No.
MINISTRY OF WATER JAPAN INTERNATIONAL AND IRRIGATION (MWI) COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (WRMA)
THE STUDY ON INTEGRATED FLOOD MANAGEMENT FOR NYANDO RIVER BASIN IN THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA
FINAL REPORT VOLUME II: MAIN REPORT
MARCH 2009
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. IDEA Consultants Inc.
GED JR 09-039 LIST OF REPORTS
The output of the Study was submitted to Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) and Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA), the counterpart agencies of the Government of Kenya for the Study. The report is organised into (i) one volume of the Summary, (ii) one volume of the Main Report, (iii) one volume of the Supporting Report, (iv) one volume of the Data Book. This volume is the Main Report. The complete set of the reports is listed below.
Volume I : Summary
Volume II : Main Report
Volume III : Supporting Report
Volume IV : Data Book
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (AS OF JUNE 2007)
1 US$ = 66.77 Kenyan Shilling (TTB) = 121.59 Japanese Yen (TTB)
KENYAN FINANCAL YEAR
July 1 to June 30
FOREWORD
In response to the request from the Government of Kenya, the Government of Japan decided to conduct “The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin in the Republic of Kenya” and entrusted the study to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
JICA dispatched a study team headed by Mr. INOUE, Yoshikimi of Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. in association with IDEA Consultants Inc. during the period from July 2006 to December 2008. In collaboration with Kenyan counterparts, the study team conducted the field survey and held a series of discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of Kenya. After the team returned to Japan, further studies were made and then the report was finally completed.
I hope that this report will contribute to the integrated flood management in Nyando river basin and to the enhancement of the friendship between our two countries.
I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of Kenya for their close cooperation extended to the study team.
March 2009
MATSUMOTO, Ariyuki Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency
March 2009
Mr. MATSUMOTO, Ariyuki Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency
Dear Sir,
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
We are pleased to submit herewith the Final Report of the Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin in the Republic of Kenya. The Study aimed at (1) formulating a plan of Integrated Flood Management (IFM) for the Nyando river basin covering review of existing flood control plans and community-based activities, (2) supporting communities to strengthen capacities in flood management and (3) developing the flood management capacity of concerned authorities through on-the-job training including site training and implementation of pilot projects. This report presents all the results obtained through the study activities in both Kenya and Japan from July 2006 to December 2008.
The Master Plan is formulated including the structural measures and non-structural measures toward year 2020 in line with the concepts of official help, mutual help, and self help. The priority schemes are selected and preliminary designs are made. The implemented pilot projects verified the effectiveness of the Master Plan. We hope that the Master Plan would contribute to the improvement of flood management and living standard and further development in the study area.
We would like to express our deep appreciation and sincere gratitude to all related officials who provided their extensive assistance and cooperation to the JICA Study Team, in particular Ministry of Water and Irrigation and Water Resources Management Authority. We also acknowledge the officials of your agency, Kenya Office, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and Embassy of Japan in Kenya for their support and valuable advices in the course of the Study.
Sincerely yours,
INOUE, Yoshikimi Team Leader for the JICA Study Team The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin in the Republic of Kenya
Source: JICA Study Team Team Study Source: JICA
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p
amasaria River Basin Ma amasaria River
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ando and N y
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Source: JICA Study Team Team Study Source: JICA
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Source: JICA Study Team Administrative Boundary Map
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N W E S
Source: JICA Study Team Flood Disaster Map
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Source: JICA Study Team
Layout Map of Structural Measures in Integrated Flood Management
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THE STUDY ON INTEGRATED FLOOD MANAGEMENT FOR NYANDO RIVER BASIN
FINAL REPORT
VOLUME II: MAIN REPORT
FOREWORD LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL SERIES OF MAPS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF REFERENCES
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...... 1-1 1.1 Introduction...... 1-1 1.2 Objectives of the Study ...... 1-2 1.3 The Study Area...... 1-2 1.4 Outline of the Study ...... 1-2
CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ...... 2-1 2.1 Outline of the Study Area...... 2-1 2.1.1 Natural Conditions...... 2-1 2.1.2 Administration ...... 2-2 2.1.3 Socio-Economy...... 2-3 2.2 Development Plans...... 2-12 2.2.1 National Development Plan and Other Plans and Strategies ...... 2-12 2.2.2 Linkages between Flood Management and the Existing National Policies and Legislations ...... 2-13 2.2.3 District Development Plans ...... 2-14 2.3 Policies in Flood Management...... 2-15 2.4 Organisations of the Related Government Authorities ...... 2-16 2.4.1 Institutional Arrangements for Water Resources Management...... 2-16 2.4.2 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI)...... 2-18 2.4.3 Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA)...... 2-20
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2.4.4 Lake Victoria South Water Services Board (LVSWSB) ...... 2-26 2.4.5 National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation (NWCPC) ...... 2-26 2.4.6 Water Services Trust Fund...... 2-27 2.4.7 Office of the President ...... 2-30 2.4.8 Donor Assistance related to the Study and WRMA’s Capacity Building .....2-31 2.5 Water Resource Users Associations ...... 2-35 2.5.1 Background of Water Resource Users Associations ...... 2-35 2.5.2 Registration and Membership of WRUAs...... 2-35 2.5.3 Financial Aspect of WRUAs...... 2-36 2.5.4 Existing Water Resource Users Association in LVSC ...... 2-37
CHAPTER 3 EXISTING FRAMEWORK AND ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT...... 3-1 3.1 Existing Framework for Disaster Management ...... 3-1 3.2 District Disaster Management Plan...... 3-3 3.2.1 Nyando District...... 3-3 3.2.2 Kisumu District...... 3-5 3.3 Past and On-going Activities for Disaster Management ...... 3-6 3.3.1 Government Effort for Flood Control...... 3-6 3.3.2 Flood Mitigation Food for Work Project ...... 3-6 3.3.3 Other Activities by NGO ...... 3-8 3.3.4 Assessment of Disaster Management Activities ...... 3-8
CHAPTER 4 EXTENT OF FLOOD DAMAGE...... 4-1 4.1 River System...... 4-1 4.1.1 River Basin of Nyando ...... 4-1 4.1.2 Composition of Sub-Basin and Basin Areas...... 4-2 4.1.3 River System...... 4-3 4.2 Meteo-Hydrological Features of the Nyando River Basin...... 4-7 4.2.1 Meteo-Hydrological Monitoring Network and Data Availability...... 4-7 4.2.2 General Meteorological Features...... 4-10 4.2.3 Hydrological Features of Nyando River Basin...... 4-12 4.2.4 Probability Analysis of Annual Maximum Discharges...... 4-14 4.2.5 Decreasing Effect of Peak Discharge through Dam Reservoirs ...... 4-16 4.3 Assessment of Flood Damage...... 4-21 4.3.1 Major Floods in the Past ...... 4-21 4.3.2 Interview Survey on Flood Damage in Lower Nyando ...... 4-21 4.3.3 Characteristics of Flooding and Evacuation Conditions...... 4-22 4.3.4 Assessment of Flood Damage...... 4-27
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4.4 Assessment of River and Related Structures...... 4-30 4.4.1 Inventory Study...... 4-30 4.4.2 Existing River and Related Structures ...... 4-31 4.4.3 Carrying Capacity of Channel Flow in Lower Nyando River ...... 4-33 4.4.4 Assessment of River and Related Structures ...... 4-36 4.4.5 Issues to be addressed in Structural Measures...... 4-40 4.5 Assessment of Evacuation Centres ...... 4-42 4.5.1 Condition of Evacuation Centres...... 4-42 4.5.2 Characteristics of Evacuations...... 4-46 4.5.3 Support of Refugees...... 4-47 4.5.4 Assessment of the Current State of Evacuation Centres...... 4-48 4.6 Flood Disaster Maps ...... 4-49 4.6.1 Necessity of Flood Disaster Map...... 4-49 4.6.2 Data for Preparation of Flood Disaster Maps ...... 4-49 4.6.3 Flood Disaster Map...... 4-52
CHAPTER 5 FORMULATION OF THE MASTER PLAN...... 5-1 5.1 Review of Past Studies...... 5-1 5.1.1 Kenya Nile Water Resource Study (Alexander Gibbs & Partners, 1954 & 1962)...... 5-1 5.1.2 Pre-investment Study for Water Management and Development of the Nyando and Nzoia River Basins (ItalConsult, 1983)...... 5-1 5.1.3 Nyando Flood Protection Project (MoWD and LBDA, 1988) ...... 5-2 5.1.4 National Water Master Plan (1992)...... 5-3 5.1.5 Study on Flood Control in the Lower Reaches of the Nyando River (2004)..5-4 5.1.6 Strategy for Flood Management for Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya (WMO, 2004)...... 5-4 5.2 Key Issues to be addressed in Flood Management ...... 5-5 5.2.1 Frequent Flooding...... 5-5 5.2.2 Soil Erosion...... 5-5 5.2.3 Poverty as potential risk...... 5-7 5.3 Necessity of Integrated Flood Management (IFM)...... 5-8 5.3.1 Socio-economic Impacts of Flood ...... 5-8 5.3.2 Objectives and Principles of Integrated Flood Management (IFM) ...... 5-8 5.3.3 Risk Management...... 5-11 5.3.4 Stakeholder Involvement ...... 5-12 5.3.5 Community Involvement ...... 5-13 5.3.6 Strategies for Integrated Flood Management in Nyando River Basin ...... 5-13 5.4 Flood Management in Flood Prone Areas...... 5-16 5.4.1 Structural Measures...... 5-16
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5.4.2 Non-Structural Measures...... 5-36 5.5 Upper Watershed Management ...... 5-57 5.5.1 Existing Activities in Upper Nyando Catchment...... 5-57 5.5.2 Restoring Hydrological Balance in the Nyando River Basin ...... 5-57 5.5.3 Mitigation of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation...... 5-59 5.6 Master Plan ...... 5-62 5.6.1 Basic Approach for Formulation of the Master Plan ...... 5-62 5.6.2 Master Plan Formulation Process ...... 5-67 5.6.3 Target Year...... 5-69 5.6.4 Protection Level...... 5-69 5.6.5 Environmental Considerations...... 5-82 5.6.6 Structural Measures...... 5-91 5.6.7 Community Participatory Works including Non-structural Measures...... 5-107 5.6.8 Community Initiative Works...... 5-119 5.7 Preliminary Cost Estimate ...... 5-121 5.7.1 Basic Conditions for Cost Estimate ...... 5-121 5.7.2 Costs for Structural, Community Participatory Works and Community Initiative Works...... 5-121 5.7.3 Project Costs...... 5-121 5.8 Implementation Programme...... 5-122 5.8.1 Overall Implementation Programme...... 5-122 5.9 Climate Change due to Global Warming ...... 5-132 5.9.1 Assessment by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ..5-132 5.9.2 Impacts due to Climate Change ...... 5-133 5.9.3 Adaptation Strategy against Climate Change ...... 5-137 5.9.4 Adaptation Measure in Upper and Middle Catchments...... 5-140 5.9.5 Adaptation Measure in Lower Catchment ...... 5-142
CHAPTER 6 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF PRIORITY SCHEMES ...... 6-1 6.1 Priority Schemes ...... 6-1 6.2 Strengthening of the Existing Dikes ...... 6-2 6.2.1 Particular Site Conditions and Principles for Design...... 6-2 6.2.2 Design of the River Channel...... 6-2 6.3 Network of Evacuation Roads Connecting the Affected Communities ...... 6-10 6.3.1 Target Works of Road Improvement...... 6-10 6.3.2 Design of National Road A1...... 6-12 6.3.3 Design of Local Road ...... 6-17 6.4 Capacity Development of Community-Driven Flood Management ...... 6-19 6.4.1 Basic Concept of Institutional Framework Design for Implementing the Scheme...... 6-19
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6.4.2 Priority Communities for the Scheme...... 6-19 6.4.3 Procedure for Formulation and Implementation...... 6-21 6.4.4 Structure of Implementation ...... 6-25 6.5 Establishment of a Hydrological Monitoring Network...... 6-26 6.5.1 WRMA’s Activities in 2006...... 6-26 6.5.2 Installation of Regular Gauging Station (RGS) ...... 6-27 6.6 Preliminary Cost Estimate ...... 6-29 6.6.1 Basic Assumptions of the Cost Estimate ...... 6-29 6.6.2 Land Acquisition Cost...... 6-31 6.6.3 Project Cost...... 6-31 6.6.4 Operation and Maintenance Cost...... 6-35 6.7 Preliminary Project Evaluation of Priority Schemes...... 6-36 6.7.1 Basic Assumption ...... 6-36 6.7.2 Economic Evaluation for the Strengthening of Existing Dikes ...... 6-36 6.7.3 Economic Evaluation for the Network of Evacuation Roads Connecting the Affected Communities ...... 6-39 6.7.4 Qualitative Evaluation for the Priority Schemes...... 6-41 6.8 Environmental Considerations...... 6-43 6.8.1 General...... 6-43 6.8.2 Strengthening of Existing Dikes ...... 6-43 6.7.3 Network of Evacuation Roads Connecting the Affected Communities...... 6-44 6.7.4 Capacity Development for Community-Driven Flood Management...... 6-44 6.7.5 Establishment of the Hydrological Monitoring Network ...... 6-45
CHAPTER 7 THE PILOT PROJECTS ...... 7-1 7.1 Objectives and Goal of the Pilot Projects ...... 7-1 7.2 Master Plan VS the Pilot Projects ...... 7-2 7.3 Selection of the Communities for Pilot Projects ...... 7-4 7.3.1 The First Screening: Selection of Divisions Affected by Flood ...... 7-4 7.3.2 The Second Screening: Selection of Priority Divisions and Locations ...... 7-4 7.3.3 The Third Screening: Selection of Priority Locations ...... 7-4 7.3.4 Selection of Priority Locations for Implementation of Pilot Projects...... 7-6 7.3.5 Selection of Priority Sub-Locations and Communities...... 7-9 7.4 Results of the Community Surveys...... 7-11 7.4.1 Outline of Community Surveys ...... 7-11 7.4.2 Odesso Village, Kasule Sub-Location ...... 7-12 7.4.3 Kokwaro Village, Central Bwanda Sub-Location...... 7-14 7.4.4 Kasiru Village, Kore Sub-Location...... 7-16 7.4.5 Kochiewo Village, Magina Sub-Location...... 7-18
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7.4.6 Siwot and Kamiwa Villages, Chil Chila Location ...... 7-20 7.5 Formulation of Pilot Projects ...... 7-22 7.5.1 Selection of Structural Measures ...... 7-22 7.5.2 Non-Structural Measures...... 7-24 7.5.3 Outline of Pilot Project in Odesso Village, Kasule Sub-Location ...... 7-27 7.5.4 Outline of Pilot Project in Kokwaro Village, Central Bwanda Sub-Location...... 7-29 7.5.5 Outline of Pilot Project in Kasiru Village, Kore Sub-Location ...... 7-31 7.5.6 Outline of Pilot Project in Kochiewo Village, Magina Sub-Location...... 7-33 7.5.7 Outline of Pilot Project in Siwot and Kamiwa Villages, Chil Chila Location ...... 7-35 7.6 Project Management Plan ...... 7-37 7.6.1 Overall Institutional Framework for Project Management ...... 7-37 7.6.2 Project Design Matrix...... 7-39 7.7 Initial Environmental Examination for Pilot Projects...... 7-41 7.8 Implementation of Pilot Projects...... 7-46 7.8.1 Implementation Schedules of Pilot Projects ...... 7-46 7.8.2 Situation in Target Villages...... 7-56 7.8.3 Follow-up Activities ...... 7-58 7.9 Evaluation of the Pilot Projects...... 7-62 7.9.1 Methodology...... 7-62 7.9.2 Result of Evaluation...... 7-63 7.9.3 Environmental Aspects...... 7-66 7.10 Key Lessons Learnt from the Pilot Projects...... 7-68
CHAPTER 8 INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING...... 8-1 8.1 National Workshop on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin ...... 8-1 8.1.1 General Description of the National Workshop...... 8-1 8.1.2 Key Recommendations as the Results of the Workshop...... 8-1 8.2 ID/OS Workshop...... 8-3 8.2.1 General Description...... 8-3 8.2.2 Capacity Development Plan...... 8-3 8.2.3 Participants’ Evaluation of the Workshop...... 8-5 8.3 Regional Workshops ...... 8-6 8.4 Project Working Group...... 8-8 8.5 Training Programme for staff of WRMA and LVSWSB ...... 8-9 8.6 Nyando River Basin Water Resource Management Forum ...... 8-11 8.7 Involvement of WRMA in Disaster Management Committee...... 8-14 8.7.1 Introduction...... 8-14 8.7.2 Raised Key Issues ...... 8-15
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8.7.3 Resolutions of the Meeting ...... 8-16 8.8 GIS Database...... 8-17 8.8.1 Outline of GIS Database ...... 8-17 8.8.2 Data Sources...... 8-18 8.8.3 Coordinate Reference System...... 8-19 8.8.4 GIS Data Format...... 8-20 8.9 Outline of Manual for Capacity Development...... 8-21 8.9.1 General...... 8-21 8.9.2 Community Flood Hazard Mapping ...... 8-22 8.9.3 Community-Driven Flood Management Organisation ...... 8-23 8.9.4 Community Flood Management ...... 8-24 8.9.5 Community-Driven Structure Measure...... 8-25 8.9.6 Operation and Maintenance of Community-Driven Structural Measures ....8-26 8.9.7 Evacuation Drill...... 8-27 8.9.8 Education of Disaster Management...... 8-28 8.9.9 Flood Disaster Map...... 8-29 8.9.10 GIS Database...... 8-30
CHAPTER 9 ADDITIONAL 24 COMMUNITY-DRIVEN FLOOD MANAGEMENT PROJECTS ...... 9-1 9.1 Background ...... 9-1 9.2 Approach to Project Formulation...... 9-2 9.3 Objectives and Main Concepts of the Projects ...... 9-3 9.4 Location of Target 24 Communities...... 9-4 9.5 Proposed Structural Measures...... 9-6 9.6 Proposed Non-Structural Measures...... 9-8 9.7 Preliminary Cost Estimates...... 9-9
CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 10-1 10.1 Conclusion ...... 10-1 10.2 Recommendations...... 10-1
LIST OF REFERENCES
