THE WORK OF THE BAPTISTS IN CANADIAN EDUCATION

by

Arch Magee

A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Education of McGill University

1943 THE WORK OF THE BAPTISTS IN CANADIAN EDUCATION

I* INTRODUCTION II• BAPTIST BEGINNINGS (A) The Background of Ideas (B) The English Baptists (C) The Baptists Come to the New World III, THE MARITIME PROVINCES (A) The First Canadian Baptists (B) The Pioneer Schools (C) Permanent Foundations Laid (D) The First University IV. BAPTIST WORK IN ONTARIO AND QUEBEC (A) Early Tears (B) The Canada Baptist College (C) The French Baptist Movement (D) The Pre-McMaster Era (E) The Founding of McMaster University V« THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT (A) Baptist Beginnings in Western Canada (B) The Pioneer Schools In Western Canada (C) The Western Colleges; Brandon and Okanagan VI. PRESENT STATUS VII* CONCLUSIONS APPENDICES 1* An Act Incorporating the Trustees of the Queen's College at Horton. 2. An Act to Unite Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College under the Name of McMaster University. 3. Excerpts frcm the Will of Senator William McMaster. 4. Comparative figures from The Canada Census 1941. I. BIBLIOGRAPHT INTRODUCTION...

The purpose of this treatise is to present a study of the contribution made by Baptists in Canada to the development of education in this country. It aims to give a broad treatment of the subject without overlooking significant details. In the pre­ paration of such a study it will be necessary to refer to the background of ideas and their historical unfolding. For this reason, therefore, reference is made to the writings of church historians, reports in contemporary newspapers, articles in religious periodicals, records of proceedings, legislative enact­ ments, and quotations from religious and educational leaders. Hie literature in the field Is meagre and is largely limited to incidental references in books on other subjects. An organized bibliography is appended. It should not be forgotten that the Baptist denomination is one of the largest Protestant groups in the world. It numbers about thirteen million communicant members, and probably fifty to 1. sixty million adherents. A very large number of these are to be found in the United States and their ratio to the total population in Canada is comparatively small; nevertheless, as this study will show, they have made a worthy contribution to educational effort in this country. Unlike most other denominations, the Baptists do not trace their origin to any particular founder. On the contrary, many streams of thought arising independently have contributed to the formation of the Baptist Denomination of today.

1. Baptist year book of Ontario and Quebec 1942. Definition of Baptists Baptists as a denomination have never adopted a formal creed. A number of "Confessions of Faith* such as the "New Hampshire Confession" and the "Philadelphia Confession" are widely, used, but not binding. Universal among Baptists is the dictum that: "The Word of God is the sole and sufficient guide in all matters of faith and practice". In matters of theology and ecclesiology great emphasis is laid upon the teachings and practices of the early Christian Church as recorded in the New Testament. In theory at least any religious belief or proceeding that cannot be found, expressly or implicitly, in the New Testament is to be rejected. One of the results of this principle is the Baptist system of Church government. In the Baptist view the local group of baptized ("immersed") believers, and that only, is the unit. It is autonomous, independent and complete. It may, however, voluntarily associate itself with sister churches for the furtheranee of common interests. This results in the formation of Associations (churches in a limited area, or for a particular linguistic group), of Conventions (churches in a number of Associations regionally related), and finds its 1. fullest expression in "The Baptist World Alliance". Baptists believe that they find taught in the New Testament great principles whieh motivate their action. If Christ Jesus died for the least of men, and if it shall not profit a man if he gain the whole world and lose his own soul, the worth of the individual, of personality, is beyond our measuring.

1. Baptist World Alliance: Name of the world wide Baptist Awsociation which ordinarily meets quinquennially. ii Every man, according to the New Testament, has the right and duty to deal directly with God for himself, giving the principle of "soul-competency". If man is second only to God in dignity and is competent and bound to deal directly with God, there inevitably arises the principle of liberty of conscience. No man has the right to compel the conscience of another, hence church and state are eternally independent, each sovereign only in its own sphere. Manfs worth being what it is, he has the right to develop to the best possible degree the natural qualities of mind (inter alia) that he has. This implies the right to do the best that is possible in the time and circumstances in education. Consequently Baptists resisted the imposition of religious tests for University Matriculation, the imposition of taxes or the expenditure of money obtained by taxation for religious purposes, and demanded equal educational opportunity for all. Failing to obtain in some cases because of religious tests the educational opportunities which they desired, wishing in other cases to promote the higher branches of learning for their own religious purposes, seeing the need of even elementary education if the condition of mankind was to be improved, they have or­ ganized educational institutions of all grades, and to these have welcomed - in accordance with their principle of freedom of conscience - students of every religious denomination. The succeeding pages show that Baptist ideals necessarily result if carried to their logical conclusion in the promotion of education. As applied to the development of education in Canada we shall endeavour first to briefly set forth those ideals

iii in their historic setting, and in their transfer to this country. Following this will be a more specific discussion of the growth and practical application of those ideals to the problems of the new world. This will be done under three main heads in historical sequence, first in the Maritime Provinces, secondly in Ontario and Quebec, and thirdly in Western Canada. Following that the present status will be noted and conclusiohs presented.

iv CHAPTER I BAPTIST BEGINNINGS

It is necessary first to trace briefly the origin and development of that body of ideas which distinguishes Baptists. Arising in Europe and early transferred to the new world, these ideas, as far as Canada is concerned came ehiefly through the English Baptists. (A) The Background of Ideas 1. The origin of the "Baptist cause* is obscure. The first definite statement of Baptist principles appears in association with the rise of the Anabaptists, a sect which appeared in Switzerland at the time of the Zwinglian reformation. Dr. Heberle, an impartial German investigator, in considering the probability of the Anabaptist doctrines being derived from sects that ante-dated the reformation writes as follows: "...They urged the putting away of all modes of wor­ ship which were unknown to the church of the apostles, and the restoration of the observance, according to their institution, of the two ceremonies ordained by Christ. Thgy contended against the Christianity of worldly governments, rejected the salaries of preachers, the taking of interest and tithes, the use of the sword, and demanded the return of apostolic excommunication and primitive community of goods.

