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Gazetteer O F India IRUNACHAL PRADESH EAST KAMENG WEST KAMENG Andtawangmstricrs GAZETTEER of INDIA L

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Gazetteer O F India IRUNACHAL PRADESH EAST KAMENG WEST KAMENG Andtawangmstricrs GAZETTEER of INDIA L Gazetteer o f India IRUNACHAL PRADESH EAST KAMENG WEST KAMENG ANDTAWANGMSTRICrS GAZETTEER OF INDIA L. ■ ARUNACHAL PRADESH EAST KAMENG WEST KAMENG AND TAWANG DISTRICTS ARUNACHAL PRADESH DISTRICT GAZETTEERS EAST KAMENG WEST KAMENG AND TAWANG DISTRICTS Edited by S. Dutta Cboudhury Former Editor GOVERNMENT OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH GOVERNMENT OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Price: Compiled by Ramendra Narayan Bagchi, Compiler (Gazetteers), Arunachal Pradesh Published by the State Editor (Gazetteers), Gazetteers Department, Government of Arunachal Pradesh, Shillong. Cover-design and art-work by : The Statesman Commercial Printing Press 4, Chowringhee Square, Calcutta - 700 001 Printed by : The Statesman Commercial Printing Press, Calcutta - 700 001 VJ Gazetteer of India ARUNACHAL PRADESH EAST KAMENG WEST KAMENG AND TAWANG DISTRICTS GAZETTEERS DEPARTMENT Government of Arunachal Pradesh RAJ BHAVAN ITANAGAR -79(fH January 12, 1995 FOREWORD ... It is my pleasure to present the East Kameng, West Kameng and Tawang Districts Gazetteer, last in the series of District Gazetteers, to the people of Arunachal Pradesh. As a repository of information on all important aspects relating to a particular district and its people, giving details of their history, culture, growth of administration and developmental activities etc, in a single volume, the value of District Gazetteer is immense. Since independence, Arunachal Pradesh has undergone tremendous change in socio, economic, cultural and political spheres. These changes are aptly reflected in the Gazetteers. 1 hope the present volume will also maintain its status and importance as a valuable document concerning the district to which it relates, and serve as a reference book for the inquisitive readers, research-scholars, social scientists and administratorr (Mata Prasad) GUIDE TO SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF SOME^ PLACES RIVER AND OTHER NAMES (Based on Survey of India List of Names) For Read Pakke - Kessang Pakke Kessang Lada I^da Chyangtajo Chyffng Tajo Bameng Bameng Para river Para River Pachi river PACHI R Pacha river Pacha R Papu river . Papu R Pake river Pakke R Bargang river Bargang R Ghiiadhari,.river . Giladhari N Dirang Dirang Kalaktang ' Kalaktang Bhalukpung Bhalukpong Sangti Chu Sangti Ri Buragaon Butagaoji Zemilhang Zimithang vm PREFACE The present volume is the fifth and the last in the series of Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers. With the promulgation of Arunachal Pradesh (Reorganisation of Districts) Act, 1980 (Act No.3 of 1980) from June 1, 1980, the Kameng District has been divided into two new districts — East Kameng District and West Kameng District. Again under the provisions of the Arunachal Pradesh (Reorganisation of Districts) Second Amendment Act, 1984 (Act No.7 of 1984) coming into force from October 6, 1984, the Tawang Sub-division of the West Kameng District was constituted as a separate unit for administration known as the Tawang District This volume covers all the three districts of East Kameng, West Kameng and Tawang. The draft Gazetteer was seen by the Members of the Advisory Board for Arunachal Pradesh Gazetteers and sent to the different concerned Ministries of the Government of India and Survey of India in October, 1986 for their scrutiny, observations and clearance for publication. Most of the concerned Ministries and Survey of India conveyed their clearance for publication earlier. The Ministry of Home Affairs, however, conveyed their final clearance for publication of the Gazetteer in December, 1992. The draft was modified in conformity with the observations and suggestions of the concerned Ministries of the Government of India and Survey of India. The Gazetteer of East Kameng, West Kameng and Tawang Districts is the first of its kind. There is no earlier Gazetteer of these districts which could be revised. The old volumes of the A ^ m District Gazetteer, namely B.C. Allen’s Lakhimpiir District Gazetteer published in 1905 and the Sadiya and Balipara Frontier Track Gazetteers brought out in 1928 are, however, our important sources. The present volume comprises statistical data up to the year 1983-84, and a good deal of important information ranging from early times to the recent past has been incorporated it it. However, some additional statistical and census figures concerning developmental activities of the Development Departments have also been appended upto the year 1990-91. I would like to take this opportunity of expressing my deep gratitude to Shri Mata Prasad, Governor of Arunachal Pradesh, who has kindly written the foreword of this Gazetteer. My heartful gratitude is due to Shri Gegong Apang, Chief Minister, Shri Dera Natung, formerly Minister of Information and Public Relation and