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1.1 Topography and land use in the Nyando river basin...... 2-1 Table 2.1.2 Names of Locations and Population in the Flood Prone Area...... 2-4 Table 2.1.3 Principal Urban Centres in the Study Area...... 2-5 Table 2.1.4 Numbers of students and schools in the Study Area...... 2-8 Table 2.1.5 Leading Causes of Mortality in Kisumu and Kericho (2004) ...... 2-9 Table 2.1.6 Number of Health Facilities in the Four Districts...... 2-9 Table 2.4.1 Roles and Responsibilities in the Water Sector in Kenya and the Study Area ...... 2-17 Table 2.4.2 Brief Summary of Roles and Responsibilities of MWI...... 2-20 Table 2.4.3 Institutional Gaps in Integrated Flood Management ...... 2-24 Table 2.4.4 Budget of NWCPC for Flood Control Works (2006/07) ...... 2-27 Table 2.4.5 Available Fund from Donors ...... 2-29 Table 2.4.6 Funding Cycle of WSTF for Water Supply and Sanitation Project ...... 2-29 Table 2.4.7 Development Expenditures of the Ministry of State for Special Programmes 2006/07...... 2-31 Table 2.4.8 Assistance by SIDA/DANIDA and GTZ...... 2-32 Table 2.4.9 Revenue and Expenditure of WRMA...... 2-32 Table 2.4.10 Future Available and Required Budget Estimates for WRMA Operation ...... 2-33 Table 2.4.11 Brief Description of WKCDD/FM Project ...... 2-34 Table 2.5.1 Objectives and Expected Activities of WRUAs in Water Resources Management ...... 2-35 Table 2.5.2 Types of Registrations for WRUAs ...... 2-35 Table 2.5.3 Membership of WRUAs...... 2-36 Table 2.5.4 Major Financing Options for WRUAs...... 2-36 Table 2.5.5 List of Existing WRUAs in LVSC...... 2-37 Table 3.1.1 Selected Major DMC Members and Activities in Kisumu and Nyando districts ...... 3-2 Table 3.2.1 District Action Plan for Disaster Management (Nyando District)...... 3-3 Table 3.2.2 Proposed Sectoral Intervention for Disaster Management ...... 3-4 Table 3.2.3 Work Plan on Disaster Management Preparedness (Kisumu District) ...... 3-5 Table 3.3.1 Flood Control Projects Implemented by NWCPC...... 3-6 Table 3.3.2 Annual Target for Flood Mitigation Food for Work Project ...... 3-7 Table 3.3.3 Progress of Flood Mitigation Food for Work Project ...... 3-7 Table 3.3.4 Assessment of Activities by Disaster Management Committee ...... 3-8 Table 4.1.1 Sub-Basin Name and Basin Area in Nyando River ...... 4-2 Table 4.1.2 Sub-Basin Name and Basin Area in Nyamasaria River...... 4-2 Table 4.2.1 Available Recorded Measurement Rainfall Data...... 4-8 Table 4.2.2 Availability of Recorded Data on Water Levels...... 4-9
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Table 4.2.3 Influence of ITCZ within Kenya ...... 4-10 Table 4.2.4 Annual Sediment Volume to Lake Victoria...... 4-13 Table 4.2.5 Probable Discharges by Return Period ...... 4-16 Table 4.2.6 Design Discharges for Other Small Rivers...... 4-16 Table 4.2.7 Peak Discharge Reduction by Dam Reservoir...... 4-19 Table 4.4.1 Existing Major Flood Dykes...... 4-31 Table 4.4.2 Channel Flow Carrying Capacity in Other Rivers...... 4-35 Table 4.4.3 Problems of River Channels and Dykes and Countermeasures...... 4-37 Table 4.4.4 Problems of Bridges and Countermeasures...... 4-38 Table 4.5.1 Facilities used as Evacuation Centres...... 4-43 Table 4.5.2 Important Problems of Evacuation Centres...... 4-48 Table 4.6.1 Outline of Public Hearings ...... 4-52 Table 5.1.1 Main Features of Master Plan (1983) ...... 5-1 Table 5.1.2 Proposed Plans in the Pre-Investment Study (1983) ...... 5-2 Table 5.1.3 Prospective Dam Sites and Dimensions by Project Proposal (1988) ...... 5-3 Table 5.1.4 Proposed Plans by National Water Master Plan (1992)...... 5-4 Table 5.2.1 Recent Flood Damage in Nyando District...... 5-5 Table 5.2.2 Effects of Floods in Nyando River Basin ...... 5-6 Table 5.4.1 Impacts by Implementation of Possible Measures ...... 5-17 Table 5.4.2 Structural Arrangement...... 5-20 Table 5.4.3 Relationship between Ecosystem and Flood Process ...... 5-33 Table 5.4.4 Possibility of Community Driven Structural Measures...... 5-35 Table 5.4.5 Lessons learnt from Hazard Mapping in the Past JICA Projects...... 5-45 Table 5.4.6 Poor and Improved Condition on Toilet and Water Supply Facility...... 5-49 Table 5.4.7 Evacuation Drill Programme (Sample) ...... 5-52 Table 5.4.8 Role of Community Driven Flood Management Organisation and External Organisation ...... 5-54 Table 5.5.1 Existing Activities related to Catchment Conservation in Upper Nyando Catchment ...... 5-57 Table 5.6.1 Issues and Approaches in the Upper, Middle and Lower Watershed...... 5-62 Table 5.6.2 Example of Official, Mutual and Self Help Activities for Disaster Management ..5-63 Table 5.6.3 Example of Mix between Community-based Disaster Prevention and Development ...... 5-65 Table 5.6.4 Key Stakeholders Involved in the Master Plan Formulation...... 5-67 Table 5.6.5 Population and Households at Risk ...... 5-69 Table 5.6.6 Probable Peak Discharge ...... 5-70 Table 5.6.7 Flood Inundation Volume of Heaviest Flood...... 5-71 Table 5.6.8 Flood Inundation Volume ...... 5-71 Table 5.6.9 Construction Cost by Return Period...... 5-72 Table 5.6.10 Damage to Agricultural Products in 2004...... 5-73
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Table 5.6.11 Major Crop Production in Nyando District (2004)...... 5-74 Table 5.6.12 Agricultural Damage by Return Period ...... 5-75 Table 5.6.13 Road Repair Length by Return Period...... 5-75 Table 5.6.14 Housing Repair Cost for a 20 Year Flood...... 5-76 Table 5.6.15 Housing Repair by Flood Return Period...... 5-76 Table 5.6.16 National Road A1Traffic Volume Survey Results ...... 5-77 Table 5.6.17 Additional Daily Cost for Detour and Economic Stagnation due to Road Closure ...... 5-78 Table 5.6.18 Road Closure Cost by Return Period...... 5-78 Table 5.6.19 Summary of Cost and Damage...... 5-79 Table 5.6.20 Annual Average Damage ...... 5-79 Table 5.6.21 Net Present Value by Return Period ...... 5-80 Table 5.6.22 Design Discharge of Particular Rivers...... 5-81 Table 5.6.23 EIA Cycle of Kenya...... 5-84 Table 5.6.24 Environmental Evaluation ...... 5-89 Table 5.6.25 Difference of Function between Alternate Systems...... 5-92 Table 5.6.26 Improvement Works in Lower Nyando ...... 5-92 Table 5.6.27 River Improvement Works in Lower Awach Kano and Nyaidho ...... 5-94 Table 5.6.28 Sediment Discharge in Awach Kano...... 5-95 Table 5.6.29 Improvement Works for Sediment Control in Awach Kano ...... 5-98 Table 5.6.30 Drainage Improvement Works along National Road A1 (Awach River)...... 5-99 Table 5.6.31 Differences of Function between Alternate Systems...... 5-100 Table 5.6.32 Improvement Works in Lower Nyamasaria and other Rivers...... 5-100 Table 5.6.33 Improvement Works in the Nyamasaria Meandering Zone...... 5-103 Table 5.6.34 Drainage Improvement Works along A1 Trunk Road ...... 5-103 Table 5.6.35 Road Raising Work...... 5-104 Table 5.6.36 Earth Work Volumes in Nyando and Other Rivers ...... 5-106 Table 5.6.37 Rehabilitation of Stations directly Monitored by WRMA...... 5-114 Table 5.6.38 Outline of Replacement with Recording Type...... 5-115 Table 5.6.39 Interventions for Restoring Hydrological Balance ...... 5-118 Table 5.6.40 Programme for Mitigation of Soil Erosion...... 5-118 Table 5.6.41 Structural and Non-Structural Measures undertaken through Community Initiative ...... 5-119 Table 5.6.42 No. of Target Sub-Locations by Priority...... 5-120 Table 5.7.1 Project Costs for the Integrated Flood Management Plan (Unit : million KShs) .5-121 Table 5.8.1 Implementation Schedule and Construction Cost...... 5-122 Table 5.8.2 Work Descriptions of Structural and Non-Structural Measures ...... 5-129 Table 5.8.3 Preliminary Cost Estimates by Term ...... 5-131 Table 5.8.4 Summary of Preliminary Cost Estimates by Term ...... 5-131 Table 5.9.1 Flood Inundation Volume ...... 5-136
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Table 5.9.2 Major Issues by Catchment ...... 5-139 Table 5.9.3 Possible Adaptation Measure against Climate Change in the Lower Catchment.5-143 Table 5.9.4 Structural Arrangement...... 5-145 Table 6.2.1 Design Discharge...... 6-3 Table 6.2.2 Design Elevation...... 6-3 Table 6.3.1 Road Improvement Components ...... 6-10 Table 6.3.2 Kenya’s Road Classification System...... 6-12 Table 6.3.3 Existing Carrying Capacity and 25-year Probable Discharge ...... 6-15 Table 6.3.4 Design Cross Section for 25-year Probable Discharge...... 6-15 Table 6.3.5 Bridges Type...... 6-16 Table 6.3.6 Proposed Bridge Design Criteria...... 6-16 Table 6.4.1 Number of Target Sub-Locations by Priority ...... 6-20 Table 6.5.1 Prioritised RGS (National Stations) Rehabilitated by WRMA...... 6-27 Table 6.5.2 List of RGS for Priority Schemes...... 6-28 Table 6.6.1 Standard Work Costs ...... 6-31 Table 6.6.2 Land Acquisition Cost ...... 6-31 Table 6.6.3 Summary of the Project Cost for Strengthening Existing Dikes ...... 6-32 Table 6.6.4 Summary of the Project Cost for Network of Evacuation Roads ...... 6-33 Table 6.6.5 Summary of the Project Cost for Capacity Development of Community-Driven Flood Management ...... 6-34 Table 6.6.6 Summary of the Project Cost for Establishment of the Hydrological Monitoring Network...... 6-34 Table 6.6.7 Summary of the Total Priority Project Cost...... 6-35 Table 6.6.8 Operation and Maintenance Cost...... 6-35 Table 6.7.1 Methodology of Project Evaluation...... 6-36 Table 6.7.2 Damages Assessed for Priority Scheme of Strengthening Existing Dikes ...... 6-37 Table 6.7.3 Annual Benefit for Priority Scheme of Strengthening Existing Dikes ...... 6-37 Table 6.7.4 Economic Cost for Priority Scheme of Strengthening Existing Dikes ...... 6-37 Table 6.7.5 Results of Economic Evaluation for the Priority Scheme of Strengthening Existing Dikes...... 6-38 Table 6.7.6 Damages Assessed for Priority Scheme of Network of Evacuation Roads ...... 6-39 Table 6.7.7 Annual Benefit for Priority Scheme of Network of Evacuation Roads...... 6-40 Table 6.7.8 Economic Cost for Priority Scheme of Network of Evacuation Roads...... 6-40 Table 6.7.9 Results of Economic Evaluation for the Priority Scheme of Network of Evacuation Roads...... 6-41 Table 6.8.1 Dike Improvement Components...... 6-43 Table 6.8.2 Road Improvement Components ...... 6-44 Table 7.2.1 Comparison between Master Plan and Pilot Projects ...... 7-2 Table 7.3.1 Characteristics of Flood in Each Location...... 7-8 Table 7.3.2 Selection of Priority Sub-Locations...... 7-9
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Table 7.3.3 Selection of Villages...... 7-9 Table 7.4.1 Summary of CAP of Odesso Village- Structural Measures...... 7-13 Table 7.4.2 Summary of CAP of Odesso Village- Non-Structural Measures...... 7-13 Table 7.4.3 Summary of CAP of Kokwaro Village- Structural Measures...... 7-15 Table 7.4.4 Summary of CAP of Kokwaro Village- Non-Structural Measures...... 7-15 Table 7.4.5 Summary of CAP of Kasiru Village- Structural Measures ...... 7-17 Table 7.4.6 Summary of CAP of Kasiru Village- Non-Structural Measures...... 7-17 Table 7.4.7 Summary of CAP of Kochiewo Village- Structural Measures ...... 7-19 Table 7.4.8 Summary of CAP of Kochiewo Village- Non-Structural Measures ...... 7-19 Table 7.4.9 Summary of CAP of Siwot and Kamiwa Villages - Structural Measures...... 7-21 Table 7.4.10 Summary of CAP of Siwot and Kamiwa Villages - Non-Structural Measures ....7-21 Table 7.5.1 Review Result of Structural Measures...... 7-22 Table 7.5.2 Selected Structural Measures in Pilot Project...... 7-24 Table 7.5.3 Non-Structural Measures proposed by the Communities ...... 7-24 Table 7.5.4 Outline of Pilot Project in Odesso Village, Kasule Sub-Location, Kisumu District...... 7-27 Table 7.5.5 Outline of Pilot Project in Kokwaro Village, Central Bwanda Sub-Location ...... 7-29 Table 7.5.6 Outline of Pilot Project in Kasiru Village, Kore Sub-Location, Nyando District...7-31 Table 7.5.7 Outline of Pilot Project in Kochiewo Village, Magina Sub-Location, Nyando District...... 7-33 Table 7.5.8 Outline of Pilot Project in Siwot and Kamiwa Villages, Chil Chila Location, Kericho District...... 7-35 Table 7.6.1 Roles and Responsibilities of Each Institution in the Project Management ...... 7-37 Table 7.6.2 Project Design Matrix (PDM) –Version 2 ...... 7-39 Table 7.7.1Result of Consultation Meeting with Community...... 7-42 Table 7.7.2Possible Negative Impacts for the IEE ...... 7-44 Table 7.7.3 Proposed Countermeasures for the IEE...... 7-45 Table 7.8.1 Contract Packaging for the Pilot Projects...... 7-46 Table 7.8.2 Specification of the Developed Borehole...... 7-50 Table 7.8.3 Situation in Villages Involved in the Pilot Projects ...... 7-57 Table 7.8.4 The Number of Fallen Signboards...... 7-59 Table 7.8.5 Brief Description of the In-Depth Training for Proposal Writing...... 7-60 Table 7.8.6 Major Contents of the Training...... 7-60 Table 7.9.1 Satisfaction on Pilot Projects of Beneficiaries...... 7-63 Table 7.9.2 Final Evaluation Result on Works in Pilot Project ...... 7-64 Table 7.9.3 Sustainability of Structural Measures and CFMOs ...... 7-65 Table 7.9.4 Possible Negative Impacts Identified by the IEE and Actual Situation After the Project ...... 7-66 Table 8.2.1 Summary of Capacity Development Plans and Possible Contributions through the Study ...... 8-4
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Table 8.4.1 Members of PWG...... 8-8 Table 8.4.2 Meetings with PWG ...... 8-8 Table 8.5.1 Training Programmes for WRMA Regional and LVSWSB Staff...... 8-10 Table 8.5.2 Outline of Training Programme in Japan...... 8-10 Table 8.6.1 Members of the Forum ...... 8-12 Table 8.6.2 Forum Meetings...... 8-12 Table 8.6.3 Lessons learnt from the Forum Meetings ...... 8-14 Table 8.7.1 List of Participants for the Consultation Meeting with DMC ...... 8-15 Table 8.7.2 Resolutions of the Meeting between WRMA and DMC ...... 8-16 Table 8.8.1 Outline of GIS Database...... 8-18 Table 8.8.2 List of ASTER Satellite Imagery...... 8-18 Table 8.8.3 List of QuickBird Satellite Imagers...... 8-19 Table 8.8.4 Coordinate Reference System...... 8-19 Table 8.8.5 Data Format ...... 8-20 Table 8.9.1 List of integrated flood management manuals...... 8-21 Table 8.9.2 Outline of Community Flood Hazard Mapping...... 8-22 Table 8.9.3 Outline of Community-driven Flood Management Organisation Manual...... 8-23 Table 8.9.4 Outline of Community Flood Management Manual...... 8-24 Table 8.9.5 Outline of Community-driven Structure Measure Manual...... 8-25 Table 8.9.6 Outline of Operation and Maintenance of Community-driven Structural Measure Manual...... 8-26 Table 8.9.7 Outline of Evacuation Drill Manual ...... 8-27 Table 8.9.8 Outline of Education of Disaster Management Manual ...... 8-28 Table 8.9.9 Outline of Flood Disaster Map Manual ...... 8-29 Table 8.9.10 Outline of GIS Database Manual...... 8-30 Table 9.4.1 List of Target 24 Communities ...... 9-5 Table 9.5.1 General Concepts of Structure Measures...... 9-6 Table 9.5.2 Summary of Proposed Structure Measures...... 9-7 Table 9.6.1 Summary of Non-Structural Measures ...... 9-8 Table 9.7.1 Summary of Preliminary Cost Estimates of the Projects (1/2)...... 9-10 Table 9.7.1 Summary of Preliminary Cost Estimates of the Projects (2/2)...... 9-11
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1.1 Location Map of the Nyando River Basin ...... 1-1 Figure 1.1.2 Work Schedule of the Study...... 1-3 Figure 2.1.1 Elevation of the Study Area ...... 2-1 Figure 2.1.2 Rainfall and Temperature Pattern in the Study Area...... 2-2
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Figure 2.1.3 Rate of Rural Population in 1999...... 2-3 Figure 2.1.4 Crude Birth and Death Rates ...... 2-5 Figure 2.1.5 Life Expectancy at Birth ...... 2-5 Figure 2.1.6 Infant Mortality Rate...... 2-6 Figure 2.1.7 Total Fertility Rate ...... 2-6 Figure 2.1.8 Rate of Absolute Poverty ...... 2-7 Figure 2.1.9 Rate of Employment in Agriculture ...... 2-7 Figure 2.1.10 Main Livelihood Sources in the Villages Adjacent to the 67 Evacuation Centres...... 2-7 Figure 2.1.11 Accessibility to Safe Water...... 2-10 Figure 2.4.1 Institutional Structure of the Water Sector ...... 2-16 Figure 2.4.2 Organisational Structure of MWI (Draft as of November 2006) ...... 2-19 Figure 2.4.3 Current Organisational Structure of WRMA Headquarter and LVSC Office ...... 2-22 Figure 2.4.4 Organisational Structure of NWCPC ...... 2-26 Figure 2.4.5 Organisational Structure of WSTF...... 2-28 Figure 2.4.6 Organisational Structure of the Ministry of State for Special Programmes...... 2-30 Figure 3.1.1 Existing Institutional Framework of Disaster Management Committee...... 3-1 Figure 3.3.1 Target Locations for Food for Work...... 3-7 Figure 4.1.1 Nyando River Basin...... 4-1 Figure 4.1.2 Composition of Sub-Basins of Nyando and Nyamasaria Rivers ...... 4-2 Figure 4.1.3 Schematic Diagram of River System of Nyando and Independent Rivers ...... 4-3 Figure 4.1.4 River Channel at Lumbwa in Upper Nyando River...... 4-3 Figure 4.1.5 Intake Weir at Muhoroni (left) and Billboard at Chemeli in Middle Nyando River...... 4-4 Figure 4.1.6 1GD03 Water Gauging Station (left) and Ahero Bridge in Lower Nyando River...... 4-4 Figure 4.1.7 River Channel at Apond in Lower Nyando River...... 4-5 Figure 4.1.8 River Channel of Awach Kano (left) and Nyaidho downstream of A1 Trunk Road...... 4-5 Figure 4.1.9 River Channel of Nyamasaria (left) and Oroba in Middle Reaches ...... 4-6 Figure 4.1.10 River Channel of Luando (left) and Ombeyi in Lower Reaches...... 4-6 Figure 4.2.1 Locations of Rainfall Observation Stations ...... 4-7 Figure 4.2.2 Schematic Diagram of Water Level Gauging Station ...... 4-9 Figure 4.2.3 Annual Rainfall in Nyando River Basin...... 4-11 Figure 4.2.4 A Series of Annual Maximum Discharge Records at 1GD03 Station...... 4-12 Figure 4.2.5 Long-term Variation of Mean Water Levels of Lake Victoria...... 4-12 Figure 4.2.6 Adjusted Annual Maximum Discharges...... 4-15 Figure 4.2.7 Probable Discharges by Return Period ...... 4-15 Figure 4.2.8 Locations of proposed and Candidate Dam Sites ...... 4-17 Figure 4.2.9 Storage Area Curve ...... 4-18