1# Baptists frequently refer to their denominational activities as a "cause". - 1 - *• 2 — "It is well known that just these principles are found in the sects of the Middle Ages. The supposition is therefore very probable and between these and the re- baptizers of the Reformation there was an external historical connection. The possibility of this as respects Switzerland is all the greater, since just here the traces of these sects, especially the Waldenses, can be followed down to the end of the fifteenth century. But a positive proof in this connection we have not... In reality the explanation of this agreement needs no proof of a real historical union between Anabaptists and their predecessors, for the abstract biblical standpoint upon which the one as well as the other place themselves is sufficient of itself to prove a union of the 2. two in the above mentioned doctrines". Though the origin of the Anabaptist movement cannot be accurately ascertained the characteristics of the Swiss movement are of interest because of the remarkable parallel between the principles of this group and those of modern Baptists. There were many varieties of Anabaptists, but some of the principles which were common to all of them have come down through the centuries to form the Background of Ideas for the present day Baptists. The following are particular­ ly interesting:

(q)

2# Jahrbucher fur Deutche Theologie, 1858, p. 276 seq. Q,uoled in Vedder, A Short History of the Baptists p. 1. «•» 3 — (a) They were all convinced that the practice of infant baptism was unscriptural. Today the "believerfs baptism" is perhaps the most distinguishing characteristic of the denomination. (b) They insisted upon a church composed solely of believers and were unanimous in admitting only immersed Christians to the Lordfs Supper. This latter clause led to schisms in the later Canadian Baptist group. (c) Any sort of connection between church and state they repudiated. From this tenet comes the liberty of conscience clause which forms the basis of all Baptist thinking. Though the Anabaptists came into conflict with Calvin who considered disorganized heresy as something that could only be met with the sword and the faggot, his ideas had a profound in­ fluence upon later Baptist thought. The historic Calvinistic interpretation of the universe regards man as being subject to the soverign will of God, which cannot be understood by ordinary rational methods. His will is the supreme cause and standard, it is the foundation of the world; He may give salvation to some and punish others for their sinful­ ness; under Him, to no one is given the right to boast or complain. The Calvinist entered the Economic sphere because he was anxious for better social organization, not that he might gain material happiness. This was in keeping with his maxim to do

all to the greater glory of God. So too, the Calvanist regarded his secular occupation as a sacred office to which he must bend

1. To Baptists only immersion of a believer is valid baptism* - 4 - all his efforts. This renunciation of the utilization of profit for personal enjoyment was part of a vocational system, a by-product of which was to idealize hard work as a means of transforming the natural instinctive life. Thus deeply conscious of his worth as an individual, feeling that he was mercifully chosen from amongst thousands, the Calvanist set about to build the Holy Commonwealth, in which religion was to be the end of all life and to which all other institutions were to be subordinated. Though later Baptist thought was greatly influenced by the philosophy of Calvin it must be borne in mind that during his lifetime Calvinfs dislike for the Anabaptists was notorious. Lutheranism, as one of the most influential elements in the Protestant Revolution, influenced profoundly the direction of growth of the Baptists. Luther apprehended the great biblical doctrine of the priesthood of believers and the inherent right of every Christian to interpret the Scripture according to his own judgment. The Anabaptist group in Germany came into violent conflict with him when he later persecuted those who arrived at results different from his own. The achievements of Luther which most aided the growth of the Anabaptist cause may be summed up as follows: a) The overthrow of papal authority ih Germany. b) The recognition of the doctrine of justification by Faith; which resulted in the overthrow of sacerdotalism on which the whole mediaval religious system rested, (c) The promotion of individualism. - 5 - The Anabaptists were the only people of Luther's time 1. to grasp the principle of civil and religious liberty. They saw that from Lutherfs own tenets it followed naturally that men ought not to be persecuted for their religious beliefs. It was inevitable that the Rise of the Lutheran Reformation should be coincident with a desire on the part of the peasants of Europe for a betterment of their conditions. Five of the twelve articles of the peasants are in harmony with Anabaptist teachings and clearly show that they were attempting to bring about a state of society in every respect righteous and in harmony with Scripture. One of the articles insists upon the right of the people to appoint and remove pastors and to demand simple and clear preaching of the Gospel without human additions. The third article repudiates the idea that the peasants are the property of their lords; for Christ has purchased all high and low alike with his precious blood. They are resolved in all things Christian to be obedient to the legally constituted magistracy. Even in the article in rchichthe y complain of the weight of their burden of labor they request that it be alleviated according to the Word of 2. God. In commenting on the articles of the peasants Dr. A.H. Newmaa in his manual of church history states, "...The social and political ideas of the author of the articles were just as far beyond the dominant social and political ideas of the age as were the religious and ecclesiastical ideas of the Anabaptists of that time in advance of those that prevailed among Roman Catholics and Protestants.n

1. H. C. Yedder, A Short History of the Baptists, p. 161. 2. A.H. Newman, A Manual of Church History, Vol 2f p. 70. «» Q *.

Enthusiastic partisans in discussing the background of ideas are wont to relate Baptist origins to the Churches of the New Testament directly. However, such an explanation overlooks the fact that roots of ideas are both deeper and wider than are immediately ascertainable. The most that can be said is that the Baptist Denomination is one of the later products of the Protestant Reformation, the roots of which found nourishment in the soil of English Puritanism, which was in turn nourished largely from the ideals of the Anabaptists. - 7 -

(B) ghg Bnffllsh Bapt}sjs There were two early types of Baptists to be found in England both of whloh resembled each other very closely In matters of church government, form and significance of baptism, liberty of conscience, and separation of church and state. Despite this close parallel of action they distrusted each other profoundly in matters of theology. The General Baptists were founded In Amsterdam in 1608 and settled in London In 1611; the particular Baptists (sometimes referred to as the Calvaniatlo 1. Baptists) were founded in London sometime before 1640. The real history of the English General Baptists does not begin oa English soil but in Holland. The Rev. John Ssayth with a small group of English followers despairing of maintaining themselves In England fled to Holland and formed the first church composed of Englishmen that stood for the baptism of believers only* Later this congregation returned to England and by 1644 there were forty-seven such small groups. The Baptists suffered persecution during the years from 1662 until 1675 and were par­ ticularly hampered by the Conventicle Act. The organized work of the denomination was largely In abeyance during these trying years though the particular Baptists of England and Wales had begun to hold associational meetings as early as 1651. The Bill which of Indulgence/was Intended largely for the encouragement of Roaa n Catholics XX made It possible for the Baptists once more to become aggressive and to resume measuresfor the more rapid advancement of their cause. During the period of the Civil War and the Commonwealth period, many well trained clergymen had joined the ranks of the Baptists but later when this supply could not be

