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Neobiota in Deutschen Küstengewässern 2014

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Neobiota in Deutschen Küstengewässern 2014 Schleswig-Holstein. Der echte Norden. Neobiota in deutschen Küstengewässern Eingeschleppte und kryptogene Tier- und Pflanzenarten an der deutschen Nord- und Ostseeküste 2014 Impressum Herausgeber: Landesamt für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und ländliche Räume des Landes Schleswig-Holstein (LLUR) Hamburger Chaussee 25 24220 Flintbek Tel.: 0 43 47 / 704-0 www.llur.schleswig-holstein.de Ansprechpartner: Dr. Rolf Karez Tel. 0 43 47 / 704-479 [email protected] Erarbeitung durch: Alfred-Wegener-Institut – Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung Wattenmeerstation Sylt Hafenstr. 43, 25992 List/Sylt AutorInnen: Dagmar Lackschewitz, Karsten Reise Christian Buschbaum (alle AWI) Rolf Karez (LLUR) Diese Arbeit wurde durch das LLUR in dem Projekt ‚Überprüfung erstellter Neobiota Listen‘ (Auftragsnummer: 0608.450935) mit Beteiligung des NLWKN gefördert. Datenstand: Juli 2014 Titel (Fotoautor): oben: Schiffe (hier auf dem Nord-Ostsee-Kanal) sind Hauptvektoren für die Einschleppung von Meeresorganismen (C. Buschbaum). unten links: Neuseeländische Deckelschnecken (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) sind im Brackwasser der Ostseeküste häufig (D. Lackschewitz). unten Mitte: Die Japanische Felsenkrabbe (Hemigrapsus sanguineus) hat sich rasant an der Nordseeküste ausgebreitet (K. Reise). unten rechts: Die pazifische Grüne Gabelalge (Codium fragile fragile) kommt seit den 1930er Jahren in der deutschen Nordsee vor (K. Reise). Herstellung: Schmidt & Klaunig, Kiel August 2015 ISBN: 978-3-937937-73-1 Schriftenreihe: LLUR SH – Gewässer; D 25 Diese Broschüre wurde auf Recyclingpapier hergestellt. Diese Druckschrift wird im Rahmen der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit der schleswig-holsteinischen Landesregierung herausgegeben. Sie darf weder von Parteien noch von Personen, die Wahlwerbung oder Wahlhilfe betreiben, im Wahlkampf zum Zwecke der Wahlwerbung verwendet werden. Auch ohne zeitlichen Bezug zu einer bevorstehenden Wahl darf die Druckschrift nicht in einer Weise verwendet werden, die als Parteinahme der Landesregierung zu Gunsten einzelner Gruppen verstanden werden könnte. Den Parteien ist es gestattet, die Druckschrift zur Unterrichtung ihrer eigenen Mitglieder zu verwenden. Die Landesregierung im Internet: www.landesregierung.schleswig-holstein.de Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Vorwort – 6 2. Zusammenfassung – Summary – 7 3. Einleitung – 8 4. Makroalgen – 14 4.1. Rhodophyceae (Rotalgen) – 14 Aglaothamnion halliae – 14 Antithamnionella spirographidis – 15 Antithamnionella ternifolia – 16 Bonnemaisonia hamifera – 18 Callithamnion tetragonum – 20 Ceramium cimbricum – 20 Dasya baillouviana – 21 Gracilaria vermiculophylla – 23 Halurus flosculosus – 26 Mastocarpus stellatus – 26 Neosiphonia (Polysiphonia) harveyi – 27 4.2. Phaeophyceae (Braunalgen) – 30 Colpomenia peregrina – 30 Fucus evanescens – 32 Saccharina japonica – 34 Sargassum muticum – 35 4.3. Chlorophyceae (Grünalgen) – 38 Codium fragile fragile – 38 Ulva californica – 40 4.4. Charophyceae (Armleuchteralgen) – 41 Chara connivens – 41 5. Tracheophyta (Gefäßpflanzen) – 