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Figure 4.2.10 Explanation of Symbols in the Equation...... 4-19 Figure 4.3.1 Survey Area and Interview Sites in the Flood Damage Survey ...... 4-22 Figure 4.3.2 Inundation Depths by Mesh ...... 4-22 Figure 4.3.3 Flow Direction of Heaviest and Annual Average Flood Events...... 4-24 Figure 4.3.4 Duration of Inundation of Heaviest and Annual Average Flood Events ...... 4-24 Figure 4.3.5 Evacuation Ratio, Required Travel Time and Residence Period in Evacuation...... 4-25 Figure 4.3.6 Medical Care and Emergency Food...... 4-26 Figure 4.3.7 Macro Flow Direction in Lower Nyando River Basin...... 4-27 Figure 4.3.8 Travel Time of Flood Flows at Various Points...... 4-28 Figure 4.4.1 Locations of Existing River and Related Structures in Lower Nyando River Basin...... 4-30 Figure 4.4.2 Right Dyke (left picture) and Damaged Left Dyke due to Passage ...... 4-31 Figure 4.4.3 Intake Weir immediately downstream of Ahero Bridge in the Lower Nyando River...... 4-32 Figure 4.4.4 Locations of Survey Cross Sections...... 4-33 Figure 4.4.5 Longitudinal Profile of Existing Lower Nyando ...... 4-34 Figure 4.4.6 Typical Cross Section of Nyando River at Section N-3...... 4-34 Figure 4.4.7 Channel Flow Carrying Capacity in Lower Nyando...... 4-35 Figure 4.4.8 Present Condition of Dykes and Channels...... 4-36 Figure 4.4.9 Present Condition of Culvert Type Bridges ...... 4-37 Figure 4.4.10 Present Condition of Nyamasaria Bridge...... 4-38 Figure 4.4.11 Longitudinal Profile of A1 Trunk Road ...... 4-39 Figure 4.4.12 Condition of Local Road connecting Ombeyi and Chiga ...... 4-40 Figure 4.5.1 Degree of Flood Affects in the Area near the Centre ...... 4-42 Figure 4.5.2 Accessibility in the Rainy Season ...... 4-44 Figure 4.5.3 Inundation of Evacuation Centres...... 4-44 Figure 4.5.4 Water Sources for Evacuation Centres...... 4-44 Figure 4.5.5 Number of Toilets ...... 4-45 Figure 4.5.6 Diseases Frequently Occurring in the Evacuation Centres ...... 4-45 Figure 4.5.7 Length of Stay of Refugees...... 4-46 Figure 4.5.8 Number of Refugees ...... 4-46 Figure 4.5.9 Home Village of Refugees ...... 4-46 Figure 4.5.10 Supporting Organisations...... 4-47 Figure 4.5.11 Needs of Evacuation Centres ...... 4-48 Figure 4.6.1 Inundation Maps prepared in the 1983 and 1992 Studies ...... 4-50 Figure 4.6.2 Inundation Maps prepared in 1992 Study and by means of MODIS Satellite Images ...... 4-50 Figure 4.6.3 Topographic Map ...... 4-51 Figure 4.6.4 Public Hearing at Rabour (November.07, 2006)...... 4-52
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Figure 4.6.5 Flood Disaster Map (1/2) ...... 4-53 Figure 4.6.5 Flood Disaster Map (2/2) ...... 4-54 Figure 5.1.1 Dike Alignment in the Pre-Investment Study (1983)...... 5-2 Figure 5.2.1 Socio-Economic Condition of Study Area...... 5-7 Figure 5.3.1 IFM Model within the Context of IWRM...... 5-9 Figure 5.3.2 Construct of Flood Risk and its Reduction ...... 5-10 Figure 5.3.3 Risk Management Cycle ...... 5-11 Figure 5.4.1 Dyke Section and Dimensions ...... 5-18 Figure 5.4.2 Alternatives of Dike System ...... 5-19 Figure 5.4.3 Peak Discharge at Downstream End (Ahero Bridge)...... 5-21 Figure 5.4.4 Flood Water Level and River Bank Elevation...... 5-21 Figure 5.4.5 Maximum Flood Water Depth during 10 yr Flood...... 5-22 Figure 5.4.6 Typical Cross Section of Road Raising...... 5-23 Figure 5.4.7 Construction Cost of Road Raising and Reduction of Peak Discharge ...... 5-23 Figure 5.4.8 Image of Desiltation of River Channel ...... 5-24 Figure 5.4.9 Drainage Channel to be newly constructed...... 5-25 Figure 5.4.10 Image of Cut-Off Channel ...... 5-25 Figure 5.4.11 Image of Diversion Channel ...... 5-26 Figure 5.4.12 Bank Protection Works with Gabions ...... 5-26 Figure 5.4.13 Layout Image of Retarding Pond (Type 1) ...... 5-27 Figure 5.4.14 Retarding Pond along River Channel (Type 1) ...... 5-27 Figure 5.4.15 Excavated Pond for Retarding Purposes (Type 2) ...... 5-27 Figure 5.4.16 Image of Ring Levee...... 5-28 Figure 5.4.17 Image of Culvert Improvement...... 5-29 Figure 5.4.18 Raising a Road Surface...... 5-30 Figure 5.4.19 Image of Secondary Dyke...... 5-30 Figure 5.4.20 Guide Poles along Road...... 5-30 Figure 5.4.21 Longitudinal Section of Dam...... 5-31 Figure 5.4.22 Example of Slit-type Weir...... 5-31 Figure 5.4.23 Image of Raising a Local Road...... 5-32 Figure 5.4.24 Image of Riverine Forest Zone ...... 5-32 Figure 5.4.25 Image of Tree (Forest) Zone to protect Housing Area ...... 5-33 Figure 5.4.26 Pilotis-Type House...... 5-34 Figure 5.4.27 Flowchart of Community Driven Structural Measures...... 5-35 Figure 5.4.28 Type of Risk with Different Consequence ...... 5-36 Figure 5.4.29 Flood Management Cycle ...... 5-37 Figure 5.4.30 Typical Warning System in a Flood Prone Area ...... 5-41 Figure 5.4.31 Flowchart of Risk Assessment ...... 5-42 Figure 5.4.32 Education for Disaster Prevention ...... 5-43
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Figure 5.4.33 Procedures of Community-based Flood Hazard Mapping...... 5-46 Figure 5.4.34 Image of Utilisation of Flood Disaster Map for Regional Planning ...... 5-47 Figure 5.4.35 Image of Community Flood Hazard Map ...... 5-47 Figure 5.4.36 Procedure for Production of Community Flood Hazard Maps ...... 5-48 Figure 5.4.37 Images of Ring Dyke and Land Raising for Evacuation Centre...... 5-50 Figure 5.4.38 Access Road to Evacuation Centre ...... 5-50 Figure 5.4.39 Signboard for Flood Damage Mitigation in Japan...... 5-51 Figure 5.4.40 Concept of Community Driven Flood Management Organisation ...... 5-53 Figure 5.5.1 Annual Mean Sedimentation Yield in Nyando River Basin...... 5-60 Figure 5.6.1 Flood management plans in combination with top-down and bottom-up approaches...... 5-64 Figure 5.6.2 Master Plan Formulation Process ...... 5-68 Figure 5.6.3 Frequency Analysis...... 5-70 Figure 5.6.4 Flood Disaster Map of Annual Average Flood and Heaviest Flood...... 5-70 Figure 5.6.5 Adjusted Annual Maximum Discharges...... 5-71 Figure 5.6.6 Monthly Rainfall at Upper Catchment in 2004...... 5-73 Figure 5.6.7 Annual Maximum Discharge at 1GD03...... 5-74 Figure5.6.8 Schematic Diagram of the Detour Route and Distances between Major Towns ...5-78 Figure 5.6.9 Disbursement of Cost and Benefit ...... 5-80 Figure 5.6.10 Variation of Economic Index ...... 5-80 Figure 5.6.11 Layout of Structural Measures in Integrated Flood Management...... 5-91 Figure 5.6.12 Cross Section of River Channel in Lower Stretch of Nyando River...... 5-93 Figure 5.6.13 Longitudinal Profile in Lower Nyando...... 5-93 Figure 5.6.14 Longitudinal Profile of Tributary of Awach Kano River ...... 5-95 Figure 5.6.15 Arrangement for Sediment Control Structures in Awach Kano River Basin ...... 5-96 Figure 5.6.16 Image of Sand Pocket Structures ...... 5-97 Figure 5.6.17 River Bank Protection Structures...... 5-97 Figure 5.6.18 Layout of Sediment Retention Structures ...... 5-98 Figure 5.6.19 Foundation Treatment for Sediment Retention Structures...... 5-98 Figure 5.6.20 Plan for Sediment Retention ...... 5-101 Figure 5.6.21 Proposed River Bank Protection with Gentle Slope ...... 5-101 Figure 5.6.22 Proposed Groins for Different Conditions of the River Bank...... 5-102 Figure 5.6.23 Outline of Proposed Consolidation Weirs...... 5-103 Figure 5.6.24 Locations of Dam Schemes...... 5-105 Figure 5.6.25 Conceptual Institutional Framework for Flood Management...... 5-108 Figure 5.6.26 Capacity Building Plan in Flood Management ...... 5-109 Figure 5.6.27 Schematic Diagram of Flood Emergency Management in Nyando River Basin ...... 5-112 Figure 5.6.28 Locations of Observation Stations monitored by WRMA and Rehabilitation Plan ...... 5-113
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Figure 5.6.29 Proposed Network System in First Stage...... 5-116 Figure 5.6.30 Proposed Network System in the Second Stage...... 5-117 Figure 5.8.1 Relationship among Official, Mutual and Self Helps ...... 5-122 Figure 5.8.2 Protection Level (Nyando River basin)...... 5-124 Figure 5.8.3 Protection Level (Other River basins)...... 5-124 Figure 5.8.4 Construction Schedule by Term ...... 5-130 Figure 5.9.1 High Mortality Risk Area in Africa...... 5-132 Figure 5.9.2 Long-term Variation of Annual Mean Temperature at Kericho ...... 5-133 Figure 5.9.3 Sediment Plume in Lake Victoria ...... 5-134 Figure 5.9.4 Long-term Trend of Annual Rainfall and Heavy Rainy Days...... 5-135 Figure 5.9.5 Long-term Trends of the Number of Rainy Days and Annual Mean Temperature ...... 5-135 Figure 5.9.6 Flood Disaster Map of Annual Average Flood and Heaviest Flood...... 5-136 Figure 5.9.7 Inundation Volume and Peak Discharge Flood ...... 5-136 Figure 5.9.8 Daily Rainfall at Tinderet, Kericho and Kisumu during Flood (April 22 to May 10, 2002) ...... 5-137 Figure 5.9.9 Flood Inundation Volume...... 5-137 Figure 5.9.10 10-yr Probable Flood Hydrograph ...... 5-137 Figure 5.9.11 Concept on Adaptation Measure against Climate Change ...... 5-138 Figure 5.9.12 Changes in Vegetation Cover Index in Nyando River Basin ...... 5-140 Figure 5.9.13 Community-driven Riverbank Protection Work at Middle Catchment...... 5-141 Figure 5.9.14 Example of Wooden Slope Protection Works ...... 5-141 Figure 5.9.15 Present Land Use in Flood Prone Area ...... 5-142 Figure 5.9.16 Priority Areas in the Nyando River Basin...... 5-144 Figure 5.9.17 Peak Discharge at Downstream End (Ahero Bridge)...... 5-146 Figure 5.9.18 Flood Water Level and River Bank Elevation...... 5-146 Figure 5.9.19 Maximum Flood Water Depth during 10-yr Flood ...... 5-147 Figure 5.9.20 Schematic Arrangement for Secondary and Tertiary Dikes ...... 5-148 Figure 5 9.21 Schematic Arrangement of Road Raising as Secondary/Tertiary Dikes ...... 5-148 Figure 5.9.22 Annual Mean Sedimentation Yield ...... 5-149 Figure 5.9.23 Imaginary View of Sand Pocket Structures...... 5-149 Figure 6.2.1 Proposed Layout of the Lower Nyando River Improvement Works...... 6-4 Figure 6.2.2 Design Longitudinal Profile of the Lower Nyando River...... 6-5 Figure 6.2.3 Standard Dike Cross Section...... 6-6 Figure 6.2.4 Proposed Standard Design Sections...... 6-7 Figure 6.2.5 Minimum Width of Unprotected High-Water Channels ...... 6-8 Figure 6.2.6 Hmax in Section N-04...... 6-8 Figure 6.2.7 Typical Dike Cross Section where Bank Protection Work is Required ...... 6-9 Figure 6.2.8 Plan View of a Typical Ramp to the Dike...... 6-9 Figure 6.3.1 Layout of Proposed Road Improvement ...... 6-11
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Figure 6.3.2 Design Cross Section of National Road A1 ...... 6-13 Figure 6.3.3 Existing Situation at Priority Project Bridges ...... 6-14 Figure 6.3.4 Typical Design Layout of Proposed Bridges...... 6-17 Figure 6.3.5 Design Cross Section of Local Roads...... 6-18 Figure 6.4.1 Location of Target Sub-Locations by Priority...... 6-21 Figure 6.4.2 Images of Structure and Non-Structure Measures ...... 6-24 Figure 6.4.3 Institutional Framework for Project Management ...... 6-25 Figure 6.5.1 Training on RGS Assessment at 1GD03 ...... 6-26 Figure 6.5.2 Schematic Diagram of Hydrological Monitoring Network...... 6-29 Figure 6.7.1 Schematic Diagram of Relationship of the Priority Schemes...... 6-42 Figure 7.1.1 Objectives and Goal of Pilot Projects ...... 7-2 Figure 7.3.1 Selection Process and Result for Priority Locations...... 7-5 Figure 7.3.2 Selection of Priority Locations For Pilot Projects...... 7-7 Figure 7.3.3 Location Map of Pilot Project Sites ...... 7-10 Figure 7.4.1 Views of Community Surveys ...... 7-11 Figure 7.4.2 Expected Information (Left) ...... 7-12 Figure 7.4.3 Action taken by Inhabitants (Right) ...... 7-12 Figure 7.4.4 Expected Information (Left) ...... 7-14 Figure 7.4.5 Action taken by Inhabitants (Right) ...... 7-14 Figure 7.4.6 Expected Information (Left) ...... 7-16 Figure 7.4.7 Action taken by Inhabitants (Right) ...... 7-16 Figure 7.4.8 Expected Information (Left) ...... 7-18 Figure 7.4.9 Action taken by Inhabitants (Right) ...... 7-18 Figure 7.5.1 Damaged Riverbank in Nyamasaria River...... 7-27 Figure 7.5.2 Pilot Project (Odesso Village)...... 7-28 Figure 7.5.3 Existing Condition of Proposed Project at Kokwaro ...... 7-29 Figure 7.5.4 Pilot Project (Kokwaro Village)...... 7-30 Figure 7.5.5 Existing Condition of Proposed Project at Kasiru ...... 7-31 Figure 7.5.6 Pilot Project (Kasiru Village) ...... 7-32 Figure 7.5.7 Damaged Dyke in Nyando River (Magina Sub Location)...... 7-33 Figure 7.5.8 Pilot Project (Kochiewo Village) ...... 7-34 Figure 7.5.9(1/2) Pilot Project (Siwot and Kamiwa Village) ...... 7-35 Figure 7.5.9(2/2) Pilot Project (Siwot and Kamiwa Village) ...... 7-36 Figure 7.6.1 Institutional Framework for Project Management ...... 7-37 Figure 7.8.1 Implementation Schedule of Package 1 ...... 7-47 Figure 7.8.2 Works Undertaken in Package 1 ...... 7-48 Figure 7.8.3 Implementation Schedule of Package 2 ...... 7-49 Figure 7.8.4 Building Works in Package 2...... 7-49 Figure 7.8.5 Implementation Schedule of Package 3 ...... 7-50
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Figure 7.8.6 Drilling and Well Construction in Package 3...... 7-51 Figure 7.8.7 Implementation Schedule of Package 4 ...... 7-52 Figure 7.8.8 Works Undertaken in Package 4 (1/2)...... 7-53 Figure 7.8.8 Works Undertaken in Package 4 (2/2)...... 7-54 Figure 7.8.9 Implementation Schedule of Package 5 ...... 7-55 Figure 7.8.10 Works Undertaken in Package 5 ...... 7-55 Figure 7.8.11 Community Activities after Completion of Pilot Project ...... 7-58 Figure 7.8.12 Reinstallation Site of the Signboards ...... 7-59 Figure 7.8.13 Reinstalled Signboard ...... 7-59 Figure 7.8.14 Group Session in Proposal Writing Training ...... 7-61 Figure 7.8.15 Plenary Session in Proposal Writing Training ...... 7-61 Figure 7.10.1 Image of Selection of Communities...... 7-68 Figure 8.1.1 National Workshop on 3rd August 2006 ...... 8-1 Figure 8.2.1 Plenary Discussion...... 8-3 Figure 8.2.2 Group Discussion...... 8-3 Figure 8.3.1 Regional Workshop on 9th October 2007 ...... 8-6 Figure 8.3.2 Regional Workshop on 11th December 2008...... 8-7 Figure 8.6.1 Forum Meeting on September 9, 2006...... 8-11 Figure 8.7.1 Consultation Meeting between DMC and WRMA...... 8-15 Figure 8.8.1 Functions of GIS for This Study ...... 8-18 Figure 8.8.2 Sample Satellite Image...... 8-19 Figure 9.1.1 Flood Condition in the Nyando River Basin...... 9-1 Figure 9.2.1 Schedule of the Study...... 9-2 Figure 9.3.1 Photos of Structural and Non-Structural Measures Implemented in the Pilot Projects...... 9-4 Figure 9.4.1 Location of Target 24 Communities...... 9-5
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ABBREVIATIONS
ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency AEP Agriculture and Environment Programme (under Catholic Dioceses) AfDB African Development Bank AMREF African Medical Research Foundation ANPPCAN African Network for Prevention and Protection against Child Abuse and Neglect ART Anti-retroviral Drug Treatment CAAC Catchment Area Advisory Committee CACC Constituency AIDS Control Council CAP Community Action Plan CBO Community Based Organisation CDC Centre for Disease Control CDF Constituency Development Fund CFMO Community Based Flood Management Organisation CMAD Community Mobilisation against Desertification CMS Catchment Management Strategy COMESA Common Market for Eastern ad Southern Africa DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DAO District Agriculture Officer DASCO District AIDS and STI Coordinator DCO District Children Officer DDC District Development Committee DDO District Development Officer DDP District Development Plan DEC District Executive Committee DERC Disaster Emergency Response and Coordination DFO District Fishery Officer DFRD District Focus for Rural Development DHMT District Health Management Team DIO District Information Officer DLPO District Livestock Production Officer DMC Disaster Management Committee DMOH District Medical Officer Health DOC National Disaster Operation Centre DPHO District Public Health Officer DSO District Statistical Officer DSCO District Soil Conservation Officer DSDO District Social Development Officer EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EU European Union FBO Faith Based Organisation GF Global Fund (meat to cope with Malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS)
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GOK Government of Kenya GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit HIV/AIDS Human Immune-deficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ID/OS Institutional Development and Organisational Strengthening IEE Initial Environmental Examination IRHS Integrated Rural Health Services (SIDA supported programme) ITN Insecticide Treatment Net JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KCPE Kenya Certificate of Primary Education KCSE Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education KEMRI Kenya Medical Research Institute KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau KMD Kenya Meteorological Department KOST Kenyan Orphans Sponsorship Trust LBDA Lake Basin Development Authority LVEMP Lake Victoria Environmental Management Programme LVNC Lake Victoria North Catchment LVSC Lake Victoria South Catchment LVSWSB Lake Victoria South Water Service Board MOH Ministry of Health MOLFD Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development MPND Ministry of Planning and National Development MWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation MOA Ministry of Agriculture NACC National AIDS Control Council NALEP National Agriculture and Livestock Extension Programme NASCOP National STD Control Programme NDMP National Disaster Management Policy NDP National Development Plan NEMA National Environment Management Authority NIB National Irrigation Board NGO Non-Government Organisation NPEP National Poverty Eradication Plan NSI National Security Intelligent NWCPC National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation NWRMS National Water Resources Management Strategy OP Office of the President PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PWG Project Working Group SIDA Swedish International Development and Cooperation Agency SONY South Nyanza Sugar Company
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TOT Training of Trainers UNEP United Nation Environmental Programme USAID United States Agency for International Development VCT Voluntary Counselling and Testing (Centre) WAB Water Appeal Board WB World Bank WMO World Meteorological Organisation WRMA Water Resources Management Authority WRUA Water Resources Users Association WSB Water Services Board WSP Water Services Provider WSRB Water Services Regulatory Board WSTF Water Services Trust Fund
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CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Flooding is a frequent and recurring phenomenon in the lower catchments of Nyando river basin (Figure 1.1.1). This region is geographically referred to as the Kano Plain.