1. Our Baptist Heritage - G.P. Gilmour et al. ••» 8 *• further depended upon, the leaders of the denomination saw the necessity of calling an assembly to consider the problem. Such an assembly met in 1676 and at this time the Confession of Faith which is largely based upon the Westminster Confession was drawn up. This same Confession which has exercised con­ siderable influence on English Baptist activities was adopted with modifications by the Philadelphia Association in America. In later years the General Baptists following the example of the Mennonites adopted a semi-presbyterial form of church government. Most of these churches became Unitarian at the time when so many churches of other denominations joined that body. As a reaction against the current rationalism most of the particular Baptists became hyper-Calvanistic going so far as to regard missionary work as meddling with Divine plans. The Wesleyan revival was of momentous import to this group, and it is largely owing to its influence that the Particular Baptists were won to the "evangelical eausen. The few churches of the General Baptists who had not espoused Unitarianism were so influenced by the revival that they formed nThe New Connection of General Baptists" devoted to a renewal of the principles of primitive Christianity. The ideas of the English Baptists particularly those emphasized after the Wesleyan revival were the ones that found root in American soil. Many writers on the Canadian Baptist movement tend to emphasize the fact that a large number of the early settlers were Scottish Baptists and brought their denominational ideas from that country. Such does not seem - 9 ~ to be the case. The idea of "plurality of elders" which had been adopted by the Baptists of Scotland would not be feasible in a country in which many of the churches found difficulty in securing one capable leader and in Scotland itself the Baptist Churches had a definite English tinge 1. by 1806.

Gilnour, ibid-T).13. (C) The Baptists Come to the New World In 1630 Governor Winthrop came to America with about fifteen hundred colonists and settled in Massachusetts* In the next ten years some twenty thousand more colonists arrived. Among the immigrants of 1631 was Roger Williams a university graduate and an ordained clergyman of the Church of England. As far as can be ascertained Roger Williams held principles of dissent from the established church before leaving England and it is certain that he refused to unite with the Puritan Church at Boston because they would not renounce their communion with the Church of England. After continuous conflict with the authorities and to avoid being returned to England Williams purchased part of the wilderness (now Rhode Island) and made it an asylum for people of every religious belief. Because Roger Williams introduced the principle of "Believers1 Baptism" into the little church which he founded and he is credited with being the first Baptist Clergyman in America. Considering the date and such evidence as is available it is certain that he strongly advocated individual liberty but improbable that baptism by immersion was practiced. Williams was an unstable and erratic man and certainly not the type to lay permanent foundations for any religious group. In later years he separated himself ft&om any church and called himself a "Seeker". Dr. John Clarke if he does not hold the honor of founding the first Baptist Church in the New World certainly was the one who assured its continuance. It was he who went to England to secure a charter for the new colony of Rhode Island and internal evidence

10 - - 11 - points to him as the writer of the charter in a large part. Though this charter could not be secured from the Cromwells he received it at the hands of Charles 11, on July 9th, 1663. At a time when liberty of conscience was decried by those who called themselves friends of liberty he secured a charter 1. which secured civil and religious liberty for Rhode Island. "For many years the Massachusetts Government pursued a policy of extermination towards Baptists and no permanent organization of Baptist life was allowed until late in the century. Henry Dunster, the first President of Harvard College, was obliged under circumstances of great hardship to relinquish his position because of his persistence in opposing the baptism of infants. In 1663 John Myles, a Welsh Baptist pastor, emigrated to Massachusetts with his church, secured a grant of land near the Rhode Island border, and established a settlement and church, which they named Swansea. Here they enjoyed a considerable measure of freedom. The First Baptist Church of Boston was founded 2. in 1665, and for years suffered at the hands of the authorities. The revival of religion which swept over the New England Colonies from 1734 on was of tremendous significance to the struggling Baptist congregations. Many of the churches influenced by Jonathan Edwards and John Whitefield, maintained that as a result of the spiritual awakening they had received New Light and promptly separated themselves from those congregations whose membership and pastors they believed to be unconverted.

1. H.C.Tedder, A Short History of the Baptists. 2. A.H.Newman, A Manual of Church History. - 12 - At first these New Lights, as they were called, were fined, whipped, and imprisoned, but these very punishments led the unprejudiced to a consideration of their position and as a result an increasing number embraced the doctrine of "believerfs baptism" and the principle of complete separation of church and state. The revival, in creating conditions favourable for the growth of Baptist principles and practices, made possible the subsequent development of the denomination in all of the British American Colonies. CHAPTER II THE MARITIME PROVINCES Inasmuch as the most populous English settlements occurred first in the Maritime Provinces it was natural, if not inevitable, that Baptist beliefs and practices coming to this country through English-speaking people should first come into prominence in that territory. In due time with the improvement in social conditions and the increase in population Baptists became sufficiently strong to establish their own schools governed by the principle that education is the inherent right of all. The working out of this principle as it affected the Maritime Provinces will be, therefore, traced in this chapter. (A) The First Canadian Baptists Halifax was founded in 1749 and by 1755 its population including citizens and soldiers had increased to about three thousand. At this time there were military forts at Lunenburg, Annapolis, Windsor and Canso which included in their populace a few English civilians in addition to the soldiers. Shortly after 1752 some fifteen hundred Germans were sent to form a settlement around the fort at Lunenburg. At this same period the Acadian French were settled at Amherst, Windsor, Horton, Cornwallis, Pubnico, Petitcodiac and along the St. John River. For some forty years these French settlers had refused to take an unqualified oath of allegiance to the English crown and this was given as the reason for their expulsion from the colony in 1755.