Tourism, Arunachal Pradesh and to the Chief Secretary to the Government of Arunachal Pradesh and Chairman of the Advisory Board and to the Secretary (Gazetteers) Government of Arunachal Pradesh, for kind and continuous interest they took in the Gazetteers work. 1 am grateful to the Members of the Advisory Board for Arunachal Pradesh Gazetteer for their valuable suggestions and comments. My sincere^t thanks are due to all the connected organisations including Government departments and private institutions and to many officers of the Government of Arunachal Pradesh for their help and active cooperation. For the valuable and important reports on Geology, flora, fauna and Climatology, I am thankful respectively to the then Officers-in-charge, Geological Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh Circle, Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Circle, Eastern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India and to the India Meteorological Department My sincere thanks are due to Shri A. K. Paul, Deputy Director and to Shri K. J. Pandit, Senior Artist of the Directorate of Census operations, Arunachal Pradesh, Shillong for the personal care taken by them to prepare the maps for Gazetteers. The original draft volume of the Gazetteer was compiled by Shri Ramendra Narayan Bagcbi, Compiler, and Edited by my predecessor Shri S. Dutta Chaudhury. I made some unavoidable additions and alterations wherever necessary in the final stage. I would express my hearty thanks to all of my colleagues, the officers and staff members of Gazetteers Department particularly to Shri C K Shyam and Shri K. Ghosh, Compilers for their assistance in checking and rechecking the draft volume in different stages. R. N. Bagchi Shillong. State Editor (Gazetteers) The 20th March, 19%. Arunachal Pradesh TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD GUIDE TO SPELLING AND PRONOUN CIATION OF SOME PLACE, viii RIVER AND OTHER NAMES PREFACE ix MAPS xi TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii UST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xvi CHAPTER I ; GENERAL - PHYSICAL FEATURES AND NATURAL RESOURCES Origin of the Names of the Districts and their Formation as Administrative 1-20 Units: Location, General Boundaries, Area and Population,: Sub-divisions and Circles: Topography: River System: Lakes and Springs : Geology-Mineral Occurrences : Flora : Fauna : Climate CHAPTER II : HISTORY Prehistory and Archaeology - Neoliths, Megaliths, Bhalukpung, Naksaparbat: 21-60 Buddhist Shrines - Tawang Monastery, UrgyeJing Gompa, Gorcham Chorten : Ancient Period : Early Migrations - Bangui, Monpa, Miji, Aka, Sherdukpen, Sulung - Kiratas - Account of Hiuen Tsang : Medieval Period : Ahom Ascendancy - Ahom-Bangni Relations - Ahom-aka Relations - Ahom Policy : Modem Period : British-Bangni Relations, British-Monpa Relations, British-Miji Relations, British-Aka Relations, British-Sherdukpen Relations : Administrative Policy and Developments : Epilogue CHAPTER III: PEOPLE Population : Tribal Groups of Population and their Distribution-Bangni, 61-126 Monpa, Miji, Aka, Sherdukpen, Sulung, Bugun ; Language : Religion : Buddhism : Festivals and Ceremonies ; Social Life - Organisation of Society : Family, Property and Inheritance : Marriage : Death and Funeral : Village and House : Dress and Ornaments : Food and Drink : Dances and Festivities : Games and Amusements , CHAPTER IV : AGRICULTURE Modes of Agriculture : Land Reclamation and Utilisation : Irrigation : 127-155 Soil : Major and Subsidiary Crops : Horticulture : Progress of Scientific Agriculture - Agricultural Tools and Implements, Seeds and Manure : Agricultural Diseases and Pests : Animal Husbandry and Veterinary : Fishery : Forestry Cottage Industries - Weaving, Carpet-making, Wood Carving, Work in 156-164 Cane and Bamboo and Basketry, Smilhery, Paper-making : Craft Centres : Power : Small-Scale Industries : Industrial Development and Financial Corporation : District Industries Centre: Sericulture: CHAPTER VI : BANKING, TRADE AND COMMERCE Banking : Early Trade Relations; Trade Centres : Development of Trade 165-172 : Trade and Business Establishments : Public Distribution System : Co-operation: Weights and Measures - CHAPTER VII : COMMUNICATIONS Old-time Trade Routes : Communications in the British Days : Development 173-178 of Communications : Vehicles and Conveyances : Air Transport : Travel Facilities: Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones CHAPTER VIII : MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPATIONS AND ECONOMIC TRENDS Livelihood Pattern : Prices of Commodities : Wages : Employment in 179-192 Different Occupations : Trend of Changes in Economy, Planning, Results and Achievements : Community Development CHAPTER IX : GENERAL AND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION Administrative Set-up of the Government: Local Self-Government: Panchayat . 193-202 Raj : Revenue Administration - Land, Forest CHAPTER X : LAW AND ORDER AND JUSTICE Administration of Justice : Incidence of Crime : Organisation of Police
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