The concept of flood mitigation plans for the Nyando river basin is in line with “The Nyando Pre-investment Study (1983)”. However, not many flood mitigation structures have been accomplished due to financial constraints of the Government of Kenya (GOK).
Following the formulation of the Water Act 2002, which provides nationwide management strategies for water resources and river basins, the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) formulated the “Strategy for Flood management for Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya (2004)”, which introduced the strategy of the Integrated Flood Management (IFM) in the Nyando river basin. In line with the concept of the IFM, GOK asked the Government of Japan (GOJ) for the execution of the technical assistance to establish an integrated flood management plan. The Scope of Work was agreed on 21 October 2005. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the official agency responsible for the implementation of the technical cooperation programmes of GOJ, dispatched the Study Team on 26 July 2006.
Figure 1.1.1 Location Map of the Nyando River Basin
1 - 1 The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin Main Report
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the Study are to:
• formulate an integrated flood management plan for the Nyando river basin covering a) review of existing flood control plans, and b) community-based activities,
• support communities to strengthen capacities in flood management, and
• develop the flood management capacity of concerned authorities through on-the-job training including site training and implementation of pilot projects.
1.3 THE STUDY AREA
The study on the integrated flood management is being carried out in the Nyando river basin (3,625 km2) and flood prone areas of Oroba, Ombeyi, Miriu, Luando and Nyamasaria rivers (859 km2). Most of the area administratively belongs to Nyando District of Nyanza Province, and some belong to Kisumu, Kericho, and Nandi South Districts.
1.4 OUTLINE OF THE STUDY
The Study consists of the two phases as follows:
Phase 1： Formulation of master plan for flood management
• The basic framework for the integrated flood management in the Nyando river basin will be formulated through review of existing flood management plans and a survey of the flood damage.
• Five communities will be selected for the execution of pilot projects, which will be part of the components proposed in the master plan. Preparatory work for the pilot projects will also be done.
Phase II： Formulation of priority projects and implementation of pilot projects
• After collection of additional information and preliminary design, the pilot projects will be implemented. The lessons learned from the implementation of pilot projects will be assessed. In addition, the training program for the government authorities concerned will be carried out.
Originally, the Study was scheduled to be implemented over a period of 27 months from July 2006 to October 2008. However, the schedule was revised due to security issue occurred in the Study Area after the presidential election in December 2007 and the study was implemented over a period of 33 months from July 2006 to March 2009. The revised work schedule is shown in Figure 1.1.2.
1 - 2 The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin Main Report
FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 6789101112123456789101112123456789101112123
Work in The 1st Survey The 2nd Survey The 3rd Suervey The 4th Survey Kenya
Work in Japan Work in Suspension Prepration of DF/R Japan
Phase I Study Phase Phase II Phase II
Report DF/R IT/R P/R(2) F/R IC/R P/R(1) JICA Report for 24 Advisory Communities Project Team Source: JICA Study Team (2008)
Figure 1.1.2 Work Schedule of the Study
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CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
2.1 OUTLINE OF THE STUDY AREA
2.1.1 Natural Conditions
(1) Topography and Land Use
The Study Area lies mainly in Nyando river basin and partially in Nyamasaria river basin. The total area of Nyando river basin is 3,620 km2 with a river course of 153 km and Nyamasaria river basin is 859 km2 with a river course 40 km long. The altitude of the basins ranges from 1,130 m at the lakeshore to 3,100 m in the highland area as illustrated in Figure 2.1.1. The topography and land use in the basin are summarised in Table 2.1.1
Source: JICA Study Team based on ASTER DATA
Figure 2.1.1 Elevation of the Study Area
Table 2.1.1 Topography and land use in the Nyando river basin
Zone Distance from Topography Land use river mouth Upper 75～109 km River flows in ravines of the Forest, subsistence agriculture including reaches Londiani mountains and the channel grazing land, and tea plantation. gradient is 1:45. Middle 45～75 km Middle reaches are located in the Low forests covering mountain sides, and reaches transition area from mountain with cultivated land including subsistence forest to lowland plain. River flows agriculture and sugar cane in the plain of in narrow valley and the channel lower reaches. gradient is 1:160. Lower 0～45 km Lower reaches are located in the Cultivated rice area, settlement area, reaches flood plain. The river is subsistence agriculture including grazing conspicuously meandering and land, and swamp area channel gradient is 1:700. Source: The Baseline Survey on the Proposed Project for Formulation of an Integrated Watershed management Plan for the Nyando River Basin in the Republic of Kenya, JICA, March 2005
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(2) Climatic Conditions
The mean annual temperature at Ahero is 25.4℃ and varies from approximately 24.2℃ to 26.5℃ as shown in the Figure 2.1.2. There is no distinct change in temperature at any time in the year. The annual rainfall varies from 1,000 mm at the shore of Lake Victoria and the lowland plain to 1,800 mm in the upper mountainous area of the Nyando River basin. The pattern of monthly rainfall in the lower catchment shows two rainy seasons, namely the long rainy season from March to May, and the short rainy season in November. Frequent flooding has occurred in April and May in the past.
300 27.5 Raifall-Tindered 27.0 250 Upper 26.5
) Catchment 26.0 ℃ m 200 25.5 Rainfall-Koru
150 25.0 Middle Catchment 24.5 100 Rainfall (m 24.0 Rain fall-Ahero Temperature ( Temperature 23.5 50 Lower 23.0 Catchment 0 22.5 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Meam Temp - Ahero Month
Source: Water Quality Component of Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (WCQ-LVWMP)
Figure 2.1.2 Rainfall and Temperature Pattern in the Study Area
2.1.2 Administration
The administrative system of Kenya is structured into the centralised government with a specific government in charge of administration known as province – district – division – location – sub-location (the smallest unit of administrative system). Other government administrations at the grassroots level are under the Ministry of Local Government and they are stratified based on the status of the particular residential area i.e. urban or rural centres. All residential units are stratified into City (Nairobi, Mombassa, Kisumu), Municipality, Town Council, other town (all of which are considered urban centres), and County Council (rural centres). City and Municipality are headed by the mayors, who are elected by the councillors, while Town Council headed by town clerk, and County Council headed by chairman are elected by councillors of rural wards.
The Study Area is mainly covered by four districts and 18 divisions as shown below (West to East):
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2.1.3 Socio-Economy
(1) Population of districts and divisions
1) Population of the Study Area
Population of 126 locations within the Study 100% 91% Area was 1,316,323 in 1999 and estimated at 75% 67% 65% 1,580,384 in 2006 taking into account the annual growth rate of 2.0% for Kisumu 50% 36% District and 3.4% for Nyando District which was mentioned in the “District Development Plan” of both districts. In three districts; 0% Kisumu Nyando Kericho Nandi Kenya Nyando, Kericho, and Nandi South Districts, Unit: % majority of the population is in rural areas, Source: Statistical Abstract 2005 (CBS) while Kisumu District has a large urban Figure 2.1.3 Rate of Rural Population in 1999 population. Kisumu city is the third largest urban centre in Kenya having the status of City, whereas Kericho city has the status of Municipality. Nandi Hills and four other urban centres have the status of Town Council. Among them, only Ahero Town is located in the flood area. The ratio of rural population to total
2 - 3 The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin Main Report population is shown in Figure 2.1.3 and population of main urban centres of the Study Area is shown in Table 2.1.2.
Population of the flood prone area is estimated at about 550,000 households in 2006 and average household size is 4.1members in 1999 (refer to Table 2.1.3.)
Table 2.1.2 Names of Locations and Population in the Flood Prone Area
Dist- Division Location (2006) Population Population Population Average HH rict 1999 (Census) 2006 (Est.) density 2006 size 2006 Pers/km2 Pers/HH Bwanda 4.5 7,743 8,893 248.4 Kanyagwal Kawino North 12,179 13,990 279.2 4.3 Kawino South Kadibo Kochieng East 17,244 19,808 435.3 4.5 Kochieng West Kombura 11,748 13,496 431.2 4.4 Katho
Kisumu Central Kolwa 19,387 22,269 623.8 4.2 East Kajulu 12,064 13,858 905.8 4.5 East Kisumu 27,626 31,733 973.4 3.6 East Kolwa 15,843 18,199 325.0 4.3 Winam Kondele 69,521 79,857 16,636.9 3.9 Miwani 7,224 8,298 79.0 3.2 West Kajulu (Kisumu West) 17,478 20,077 925.2 4.2 West Kolwa 70,402 80,869 6,628.6 3.5 Asao 3,443 4,351 418.4 4.6 Central Nyakach 5,106 6,453 645.3 4.2 East Nyakach 5,551 7,014 435.7 5.0 Lower North East Nyakach 11,809 14,923 490.9 4.2 Nyakach North Nyakach 5,093 6,436 273.9 4.4 Nyalunya 6,427 8,122 214.9 4.4 Pap- Onditi 8,173 10,328 408.2 4.4 Rangul 3,645 4,606 158.3 4.6 North East Kano 19,509 24,654 408.2 4.0 Nyando Miwani Nyangoma 17,517 22,136 290.1 4.2 Ombeyi 21,003 26,542 298.2 4.3 Awasi 15,241 19,260 274.8 4.8 Kakola 18,634 23,547 1,010.6 4.4 Kikolo/East Kano 6,670 8,429 172.7 4.5 Nyando Kochogo 7,870 9,945 555.6 4.8 Onjiko 8,482 10,719 295.3 4.6 Wawidhi 7,614 9,622 181.9 4.6 Total 460,246 548,434 437.0 4.1 Note: population of 2006 was estimated using the population growth rate in the “District Development Plan” of each district. Source: JICA Study Team 2006 based on the Census 1999, District Development Plan of Kisumu, Nyando, Kericho and Nandi districts
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Table 2.1.3 Principal Urban Centres in the Study Area
Name of centre District Status Population (1999) Kericho Kericho Municipality 93,213 Nandi Hills Nandi South Town Council 77,514 Londiani Kericho Town Council 34,184 Muhoroni Nyando Town Council 31,145 Ahero Nyando Town Council 30,327 Kipekelion Kericho Town Council 26,786 Other urban centres (5 urban centres) - Other Towns 13,777 Kisumu Kisumu City 322,734 Note: Kisumu City is not included in the Study Area. Source: Statistical Abstract 2005 (Central Bureau of Statistics)
2) Demographic condition 60 50 Minute demographic data is available only 39 40 40 for the urban population (statuses of 29 30 Municipality, Town Council and Other 25 15 14 Towns) as of 2002 and, estimation in 2006 12 5 is used for all of Kenya. 0 Considering the Kenyan average, Kisumu Kisumu Nyando Kericho Nandi Kenya and Nyando show rather similar Crude birth rate Crude death rate Unit: 0/00 tendencies; higher crude death rate and infant mortality rate and moderate crude Note: Nandi South District was not created at the time of formulation of the latest DDP in 2002 birth rate and life expectancy. Kericho Source: “District Development Plan 2002” of 4 districts for district District shows a negative correlation with data, “CIA Fact Book” for Kenya (est.2006) Kisumu and Nyando: relatively high Figure 2.1.4 Crude Birth and Death Rates fertility rate and low infant mortality and crude death rates. 55 54 Crude birth and death rates 53 52 51 51 the crude birth rate (2002 estimation) 50 50 50 compared to the Kenyan average years 49 49 49 48 48 (2006) is higher in Nandi District, 47 about the same in Kisumu District and 45 Nyando District, and lower in Kericho Kisumu Nyando Kericho Nandi Kenya
District. On the contrary, Kisumu Both males & females Males Females District has a higher death rate than the Of the four districts, Source: “District Development Plan 2002” of four districts for district data, “CIA Fact Book” for Kenya (est.2006)
Figure 2.1.5 Life Expectancy at Birth
2 - 5 The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin Main Report others supposedly due to the high HIV/AIDS prevalence rate (refer to Figure 2.1.4).
Life expectancy at birth
Life expectancy at birth in 2002 is higher in Kericho District where both males and females live over fifty years on average. Males in Kisumu District and Nandi District live 48 years or less which is lower than the Kenyan average 2006 (refer to Figure 2.1.5).
Infant mortality rate
Infant mortality rate (death of children less than 12 months, 2002) is higher in Kisumu and Nyando with approximately 90 deaths among 1000 living births. According to the DDP, it is much lower in Kericho District (refer to Figure 2.1.6).
Total Fertility Rate
Total fertility rate (2002) is higher in Nandi District where a woman has 6.8 children on average. All districts in the study area have fertility rates higher than Kenyan average 2006 (Figure 2.1.7).
120 10 90 89 6.8 80 5.8 5.8 66 59 5.0 4.9 5 35 40
0 0 Kisumu Nyando Kericho Nandi Kenya Kisumu Nyando Kericho Nandi Kenya Unit: 0/00 Unit: children/woman Figure 2.1.6 Infant Mortality Rate Figure 2.1.7 Total Fertility Rate
Note: Nandi South District was not created at the time of formulation of the latest DDP in 2002. Source: “District Development Plan” of four districts (2002) for four districts “CIA World Fact Book” for Kenyan country data (2006)
(2) Economic condition of districts and divisions
Poverty is a common phenomenon cutting across the study area. The people who live below the poverty line were estimated to be between 53.0% in Kisumu District to 68.9% in Nyando District in the DDP. The absolute poverty line applied here is monthly expenditure “below 1,239 Kshs for an adult person for food and non-food items. Figure 2.1.8 shows the rate of absolute poverty of the four districts in the Study Area.
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100 100 80 75 75 69 61 64 53 50 52 50 50 42
0 0 Kisumu Nyando Kericho Nandi Kenya Kisumu Nyando Kericho Nandi Kenya Unit: (%) Unit: (%) Figure 2.1.8 Rate of Absolute Poverty Figure 2.1.9 Rate of Employment in Agriculture
Note: Nandi South District was not created at the time of formulation of the latest DDP in 2002. Source: “District Development Plan” of four districts (2002) for four districts, “CIA World Fact Book” for Kenyan country data (2006)
Agriculture for both food and cash crops is the most important income source. The number of farmers who engage in agriculture varies from 42% of all workers in Nandi District to 80% in Kericho District (Source: DDP of four districts, 2002, refer to Figure 2.1.9). In Nandi District, the rate of waged employment, especially in tea plantation and tea factories is the most important occupation. Nyando District depends mainly on sugarcane plantation and sugar production for income; therefore, the collapse of the sugar industry meant an increase in poverty level in most parts of the district. Kericho District is a district having a potential for agriculture of both food and cash crops owing to the soil and climatic condition, and the performance of this sector has been relatively good. However, it has been constrained by poor infrastructure, unstable marketing systems for major agricultural credits and high cost of inputs.
Though the detailed data of inhabitant’s economic activities Subsist ence Rank No. 1 51 8 5 farming will be surveyed in the five pilot 3 Commercial farming project sites, results of the Sm all Rank No. 2 12 24 4 17 10 business interviews at 67 facilities used as Wage labour 2 evacuation centres show the main Rank No. 3 10 14 34 7 Others livelihood sources in the flood prone areas. The interviewees 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% selected and ranked three main Note: Rank No.1 presents the all interviewees ranked at the first source, Rank No. 2 at the second, and Rank No. 3 at the third. sources, namely subsistence Source: JICA Study Team 2006 farming as the first main sources, Figure 2.1.10 Main Livelihood Sources in the Villages Adjacent to the 67 Evacuation Centres secondly by commercial farming, and thirdly by small business or wage labour (refer to Figure 2.1.10). Most inhabitants depend strongly on subsistence farming of maize, millet and sorghum, followed by commercial farming
2 - 7 The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin Main Report of rice, sugarcane and horticulture, while some have off-farm activities such as small business or wage labour as sources of livelihood.
(3) Social aspects
1) Education
The primary school enrolment rate is relatively high with more than 90% in all four districts in the Study Area including certain number of dropping-out and re-enrolling pupils. The number of primary schools existing in the Study Area is 937 (not including private schools in Nandi South District). It must be noted that primary school buildings are often used as evacuation centres in the flood prone areas. The number of pupils and number of primary and secondary schools in the Study Area are shown in Table 2.1.4.