__ **4- - 13 - - 14 - For five years after their expatriation the lands of these Acadian farmers lay fallow, but the fall of Louisburg in 1758 and of Quebec the following year brought the whole of North America under British rule and made it safe for the New Englanders to migrate from their homes and settle on these rich farms. In the next few years settlements of New England origin are to be found at Falmouth, Windsor, Newport, Cumberland, Sackville, Petitcodiac and along the coast of the Bay of Bundy. Later, after the Revolutionary War the Loyalists caine to the South Shore, St. John and the St. John River district; later still the Scottish Immigrants cane to Colchester, Pictou and the Eastern part of the Province. It was this fusion of the three groups that tfSam Slick" refers to when he states that the modern "Bluenoses" contained *a pretty considerable share of Yankee blood* except in the east where there was wa cross of Scotch". The early settlers were mostly Congregationalists though there were members of other denominations among them. The Rev. Ebenezer Moulton,one of the pioneer Baptist Clergyilen, came from Brimfield, Massachusetts in 1761 and settled in Yarmouth County. One of his descendants was the wife of Senator McMaster, the founder of McMaster University, and this same lady gave her fine 1. residence in Toronto to be the home of Moulton College. Before coming to the Province the New England settlers secured for themselves "full liberty of conscience, permission to erect houses of worship and freedom to choose their ministers". Having secured these privileges they lost the fervor that

1. Saunders - A History of the Baptists of The Maritime Provinces. P. 64. - 15 - characterized their ancestors and a period of spiritual apathy began. This lack of spiritual "fire" was not confined to the Congregational!sts only, an atmosphere of religious lethargy seems to have settled over the whole Province. In writing of the spiritual condition of the time, Dr. E.M. Saunders states: "From 1760 to 1776 there prevailed a chronic, uniform death state in the religious life of the people. The Episcopal and 1. Puritan ministers were droning away their lives." Nova Scotia's need was met by the young evangelist Henry Alline whose word to the people was, "Awake from the dead and Christ shall give you light". In 1760 when Henry Alline was twelve years of age he emigrated from Connecticut to Falmouth, Nova Sootia. He was a bright boy and those qualities of leader­ ship which characterized his adult life were acknowledged by all his boyhood companions. In him were the qualities of the poet, the musician, the adventurer, and the saint. "No one in the community could tell a story, sing a song or dance like Henry Alline". His life was dominated by the doctrines of the Puritan creed and his youth a strange intermingling of the serious and the gay. Often in the midst of pleasure he would be stricken with a vision of sudden death which he feared not so much for itself, but because of eternal damnation, which he felt to surely be his lot. He carried this heavy burden of personal guilt, of sins unforgiven, until he was twenty-seven when he experienced a sudden and very real conversion. Here is his own account of it: "At that instant of time when I gave all up to Him, to do with me as He pleased, and was willing that God should reign in

1. E.M.Saunders, A History of the Baptists of the Maritime Provinc - 16 - me and rule over me at His pleasure, redeeming love broke into my soul with repeated Scriptures with such power that my whole soul seemed to be melted down with love. The burden of guilt and condemnation was gone"f darkness was expelled, my heart humbled and filled with gratitude, and my will turned of choice after the infinite God, whom I saw I had rebelled against, and been deserting all my days. My soul that was a few minutes ago groaning under mountains of death, wading through storms of sorrow, racked with distressing fears and crying to an unknown God for help, was now filled with immortal love, soaring on the wings of faith freed from the chains of death and darkness, and crying out, fMy Lord and my God1 ... In the midst of all my joys, in less than half an hour after my soul was at liberty, the Lord discovered to me my labor in the ministry, and call to preach the Gospel. I cried out, fAmen, Lord, Ifll go, Ifll go; send 1. me, send mef". Feeling himself to be the elect agent of God, Henry Alline set about to survey the field. To him the Church of England clergy seemed to be blind leaders of the blind, the Congregationalist no better and the Presbyterian holding a "form of Godliness but denying the power thereof"; even the few

i Baptists needed an awakening. Despite the fact that it was a time when religious prejudices were strong and toleration weak Alline set about to restore the religious life that had warmed the hearts of the Puritans of the Mayflower. From first to last Henry Allinefs zeal was intense, he surmounted tremendous difficulties and seemed almost unaware of his earlhly surroundings. Though he was living in the time of the Revolutionaiy War, in his journal (which is still preserved) he makes no mention of it save

1. Henrv Allinefs Journal (Acadia Library) " "" - 17 - to make note of the fact that he was detained by privateers during a preaching trip to Parrsboro. His sole mission was to warn sinners to "flee the wrath to come". In urging a study of the Scriptures Alline placed upon each man the responsibility to settle by his own judgment the question which for him was of the highest moment. But such a principle did not stop there, men began to carry it into every subject which concerned them in every relation of life. Howe carried Allinefs ideal for the individual into the realm of politics, and they both fordoomed the rule of exclusive privilege and right. The only mention of Baptists in Nova Scotia before Alline began his preaching is to be found in a report of the Rev. J.B. Moreau, a missionary of the society for the propagation of the Gospel, who resided in Lunenburg around 1752. In an account of his work he says: "There are only fifty-six families left, and these are composed of Lutherans, Calvanists, Presbyteit- 1. ians and Anabaptists". Frcm this time until 1776 there was little increase in the numbers of the Baptists in the Province. The Church at Horton, called the oldest Baptist Church in the 2. Dominion, was organized on October 29, 1778. Henry Alline was present at the founding of this church and describes it in his journal as follows: "Being requested, I attended a meeting of some Baptists at Horton, to advise about gathering a church there. 0 may the time come when Ephraim may no more vex Judah, nor Judah envy Ephraim, and that there might never more be any dispute about water-baptism, the sprinkling of infants or baptizing of adults

_i___^ • — 1. H.M.Saunders, History of the Baptists of the Maritime Provinces 2. S.W. DeBlois, Historical sketch of the First Horton Baptist Churcll (Halifax 1879) - 18 - by immersion; but everyone enjoy liberty of conscience. They gathered in church order and made choice of one Mr. Pierson, who was endowed with a great gift in the Word, for their elder; intending to put him forward until God gave them some better one or brought him out more into the liberty of the Gospel after which he was ordained". The influence of this church at Horton spread far and wide throughout the Province and under Alline many of the men whose names are now reverenced as the fathers of the denomination were converted. Among those early fathers are to be numbered Thomas Handley, Edward and James Manning, Harris Harding, Theodore Harding, John Burton, Joseph Dimock, Joseph Crandall and James Munro. Though these early pastors possessed great zeal it must not be presumed that they were permitted to labor in peace. Their efforts were met with hostility on every side. In describ­ ing a meeting which he held at Lunenburg the Rev. Joseph Dimock says: "Elders, deacons, schoolmasters, a son of a Lutheran minister and a multitude of all sorts beset the house, and some 1. of them rushed into the room where the meeting was being held". In a report to the S.P.G. the Rev. John Biswell has this to say about the newly formed church at Horton: "At Horton there is an Anabaptist meeting house and an illiterate shoemaker supplying the place of a pastor. He preaches every Sunday and administers 2. the Lordfs Supper". In his annual report to the same society for the year 1800 Bishop Inglis is most bitter in decrying the growth of a sect which he says have, "A rage for dipping or total

