultural divides. APARTHEID Y ESTADO Desigualdad ante la ley y fragmentación de la población y el territorio 5 LISTADO DE ACRONIMOS UTILIZADOS AB: Afrikaner Broederbond (Hermandad Afrikaner) ACDP African Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano Africano) ANC African National Congress (Congreso Nacional Africano) [vid: también CNA] ANP: Autoridad Nacional Palestina AWB: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Movimiento de Resistencia Afrikaner) APK: Afrikaanse Protestante Kerk (Iglesia Protestante Afrikaner) BEE: Black Economic Empowerment (Potenciar la Economía Negra) [posteriormente renombrado Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment] BDP: Bophutatswana Democratic Party (Partido Democrático de Bophutatswana) BOSS: Bureau of State Security (Oficina de Seguridad del Estado) CDV: Christen Democratische en Vlaams (Partido Cristiano-Demócrata Flamenco) CNDD-FDD: Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie - Forces pour la défense de la démocratie (consejo Nacional por la Defensa de la Democracia – Fuerzas por la Defensa de la Democracia) CNIP: Ciskei National Independence Party (Partido de la Independencia Nacional de Ciskei) CONSAS: Constellation of Southern Africa States (Constelación de Estados de Africa Meridional) CONTRALESA: Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa (Congreso de Líderes Tradicionales de Sudáfrica) COSAS: Congress of South African Students ( Congreso de Estudiantes Sudafricanos) COSATU: Congress of South African Trade Unions (Congreso de Sindicatos Sudafricanos) DDMI: David Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies DP Democratic Party (Partido Democrático) DUP: Democratic Unionist Party (Partido Democrático Unionista) FNLA: Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (Frente Nacional de Liberación de Angola) 6 APARTHEID Y ESTADO Desigualdad ante la ley y fragmentación de la población y el territorio FAR: Forces Armees Rwandaises (Fuerzas Armadas Ruandesas) FF: Freedom Front (Frente de la Libertad) [vid. también VF] FPR: Front Patriottique Rwandais (Frente Patriótico Ruandés) FRELIMO: Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (Frente de Liberación de Mozambique) FRODEBU: Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi (Frente para la Democracia en Burundi) GEES: Grupo de Estudios Estratégicos GK: Gereformeerde Kerk in Suid Afrika (Iglesia Reformada en Sudáfrica) HAMAS: Harakat al Muqawama al Islamiya (Movimiento Islámico de Liberación) HK: Hervormde Kerk (Iglesia Reformada) HRW Human Rights Watch HNP: Herenigde Nasionale Party (Partido Nacional Reunificado) ICG: International Crisis Group ICSPCA: International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (Convención Internacional para la Supresión y Castigo del Crimen de Apartheid) IDAF: International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa IFP Inkhata Freedom Party (Partido por la Libertad Inkhata) INLA: Irish National Liberation Army (Ejército Irlandés de Liberación Nacional) IRA Irish Republican Army (Ejército Republicano Irlandés) Irgun : Irgun Tsva'i-Leumi (Organización de Defensa Nacional) ISA:Internal Security Act (Ley de Seguridad Interior) KAWA: Unión de Proletarios del Kurdistán KKTC: Kuzey Kibris Türk Cumhuiyeti (República Turca del Norte de Chipre ) [vid. también RTNC] KP: Konserwatiewe Party van Suid-Afrika (Partido Conservador) APARTHEID Y ESTADO Desigualdad ante la ley y fragmentación de la población y el territorio 7 [vid. también CP] LEHI: Lochamei Herut Yisrael (Luchadores por la Libertad de Israel) MK: Umkhonto we Sizwe (Lanza de una Nación) MINURSO: Misión delas Naciones Unidas por el Referendum en Sahara Occidental MLC: Mouvement de Libération du Congo (Movimiento de Liberación del Congo) MPLA: Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (Movimiento Popular de Liberación de Angola) MRC: Mouvement pour la Réhabilitation du Citoyen (Movimiento para la Rehabilitación de los Ciudadanos) NGK: Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk (Iglesia Reformada Holandesa) NSA: National Security Act (Ley de Seguridad Nacional) NSP: National Seoposengwe Party (Partido Nacional Seoposengwe) NP: Nasionale Party Partido Nacional NPFL: National Patriotic Front of Liberia (Frente Patriótico Nacional de Liberia) OB: Ossewabrandwag (Centinelas del Carromato) OIRA: Official IRA (IRA Oficial) OIT: Organización Internacional del Trabajo OLP Organización para la Liberación de Palestina [vid. también PLO] OMS: Organización Mundial de la Salud ONU: Organización de las Naciones Unidas PAC: Pan-Africanist Congress (Congreso Pan-Africano) PFP: Progressive Federal Party (Partido Federal Progresivo) PIRA: Provisional IRA (IRA Provisional) [también llamados “provos”] PKK: Partido de los Trabajadores del Kurdistán PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization (Organización para la Liberación de Palestina) [vid. también OLP] 8 APARTHEID Y ESTADO Desigualdad ante la ley y fragmentación de la población y el territorio PMHRE: The People’s Movement for Human Rights Education ( Movimiento de los Pueblos para la Educación en Derechos Humanos) PNURA: Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act (Ley de Promoción de la Unidad
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