Table 2.1.4 Numbers of students and schools in the Study Area As of August-September 2006 District Division Boys Girls Total Share of Share of No. of Schools Boys Girls Primary Secondary Kisumu Kadibo 29,753 28,783 58,536 51% 49% 41 9 Winam 6 n.d. Total 47 at least 9 1 Nyando * Lower Nyakach 8,455 7,843 16,298 52% 48% 63 n.d. Miwani 8,481 7,932 16,413 52% 48% 56 Muhoroni 8,043 7,531 15,574 52% 48% 46 Nyando 10,197 9,42419,621 52% 48% 54 Upper Nyakach 7,833 7,451 15,284 51% 49% 53 West Nyakach 3,970 3,920 7,890 50% 50% 28 Total 46,979 44,101 91,080 52% 48% 300 Kericho Ainamoi 22,099 18,448 40,547 55% 45% 72 15 Belgut 9,669 9,735 19,404 50% 50% 32 10 Soin 3,404 4,311 21,469 16% 20% 39 4 Chilchila 7,077 6,684 7,715 92% 87% 33 5 Sigowet 10,189 10,181 19,278 53% 53% 46 10 Londiani 9,647 9,631 20,370 47% 47% 42 15 Kipkelion 10,728 10,741 13,761 78% 78% 50 10 Total 72,813 69,731 142,544 51% 49% 314 69 Nandi South Kobujoi (Aldai) 6,162 6,066 12,228 50% 50% 37 no data of (only for public Tindret 10,589 9,631 20,220 52% 48% 67 distribution schools) Nandi Hills 9,604 9,541 19,145 50% 50% 54 at Kaptumo 3,975 4,120 8,095 49% 51% 33 divisional level Kemeloi 11,482 11,210 22,692 51% 49% 60 Ollessous 4,823 4,963 9,786 49% 51% 25 Total 46,637 45,531 92,168 51% 49% 276 56 Note *1: Statistical unit of Nynado district is pedagogical zone instead of locations. Note *2: Number of primary schools of Nandi South district does not include private schools. Source: District education offices of Kisumu, Nyando, Kericho and Nandi South districts
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2) Health
Malaria is the most common cause of morbidity in all the districts. The second most common cause of morbidity is Pneumonia in Kisumu District while the second leading causes in the other two districts are unspecified diseases of the respiratory system. However, HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of mortality in Kericho (202 deaths in 2002) and the second cause in Kisumu (850 deaths) in 2004. HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is estimated at 30% in Kisumu, 29.4% in Nyando and 12.9% in Nandi in 1999 and this figure would be increased in 2006. Table 2.1.5 shows the most frequent diseases in the three districts.
The most common medical facilities in the rural areas are dispensaries, which are distributed in all the divisions. Hospitals, clinics and sub-district hospitals are found in the urban areas and adjacent areas. Table 2.1.6 shows the distribution of medical facilities in the three districts.
Table 2.1.5 Leading Causes of Mortality in Kisumu and Kericho (2004)
No. Kisumu Kericho Disease/condition Num. Patient Disease/condition Num. Patient 1 Malaria 1,169 HIV/AIDS 202 2 AIDS 850 Malaria 195 3 Pneumonia 614 PTB 123 4 Anaemia 799 Anaemia 112 5 Gastroenteritis 505 Pneumonia 112 Source: Quarterly inpatient mortality reports, Kisumu District, District Record Health Officer, Kericho District
Table 2.1.6 Number of Health Facilities in the Four Districts As of August-September 2006 District Division Dispensary Health centre Hospital Other facilities Total
Kadibo 3 3 Kisumu Winam 10 1 11 Total 13 1 14 Lower Nyakach 2 1 1 4 Miwani 1 2 3 Muhoroni 5 3 2 10 Nyando Nyando 4 1 1 6 Upper Nyakach 5 4 1 10 Total 17 11 2 3 33 Ainamoi 8 2 8 1 19 Kipkelion 13 1 14 Soin 5 5 Sigowet 7 3 10 Kericho Belgut 11 2 13 Londiani 7 1 1 1 10 Chilchila 4 1 5 Total 55 9 9 3 76 Nandi no data South Source: District Hospitals of Kisumu and Nyando, District Record Health Officer, Kericho District
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3) Gender issues
Gender parity in the study area is characterised by a situation where women bear a disproportionately large share of both domestic and agricultural work. A large number of females dominate the labour force as more men migrate to other places outside the district to search employment opportunities. Their contribution to family income from agriculture is considerable, whereby they spend much time in planting, weeding, cultivating, as well as in fetching firewood and water. Despite their large contribution to both the family and the rural economy, women are faced with cultural norms such as the unequal division of labour, lack of access to land and property, exclusion of women in decision-making and restriction of inheritance.
4) Social infrastructures
Water supply
The access to safe water varies from 100 district to district: more than two thirds 69 of all households can access potable 49 50 32 water, but in 2002 only a quarter of all 30 31 27 households in Nandi could access it. 17 3 The access to piped water is much 0 lower, especially in rural areas. The Kisumu Nyando Kericho Nandi Access to piped water Unit: % rates of accessibility are shown in Access to portable water Figure 2.1.11. Source: District Development Plan (2002)
In Nyando District, there are no major Figure 2.1.11 Accessibility to Safe Water suppliers or distributors of water. Neither the central government nor the local government participates directly in water supply, though a member of parliament utilises the CDF (Constituency Development Fund) for water supply development. There have been efforts at borehole drillings led by NGOs. NGOs have been at the forefront in borehole drilling and construction in this region. There are at least four major water supply schemes; i.e. Nyangoma Awasi Water Supply, Ngere Water Supply, Boya Water Supply and water suppliers associated with the rice mills. The Nyangoma Awasi Water Supply serves approximately 5000-10000 people living in Nyangoma and Awasi. The water charge that consumers pay to this supplier is 0.5 shilling per litre.
Road condition
Kisumu District has a total of 133 km of bitumen road, while 263 km is gravel. An important issue of the road sector in Kisumu District is to ease accessibility to farms and fish landing
2 - 10 The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin Main Report beaches through tarmacking some 23 km, for which costs are estimated at Ksh. 560 million. In Nyando District, bitumen roads are limited to inter-districts roads and some other roads in township areas, while the remaining are gravelled but deteriorated. It is more important in Nyando District to improve access roads to farms, especially the roads connecting Ahero-Miwani, Chiga-Kibigori, Korowe-Nduru, and Songhor-Muhoroni for effective marketing of the district key crops such as sugarcane, rice, and dairy products. Those roads are frequently affected by floods preventing transport of agricultural products. Many rural access roads connecting communities are heavily eroded during rainy seasons and floods frequently prevent accessibility.
Electricity
The existing power line network is 105 km for 11 KV and 22 km for 33 KV in the lower catchment of the Nyando river basin (rural areas of districts of Kisumu and Nyando). There are nine projects for rural electrification in the same area. Actually, Lnadi-Matope market project in Kisumu Town East constituency and Odino project in Nyando constituency (Nyando District except Miwani Division but including Kadibo Division of Kisumu District) have been done and Korowe project in Nyando constituency is under construction. Installation cost of electricity for a residential house is 34,000 Ksh.
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2.2 DEVELOPMENT PLANS
2.2.1 National Development Plan and Other Plans and Strategies
Since Kenya’s independence in 1963, the Government has been preparing National Development Plans (NDP) as statutory policy guidelines that state the development policies and strategies to be pursued by the Government and development partners over the medium-term. The latest is the ninth NDP 2002-2008, which highlights the theme “Effective Management for Sustainable Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction”. Besides the NDP, the Government has been preparing and implementing other long, medium and short-term regional and sector specific plans.
The remarkable plans / strategies recently published are:
(1) National Poverty Eradication Plan 1999-2015 (NPEP) prepared in 1999, which presents the contemporary long-term framework of tackling poverty through addressing a charter of social integration setting a multi-sectoral approach for poverty eradication, improved access to basic human needs by low income households, and a strategy for broad based economic growth
(2) Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 2001-2004 (PRSP) prepared in 2001, which gives short-term instruments to implement key national development policies such as the NPEP, the NDP and other key development strategies and plans.
(3) The Economic Recovery Strategy (ERS) for Wealth and Employment Creation, 2003-2007, which was prepared as the development strategies and policies of the current government to pursue in the five-year term
In December 2002, a new government under the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) took office and immediately embarked on preparing an economic recovery strategy, focusing on revitalising the economy and creating employment. The ERS provides a road map for taking specific actions in the five-year term. The ERS has taken into account existing government policy documents, particularly the PRSP and NARC’s Manifesto and Post-Election Action Plan. Thus, the ERS is well synthesised with the PRSP with thematic focus on employment, while it also overarches the current development strategies in Kenya, which could be replaced with the latest NDP in cases of any discrepancy between the two.
The new government was convinced that economic recovery is the primary vehicle through which it can achieve improved provision of education, health services, better infrastructural services and gainful employment. Thus, the strategy identifies four pillars as the base of key policy actions necessary to spur the recovery of the economy:
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(1) First, rapid economic growth is required but in an environment of macro-economic stability, for which measurers are proposed for enhancing revenue collection, expenditure restructuring and a monetary policy that will support the achievement for economic growth with low inflation without compromising the recovery effort,
(2) The second and more fundamental pillar is the strengthening of institutions of governance, focusing on capacity building for institutions in making justice accessible to all and especially the poor,
(3) The third pillar is rehabilitation and expansion of physical infrastructure since poor infrastructure has been identified as a primary factor that makes production cost excessively high, and thereby undermining the competitiveness of locally produced goods, and
(4) The fourth pillar is the investment in the human capital of the poor since it is believed that a well-educated and healthy population is an important factor in enhancing productivity and the overall performance of the economy, even though the impact on the economy will not be immediate.
2.2.2 Linkages between Flood Management and the Existing National Policies and Legislations
The latest NDP recognises that 56 % of the Kenyan population is afflicted by poverty and that disasters can push more people below the poverty line or increase absolute poverty1. The NDP as well as the ERS seek to achieve sustainable economic growth and eradicate poverty in line with the PRSP and NPEP. This will require an effective and well-coordinated disaster management policy. Sessional Paper No.1 of 1999 on National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development is silent on flood management issues, while the Kenya Meteorological Information Policy has a provision, in general terms, for making forecasts available. The ERS recognises the importance of disaster and emergency response coordination and states that the government will:
i) Strengthen food distribution and targeting mechanisms,
ii) Develop and implement a disaster management policy,
iii) Establish community-based drought early warning systems, in all relevant districts, that provide timely information to decision makers at all levels
Particularly in the area of flood management, it addresses that the strategy the government is putting in place will involve 1) construction of dams across the rivers, 2) rehabilitation of
1 “The Status of Disaster Management in Kenya: the Need for Training Programmes”, Simon M. Onyewere, Kenyatta University
2 - 13 The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin Main Report deforested water catchments, 3) construction of dykes, and 4) preparation of an early warning system.
Since the disaster management requires multidiscipline involvement, the policy is linked to a number of other Acts2. The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA, 1999) has a provision for hazard prevention. The Kenya Red Cross Society Act (Cap 256) mandates the voluntary aid society to respond to emergencies. The Water Act 2002 (Cap 372) empowers the MWI to declare an emergency where there is exceptional deficiency of water for domestic use, while it is biased to clean water provision without consideration to disasters arising from excess water in inhabited areas including flood plains. The Local Authority Act (Cap 265) provides for the establishment of a disaster management office in every local authority. It also sets out special powers for resource mobilisation that may be used in the event of a local disaster. Other relevant acts could include the Public Health Act, the Forest Act, and the Chief’s Act.
2.2.3 District Development Plans
Current district development plans (DDP) cover the period 2002 – 2008. The plans were prepared in accordance with the theme of the 9th NDP. Although the ERS overarches the current NDP and DDP, the current development plans are still valid as the guiding statutory policy document that outlines the development direction over the plan period as far as no contradiction is observed in the ERS.
The present DDP discusses major development challenges that are to be overcome by implementing the proposed projects/ programmes. Kisumu District addresses a great emphasis on housing in urban areas due to the rapid population growth, poverty prevalence, pandemic of HIV/AIDS, gender inequality, and disaster strikes such as floods, droughts, and armyworms. Nyando District addresses population growth, high prevalence of poverty, HIV/AIDS, gender inequality and disasters like floods, among others. Following are the briefs of necessary flood related interventions that the districts suggested during the preparation stage of the present DDP.
1) Kisumu District: The response to the floods requires a forecast with a great degree of accuracy and hence the need to adopt proactive interventions rather than reactive responses to help reduce the effects. The flood-affected families may be provided with relief food, drugs, temporary shelter, tents and blankets for the short term. In the DDP for future remedies, the District Disaster Committee has suggested installation of drainage channels, erection of dykes to control overflow of water and rivers on farmland, enforcement of non cultivation and non-settlement in designated wetlands where floods are part of the ecosystem.
2 National Policy on Disaster Management (Draft) 2002, Office of the President.
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2) Nyando District: There is a need for monitoring in order to forecast seasonal disasters including floods and epidemics. Besides the forecast, there should be a mechanism of preparedness in place. Effective communication systems among the related institutions in case of disaster occurrence should be enhanced during the plan period.
The DDP in both districts spells out the sector-wise strategies and development priorities. However, in the area of flood or disaster management, those are very silent and there are no concrete plans to respond to the constraints brought about by the floods.
2.3 POLICIES IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT
The Draft National Water Resources Management Strategy (2005-2007) was prepared by MWI in December 2004. This strategy defined the Kano Plains of the lower Nyando river basin as an area susceptible to floods. The following are listed as the required activities for flood prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery and rehabilitation.
• Improve catchment conservation and protection so as to retard surface-runoff;
• Construction of flood control dams and dykes in the flood prone areas;
• Develop options for inter-basin transfer of excess flood water;
• Implement upstream engineering measures for soil and water conservation for flood protection;
• Develop infrastructure design parameters and regulations to ensure that structures can sustain flooding at the design return periods;
• Enhance data recording and information management systems, particularly of extreme events, to enable design for protection against floods.
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2.4 ORGANISATIONS OF THE RELATED GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES
2.4.1 Institutional Arrangements for Water Resources Management
The Water Act (2002) provides for new institutional arrangements that separate policy making (which remains in the hands of the Minister) from policy implementation (which becomes the responsibility of the Authority). In this respect, the Act establishes the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) to manage the use of water in the country. WRMA is an autonomous body, which is free from the day-to-day administrative control of the Ministry, and is responsible for licensing water abstractions, policing, regulating and monitoring of water use as well as management of water related data and information. The Act provides the legal framework in line with the new policy changes. New institutions with separate functions have been established and decentralised decision making is reflected in autonomous regional bodies.
The devolved responsibilities in the new set up are held by the following institutions: WRMA, Water Services Regulatory Board (WSRB), Water Services Trust Fund (WSTF), Water Service Boards (WSB), Water Appeals Board (WAB), Water Catchment Areas Advisory Committees (CAAC), Water Service Providers (WSP), and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA)
As a result, the new institutional structure for the water sector has been set up and depicted in Figure 2.4.1.
Water Appeal Board (WAB) Water Services Trust Fund (WSTF)
MWI
National Water Policy
Conservation and Formulation Pipeline Corporation (NWCPC) Water Water
National Level Resources Services Management Regulatory Authority Board (WRMA) HQ (WSRBs)
Catchment
Water Services Regulation WRMA Area Advisory Boards (WSB) Regional Committees Level Offices
Regional (CAACs)
WRMA Water Resources Water Services Sub-Regional User Associations Providers (WSPs) Offices (WRUAs) Services Provision Water Resources Management Water and Sewerage Service
Local Level Water Consumers and Users and Use Consumption Source: Re-arranged by JICA Study Team based on The National Water Resources Management Strategy (Draft) Jan. 2006 MWI, and Report on Operationalisation of the Water Act 2002 in Water Resources Management, Oct. 2005 SIDA. Figure 2.4.1 Institutional Structure of the Water Sector
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The roles and responsibilities of the major institutions are summarised in Table 2.4.1.
Table 2.4.1 Roles and Responsibilities in the Water Sector in Kenya and the Study Area
Name of Organisation Roles and Responsibilities Remarks National Level Ministry of Water and - Development of legislation, policy Irrigation (MWI) formulation, sector coordination and guidance, and monitoring and evaluation. Water Resources - Planning, management, protection and A new organisation transferred from Management Authority conservation, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (WRMA) - Allocation, apportionment, assessment and (MWI) in July 2005. Internal monitoring of water resources. organisation set up is still in - Issuance of water permits. progress. - Water rights and enforcement of permit conditions. - Regulation of conservation and abstraction structures. - Catchment and water quality management. - Regulation and control of water use. - Coordination of the IWRM Plan. National Water - Construction of dams and drilling of boreholes Conservation and Pipeline Corporation (NWCPC) Kenya Water Institute - Training and Research regarding water related (KEWI) issues National Irrigation Board - Development of Irrigation Infrastructure (NIB) Inter-Ministerial Technical - Coordination of projects of different donors Established by the Kenyan side. Committee on and this study Some members are also members of Flood-Mitigation in SC Western Kenya Regional Level (Lake Victoria South Catchment Area) WRMA Regional Office - Counterpart organisation of the Study in the One member was appointed as flood (Lake Victoria South field management officer before the Catchment) commencement of the Study.
Catchment Area Advisory - Advising WRMA on water resources issues at Committee (CAAC) catchment level. Water Services Regulatory - Regulation and monitoring of Water Services Board (WSRB) Boards. - Issuance of licenses to Water Services Boards. - Setting standards for provision of water services. - Developing guidelines for water tariffs. Water Services Board - Responsible for efficient and economical (WSB) – Lake Victoria provision of water services. South Water Services - Developing water facilities. Board (LVSWSB) - Applying regulations on water services and tariffs. - Procuring and leasing water and sewerage facilities. - Contracting Water Service Providers (WSPs). Water Service Providers - Provision of water and sewerage services Ex.) Kisumu Water and Sewerage (WSPs) Corporation (KIWASCO) Water Services Trust Fund - Financing provision of water and sanitation to (WSTF) disadvantaged groups.
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Name of Organisation Roles and Responsibilities Remarks Local level (Nyando river basin) Nyando District Water - From now on, in charge of management and In this transitional period, the office Office- MWI coordination of water management representative is taking dual responsibilities as MWI and Water Services Board. NWCPC Nyando District - Construction of dams and drilling of boreholes Currently, the branch office is branch implementing flood control works such as construction of dykes and river bank rehabilitation along Nyando River. The budget for the works was exclusively released from MWI to NWCPC for the fiscal year 2006/07. Water Resources User - Involvement in decision making process to Association (WRUA) identify and register water users. - Collaboration in water allocation and catchment management. - Assisting in water monitoring and information gathering. - Conflict resolution and co-operative management of water resources New Organisations related to the Study Project Working Group - Work coordination between the Study Team PWG has been established with 6 (PWG) and the Kenyan side. Object of technological members from WRMA, MWI and transfer through OJT. NWCPC. Steering Committee (SC) - Being chaired by the SG of MWI Established by agreement between Coordinating works among different sectors the Preparatory Study Team for this concerning this Study. Study and the Kenyan side Nyando River Water - Coordination of local organisations The first meeting was held on August Management Forum concerning Nyando River management in the 18th 2006 sponsored by the JICA field Study Team. 36 persons from various - Regional Office of WRMA plays the role of stakeholders participated in the the secretariat. meeting.
