3. Historicko–Kulturní Vývoj Faxu

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3. Historicko–Kulturní Vývoj Faxu MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Filozofická fakulta Ústav hudební vědy Teorie interaktivních médií AUTOR: Kateřina Vlková Remediace faxu: od přenosu obrazu k médiu umělecké tvorby Bakalářská diplomová práce VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE: Mgr. Zuzana Kobíková 2014 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. ……………………………………… V Brně 14. května 2014 2 Ráda bych toto místo využila k poděkování vedoucí mé práce Mgr. Zuzaně Kobíkové za její velkou vstřícnost, pohotovou komunikaci, věcné rady a profesionální přístup. Mé poděkování rovněž patří Mgr. Petře Skřiváčkové, která mi pomohla nejen s pochopením některých přístupů, ale také s editací a úpravou práce. Díky také patří mému Ondřejovi za jeho nekonečnou podporu. 3 BIBLIOGRAFICKÝ ZÁZNAM VLKOVÁ, Kateřina. Remediace faxu: od přenosu obrazu k médiu umělecké tvorby. Bakalářská práce. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, Filozofická fakulta 2014. Vedoucí práce Mgr. Zuzana Kobíková. ANOTACE Bakalářská diplomová práce představuje médium fax, jež prošlo zajímavým procesem transformace, a to optikou remediace, mediální archeologie a mediální nostalgie. Práce seznamuje s historickými kořeny faxu v 19. století a sleduje vývoj tohoto prostředku přenosu statického obrazu pomocí telefonní linky. Přibližuje tak dobu, kdy jeho užívání bylo na absolutním vrcholu a dostává se do současnosti – období jeho útlumu. Práce prezentuje remediaci faxu v digitální, hybridní média. Rovněž prozkoumává jeho současné využití v souvislosti s teorií mediální nostalgie, když mapuje jeho remediaci v prostředek tvorby uměleckých děl. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA Fax, remediace, mediální archeologie, mediální nostalgie, umělecká tvorba, digitální, analogový ANOTATION The bachelor thesis represents medium fax that has undergone an interesting transformation process. We use view through remediation, media archaeology and media nostalgia. This paper introduce the historical roots of the fax in 19th century and follows the development of the means of transmission of static images via telephone lines. Zooms to the time when using has been the on the absolute top and gets to the present - a period of decline. The work presents remediation fax in digital, hybrid media. It also explores its current use in connection with the theory of media nostalgia, when mapping the remediation of the means of creating art works. KEYWORDS Fax, remedation, media archaeology, media nostalgia, art work, digital, analogue 4 OBSAH 1. ÚVOD . 7 2. PŘEHLED MEDIÁLNÍCH TEORIÍ . 9 2. 1. TEORIE REMEDIACE . 9 2. 2. TEORIE MEDIÁLNÍ ARCHEOLOGIE . 12 2. 3. TEORIE MEDIÁLNÍ NOSTALGIE . 14 3. HISTORICKO–KULTURNÍ VÝVOJ FAXU . 15 3. 1. PŘEDOBRAZ FAXU . .15 3. 2. VÝVOJ FAXU OD POČÁTKU PO SOUČASNOST . 16 3. 2. 1. První faxy – přenos obrazu po drátě . 16 3. 2. 2. Zdokonalení technologie faxu . 19 3. 2. 3. Bezdrátový fax a telefonní přenos . 20 3. 2. 4. Zavedení mezinárodních norem . 24 3. 2. 5. Digitální a počítačový fax . .25 3. 3. OD ANALOGOVÉHO K DIGITÁLNÍMU . .25 3. 1. 1. Vlastnosti digitálních médií . 25 4. FAX JAKO MÉDIUM UMĚLECKÉ TVORBY . 29 4. 1. FAX ART . 30 4. 1. 1. Dax Group . 30 4. 1. 2. Marisa Gonzáles . 31 4. 1. 3. Paulo Bruscky . 31 4. 1. 4. David Hockney . .32 4. 1. 5. Zoe Keramea . .33 4. 1. 6. Art Reseaux Group . .33 4. 1. 7. Tom Klinkowstein . 34 4. 1. 8. Fred Willem . 35 4. 1. 9. FAX Exhibition . 35 5. ZÁVĚR . 37 RESUMÉ . 40 SUMMARY . 40 POUŽITÉ ZDROJE . 41 5 OBRAZOVÁ PŘÍLOHA . 45 6 1. ÚVOD V posledních dekádách jsme svědky masivního vzestupu digitálních technologií pro přenos obrazu. Dlouhá cesta vývoje ke stavu, kdy nám zaslání fotografie z dovolené na druhý konec světa během několika vteřin připadá zcela přirozené, však započala o více než století dříve vynálezem faxu neboli komunikačního prostředku, jehož hlavní funkcí je přenos obrazu na dálku. Mezi hlavní cíle práce patří popsání transformace média a odpověď na otázku, jestli technologie faxu je zastaralá a nemá již využití. V oblasti mediální teorie transformaci média nazýváme remediace, a právě tu budeme v případě faxu sledovat. Tuto transformaci shledáváme zajímavou z hlediska vývoje, během nějž funkci faxu převzala digitální média. Potřeba uvést definici pojmu remediace je v této práci zjevná. Proto se hned v druhé kapitole zaměřujeme na samotný vznik pojmu. Obracíme se na Marshalla McLuhana, který v knize Understanding Media: Extensions of Man uvádí charakteristiku médií z hlediska jejich obsahu a neopomíjíme ani jeho další teorie související s remediací. Navazujeme na autora pojmu remediace, kterým je Paul Levinson. Právě on jej poprvé použil v souvislosti s hledáním správného výrazu pro takzvanou uzdravující sílu v knize Soft Edge: A Natural History and Future of the Information