_^ 1. Saunders p. cit. p.Ill 2. Ibid 112 - 19 - immersion whioh is frequently performed in a very indelicate manner before vast collections of people. Several hundreds have already been baptized, and this plunging they deem to be 1. absolutely necessary to the conversion of their souls". The first Baptist Association in the Maritimes met at Cornwallis in the Summer of 1797. The pastors present preferred to can their meeting a conference and at its con­ clusion issued the following circular to the churches: "We take this method of acquainting you that we, John Payzant of Liverpool, Thomas Handly Chipman of Annapolis, James and Edward Manning of Cornwallis, have met on the 12th July, 1797, and being agreed together in our minds to walk together in fellowship as ministers of Jesus Christ, have agreed to hold a yearly conferenct

1. Ibid 115. 2. Saunders op. cit. p. 85 3. R. S. Longley, Acadia University, 1838-1938 p.12. ~ 20 - Already the leaders were beginning to express regret that educated clergymen did not come from abroad and that the present opportunities for education were so meagre. It was their next task to convince their congregations of the need for a trained ministry. (B) The Pioneer Schools The difficulties of settlement in a new country and the hardships of pioneer life made such a demand on the time and resources of the New England settlers and of the Loyalists that it was many years before they could give their attention to the education of their children. But they brought with them and preserved a desire for proper schooling and despite the crudities of their position they took steps to assure their offspring of educational opportunity. It is true that the steps were halting ones and at first pointed in the direction of a transplanting of the New England system into Nova Scotia, but the fact of their interest in such an undertaking is evidence of real life and stirring educational longings. At first all education was legally in the hands of the Church of England and was accepted as a part of the pastoral responsibility of the clergy of that denomination. These ministers in the larger centres carried on schools of a sort and received their stipends from the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. In the rural areas the families had to provide their own training though in the more forward looking districts several families would band together in a joiht effort to provide such education as was possible. Thus three families who had settled in Eastern Cornwallis, remote from other settlers with a combined school population of eleven, ages four to fourteen, had initiative enough to erect a log cabin to serve for a school room. The equipment consisted of wall desks, i.e.,

- 21 - - 22 - boards inclined and fastened to the walls, for the older pupils, rough benches for the smaller ones, and a chair and desk of indescribable pattern for the teacher. The only teacher available was a young lady from another district whose only qualifications were her ability to read the New England Primer, the Bible and Dilworths Spelling Book. She could write a plain round hand, could not do any arithmetic 1. but could sew and was a Puritan of a strict type. Because Dilworthfs Spelling Book played such a prominent part in the early days of Nova Scotiafs schools, it might not be amiss to note in passing the kind of book that it was. In J.B. Calkins1, Old Time Customs, he has an advertisement for the text as follows: A Mew Guide to the English Tongue. Thos. Dilworth "This begins with the Alphabet, simple words of one syllable, then words of three or four. Words spelled different­ ly with the same pronunciation, then lessons in reading including collections from the Book of Proverbs, Aesopfs Fables (illust.) and Natural History. Then lessons in Geography, English Grammar and Arithmetic. It contained the Church Catechism, Watt's Catechism, prayers for use in school and home, morning and night, Grace before meat and Grace after meat. All this and more in one book for one shilling". For the first forty or fifty years of Nova Scotiafs existence whatever demand there was for education was met in many

1. Prof. H.T. DeWolf — Some Notes on the Education of Girls in the Maritime Provinces before the year 1865. (Unpublished) - 23 - districts by the presence of the itinerant schoolmaster. Very often these itinerants were men who had failed to tit in elsewhere, or having tried everything else decided to capitalize on their meagre knowledge of "the three Rfs". They were a class unto themselves and not infrequently the rum bottle had a prominent place in their school rooms. By the school law of 1776 these itinerant teachers were shorn of recognition. But this law which sought to license Grammar School Teachers was honored more in the breach than in the observance. Wealthy parents would often send their children to England or to New England or at least to the parish clergy­ man, but in the poorer districts the schools were often closed for months on end. In fairness to the masters who did their best ih trying circumstances it might be well to give a picture of what was frequently their lot: The quotation is one given by an unnamed teacher and referred to by T.W. Thilman, "I have in some sections had for food, in poorer families where I boarded nothing but Indian Meal without milk or sweetening. In other families fish and potatoes and mangee tops for dinner;,slept on hay and straw beds on the floor where mice, fleas, and bugs could be felt at all hours of the night. I have frequently found one, two or three mice crushed to death lying under me, my covering old clothing. I suffered all this so great was my desire to give instruction to the poor and rising generation. Yes many families of poor children 1 • have I educated and never received one farthing".

1. DeWolfe, op. cit. p. 5. - 24 - By the Education Act of 1808, enlarged in 1811, Grammar Schools were authorized to be established in the several counties of Nova Scotia. Financial assistance was promised contingent on the fulfillment of certain conditions as to the age and number of pupils, qualifications of teachers etc. In these schools the curriculum was to consist of:

English Grammar, Orthography Latin and Greek, The use of Globes Practical branches of Mathematics Other useful learnings as might be judged necessary. Under this Act between 1811, and Nov. 1818, twelve Grammar Schools were organized and carried on though in some cases in­ termittently. Up to 1825, when the operation of the Act ceased, all except one continued to function. The statement of an amendment to the Act that to secure government aid there must be at least ten male pupils of the age of seven shows that the work of these schools was elementary in character and by implication that girls were admitted to classes. It is difficult to apprehend fully the antipathy which the Early Baptists held for education. Perhaps the fact that the common schools were too often of the meanest order together with the position which King's at Windsor held in relation to dissenters were contributing factors. Then, too, the coldness (real or imagined) which they saw in the more highly educated pastors of the other denominations when contrasted with the warmth of their own clergy led them to conclude that education destroyed in the soul the spirit of "true religion". But the Pierian Spring had issued forth and unknown to their congregations - 25 - many of the pastors thirsted for the waters thereof.

A Baptist Educational Institution finally became a reality through the energy and enthusiasm of members of a church at Halifax. This church which had been in exist­ ence for many years came into prominence when it had added to its membership men of unusual talents and ability who left the Church of England in a dispute with the Colonial Office over the appointment of a rector for St. Paul's Anglican Church.