Source: JICA Study Team, 2006 (based on the Report of JICA Preparatory Study Team, 2005 and the Report on Operationalisation of the Water Act 2002 in Water Resources Management Oct.2005 SIDA)
In the following sub-sections, general descriptions of the key institutions relevant to flood management /control are depicted.
2.4.2 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI)
According to the Water Act (2002), the role of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, during the transitional and subsequent period in the new institutional framework are:
1) Focusing on regulatory and enabling functions rather than direct service delivery
2) Policy formulation and oversight of the different water sector institutions
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3) Overall implementation of the reforms by the Water Sector Reform Secretariat3
4) Coordination of water sector stakeholders
5) Sourcing investment funds
Thus, the MWI functions as policy maker / sector coordinator rather than implementer, while implementation functions are separated and given to the new institutions. In this connection, the MWI prepared the National Water Resources Management Strategy (Draft), in which the strategies against flooding are depicted.
The latest organisational structure of MWI is shown in Figure 2.4.2.
Minister
Asst. Minister / Water Asst. Minister / water Services Resources
Permanent Secretary
Dept. of Water Dept. of Irrigation & Dept. of Land Dept. of Water Services (Director) Drainage (Director) Reclamation (Director) Resources (Director)
Deputy Director / Planning Deputy Director/ Deputy Director / Irrigation Deputy Director* & Design Groundwater Investigation Deputy Director/ Deputy Director / O&M Deputy Director / Drainage Deputy Director* Groundwater Exploration
Deputy Director / Deputy Director/ Surface Deputy Director* Deputy Director* Construction Water
Deputy Director / Deputy Director/ Water Deputy Director* Deputy Director* Evaluation Rights
*Note: Since this structure is still under preparation, the titles of the deputy director have not been available. Source: MWI 2006 Figure 2.4.2 Organisational Structure of MWI (Draft as of November 2006)
Particularly in the water sector, the two departments could be dual arms of the MWI, namely Department of Water Services and Water Resources Management, which oversee and give policy guidance to WSB and WRMA respectively. Table 2.4.2 presents the brief mandates of these two departments.
3 Water Reform Secretariat was established in order to implement the reforms in the water sector. Some of the activities include harmonisation of country strategies with the Water Act 2002 – determine future role and functions of the Director of Water Services; designated catchment areas; determine Water Service Boards and areas, preparation of the transitional plan-transfer of water services of GOK assets, use of local authority assets, and establishment studies for WRMA, WSRB.
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Table 2.4.2 Brief Summary of Roles and Responsibilities of MWI
Department Roles and Responsibilities Water Services - Policy formulation, coordination, regulation, programme evaluation and monitoring and resource mobilisation on water and sewerage services - Policy direction on water supply and sewerage services - Coordination of water stakeholders' activities at national policy level - Monitoring and evaluating water sector projects' conformity to government policy - Maintaining a centre for water and related technical information, data and documentation Water Resources - Policy direction on water resources management - Formulating strategies for water resources management - Coordination of water stakeholders' activities at national policy level - Advising Government on internationally shared water resources technical issues and agreements - Monitoring and evaluating water sector projects' conformity to government policy - Development and enforcement of standards for water resources management - Providing guidance on national strategy for water resources management - Monitoring and evaluating performance of the water resources - Ensure formulation of water quality and pollution control guidelines Source: Report on Operationalisation of the Water Act 2002 in Water Resources Management, Oct 2005, SIDA
Administrative transfer of responsibilities in water supply and sanitation from the MWI and NWCPC to WSBs has been implemented, while water resources management and its administration were transferred to WRMA. The legal transfer of staff and relevant assets and equipment to WSBs and WRMA are almost completed. In terms of flood control, the mandates of the ministry and entire unit including staff were transferred to NWCPC.
Unlike the other ministries, MWI has donor coordination section, which is not depicted in the organisational structure (Figure 2.4.2). According to hearing at MWI, so called Head of Donor Coordination (director class) is assigned for coordination and harmonisation of various donors’ assistance for the water sector.
2.4.3 Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA)
(1) Mandates of WRMA
The Water Act (2002) established the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) as the lead agency that oversees the management, use and development of water resources in Kenya. WRMA has regional offices at catchment levels for decentralised decision making, quick response to management problems and for speedy water allocation processing. The designated powers and functions of WRMA are to:
1) Develop principles, guidelines and procedures for the allocation of water resources;
2) Monitor and assess implementation of the national water resources management strategy;
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3) Receive and determine applications attached to permits for water use;
4) Monitor and enforce conditions attached to permits for water use;
5) Regulate and protect water resources quality from adverse impacts;
6) Manage and protect water catchments;
7) Determine charges to be imposed for the use of water from any water resource;
8) Gather and maintain information on water resources; and
9) Liaise with other bodies for the better regulation and management of water resources
(2) The Draft Rules on Water Resources Management
To enable WRMA to carry out the above mandates, draft rules were introduced in June 2006 to govern the various activities that impact on water resources in the country. The draft rules provide for a mechanism which will ensure efficiency and improved service delivery by binding the WRMA to respond within a specified time to applications, requests for action and to complaints that are raised. The draft rules also introduce the requirement that WRMA provides water resources data and other information to the public in a timely manner at a reasonable cost.
The draft rules lay down the types of activities related to water resources that will require approval by the WRMA They also indicate the process that will be undertaken in application and issuance of permits for various works. Other issues include water use charges, conservation of riparian land and formulation of Catchment Management Strategies (CMS), protected areas, resource classifications, and water quality assessments.
(3) Organisational Structure and Staff Recruitment
There are six catchment areas managed through six WRMA regional offices, under which there are 25 sub-regional offices nationwide. These offices, each headed by a Regional Manager, are Lake Victoria North, Lake Victoria South, Rift Valley, Athi River, Tana River and Ewaso Ng’iro North River. Each regional office has about 24 staff including Regional Manager. The Report on Operationalisation of the Water Act 2002 in Water Resources Management was prepared under the assistance of SIDA and GTZ in October 2005. The report suggests an ideal structure and qualified number of staff with specific roles and responsibilities. The Study has identified the following present structures of WRMA shown in the Figure 2.4.3. As of December 2008, WRMA has total 34 number of staff at the headquarter and more than 460 staff nationwide including all regional offices.
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Minister of Water & Irrigation Board of Directors WRMA Headquarter Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
Finance & Human Resource Technical Manager Operation Manager Admin. Manager Manager
Chief Internal Groundwater Executive Receptionist Surface Water Officer Accountant Auditor Officer Secretery (2 persons) Accountant Accountant Water Quality & Pollution Water Conservation Driver Office (Expenditure (Revenue) Control Officer Officer (3 persons) Assistant Accounts HRD Project Land Survey Officer Assistant Offier Officer Procurement ICT Legarl Offier Data Base/GIS Officer Offier Officer Admin. Ass. WR Monitoring Enforcement (2 persons) Officer Officer
Regional Manager of Regional Manager Regional Manager of Regional Manager Regional Manager Regional Manager Ewaso Ng'iro North of Lake Victoria Lake Victoria South of Tana River of Athi River of Rift Valley Catchment North Catchment Catchment Catchment Catchment Catchment
Water Rights Pollution Control Sub Regional Accountant Secretary Officer Officer Manager
Account Ass. Stakeholder Accounts and Monitoring & Receptionist Water Rights Officer (Revenue) Relations Officer Evaluation Officer Admin. Ass.
Account Ass. Regional Lab Technologist Storekeeper Date Assistant Water Rights Officer (Expenditure) Technical
Administrative Surface Water Water Quality Office Catchment Driver Assistant Officer Officer Assistant Management Officer
Procurement Groundwater Catchment Management Data Base Officer Driver Receptionist Assistant Officer Officer
Water Conservation Office Driver Officer Assistant
Project Officer
Source: Report on Operationalisation of the Water Act 2002 in Water Resources Management, Oct 2005, SID and Annual Report LVSC Regional Office Oct 2006 Organisational structure of the headquarter is based on hearing at human resource department in Dec. Figure 2.4.3 Current Organisational Structure of WRMA Headquarter and LVSC Office
The study area is located under the jurisdiction of LVSC, which has three sub-regional offices located in Kisumu, Kericho and Kisii.
The Study has also found the organisational conditions with respect to the staff recruitment as follows:
(a) The full number of designated staff has not yet been recruited in the headquarters and the LVSC regional office.
(b) Flood management units, which were supposed to be effective in both the headquarters and regional office since June 2006, had not been established because key officers were still under the recruitment process and organisational strengthening programme by SIDA is on-going.
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(c) Each staff member is employed based on a Performance Contract4, which is signed between employees and their direct supervisors in the command line (i.e. CEO and Regional Manager, Regional Technical Manager and Water Rights Officer).
(d) Surface Water Officer in LVSC regional office was appointed as Flood Management Officer and two full-time counterpart staff was assigned for the Study in accordance with S/W agreement for this Study.
The Regional Manager of LVSC commented the ideal members of the unit consist of Technical Manager, Surface Water Officer and Water Conservation Officer. Afterward, it was agreed in the Inter-ministerial Steering Committee in December 2008, that flood management and climate change adaptation unit was established within WRMA.
(4) Revenue Sources and Expenditures
After the separation from MWI, WRMA has the following potential sources of revenue for its own operational costs:
a) Water permit related fees (applications, renewals, cancellations, and amendments)
b) Water use charges based on actual consumption
c) Fees for data and assessment reports
d) Other service fees such as laboratory analysis and resource investigation and assessment
However, the current major source is only water permit-related fees and this situation will continue until the draft rules are gazetted by the government. The gazetting of the draft rules will enable WRMA to collect water use charges and thereby fully activate WRMA’s powers and functions, which is urgent. At regional level in LVSC, Ksh. 3.4 million was collected from various sources. Out of this, 75% was sourced from new groundwater permit applications, while 18% was from new surface water permit applications5.
(5) Roles and Responsibilities of WRMA in Flood Management
In the initial organisational design of WRMA, there was no explicit mandate dealing with the flood management and as a matter of fact that there is no clear statement regarding flood management in the Report on Operationalisation of the Water Act 2002 in Water Resources Management prepared through SIDA/DANIDA assistance, which could be an operation guideline for WRMA.
4 The Performance Contract is supposed to be renewed every fiscal year (July 1st –June 30th) 5 Data is based on the Annual Report of LVSC Oct. 2006.
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On the other hand, WMO6 proposed that the Flood Management Units be established within the WRMA at both national and regional levels to give specific tasks to deal with:
a) Establishing a Flood Information System through compilation of flood damage data, preparation of daily, seasonal and annual flood reports and a knowledge base,
b) Field surveys and investigations including environmental baseline surveys,
c) Planning, design and project formulation,
d) Construction supervision and maintenance of flood management works and,
e) Coordination with other related ministries and organisations.
In compliance with this proposal, the units are going to be established as mentioned earlier. However, considering the designated WRMA’s mandate with given staffing and equipment, construction supervision and maintenance of flood management (control) works could not be tasks of WRMA. One of the major tasks of WRMA specified in the report by SIDA is preparation of a Catchment Management Strategy (CMS)7 within the framework of the National Water Resources Management Strategy (NWRMS). While the report by SIDA does not explicitly define the roles of WRMA in flood management as a lead agency, the WRMA’s task in flood management can be included within the catchment management or catchment conservation. Therefore, the CMS in LVSC should include clear tasks for WRMA in flood management issues.
(6) Institutional Gaps in Integrated Flood Management
In connection with the above overviews of WRMA, the gap analysis of the current institutional framework related to flood management has been carried out in reference to the method introduced by APFM8. The result is shown in the table below.
Table 2.4.3 Institutional Gaps in Integrated Flood Management
Issue / Gaps identified in the current Institutional Setup Comments relevance Integration Lack of effective flood management unit within WRMA. The unit is not functioning properly. Lack of appropriate institutional arrangements to review and River gauging stations are not well-maintained
update hydrological data collection and monitoring system. and data source and reliability are limited. Lack of clear definite responsibility for flood forecasting Due to lack of data management capacity, the
and warning for WRMA responsibility is still unclear. Lack of strong linkage between Disaster Operation Centre WRMA is involved in disaster management at
and flood management mandates of WRMA. central and regional levels.
6 The Strategy for Flood Management for Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya 2004 7 The CMS in Lake Victoria North and Tana River were prepared as zero drafts, while one in LVSC was under preparation. 8 The concept of gap analysis is adapted from “Legal and Institutional Aspects of Integrated Flood Management, APFM Technical Document No.2 Jan. 2006.
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Issue / Gaps identified in the current Institutional Setup Comments relevance WRMA's first mandate is assigned for Lack of financial resources for flood management of management of water permits and catchment WRMA. management, not for flood management. Flood hazard map of Nyando river basin was Lack of overall risk assessment in Nyando river basin. prepared by the Study. Lack of appropriate mechanism for flood damage It is currently practiced by NGOs. assessment Disaster management is reactive rather than Participation Lack of appropriate disaster management mechanism proactive. Flood management activities are being Lack of community involvement in flood prevention and conducted at grass-root level mostly led by response NGOs. Lack of WRMA's involvement in DMC where information WRMA is not well-known among DMC Information of disaster management are exchanged. members. Currently Nyando river basin management Lack of effective mechanism to provide regular and forum is regularly held under the Study for comprehensive exchange of river management information information sharing and exchange. Pilot Project of the Study will provide Lack of opportunities to educate community regarding flood opportunity as model education programme risk and their roles for flood damage mitigation for flood management. Hydrological data management is WRMA’s Lack of hydrological data collection and sharing procedures mandate and the processes are being set. Lack of clear lines of communication among hydrological There is less communication linkage between
data collector (WRMA), DMC, and NGOs WRMA and DMC. Community flood hazard maps were prepared Lack of availability of flood hazard map for communities in 4 Pilot Project areas. Disaster management plans for 4 Pilot Project Lack of disaster management plan for communities areas will be prepared. Water Sector is in a transitional period as Rights, Lack of clear roles and responsibilities to construct and result from the reform and there is still powers and maintain flood control infrastructures argument on who is in charge for obligations implementing structural measures. Organisational capacity building is still ongoing with assistance by SIDA putting first Lack of commensurate power of WRMA with its priority on water permit management and obligations catchment management not on flood management. Source: JICA Study Team 2007
In order to fill the gaps, the current conditions and circumstances surrounding WRMA should firstly be understood in the sense that the most critical aspect of institutional setup for flood management is that the Water Sector Reform is still in transition period. In particular, since establishment, WRMA has being concentrated in organisational launch to fulfil its initially assigned tasks of water permit management and catchment management by assistance of SIDA, while flood management is set aside until the former will be set on their right ways. It seems that such condition will persist by the end of year 2009 when the assistance of SIDA will complete. In this regard, positive activities in flood management led by WRMA are likely to delay for realisation, unless intensive human and financial input into the flood management is made available.
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2.4.4 Lake Victoria South Water Services Board (LVSWSB)
Water Services Boards (WSBs) are the bodies that were separated from MWI in the area of water supply and sanitation. There are seven WSBs that cover the whole country. These WSBs are responsible for the efficient and economical provision of water and sewerage services within their areas of jurisdiction. They are the sole authorities mandated to obtain the licenses for provision of water services and appointment of Water Services Providers. LVSWSB is one of the WSBs for Lake Victoria South area based in Kisumu. LVSWSB covers the districts of Nyando, Siaya, Bondo, Homabay, Migori, Suba, Kuria, Kisii, Nyamira, Gucha, Kericho, Kisumu, Bomet, Transmara, Bureti, North Nandi, and South Nandi.
2.4.5 National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation (NWCPC)
(1) Overview of NWCPC
NWCPC was established under the State Corporation's Act Chapter 446 of the Laws of Kenya vide Legal Notice No. 270 of June 24th,1988 as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Water Development (the former MWI) and became operational on July 1st, 1989. NWCPC is of the largest state corporations under the MWI. Under the sector reform, NWCPC has been transformed into the construction arm of the MWI particularly for construction of the dams, pans and boreholes. Those services are delivered through an organisational structure consisting of three departments as illustrated in Figure 2.4.4.
Board of Directors
Managing Director Legal Services Internal Audit
Planning & Design Costruction, Electro- Finance & Department Mechanical Department Administration
Planning ICT(Information, Design Electro-Mechanical Financial Resources Human Resource & Construction Division Division Communication Division Division Management Division Administration Division Technology) Division Flood Cotrol Pans & Dams Borehole Source: Based on Interview to NWCPC Section Construction Section Drilling Section and NWC Strategic Plan 2005/6-2009/10
Figure 2.4.4 Organisational Structure of NWCPC
According to the staff, the Flood Control Section used to be within the ministry. In compliance with the sector reform, the entire section was transferred to the construction division of NWCPC.
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(2) Budget of NWCPC
Table 2.4.4 presents the budget of NWCPC related to flood control works.
Table 2.4.4 Budget of NWCPC for Flood Control Works (2006/07)
Items Mil. Ksh. Research, Feasibility Studies, Project Preparation and 10 Design, Project Supervision Rehabilitation of Canals 13 Construction of Flood Control Works (Garissa town) 30 Rehabilitation of Nyando Flood Control Works 45 Rehabilitation of Nzoia Flood Control Works 35 Total 133 Source: Data obtained from NWCPC 2006 Regionally, the Flood Control Unit of NWCPC in Ahero is exclusively undertaking river bank training works such as construction and extension of dykes along the Nyando River and its tributaries. In the fiscal year 2006/07, Ksh. 45 million was approved for rehabilitation of Nyando Flood Control Work specifically for extension of the eastern and western dykes and river training upstream of Ahero Bridge. In the previous fiscal year, most likely the same works (4,000m of dyke construction on both banks of Nyando River and de-silting works of tributaries) were conducted while there was little presence of WRMA observed in monitoring / inspecting the works. Overall budget of NWCPC received from the government reached Ksh. 1.9 billion9 for the year 2006/07, which is 19 times what WRMA received from the government (Ksh. 10 million except staff related costs).
(3) Future perspective in Flood Control Works as Structural Measures
The impact of the small-scale public flood control works is considerable, especially for the local people, since the works provide employment opportunities as casual labours for the local people involving in clearing, dredging and training the river channels. Compared with WRMA, NWCPC has more political power in terms of its budgetary treatment, direct impact on the local people and instant effect on flood control, which will enhance the exclusive and invincible position of NWCPC in flood control works. WRMA as a water resources regulator is expected to play its roles of inspection of the works and coordination with NWCPC and other institutions.
2.4.6 Water Services Trust Fund
(1) General Background
Water Act 2002 states that there is hereby established a fund to be known as the Water Services Trust Fund (WSTF). WSTF was established in May 2004 and initially set up with the aim of
9 Ksh. 1.7 billion as development expenditure and Ksh. 0.2 billion as recurrent expenditure. The figures are based on Estimates of Development / Recurrent Expenditure of the Government of Kenya 2006/2007, June 2006.