Revolution. Logicky dále pokračujeme polemikou Jay Boltera a Richarda Grusina, kteří remediaci chápou jako zmocňování se vlastností starého média novým médiem. Jejich teorii hypermediace a imediace se pokusíme reflektovat na rozboru uměleckých děl, kterými se práce rovněž zabývá. S teorií remediace úzce souvisí teorie mediální archeologie, kterou v práci používáme jako další možnou optiku nahlížení na fax. Popisujeme spojitosti teoretiků uvedených v části věnované remediaci s tímto přístupem. A dostáváme se i k původu pojmu a jeho popularizaci. Nejvýraznější propagátor v této oblasti Erkki Hutamo definuje mediální archeologii ve studii Media Archeology: Approaches, Applications and Implications. V tomto kontextu také nesmíme opomenout esej Archeologie vědění od Michaela Foucalta, kterého lze pokládat za jednoho z předchůdců této teorie Třetí optikou je mediální nostalgie, přičemž nejvýraznějším teoretikem v této oblasti je Andreas Böhn. Mediální nostalgie může být podle Böhna obsahem mediální reprezentace dokonce i média sama se mohou stát jejím předmětem. Uvádíme tuto teorii proto, abychom se ji pokusili aplikovat v části věnované faxu jako médiu umělecké tvorby. Po definování tří základních optik se v práci dostaneme k historicko–kulturnímu vývoji faxu a představení samotného média. Ještě předtím však bude zmíněn princip telegrafu, média zde 7 charakterizovaného jako předobraz faxu. Neopomíjíme ani zásady přenosu obrazu na dálku. Od doby patentování v první polovině 19. století, kdy fax fungoval na principu elektromagneticky poháněného kyvadla, lze sledovat jeho transformaci ovlivněnou dalšími vynálezy. Všímáme si také sociokulturního kontextu, abychom se pokusili naplnit teorii mediální archeologie. V této kapitole představíme i remediaci v digitální média, která funkci faxu začala přebírat přibližně v 90. letech 20. století. Z toho důvodu zmiňujeme i vlastnosti digitální informace podle Tonyho Feldmana, tak jak je definoval ve své studii An Introduction to digital media v roce 1996. Uvádíme i principy nových médií Lva Manoviche, když čerpáme z knihy The Language of New Media z roku 2001. Své místo v této části nachází i principy digitálních médií Martina Listera z roku 2003, jak je uvádí ve studii New Media: A critical Introduction. V kontextu hledání nového využití a transformace s předpokladem již zastaralého média fax shledává práce jako důležité využívání faxu jako média uměleckého vyjádření. Proto se v poslední kapitole bude zabývat uměleckou tvorbou, která využívá komunikační systémy, a také charakterizuje specifické odvětví umění vytvořených faxem nazývané Fax art. Přistoupí i ke zmínění samotných děl vytvořené faxem a umělců, kteří s faxem jako s uměleckým nástrojem pracují. A také, jak již ostatně bylo zmíněno výše, se v rozboru umělecké tvorby pokusí reflektovat logiku imediace a hypermediace a budou hledány souvislosti s mediální nostalgií a steskem po starých médiích. 8 2. PŘEHLED MEDIÁLNÍCH TEORIÍ 2. 1. TEORIE REMEDIACE V úvodu knihy Understanding Media: Extensions of Man kanadský badatel Marshall McLuhan definuje zásadní a často zmiňovanou charakteristiku médií1 z hlediska jejich obsahu: „[…] charakteristické pro všechna média je to, že ,obsahem„ jakéhokoliv média je vždy jiné médium. Stejně jako obsahem psaného je řeč, psané slovo je obsahem tištěného a tištěné je obsahem telegrafu.“2 Marshall McLuhan se věnoval i problému existence takzvaných hybridních3 médií: „Nejlepším způsobem studia povahy médií je studium jejich vlivu na další média, neboť takto je lze vidět podrobně a přesně.“4 McLuhanovo pojetí však vycházelo z přesvědčení, že z mediální skutečnosti lze abstrahovat jakési čisté, neovlivněné médium.5 Podle McLuhana se většina lidí dívá na svět přes takzvané zpětné zrcátko, ačkoliv žijeme v době, kdy můžeme pozorovat změny ve společnosti, protože ty probíhají dostatečně rychle, abychom si je dokázali uvědomit. Teorie zpětného zrcátka tedy odkazuje na to, že se kultura při 1 Pozn.: Pojmem médium označujeme formu, jejímž prostřednictvím vznikají umělecké či kulturní produkty, nebo skrze niž můžeme šířit různá sdělení. V oblasti umění médium znamená materiál použitý k vytvoření uměleckého díla. V oblasti komunikace odkazuje médium na formu, jejíž pomocí se vysílá a šíří poselství. V této práci uplatníme oba dva významy, protože na fax nahlížíme jako na kreslící umělecký nástroj, a rovněž jako na komunikační médium. (Zdroj: STURKEN, Marita a Lisa CARTWRIGHT. Studia vizuální kultury. Vyd. 1. Praha: Portál, s. 436 – 437. ISBN 978-80-7367-556-1.) 2 Pozn.: „[…] characteristic of all media, means that the "content" of any medium is always another medium. The content of writing is speech, just as the written word is the content of print, and print is the content of the telegraph.” Zdroj: MCLUHAN, Marshall. Understanding media: the extensions of man. 1st MIT Press ed. Cambridge,
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