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Mites of Greenhouses Identification, Biology and Control Other Books on Mites by Zhi-Qiang Zhang Mites of Greenhouses Identification, Biology and Control Other books on mites by Zhi-Qiang Zhang 1996 The Eriophyoid Mites of China: An Illustrated Catalog and Identification Keys (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea). Co-author X.-Y. Hong 1997 An Illustrated Guide to Mites of Agricultural Importance. Co-author L.-R. Liang 1998 Predatory Mites: Their Biology and Roles in Biological Control. Co- authors J.-L. Xin & J.-Q. Lu 1999 Tarsonemidae of China (Acari: Prostigmata): Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue and Bibliography. Co-author J.-Z. Lin 2000 Biology and Control of Bamboo Mites in Fujian. Co-editor Y.-X. Zhang 2002 Tarsonemidae of the World: Key to Genera, Geographical Distribution, Systematic Catalogue & Annotated Bibliograhy. Co-author J.-Z. Lin Mites of Greenhouses Identification, Biology and Control ZHI-QIANG ZHANG Acarologist Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand Honorary Research Fellow The Natural History Museum, London, UK Adjunct Professor School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 44 Brattle Street Wallingford 4th Floor Oxon OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02138 UK USA Tel: +44 (0) 1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0) 1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 Website: www.cabi-publishing.org CAB International 2003. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photo- copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zhang, Zhi-Qiang, 1963- Mites of greenhouses: identification, biology and control / Zhi-Qiang Zhang. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-590-X (alk. paper) 1. Plant mites. 2. Plant mites--Biological Control. 3. Greenhouse plants--Diseases and pests. 4. Mites as biological pest control agents. I. Title. SB940.Z43. 2003 635’.0496542--dc21 2003046117 ISBN 0 85199 590 X Printed and bound in the UK from copy supplied by the author by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn. Table of Contents Preface ........................................................ix Acknowledgements .............................................xi Part I Introduction ...............................................1 1 Greenhouses, Plants & Mites ....................................3 1.1Introduction...............................................3 1.2Greenhouses ..............................................3 1.3 Plants grown in greenhouses . .5 1.4 Mites in greenhouses . .6 1.5Recommendedfurtherreading ..............................9 1.6 References cited . .10 2 Introduction to Acari ..........................................11 2.1Generalintroduction ......................................11 2.2Morphologyandstructure .................................12 2.2.1Divisionofbody......................................12 2.2.2Gnathosoma..........................................13 2.2.3Idiosoma.............................................15 2.2.4Legs.................................................17 2.3Classification.............................................18 2.3.1Higherclassification...................................18 2.3.2 Order Prostigmata. .23 2.3.3 Order Mesostigmata . .27 2.3.4 Order Astigmata . .29 2.4Recommendedfurtherreading..............................29 2.5 References cited . .30 3 Methods & Techniques ........................................33 3.1Collectingmites...........................................33 3.1.1Collectingmitesfromplants............................33 3.1.2Collectingmiteson/insubstrate........................36 3.1.3Thingstonotewhencollecting..........................36 v vi Mites of Greenhouses 3.2Preservingmitesforstudy .................................37 3.3Preparingmitesformicroscopicstudy.......................37 3.3.1Clearing/macerationofspecimens......................37 3.3.2Temporarymounts....................................38 3.3.3Permanentmounts....................................39 3.3.4Recommendedfurtherreading..........................42 3.4Rearingmites.............................................42 3.5 References cited . .42 Part II Pest Mites ...............................................45 4 Spider Mites .................................................47 4.1Introduction..............................................47 4.2Morphologicalcharacters ..................................47 4.3Lifehistoryandbiology....................................48 4.4 Species important in greenhouses . .50 4.4.1 Tetranychus urticae (Koch)..............................54 4.4.2 Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval).....................61 4.4.3Otherspidermites....................................64 4.5 References cited . .75 5 False Spider Mites ............................................87 5.1Introduction..............................................87 5.2Morphologicalcharacters ..................................87 5.3Lifehistoryandbiology....................................88 5.4 Species important in greenhouses. .90 5.4.1 Brevipalpus obovatus Dannadieu.........................90 5.4.2 Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes)..........................93 5.4.3Otherspecies.........................................96 5.5 References cited . .97 6 Tarsonemid Mites ............................................99 6.1Introduction..............................................99 6.2Morphologicalcharacters ..................................99 6.3Lifehistoryandbiology...................................100 6.4 Species important in greenhouses . .101 6.4.1 Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)......................104 6.4.2 Phytonemus pallidus (Banks) ...........................109 6.4.3Othertarsonemidspecies.............................114 6.5 References cited . .121 7 Eriophyoid Mites ............................................127 7.1Introduction.............................................127 7.2Morphologicalcharacters .................................127 Table of Contents vii 7.3Lifehistoryandbiology...................................128 7.4 Species important in greenhouses . .128 7.4.1 Aculops lycopersici (Massee)............................129 7.4.2 Epitrimerus alinae Liro ................................133 7.4.3Othereriophyoidmites...............................135 7.5 References cited . .137 8 Acarid Mites ................................................141 8.1Introduction.............................................141 8.2Morphologicalcharacters .................................141 8.3Lifehistoryandbiology...................................142 8.4 Species important in greenhouses . .142 8.4.1 Rhizoglyphus robini (Claparède) ........................147 8.4.2 Rhizoglyphus echinopus (FumouzeandRobin)............149 8.4.3 Tyrophagus species...................................151 8.4.4 Mycetoglyphus fungivorus (Oudemans)..................158 8.5 References cited . .158 9 Other Pest Mites .............................................163 9.1Introduction.............................................163 9.2Siteroptidae.............................................163 9.3Penthaleidae ............................................165 9.4Tydeidae................................................166 9.5Tuckerellidae............................................166 9.6Oribatida ...............................................167 9.7 References cited . .168 Part III Beneficial Mites ........................................169 10 Phytoseiid Mites ............................................171 10.1Introduction............................................171 10.2Morphologicalcharacters ................................171 10.3Lifehistoryandbiology..................................172 10.4 Species important in greenhouses . .173 10.4.1 Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot..................180 10.4.2 Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) .....................186 10.4.3Otherphytoseiidspecies.............................189 10.5 References cited . .194 11 Laelapid Mites .............................................203 11.1Introduction............................................203 11.2Morphologicalcharacters ................................203 11.3Lifehistoryandbiology..................................204 11.4 Species important in greenhouses . .204 viii Mites of Greenhouses 11.4.1 Hypoaspis aculeifer (Canestrini)........................204 11.4.2 Hypoaspis miles (Berlese) . .206 11.4.3Otherlaelapidspecies...............................208 11. 5 References cited . .208 12 Other Beneficial Mites ......................................211 12.1Introduction............................................211 12.2Mesostigmata ..........................................211 12.2.1Parasitidae.........................................211 12.2.2Ascidae ...........................................212 12.3Prostigmata ............................................213 12.3.1Stigmaeidae........................................213 12.3.2Anystidae .........................................214 12.3.3Cunaxidae.........................................214 12.3.4Erythraeidae.......................................215 12.3.5Tydeidae ..........................................216 12.4 References cited . .216 Part IV Accessories ............................................219 13 Glossary ...................................................221 14 Appendix: Mite Information Sources .........................229
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