2 - 27 The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin Main Report financing domestic water supplies to areas of Kenya, where adequate water services are missing. The Act mandates WSTF to mobilise resources and provide financial assistance towards capital investment costs of providing water supply and sanitation supported by WSB. However, it is recognised that many community water projects provide combined irrigation and domestic water supplies, and irrigation is crucial to support livelihood of communities. In this regard, WRMA will play an important role to advocate for a situation, where WSTF can be utilised as a financing mechanism for storage projects.
Financial resources for the fund will be scored through a mix of sources such as:
i) Appropriation through government budget allocations,
ii) Donations,
iii) Grants and bequests from different sources,
iv) Any other monies payable to WSTF
The fund is also able to mobilise resources from bilateral, multilateral development partners, companies, organisations and individuals in Kenya and abroad. The fund can also support capacity building activities and initiatives that aim to enable communities to plan, implement, manage, operate and sustain water services.
Figure 2.4.5 presents the organisational structure of WSTF as of July 2007.
Board of Trustees
Resource Mobilisation Finance & General Technical Committee Audit Committee Committee Purposes Committee Chief Executive Officer
Resource Mobilisation Technical Manager Finance Manager Audit Manager Manager
Rural Unit Urban Unit Programme Procurement Accountants Engineer Engineer Officer Officer
Human Resources & Public Relations Sociologist Administration Officer Officer
Source: Chief Executive Officer, WSTF 2007 Administration Drivers Assistants
Figure 2.4.5 Organisational Structure of WSTF
WSTF has nine Trustees appointed and gazetted by the minister of MWI. Board of Trustees is the supreme decision-making organ charged with the responsibility of policy formulation, provision of advisory services, control of funds and assets of WSTF.
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(2) Funding Scale and Mechanism
Since start operation of WSTF, total of 600 applications were received for mostly domestic water supply with an estimated value of Ksh. 4 billion. By December 2005, 62 water and sanitation projects were realised for implementation.
Table 2.4.5 shows the currently available amount of funds from various donors.
Table 2.4.5 Available Fund from Donors
Available Source of Category Fund Receiver Support Remarks Fund Fund CBOs (Rural Water SIDA / The amount will be WSB Ksh. 1.8 bil. Supply) DANIDA disbursed by Dec. 2009 Water Supply & Ksh. 18 mil. GTZ Sanitation Water Service Providers The amount will be WSB Ksh. 500 mil. KfW (Urban Water Supply) disbursed by 2011 Ksh. 940 mil. EU The amount will start Water Resources WRUAs WRMA Ksh. 500 mil. SIDA disbursing from Jan. Management 2008 Note: Operation cost or recurrent cost of WSTF is basically supported by GOK, while 2.5% of total fund will be able to be utilised for such costs. Source: based on hearing from CEO WSTF.
In the area of water supply and sanitation, WSTF WSB is a key to support applicants such as CBOs, water services providers (WSPs), being a witness for Funding Agreement between WSTF and fund receivers. Generally funding mechanism is followed by so-called participatory community project cycle as shown below.
Table 2.4.6 Funding Cycle of WSTF for Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Cycle Stage Description Stage 1 Awareness creation and This step ensures that CBOs or WSP have foundation skills in mobilisation of communities leadership, management and community mobilisation prior to initiating in target locations an application for WSTF grant. Stage 2 Submission of initial WSB assesses the application mainly based on evidence of capacity for application letter to respective compliance with WSTF application guidelines and decides on WSB subsequent actions. Stage 3 Development and submission WSB invites the successful applicants to link up with support of detailed proposal organisation in developing a detailed funding proposal The support organisation is a region or district based organisation and could be a selected respective community group to establish a panel at each WSB level, Stage 4 Appraisal and WSB either accept the proposal in which case it is prioritised and recommendation of the project forwarded to WSTF, or advises on areas to be improved, or rejects the proposal by the WSB proposal. Stage 5 Consideration of the project It entails review of the proposal by WSTF Management to confirm proposal by WSTF compliance. The management either forward it to the Technical Committee for ranking, scheduling and recommendation to the Board for approval, or return to WSB if found wanting in some critical areas. Stage 6 Signing of funding agreement, Successful applicants sign Funding Agreements with WSTF, witnessed transfer of payments and by relevant WSB. The payments will be made against a disbursement implementation schedule stipulated in the agreement. Source: WSTF Fact Sheet 2006.
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Financing mechanism for WRUAs with assistance of WRMA is still under development and expected to start from 2008. However, the cycle will be quite similar to the case of water supply and sanitation project.
2.4.7 Office of the President
(1) Present National Framework of Disaster Management
The Ministry of State for Special Programmes under the Office of the President plays a significant role in overall disaster management at the national level. Figure 2.4.6 illustrates the present organisational structure related to the disaster management under the Ministry of State for Special Programmes.
Office of the President
Minister of State for Special Programme
Permanent Secretary
Horizontal Horizontal National AIDS Coordination Acting Director of Coordination Deputy Secretary / Control Council Programmes Finance Administration Public Relations Officer National Steering Disaster Risk Disaster Emergency Central Arid Lands Resource Committee Reduction Response & Coordination Planning Unit Management Project Accountants
National Disaster Procurement Officer Relief & Rehabilitation Operation Centre
Source: Based on the interview at Disaster Risk Reduction
Figure 2.4.6 Organisational Structure of the Ministry of State for Special Programmes
Currently, the Disaster Emergency Response and Coordination (DERC) under the Special Programmes is involved in disaster preparedness and management efforts in close collaboration with UN agencies, international NGOs and other organisations. DERC consists of the National Disaster Operation Centre (DOC) and the Relief and Rehabilitation (R&R) section. DOC was initiated in 1998 to respond to the El-Nino-induced floods for relief activities, while R&R was formed in response to the 1992/93 drought. DERC is responsible for immediate response at the national level in disaster management activities before, during and after the disasters, putting in place prevention, mitigation measures, public awareness programmes, and provision of relief and assistance to affected communities.
Table 2.4.7 shows the available budget within the Special Programmes by specific programmes.
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Table 2.4.7 Development Expenditures of the Ministry of State for Special Programmes 2006/07
(Unit: Mil. Ksh.) Programmes GOK Donor Support Total Remarks (UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, Disaster Emergency Response & Coordination 153.1 817.6 970.7 OXFAM) Arid Resource Management Project 1,320.1 120.0 1,440.1 (World Bank) National AIDS Control Council 706.8 780.0 1486.8 (Various Donors) Western Kenya Flood Mitigation Project 48.7 - 48.7 Support for Emergency Preparedness 44.7 - 44.7 Total 2,273.4 1717.6 3,991.0 Source: Estimate of Development Expenditures of the Government of Kenya 2006/2007, June 2006
More than 80% of the development expenditures of DERC are supported by donors and more than 90% is to be utilised for emergency relief materials and prevention / mitigation measures as national level assistance. This will be linked to the disaster management committee (DMC) at the regional levels. (The DMC is discussed further in Chapter 3.)
The government itself admits in the National Policy on Disaster Management that there are many institutions dealing with disaster related activities, but these are not functioning well nor are they within a coordinated framework10. The Policy is still under preparation, however, it proposes to establish National Disaster Management Authority (NADIMA) under the Special Programmes through drawing membership from the line ministries, local authorities, private sector, UN agencies, bilateral donors, the Red Cross / Red Crescent, NGOs, religious bodies, and other co-opted members. The key function and power of NADIMA are proposed to include reviewing and updating the disaster management policies, establishing a national disaster trust fund, mobilising resources both locally and internationally, and advising the government on disaster emergency declaration.
If the establishment of NADIMA is realised, it is expected that NADIMA will be a leading body in disaster management.
2.4.8 Donor Assistance related to the Study and WRMA’s Capacity Building
(1) Donor Assistance related to WRMA
There has been considerable support from development partners towards the water sector reform programme. This support has included technical assistance, financial resources, and equipment research inputs as well as financing of studies to facilitate the operationalisation of the reforms. SIDA/DANIDA and GTZ have been major partners to establish, support and operate WRMA’s mandates. These donors are committing to support WRMA under the following programmes.
10 National Policy on Disaster Management (Draft), Office of the President June 2002.
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Table 2.4.8 Assistance by SIDA/DANIDA and GTZ
Donor Programme Donor Components Contribution Duration (Mil. Ksh.) Kenya Water and SIDA / - Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) 3,820 01/2005 – Sanitation Programme DANIDA - Water Resources Management (WRM) 12/2009 (KWSP) - Support for Water Sector Reform (WSR) KV Programme for the GTZ - Institutional Reform of the Water Supply and 433* 10/2003 – Reform of the Water Sewerage Sector 12/2013 Sector, Kenya (KVP) - Commercialisation of Water Supply and Sewerage Companies - Water Resources Management - Public Relations and Communication Source: Water and Sanitation Programme Kenya-Swedish-Danish Cooperation July 2004 SIDA/DANIDA/MWRMD, and Terms of Reference for the Implementation of the Project: Assisting the Kenya Water Resources Management Authority 2004, GTZ. *Note: the figure is based on the data availed from WRMA HQ and it covers 2006/07-2008/09.
Under the KWSP, SIDA / DANIDA has dispatched and stationed a consultant at WRMA HQ as advisor to support operationalisation of WRMA, staff capacity building and training so that WRMA will be able to be self sustaining by the end of the year 2009. GTZ support is specialised in Tana and Lake Victoria North Catchment. The supports are areas of preparation of Catchment Management Strategies11 and sub-regional offices investment, of which funding was extended to LVSC and other catchments as well.
According to the interview survey by the Study Team, operation and development costs of WRMA are fully supported by SIDA/DANIDA and GTZ, while staff salaries are financed by the budget from MWI. In the fiscal year 2005/06 the following budget and expenditures were achieved.
Table 2.4.9 Revenue and Expenditure of WRMA
Revenue Source Amount (Mil. Ksh.) Staff Cost MWI Budget 150 Budget Provision GOK 9 Donor Contributions SIDA/DANIDA and GTZ 121 Revenues Genuine revenue from WRMA’s service 42 Total Revenue in 2005/06 322 Expenditures Amount (Mil. Ksh.) Recurrent (Staff Cost contributed by MWI) 150 Recurrent (WRMA / GOK) 49 Development (GOK) 3 Development (SIDA / DANIDA) 109 Development (GTZ) 11 Total Expenditures in 2005/06 322 Source: Brief on the Status of WRM, the WRMA and the Challenges ahead, WRMA Oct. 2006
11 Due to the GTZ support, the zero drafts of Catchment Management Strategies for both catchments were firstly prepared as the priority areas.
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The above table indicates that Ksh. 150 million for WRMA’s staff salaries and staff related costs were contributed by MWI as the recurrent expenditure. Without this contribution, the financial balance would be in deficit by Ksh. 150 million. Table 2.4.10 provides the WRMA financial balance projections for the next three years.
Table 2.4.10 Future Available and Required Budget Estimates for WRMA Operation
Available Budget (Mil. Ksh.) 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 GOK (Development) 5.0 5.0 5.0 GOK (Recurrent) 5.0 5.0 5.0 GTZ 5.9 5.9 5.9 Revenue (Projected) 72.0 200.0 300.0 SIDA / DANIDA 182.0 115.0 140.0 (A) Total Available Budget (Mil. Ksh.) 269.9 330.9 455.9 Required Budget Estimate (Mil. Ksh.) 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 Salaries and staff related costs 72.0 140.0 180.0 Operational costs (Office) 50.0 50.0 50.0 Operational cost Monitoring System 100.0 100.0 100.0 Investment in Offices 139.0 71.0 71.0 Investment in Monitoring System 12.0 131.0 135.1 Investment in Water Resources Management 25.0 31.0 37.0 (B) Total Required Budget (Mil. Ksh.) 398.0 523.0 573.1 Balance (B)–(A) -128.1 -192.1 -117.3 Source: Data obtained from WRMA HQ.
As the table indicates, the budget balance is likely to be in deficit, even though:
1) The revenue of WRMA is projected to substantially increase to Ksh. 300 million per annum after commencing to collect water use charges,
2) MWI will provide Ksh 250 million12 for the next five-year period for staff related costs, which is not included in the above table.
SIDA estimated that the revenue from water use charges will be up to Ksh. 400 million per year nationwide, assuming that 50% of the volume of water is accounted for. In order to realise this revenue, more staff hiring and training, and investments in monitoring systems / equipment will be required. Additionally, SIDA provided a rough estimate that Ksh. 620-650 million per year will be required for WRMA operation with full complement of staff with 6 regional offices and 25 sub-regional offices. This implies that Ksh. 220-250 million must be provided through either government or donors’ support if the expected revenue of Ksh. 400 million per year is achieved.
12 MWI will commit this budgetary support decreasing 20% each year, according to information from WRMA.
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(2) World Bank Programme
The World Bank commenced the Western Kenya Community Driven Development and Flood Mitigation Project (WKCDD/FM) targeting the Western Province and part of Nyanza Province including Kisumu and Nyando districts. This project is designed to invest in building the capacity of multi-purpose community development committees, which will provide a basis for other programmes to include appropriate and effective investments in flood protection and natural resources management. The project has the following components presented in Table 2.4.11 below.
Table 2.4.11 Brief Description of WKCDD/FM Project
Component Description Costs (Mil. US$) Community Driven - Financing micro-projects identified and implemented by 30 Development communities, which will be assisted by Mobile Community Advisors such as technical personnel of local governments and civil society organisations. - Establishing district steering committees, which will be supported with project funds to plan, manage and guide participatory development - Establishing a pilot Youth Development Support Fund and pilot Community Foundation - Enhancing planning and response mechanisms at the district and other levels and strengthen the capacity for district level entities to facilitate the implementation of activities that cut across communities and districts Multi-Purpose - Investing in water storage facilities for flood control, irrigation, small 42 Flood Management hydro-electric power generation, and erosion reduction Investment - Assisting catchment conservation, farmer training and agro-forestry in Kakamega and Mt. Elgon - Assisting to develop an early warning system in the lower catchment for flood detection and flood protection works Project - Supporting research, market assessments and advocacy work 8 Implementation - Supporting the identification and development of new opportunities Support for economic growth - Financial management and procurement by the coordinator and selected professionals within the Office of President Special Programmes - Monitoring and evaluation of support by reports, score cards and expenditure tracking with statistical surveys of economic, social and environmental indicators Source: Draft Project Appraisal Document for WKCDD, World Bank
The project is currently in the initiation process. It should be noted that the project component is aimed at construction of large-scale water storage in Nzoia River and the project takes into consideration that the WRMA regional office along with the district steering committees will be the key institutions to guide the development and implementation of the investments.
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2.5 WATER RESOURCE USERS ASSOCIATIONS
2.5.1 Background of Water Resource Users Associations
The Water Resource User Associations (WRUAs) are recognised in the Water Act 2002 and intended to be associations of water users, riparian land owners, or other stakeholders who have formally and voluntarily associated for the purposes of cooperatively sharing, managing and conserving common water resources. The Act suggests that WRMA may facilitate and provide administrative, logistical, financial and other support to WRUAs. As presented in Figure 2.4.1, WRUAs is categorised into an institutional body at local or regional level and could be formed around a lake, water resource, a defined groundwater aquifer, a spring or a river.
The main objectives and expected activities of WRUAs are the followings:
Table 2.5.1 Objectives and Expected Activities of WRUAs in Water Resources Management
Objectives Expected Activities Promote controlled and legal water use activities that Exchange information and ideas on water resource use recognise the needs of all the communities relying on the water resources Promote good water management practices to make Discuss potential projects or development that may affect efficient and sustainable use of the water resources water usage with a view to obtaining the consent of other association members as well as members of the public Promote water conservation practices to ensure sufficient Lobby for the implementation of facilities and controls water reserves to meet the demands of the environment, that contribute to a better management of their water the wildlife, the livestock and all the communities who resources rely on the water resources Work towards reducing conflicts in use of the resources Resolve conflicts on water use and participate in solving those that arise Promote catchment conservation measures to improve Monitor water availability and use water quantity and quality Source: Report on Operationalisation of the Water Act 2002 in Water Resources Management, Oct. 2005 SIDA.
2.5.2 Registration and Membership of WRUAs
There are two types of registrations for WRUAs.
Table 2.5.2 Types of Registrations for WRUAs
Type Description Conditions for registration Registration under Societies This registration gives WRUAs legal - A form from Ministry of Justice and Act mandates because they are established Constitutional Affairs duly filled in and as legal entities. signed by the office bearers It takes about 3-5 months or extends to - A properly formulated constitution one year for the registration process. - Minutes of meeting detailing the election of the office bearers Registration under This registration allows WRUAs to - Opening bank account Department of Culture and operate as CBO but does not define - Being recognised by public Social Services them as legal entities. Registration is quick and handled at district level Source: WRUA Development Cycle Framework, Working Document, WRMA May 2007.
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As shown in the table above, registration under Department of Culture and Social Services is a quick and easy alternative for WRUA establishment. Therefore, in practice, many WRUAs have opted to start as CBO and upgrade their registration as they progress and better organised.
Membership of WRUAs is governed by their constitutions. According to the WRUA Development Cycle by WRMA, ideal membership of WRUAs is suggested to comprise of the following:
Table 2.5.3 Membership of WRUAs
Type of Memberships Brief descriptions 1. Riparian members A riparian land owner is entitled to membership as a riparian member, even if the member does not abstract water directly from the water body. 2. Abstractor members The members are a person, scheme, project, which abstract water from the water body and which should normally have a water permit. 3. Non-consumptive members The members are a person, enterprise or other legally registered entity, which do not abstract from the water body. Fishing cooperative serves an example. 4. Observer members The members are in non-voting category. The membership is opened to any individual, organisation, government. Source: WRUA Development Cycle Framework, Working Document, WRMA May 2007.
2.5.3 Financial Aspect of WRUAs
Currently, the financing system of WRUAs is under development, while the following financing schemes will be options for WRUAs.
Table 2.5.4 Major Financing Options for WRUAs
Source Descriptions Internal fund Membership registration fee, annual subscriptions, voluntary contributions, payment for services given by WRUAs WRMA Support directly or indirectly on capacity building activities, planning workshops, riparian demarcation, catchment protection, designs and proposal development for larger water resource infrastructure (dams, flood protection etc.) Water Services Fund from WSTF is being developed. WSTF will support the followings upon submission of Trust Fund proposal vetted by WRMA. (WSTF) - Implementation of sub-catchment management plan, - Building compliance to regulations - Development of small to medium scale storage or flood protection - Catchment conservation and river bank protection - Training and capacity building - Others Source: WRUA Development Cycle Framework, Working Document, WRMA May 2007.
Apart from the major options listed above, financial supports from Constituency Development Fund (CDF), Community Development Trust Fund, and NGOs will be opened to WRUAs.
When WRUAs are matured sufficiently and having undertaken a number of sizable activities, funds could eventually be made available through WRMA or WSTF based on determination of the following.