Because these men were the true fathers of Baptist Education in Canada it might be well to attempt a brief portraiture of the more influential of them. Mr. John Ferguson was brought up in Halifax in a small community of followers of Swedenborg but quite early in his life came under the influence of Mr. Manning and others of the Baptist Clergy. He was characterized by a keen judgment of men and of things and by an unshakable faith in Divine Providence. Having heard a lecture by the Rev. Dr. Chapin, President of Colby College, he became possessed of a strong desire to see an educated ministry among the Baptists of Canada. It was he who urged Dr. Crawley in 1827 to visit some of the Baptist Educational Institutions in the United States, with a view to studying their management and curricula. Mr. James Walton Nutting, another of this group, was one of the first graduates of King's College. He was educated for the bar and served as prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia nearly all of his life. He was universally respected - 26 - for his integrity of character and beloved of all for his unvarying kindliness of disposition. He was interested in scholarship and well known as a man of refinement and taste. Many consider him to have been the originator of the project of a system

The ideas incorporated in the sketches of the lives of the founders were taken from an address delivered at the closing exercises of Acadia on June 6th, 1878, by the Rev. E. A. Crawley. (C) Permanent Foundations Laid There is a tablet in University Hall at Acadia which bears the following inscription: "THIS TABLET IS ERECTED AS A MEMORIAL TO Elizabeth Roche Catherine Roche Annie Emino SopMa Spidle Elizabeth Spidle who, in 1828, walked from Northwest Lunenburg County to Horton, now Wolfville, to support the establishment of a "Seminary of Higher Learning". The tablet bears record to the high enthusiasm which characterized the gathering at the Association meeting at

Horton on June 23rd, 1823f Baptists had come from every part of the Province, some walking a distance of fifty miles to be present. They were all curious to see the new Halifax Baptists and to hear the proposal for the establishment of a school. Dr. Caswell from Massachusetts (for many years President of Brown University) had been selected to deliver the sermon of the evening, but before the speaker began his address a memorable scene occurred. Robert Davis, an enthusiastic but ignorant Itinerant preacher, took the pulpit and by his force of character and effective declamation attempted to hold the attention of the audience so long that the time for business might pass. He hoped to engender so much prejudice and stir up such a strong feeling against an educated ministry that the purpose of the meeting would be defeated. After con-

1. The Tablet was erected in University Hall, Wolfville in 1928. - 28 - siderable disturbance the usurper was removed and Dr. E. A. Crawley read the Prospectus, the prominent features of which might be summed up as follows:

"It is universally admitted that education has a powerful influence on the interests of religion and the well being of individuals and society. As the Baptists are a very large portion of the population of this Province, they are called upon to engage in this good work. Two leading objects are to be regarded - the primary one - in a religious point of view, is the providing (of) suitable instruction within the reach of young men, who feel themselves called to the ministry of the Gospel; the second object, of vast importance in itself, and in the present state of this country, essential to the attainment of the first, is to establish a good seminary for the general instruction of youth, that thus the advantages of education, as has hitherto too often been the case, may not be confined to the wealthy, nor the time of the youth occupied with pursuits little calculated to fit them for the stations of life which they have the prospects of filling;to establish a suitable seminary of learning and afford pecuniary assistance to indigent young men...that the scholars and students, while acquiring information to fit them for their relations in life, should be led to a true knowledge of the relation of man to his creator, and that of faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, which alone can furnish a sure pledge of their good conduct in this world and their happiness in eternity".

1. E.M. Saunders, op. cit. p.195. - 89 - This was new doctrine for the audience gathered in the Horton Church. Certainly it seemed strange to them that young men should be sent to school after being "called to preaOh? They met the reading of the prospectus with an embarrassed silence, but in a few moments Dr. Manning and others bore evidence, with tears and great emotion, to the tremendous lack which they felt in their own ministry to be the direct result of insufficient education. The people were astonished but the result was prodigious. If their pastors felt that the need was so great then they must give the new movement their loyal support. To promote interest in the new project and to make it financially feasible Crawley proposed the formation of an Education Society, membership in which could be secured by the payment of ten pounds or by an annual fee of at least twenty shillings. The funds were to be used to purchase a suitable building and to assist needy students for the ministry. A President, two Yice-Presidents, two Secretaries and a Treasurer were to be the Officers of the Society; also provision Y/as made for a Committee of Management and a Board of Directors to be composed of ten ordained Baptist ministers. Two thirds of the whole organization was to be composed of regular members of churches connected with the Baptist Association of Nova Scotia. (There is no record of an attempt to interest the New Brunswick Association in the founding of the Academy). Because of its convenient location in the heart of the Baptist constituency the Committee of Management chose Horton as the home of the new school. - 30 - Even before the purchase of a site the objectives of the new academy were carefully considered. The course of study was to be adapted to the state of society and to the needs of the people generally. Those branches of learning of common use were to be emphasized and at the same time a wider range of courses was to be provided for those more able to benefit by them. Two years after the Academy was opened courses were offered in: English Grammar Arithmetic Geography Geometry and other branches of Math. Surveying Book-keeping Chronology Algebra History Paleyfs Natural Theology Philosophy Rhetoric and Elocution 1. Latin Greek No religious tests were to be required of the students and distinctions of wealth or other external circumstances were to be avoided. In February, 1829, a farm of some sixty-three acres was purchased as a home for the school and one of the rooms furnished as a classroom. The next step was the securing of a competent master. The Committee first offered the position to a Mr. John Pryor who had been teaching in Cape Breton, but he declined the offer as he wished to continue his studies in the United States. Finally the services of Ashael Chapin (a graduate of Amherst College) were secured and the school formally opened on May 1, 1829. Mr. Chapin was engaged at

1. Acadia College and Horton Academy, Memorials published in 1881 2. Lingley R.S. Acadia University 1838-1938 p.22. ~ 31 - an annual salary of two hundred pounds. From the beginning it was the policy of the governors to keep board and tuition at the lowest rate possible and to afford the studends an opportunity to employ themselves gainfully on the farm. (Prospectus, clauses 15 and 16) It is perhaps this complete break with class privilege, as it was found in the Episcopal schools, that made the Presbyterian Academy at Pictou and Horton Academy so popular from their inception. By 1831 it was found necessary to enlarge the school and a boarding house was erected on a hill south of the old farm house. A few years later the first Academy Hall was built. In thenMemorials,f an interesting description of the Principals classroom in the new hall is given, "At the right, as you entered, was a platform, six or eight inches high, on which stood the blue desk of the Principal, and behind which he sat. At his left, and within reaching distance, was a green cord attached to a metal plate, which when drawn perpendicular showed the word "study"; when half way down it signified permission to ask any questions concerning the lessons; and when it 1. was entirely lowered it was the signal for a general stampede*. In 1833, inspired by the success of the Nova Scotia Baptists in the field of Education, the New Brunswick Association determined to found an Academy in that Province. Th e leaders of that group regarded suoh a foundation as essential to their work in both the home and in the foreign fields. All of the