43 Cotula coronopifolia – 43 Spartina anglica – 44 6. Invertebrata (Wirbellose Tiere) – 46 6.1. Porifera (Schwämme) – 46 Chalinula (Haliclona) loosanoffi – 46 Haliclona (Soestella) xena – 47 6.2. Coelenterata (Hohltiere) – 48 Ctenophora (Rippenquallen) – 48 Mnemiopsis leidyi – 48 Cnidaria (Nesseltiere) – 51 Hydrozoa (Hydroiden) – 51 Bougainvillia macloviana – 51 Cordylophora caspia – 52 Garveia franciscana – 54 Gonionemus vertens – 56 Nemopsis bachei – 58 Thieliana (Pachycordyle/Clavopsella) navis – 60 Anthozoa (Blumentiere) – 61 Cereus pedunculatus – 61 Diadumene cincta – 62 Diadumene (Haliplanella) lineata – 64 6.3. Nematoda (Fadenwürmer) – 66 Anguillicoloides (Anguillicola) crassus – 66 3 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 6.4. Mollusca (Weichtiere) – 68 Gastropoda (Schnecken) – 68 Crepidula fornicata – 68 Potamopyrgus antipodarum – 70 Bivalvia (Muscheln) – 72 Corbicula fluminalis – 72 Crassostrea ‚angulata‘ – 72 Crassostrea gigas – 74 Crassostrea virginica – 77 Dreissena polymorpha – 78 Ensis directus (americanus) – 80 Mya arenaria – 82 Mytilopsis (Congeria) leucophaeata – 84 Petricolaria (Petricola) pholadiformis – 85 Rangia cuneata – 88 Teredo navalis – 88 6.5. Annelida (Ringelwürmer) – 92 Polychaeta (Vielborster) – 92 Alitta (Neanthes/Nereis) virens – 92 Aphelochaeta marioni/Tharyx killariensis – 94 Boccardiella ligerica (B. redeki/Polydora l.) – 96 Ficopomatus enigmaticus – 97 Hydroides elegans – 98 Marenzelleria spp. – 99 Marenzelleria neglecta – 100 Marenzelleria viridis – 102 Microphthalmus similis – 103 Pileolaria berkeleyana – 105 (Pileolaria militaris) – 105 Oligochaeta (Wenigborster) – 106 Branchiura sowerbyi – 106 Tubificoides heterochaetus – 106 Potamothrix spp. – 107 6.6. Xiphosura (Pfeilschwanzkrebse) – 108 Limulus polyphemus – 108 6.7. Crustacea (Krebse) – 109 Cladocera (Wasserflöhe) – 109 Cercopagis pengoi – 109 Copepoda (Ruderfüßer) – 110 Acartia (Acanthacartia) tonsa – 110 Ameira divagans divagans – 112 Mytilicola intestinalis – 112 Mytilicola orientalis – 114 Pseudodiaptomus marinus – 116 Cirripedia (Rankenfüßer) – 116 Amphibalanus (Balanus) improvisus – 116 Austrominius (Elminius) modestus – 119 Tanaidacea (Scherenasseln) – 121 Sinelobus vanhaareni (stanfordi) – 121 Mysidacea (Schwebgarnelen) – 123 Hemimysis anomala – 123 Limnomysis benedeni – 123 Paramysis lacustris – 124 4 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Isopoda (Asseln) – 124 Proasellus coxalis – 124 Amphipoda (Flohkrebse) – 125 Caprella mutica – 125 Chelicorophium (Corophium) curvispinum – 128 Cryptorchestia (Orchestia) cavimana – 130 Dikerogammarus haemobaphes – 131 Dikerogammarus villosus – 132 Gammarus tigrinus – 135 Jassa marmorata – 137 Melita nitida – 138 Monocorophium (Corophium) sextonae – 139 Obesogammarus crassus – 140 Platorchestia (Orchestia) platensis – 141 Pontogammarus robustoides – 142 Decapoda (Zehnfüßige Krebse) – 144 Callinectes sapidus – 144 Eriocheir sinensis – 146 Hemigrapsus sanguineus – 149 Hemigrapsus takanoi/H. penicillatus – 152 (Homarus americanus) – 154 Orconectes limosus – 154 Palaemon macrodactylus – 155 Rhithropanopeus harrisii – 157 6.8. Insecta (Insekten) – 160 Telmatogeton japonicus – 160 6.9. Bryozoa (Moostierchen) – 162 Bowerbankia gracilis/B. imbricata – 162 Bugula neritina – 162 Bugula stolonifera – 163 Fenestrulina delicia – 