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i) A sound proven track record,
ii) Clear evidence of previous value for money investments,
iii) Fiscal discipline and established financial management systems,
iv) Clear and detailed work plans and activities with all necessary supporting designs / documentations.
2.5.4 Existing Water Resource Users Association in LVSC
According to WRMA regional office in LVSC, 14 number of the following WRUAs have been established with support of WRMA.
Table 2.5.5 List of Existing WRUAs in LVSC
Name of River Name of WRUA 1 Mara Mara River Water Users Association 2 Mbogo- tributary of Nyando river Mbogo River Water Users Association 3 Chemngatat- tributary of Nyando Ogirigiri Water User Project 4 Tugunon- Tributary of Nyando Tugunon River Water Users Association 5 Kipchorian- tributary of Nyando Kipchorian River Water Users Association 6 Ainapngetuny Ainapngetuny River Water Users Association 7 Chirichiro-tributary of Gucha Chirichiro Water Resources Users Association 8 Gucha Gucha Water Resources Users Association 9 Magunga Magunga Water Resources Users Association 10 Lake Victoria West Kano Irrigation Scheme Water Resources Users Association Small rivers between Nyando and 11 Kano Plains Water Users Association Nyamasaria 12 Nyando River Nyando Water Resources Users Association
13 Korondo Nyasare Korondo Nyasare River Water Resources Users Association
14 Kibos River Kibos Water Resources Users Association Source: WRMA regional office in LVSC
WRMA has been assisting WRUA establishment and development according to the WRUA development cycle. Most of the WRUAs in LVSC have been just established and been under capacity building stage.
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CHAPTER 3 EXISTING FRAMEWORK AND ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
3.1 EXISTING FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The coordination and management of disasters including floods, drought, landslides, earthquakes, terrorism, civil conflicts, disease epidemics, transport accidents, fires and so on are handled through the Disaster Management Committees (DMCs). The DMCs are put in place at national level to location level. Disaster Emergency and Response Coordination (DERC) is in charge of the national DMC under the Office of President as mentioned earlier. At the division and location levels, there are also DMCs and the series of DMCs are vertically linked along the administration units as presented in Figure 3.1.1.
Line of Disaster Management Committees
Disaster Emergency & ResponseCoordination (DERC) Office of President Special Programmes
Provincial DMC (Provincial Commissioner)
District DMC (District Commissioner)
Division DMC (District Officer)
Location DMC (Location Chief)
Sub-Location Sub-Location Sub-Location Sub-Location (Sub-Chief) (Sub-Chief) (Sub-Chief) (Sub-Chief)
Village Level Village Level Village Level Village Level Source: JICA Study Team 2006 *( ) bracket represents chairperson of the committee. Figure 3.1.1 Existing Institutional Framework of the Disaster Management Committees
Since the nature of disaster relief and response requires a multisectoral and multidisciplinary approach, DMCs consist of various government organisations and NGOs. The following table presents the organisations identified as major DMC members in Kisumu and Nyando districts and their types of activities.
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Table 3.1.1 Selected Major DMC Members and Activities in Kisumu and Nyando districts
Organisation Activities / Roles Agriculture Department Preservation of food security and crop damage assessment Fisheries Department Preservation of food security Water Department (Water Services Provision of clean water to those affected by disaster Board) Public Works Department Repair of roads/bridges damaged by floods Health Department Provision of nets, surveillance, drugs, back-up Education Department Provision of necessary information through schools Police Department Provision of transport and security Meteorological Department Provision of early warning information on weather Kenya Airport Authority Provision of fire fighting engines in case of fire Provision of relief food and non food items, community training for Red Cross Society flood management at location level St. John’s Ambulance Provision of first aid training Marine and Allied Training Centre Provision of marine safety training Kenya Pipeline Ltd. Provision of inflammable petroleum products in case of disasters CREP Provision of chlorine for water purification ADRA Provision of relief food to those affected by disaster World Vision Provision of support in areas of health WFP Provision of transport and cooking oil CARE Kenya Provision of chlorine for water purification VIRED Forestation and food security SANA International Community capacity building in flood management Source: Series of Minutes of Meeting of DMC at Kisumu and Nyando districts and interview survey by JICA Study Team
Currently there is no presence of WRMA in DMC activities and WRMA is not widely known among the existing members. In addition to the above members, local councillors and town clerks occasionally participate in the committees. In the recent norms of decentralisation, the roles of provincial administration have been shrinking, particularly in events such as floods. Initiatives for the flood relief / mitigation activities are taken at lower levels such as districts and divisions.
The DMC meetings in the districts, divisions and locations are normally held on a quarterly basis unless disasters occur. In the event of disaster (floods), the committee meetings are held and necessary assistances by the members are offered. On the occasion of serious damage, the DMC at the district level communicates with the Office of the President through the provincial commissioner (Provincial DMC) and requests further assistance. The DMCs through administrative channels provide advisories to the people that may be affected. Some of their activities involve identification of evacuation centres and the coordination of other relief agencies during the response period.
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3.2 DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
3.2.1 Nyando District
Nyando District DMC prepared a District Action Plan for Disaster Management after the flood in 2004. The Action Plan aims at the overall goal to establish and maintain an efficient, effective and co-ordinated system for managing disasters in order to minimise losses and resulting disruptions to the population, economy and environment
It proposes to conduct the various activities as disaster preparedness and response as shown in Table 3.2.1.
Table 3.2.1 District Action Plan for Disaster Management (Nyando District)
Activities Required Inputs Estimate (Ksh) Training of Trainers (TOTs) in disaster 5 days training for 4 persons at 5 divisions 300,000 preparedness and management Training of division and location disaster 10 persons training at each of 27 locations 270,000 management committees Provision of transport and communication Purchase of the following: 7,385,000 for rapid response to disasters - 7-ton lorry - 4-wheel drive vehicle - Motor bikes - Inflatable boat Providing funds for the following: - Transport Operating Expenses - Telephone Expenses - Subsistence Expenses Establishment of a district based information Purchase of office equipment (cabinets, conference 370,000 centre table, chairs, PC, photocopier) Provision for relief food and non-food items Food Items 15,330,000 in the event of disaster Maize, beans, cooking oil for one month for 20,000 persons Non Food Items Blankets, Water containers, Family Tents, Tarpaulins, Mosquito nets, Kitchen sets, Medicine, Chlorine, Soap, Seed (maize, beans, sorghum, cow peas) Construction of a warehouse or storage Funds for construction of a warehouse 2,000,000 facility for relief items Repair / rehabilitation of damaged roads and Grading 14 km of road, Spot gravelling 1.5 km 7,760,000 bridges after floods 900 mmΦ culvert installation and backfilling 3,000 m3 drainage opening, 3,000 m3 dozer rehabilitation 1. Identification and improvement of Drilling boreholes and construction of latrines at 10,531,500 evacuation centres each centre
Total 43,946,500 Source: Nyando District Action Plan for Disaster Management and Capacity Building 2005.
In addition to the above disaster preparedness, sectoral contributions were proposed to conduct the following activities in the three sectors.
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Table 3.2.2 Proposed Sectoral Intervention for Disaster Management
Sector Proposed Interventions Water Sector Construction of dykes - Extension of the dykes along River Nyando towards the lake. - Construction of dykes from Nyakwere to Sango Rota along Sondu Miriu River.
Opening and maintenance of drainage/river channels - Drainage/river channel from Miwani Division continuation through Kadibo Division up to the lake.
Flood mitigation measures to enhance irrigation in the Kano Plains - Damming of flood waters in the rivers running from the highlands to reduce damage to crops, homes and other properties - Protection of potential irrigation areas from flood water by erecting dykes. - Provision of water flow control structures, especially the provision of drainage channels to lead water in and away from the cropped land, thus maximising water utilisation.
Livestock Sector - Conduct farmers sensitisation forums in flood areas - Carry out demonstrations on: feed conservation, raised floor houses - Conduct trainings on: livestock husbandry, dairy cow keeping, dairy goat keeping, beekeeping, local poultry keeping - Procurement of dairy goats and bucks, hybrid cockerels, hangs troth hives and supper for demonstration on contact farms.
Forest Sector - Sensitisation of farmers around the gullies: Ogilo, Kodero, Awasi, Kasare and Bolo - Backstopping on design and lay out of soil conservation and water-harvesting structures and agro forestry - Energy conservation through promotion of solar cookers and food warmers - Afforestation of upper catchment areas and rehabilitation of already degraded areas to improve effects on floods. - Seedling production - Tree planting - Awareness creation on effects of floods on bare soil and benefits of vegetation, economic benefits of planted trees as a source of income and energy, and necessity to incorporate alternative sources of energy to reduce the pressure on existing vegetation
Source: Nyando District Action Plan for Disaster Management and Capacity Building 2005.
Some NGOs are taking the initiative for the food-for-work at the community level implementing de-silting of drainages and canals, rehabilitation of gullies and raising of community access roads. However, due to the financial constraints and lack of coordination among the stakeholders in the DMC, most of the above plan has not been realised as initially planned so far.
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3.2.2 Kisumu District
Kisumu district DMC also prepared a Work Plan on Disaster Preparedness and Management in 2004. The plan outlines the fact that resources are required in order for the DMC to effectively deal with disasters and to discharge its mandate. Also, the plan states that it is necessary to coordinate the efforts of the related institutions, including all government departments, NGOs, CBO, churches and communities in order to avoid duplication and assure that the assistance reaches the target groups. The DMC work plan is tabulated in Table 3.2.3.
Table 3.2.3 Work Plan on Disaster Management Preparedness (Kisumu District)
Type of Possible Measures to prevent Occurrence Required Inputs Possible Contributors Disaster Flood - Drainage improvement - Relief food stock GOK, DMC, NGO, - Pan / Dam construction - Shelter materials CBO, Line local - Raised homesteads and farmland - Relocation sites department, Red - Planting trees and grasses upstream - Technical staff Cross, and - Capacity building and maintenance - Transport allowance communities - De-silting existing canals - Food for work - Digging ditches around schools, hospitals and - Vouchers for work market centres - Medical first aid supplies - Putting in place an early warning system Drought - Early warning system - Construction machinery Farmers, NGO, GOK, - Crop diversification for drought resistance / - Relief food stock District department early maturing crops - Technical personnel from (agriculture and - Exploitation of groundwater MOA water), DMC, local - Improvement of water harvesting techniques - Transport allowances leaders and - Improvement of food storage silo stock - Food supply communities - On-farm post harvesting food preservation techniques Traffic - Regular testing of drivers every two years -- Police department, Accidents - Weekly speed check vehicle owners, and - Regular vehicle inspection public - Alcohol-testing Fire - Use of stand-by fire brigades - Fire brigades GOK, Department of - Removal of buildings and other structures on - Rescue personnel public works, NGO, road reserves - Ambulance City Council - Avoid parking of fuel lorries along the road - Equipping Fire Department with right fire equipment Epidemics - Monitoring devices and early warning system - Medical facilities with Health department, of possible epidemic outbreak adequate equipment / drugs DMC, National DMC - Sensitisation on the importance of preventive - Personnel training on measures against possible epidemic outbreak disaster management - First aid training Total Cost Estimate for the above Interventions Ksh. 20.7 Million Source: Work Plan on Disaster Preparedness and Management, Kisumu District Disaster Management Committee, 2004
Similarly to the situation in Nyando district, the above plan was not adequately implemented due to the same causes of lack of financial resources and coordination among the stakeholders in the DMC. Additionally, the District Water Office in May 2005 reported flood assessment
3 - 5 The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin Main Report and cost estimate for remedial intervention for the district-wide flood control against exacerbated flood damages. The cost estimate for the intervention in Kisumu District was Ksh. 122 million1, while development expenditures for flood control works by MWI was Ksh. 111 million for the entire nation in 2005/2006. This implies that most of the remedial intervention was could not be financed2.
3.3 PAST AND ON-GOING ACTIVITIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
3.3.1 Government Effort for Flood Control
In order to reduce flood damage in the Nyando river basin, NWCPC implemented construction of dikes and de-silting work along the Nyando River. In addition, de-silting works for other rivers such as Ombei River, Miriu River and Awach River have been done. The following works have been done so far or are being implemented in FY 2006/07.
Table 3.3.1 Flood Control Projects Implemented by NWCPC
Item Before FY FY 2005/06 FY 2006/07 Total 2005/06 Dike construction on the left bank 6.0 km 1.4 km 1.5 km 8.9 km Dike construction on the right bank 3.0 km 2.6 km 1.5 km 7.1 km De-silting work for Nyando river 2.2 km - 0.7 km 2.9 km De-silting work for other rivers - 7.5 km 9.0 km 16.5 km Total Costs N/A Ksh. 40 mil. Ksh. 45 mil. - Source: Nyando Flood Control Unit, NWCPC
The dike construction was made with the construction machineries owned by NWCPC and 15 km of dike in total on each bank will be constructed in the future. The de-silting works have been done using man-power through direct employment of labourers under NWCPC. While most of the local people that live in the flood prone area along Nyando River appreciate the above effort made by NWCPC, NWCPC noted that the life time of the dike will be around 10 years only due to shortage of funds and construction machinery.
3.3.2 Flood Mitigation Food for Work Project
An NGO (Care Kenya) implemented the Flood Mitigation Food for Work Project beginning in January 2004. The project is carried out as part of Development Assistance Program II in Nyanza and Western provinces under Care Kenya with assistance of USAID. For the
1 Kisumu District Flood Situation Brief and Flood Control Estimate, Kisumu District Water Office, May 2005 2 According to the minutes of meeting of Nyando DMC, annual budget actually received ranges from Ksh. 20 to 40 million. Considering the degree of flood damage in Kisumu district, it is assumed to be slightly less than in Nyando.
3 - 6 The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin Main Report implementation of the project, Care Kenya contracted NGO (VIRED International) for actual implementation. The objective of the project is that by September 2008, the number of people displaced by flood in Nyando and Kisumu districts will have been reduced by 25%. The Source: Annual activity report for Food for Work Project, Care Kenya, October 2005 project covers 11 locations Figure 3.3.1 Target Locations for Food For Work in both Kisumu and Nyando districts as illustrated in Figure 3.3.1. The project formulated a flood control committee with six members in each target location. The flood control committee discussed and finalised the location and schedule of the works on a location basis. Food items such as beans and vegetable oils are distributed to the participants in the work projects depending on how much work each individual does. The following works will be done under the project as shown in Table 3.3.2 and the progress as of October 2005 is shown in Table 3.3.3.
Table 3.3.2 Annual Target for Flood Mitigation Food for Work Project
Item Unit FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 Total Road rehabilitation km 5 10 15 10 10 50 De-silting work for canals km 10 50 50 50 50 210 Excavation of Rivers km 20 45 45 45 45 200 De-silting work for earth pans M3 0 15,750 15,750 15,750 15,750 63,000 Source: Annual activity report for Food for Work Project, Care Kenya, October 2005
Table 3.3.3 Progress of Flood Mitigation Food for Work Project
Item Unit Kadibo Nyando Lower Nyakach Total FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2004 FY 2005 Road rehabilitation km 13.5 21.5 14.5 33.5 - 6 89 De-silting work for canals km 38 45 11 50 5 39 188 Excavation of Rivers km 12 88 3 21 - 8 132 De-silting work for earth pans M3 - - - 9,300 Source: Annual activity report for Food for Work Project, Care Kenya, October 2005
The above table indicates the good progress of the project, since the achievements of the road rehabilitation works and de-silting works for canal and rivers have exceeded those annual targets. Therefore, the project increased target locations for Winam (Kisumu District) and Muhoroni Divisions (Nyando District) that were identified for flood mitigation.
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Their works are closely collaborated with communities through organising community flood control committees, which are headed by elected leaders from the communities. There is clear separation from the DMC, which is organised according to regional administration lines. Those scales of activities are rather small but effective at the spots where works have been done and the communities’ appreciation is high.
3.3.3 Other Activities by NGO
NGO (SANA International) carried out drainage improvement in Kuoyo sub-location of Kolwa West location in the study area. According to the needs survey made by SANA in 2004, flood control was identified as a high priority. Based on the needs assessment, the community based drainage improvement project was formulated by the SANA. In the proposal, improvement of 10 drainage channels, which amounted to Ksh. 35 million in total, was proposed. However, only CORD AID (Dutch based organisation) showed interest in financing to the project, and, as a result, only two drainage channels amounting to Ksh. 7 million were improved in 2006.
3.3.4 Assessment of Disaster Management Activities
According to the past minutes of meetings, DMC meetings were held most frequently during March-May (long-rain season). In the series of meetings before and during the flood seasons, the members of the DMC report flood situations and their activities to share the information of “who has what” for effective coordination in provision of relief assistance. The general assessments on conducting disaster management activities are listed as follows.
Table 3.3.4 Assessment of Activities by Disaster Management Committee
Positive Negative Food-for-work is somewhat useful for There have been situations where some of the drainage clearing before floods and is members do not respond or take remedial appreciated by the communities. measures through the DMC. Local collaborations are well established. District departments under the line ministries are less aware that they are part of the DMC. Human resources were present and willing to Inadequate supply of non-food relief items and cooperate with each other at the district level lack of storage capacity. Information sharing is done fairly well in the Lack of coordination between the DMC and OP DMC. tends to lead to inappropriate targeting. The amount of relief materials becomes large Dual initiatives by municipality / town council due to dual intervention by Mayor / area and province / district (DMC) sometimes cause councillors and DMC line. chaos in relief aid distributions.
There is need to involve the private sector more in disaster management, since there are a
3 - 8 The Study on Integrated Flood Management for Nyando River Basin Main Report number of industries in the agricultural sector such as the sugar and other agro-based industries, which can potentially put more resources into disaster management.
Since the flood is a seasonal event in the district, the District DMC has involved the communities in de-silting waterways, and opening ditches to minimise flood flow as interim preparedness measures. These activities are conducted through the following various ways.
(i) Food-for-work by NGOs (CARE Kenya3) and at location level under the chief (using the funds from the Office of President)
(ii) River training works (construction and rehabilitation of river structures) by NWCPC (using MWI budget)
There is a criticism of the food-for-work due to its excessive incentives to the community, while the participants considerably appreciate the employment opportunities. The funds for structural works by NWCPC are comparatively large; however, the quality of works is generally low due to deteriorated equipment and machinery.
The following constraints can be observed in the current disaster management efforts, particularly for flood management.
a) Lack of well-trained personnel in disaster management
b) Lack of coordination with related organisations and political interventions disrupt coordination
c) Lack of warehouses to store aid materials and items for disaster preparedness
d) Lack of appropriate tools for de-silting and water channels works
e) Difficulty of traditional flood forecasting due to the recent climatic changes
f) Lack of mitigation measures for harnessing water for irrigation use against high needs to utilise flood water.
With regard to item a) above, the Red Cross has extensive training activities at location level. The activities focus on getting the communities to build a disaster tolerant capacity by transferring basic knowledge about floods. However, they have a chronic financial shortage.
3 CARE Kenya provides funds with national NGO, VIRED for operation of Food for Work in Kadibo Division in Kisumu District, where flood damages are the most serious in the district.
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