1. Memorials of Acadia College and Horton Academy p.126. •• 32 •• Baptist ministers together with a few laymen were to con­ stitute a committee to promote interest in the project in the communities where they resided. A year later this group gave a favorable report and it was definitely decided to make plans for the establishment of the New Brunswick Baptist Seminary. The first site chosen for its location was at Maugerville, but after a careful inspection the grounds were found unsuitable and it was decided to build at Fredericton. To the Association held at Prince William in 1835 the managing committee reported that a suitable site had been purchased at Fredericton and that the contract for the erection of a suitable building thereon had been signed. The building was to cost in the vicinity of #6,800.00 and of this amount #2,800.00 had been collected and some $4,000.00 subscribed. The House of Assembly made a liberal grant to help forward the enterprise, but unfortunately it was rejected by the Legislative Council. In at least one respect the New Brunswick Baptists were in advance of those in Nova Scotia and in all probability led the way in all of Canada; they admitted girls Jbo the seminary on equal standing with boys. In view of the sentiment then prevailing with respect to the education of women their stand was monumental, and still more daring when one considers that the two sexes were to be educated at the one school. Like Horton the new stoinary placed no religious re­ strictions on the student body and no sectarianism was taught.

Despite the fact that King's College at Fredericton was receiving a substantial grant, the Legislative Council rejected the vote of the Assembly on five different occasions when they offered - 33 - assistance to the Fredericton Seminary. Finally the Education Society, in desperate need of funds, decided to petition the House for a just distribution of the public money among all de­ nominations for purposes of education. In view of the grant from the public funds the Lieutenant Governor appointed a committee of inspedtors to visit the school in 1843. Each of the members of the committee re­ ported most favorably but at the close of that Winter term (1843) it was decided by the Committee on Management that the opening of so many private schools for girls in New Brunswick made the operation of the female department no longer profitable. It is difficult to determine the exact cause of the failure of the New Brunswick Academy, but certainly a too ambitious financial policy was largely the cause of the school's closing. Later in 1886-87 another ill-starred attempt was made to operate a seminary at St. Martins, New Brunswick, but the building was much too expensive and this, coupled with the inaccessibility of the location, led to failure. Of the last days of the Fredericton Seminary little is recorded. In a letter to the writer Prof. H.T. DeWolfe of Acadia states that "the buildings and lands, according to a resolution of the Directors, were sold to the Trustees of Schools, Fredericton, for the sum of $5,000.00, payable in school debentures bearing interest at six percent, to commence January 1st, 1874. The furniture was also sold and the library was placed in the parsonage at Fredericton for safe keeping". - 34 - It is of more than passing interest to note that though the Horton Academy was founded to provide education for Baptist Ministers, it at no time closed its doors to students of other denominations, and it attempted to give its theo­ logical students a basis of general culture rather than minis­ terial training in the more narrow sense. The ,ffathersn who thus laid "the foundations" of Baptist education in this country were aware of the need for schools adapted to the state of the people whom they were to serve. Their principles were democratic, broad and generous, and in affording the people of the Province an opportunity to educate their children at moderate cost they were bringing into being a new ruling class and acting as a strong force to level down the cliques who for so many years held the most important administrative positions in Nova Scotia. (D) The First University After Horton Academy had been in operation a few years, a new need was brought to the attention of the Education Society. Many of the Academy students felt that they would like to continue their education and unless they were members of the Episcopal Church the only course open to them was to go to the United States to an institution of higher learning. The danger in this situation was that the much higher salaries and greater opportunities for advancement would lead many of the better students to make their homes in the neighbouring commonwealth. Frequent references to the need for a University are to be found in the reports of the Society for the next few years, but the expense of founding a college seemed to make the undertaking impossible. However,just at this time an unexpected event precipitated a progressive movement beyond the anticipations of the most forward-looking of the Baptists. During the war of 1812, the British, while holding Castine in the State of Maine, collected the duties on the goods received at the port. Later this fund, known as the Castine Fuhd, which amounted to some ten thousand, seven hundred and fifty pounds, was given to the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia to use as he might think best for the benefit of the Province. Lord Dalhousie applied part of the fund to the purchase of a library for the soldiers garrisoned at Halifax, gave part to the Academy at Windsor, and decided to use the balance to found a

- 35 - - 36 - college free to all denominations of Christians. The corner stone was laid in 1821 on the north end of the Grand Parade. To aid in erecting the fine stone edifice the Provincial Government lent the governors twenty thousand dollars without interest. The building was completed in 1823, but from that time until 1838 it remained untenanted save for some private Glasses in the higher branches taught for a time by the Rev. E. A. Crawley. At this time the Presbyterian Academy at Pictou became so weakened through political entanglements that its very life was threatened and this led to a reconsideration of the possibility of opening Dalhousie College. When the members of the Assembly decided to make Dalhousie a Provincial University, they asked the support of all the dissenting denominations in the Province. The Baptists agreed to cooperate, provided that one of their own men be appointed to the faculty and intimated that the Rev. E.A. Crawley was the most suited to such an appointment. Mr. Crawley was a graduate of Windsor Academy, of Brown University, and of Andover Theological Seminary. His scholarship is attested to by the fact that he was granted a Doctorate in Theology by Brown in 1845, and a D.C.L. from Windsor in 1847. At th6 suggestion of the Governors of Dalhousie Dr. Crawley applied for a position on the staff, and was encouraged to believe that he was to be offered the Chair of Classics. In the Legislature when the subject of the opening of the college was under consideration his name was mentioned as one of the professors to be appointed. So sure was Crawley of his appointment ~ 37 - that he wrote to Dr. McCulloch, who was to be the President, outlining a curriculum for the college. To the utter astonish­ ment of all-when the names of the professors were gazetted, Dr. Crawley's did not appear.