163 Schizobrachiella verrilli – 164 Smittoidea prolifica – 164 Tricellaria inopinata – 164 Victorella pavida – 167 (Watersipora subtorquata) – 168 6.10. Tunicata (Manteltiere) – 169 Aplidium glabrum – 169 Botrylloides violaceus – 171 Botryllus schlosseri – 172 Diplosoma listerianum – 173 Molgula manhattensis – 174 Perophora japonica – 176 Styela clava – 176 7. Vertebrata (Wirbeltiere) – 179 7.1. Pisces (Fische) – 179 Neogobius melanostomus 8. Literatur – 181 9. Tabellarische Übersicht der Neobiota und kryptogenen Arten in deutschen Küstengewässern – 208 10. Neobiota an benachbarten Küsten, mit deren Ausbreitung in deutsche Gewässer gerechnet werden muss – 214 5 1. Vorwort Die durch den Menschen verursachte Verschleppung von Für die Mitwirkung Deutschlands an diesen internationa- Arten in Gebiete außerhalb ihres natürlichen Vorkom- len Prozessen, aber auch für das nationale Management mens ist ein weitreichender Eingriff in Ökosysteme und unserer Küsten ist es erforderlich, eine möglichst umfas- die darin ablaufenden Prozesse, für den es bereits aus sende aktuelle Liste aller in deutschen Küstengewässern der Antike Belege gibt. Seit der Entstehung eines moder- vorkommenden nicht-heimischen Arten zur Verfügung zu nen Netzes von globalen Transport- und Handelswegen haben. Hierfür wurde bereits 2009 mit einer Schnell- ist dieses Problem derart angewachsen, dass es heute als erfassung von Neobiota durch das Alfred-Wegener- gravierende Bedrohung der globalen Biodiversität ange- Institut (AWI) begonnen, bei der in einem standardisier- sehen wird. Eingeschleppte Arten können sich nicht nur ten Verfahren („Rapid Assessment“) Häfen und Marinas auf Ökosysteme auswirken, sondern auch ökonomische beprobt werden, die als Hotspots von Einschleppungen Probleme verursachen und die menschliche Gesundheit gelten. Gleichzeitig wurde die hier vorliegende Liste beeinträchtigen. erstellt und fortlaufend ergänzt. In ihr sind alle bekannten Informationen zu Herkunft, Einschleppung und Aus- Die Ausbreitung von Arten im Meer ist keine Seltenheit, wirkung von Neobiota in deutschen Meeresgebieten da Ozeane weltweit miteinander verbunden sind. Aber zusammengetragen worden. Ebenso wurden sich in der auch hier hat der Mensch v.a. durch Schiffstransporte, Literatur fortsetzende Fehlinformationen ausgeräumt, die Aquakultur und Kanäle natürliche Ausbreitungsschran- beispielsweise das generelle Vorkommen einer Art oder ken der Meeresorganismen überwunden und damit die deren räumliche Verbreitung betreffen. Damit bildet das Ansiedlung von Arten in neuen Meeresregionen vielfach vorliegende Werk derzeit die umfassendste Quelle für ermöglicht und gefördert. So ist auch aus unseren hei- das Vorkommen und die Ökologie nicht-heimischer Arten mischen Meeresgebieten bereits eine große Anzahl so- in deutschen Meeresgebieten. genannter „Neobiota“ bekannt. Selbst wenn diese noch keine heimischen Arten bis zum Aussterben verdrängt Wir glauben, dass die vorliegende Zusammenstellung haben, sind einige von ihnen sehr augenfällig, haben un- für das Management unserer Küsten und als Nachschla- sere Ökosysteme verändert, und wir können ihre langfris- gewerk für viele weitere Anwendungen einer breiten tigen Auswirkungen bisher kaum einschätzen. Fachwelt nützlich sein kann und hoffen, dass
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