To his friends this was a wicked breach of public faith and a personal insult to Crawley. J", w. Johnston, who was now Solicitor General, and a member of the Legislative Council, was one of the men who, with Crawley, had seceded from St. Paul's Anglicah Church to become Baptist, and he decided personally to visit each of the Governors and ascertain if possible the cause of Crawley's rejection. The only satisfaction that he could obtain was that Lord Dalhousie had intended that the College be for the Kirk of Scotland, and that the professor chosen was a Presbyterian. When he pointed out that this was far from the Earl's intention it was finally admitted that Crawley was rejected because he was a Baptist. Deeply cut by this unfair treatment, Crawley wrote the story of his rejection in the "Nova Scotian" of September 23rd and October 4th. In the first instance he pointed out that he had been assured by the Governors that his religious affiliation would in no way hinder his appointment, and in the later letter he drew public attention to the purposive misinterpretation of Lord Dalhousie's will. His next step was to visit Dr. Pryor, who had succeeded Chapin as Principal of Horton, and to discuss with him the possibility of raising the Academy to College Status. The two leaders then visited the Rev. I.E.Bill, one of the most pro­ gressive of the younger pastors, at Nictaux. Of that meeting - 38 - Dr. Bill left a brief but pertinent record; "We spent a portion of the night in talking and praying over the matter; and as the morning light dawned upon us, we resolved in the 1. strength of Israel's God to go forward". Returning to Halifax, in the Nova Scotian of October 18th, 1838, he issued the clarion call to the Baptists of the Province, "Rejected from Dalhousie College, other denominations will of course, adopt such measures as seem to them wisest; it is to Horton Academy that I naturally turn in the hope of building there under the influence and liberality which have hitherto sustained it, a seminary which may by diligent exertion become efficient to most purposes of education. Our young men are at present leaving us to seek in other countries a more advanced education. Their return is problematical, and the threatened loss to the community in the abstrcation of cultured talent not trivial. It is to this attempt that I now invite your assistance". The vast majority of the Baptists in the Province lent their support to Crawley's scheme; some because they wished to have a college in western Nova Scotia, and others because they felt that it was the only way to keep him in the Province. The plan was formally presented to the Education Society on November 15th, 1838. Because of the significance of that meeting, and because of its tremendous import to later developments in Baptist Education, the full report follows:

1. I.E.Bill, History of the Baptists, Saint John 1880, p. 111. - 39 - RECORDS OF A MEETING OF THE EDUCATION SOCIETY ON NOVEMBER 15,183 "A special meeting of this Society took place at Horton, agreeably to a public notice, on Thursday, the 15th instant, in the large hall of the Academy, which was respectably attended by Directors and Members of the Society. The meeting having been opened with prayer, letters were read from a gentle­ man connected with the College at Bristol, England, and also frcm Mr. Issac Chipman, at present of Waterville College, Maine, to both of whom propositions had been made respecting situations as teachers at the Academy. "The assembly then proceeded to deliberate on the subject of adopting measures to establish a college at Horton in connection with the academy in accordance with the original design of the Society as set forth in the prospectus published in 1828. In the course of the proceedings the Secretary laid before the meeting a statement of the present condition of the funds of the Society, by which it appeared that since the 31st of December, 1836, the debt due by the Society has been paid off to the amount of 1101 (pounds or dollars not specified), and upwards by means of private contributions collected in this

Province. "Various gentlemen present expressed strongly their conviction of the necessity of such an undertaking as that now proposed, and that this is the time for commencing it. Several members of the Committee, #iile they heartily concurred in the sentiments expressed, admonished the meeting, at the same time, of the necessity of proceeding with the utmost caution in grave and steady fulfillment of the original purpose of the Society, - 40 - and to attempt nothing that they were not able, and resolved to accomplish.

"The subject having been fully discussed, and the meeting appearing to be of one mind as respects the expediency and practicability of the plan proposed, the following re­ solutions were unanimously adopted: "Resolved, that it is highly desirable that this Society should now follow up the original design in its institution by furnishing the means of a more extended education, and that for this purpose it is proper and expedient to establish and support a college in addition to the Academy, that by means of the two establishments a complete course of instruction may be offered and the young men educated at the Academy be under no inducement to seek in a foreign country the advantages of collegiate education. "Resolved, that in the opinion of this Board a sum not exceeding seven hundred and fifty pounds per annum will be adequate to support the college with two professors, and the Academy with two teachers, and that the amount necessary to accomplish this undertaking, beyond the provincial grant and the tuition fees, would be cheerfully met by the denomination for objects so important, and therefore we recommend the immediate adoption of this measure, and also the collection of one hundred pounds for the purpose of purchasing for the present a few articles of philosophical apparatus. "Resolved, that the managing committee be directed to - 41 -

take all necessary steps for carrying into effect these resolutions, and to make all suitable arrangements connected with the collecting and receiving of subscriptions, and the arranging of the institution; and to apply to the Legislature at the next session for an act of incorporation giving to the college, under the name of Queen's College, the power of conferring degrees and other collegiate privileges, and also to solicit an increase in the usual provincial grant for aiding the present object. "Resolved, that a permanent agent be appointed to obtain collections and subscriptions for these objects, under the denomination of a Financial Secretary to the Education Society. "Resolved, that the Rev. Mr. Bill be requested to accept this office and that the Managing Committee confer by letter or otherwise with him and his church on the subject. "Resolved, that the Committee publish a statement addressed to the friends of the Society, setting forth the views under which this meeting has adopted the foregoing resolutions, and soliciting their concurrence. "Resolved, that the Committee also communicate this resolution to the Baptist Education Society of New Brunswick, and request their concurrence with this Society, and their aid in the establishment and support of the college. "Resolved, that in forming the constitution of the college it shall be placed under the same government as the Academy, and no restriction of a denominational character shall be placed upon the appointment of the professors or officers, - 42 - or the matriculation or graduation of students". The dignity and success of the new college at Wolfville demanded that it have such rights and privileges as couid only be secured by charter, and the Executive Committee was prompt in its petition to the Provincial Assembly for such a charter. But February 1839 was an ill-chosen time to make such a demand; already the house had been occupied with the Crawley-Dalhousie dispute and the sponsors of a Provincial University were not anxious that a charter be granted to a new college until steps had been taken to heal the existing breach. Crawley fully expected the first application to be defeated but felt that the question would be made public and thus the Baptists in the various constituencies would have an opportunity to petition their representatives in the Assembly to vote in favor of the charter at the next session. The Bill to incorporate Queen's College was defeated by the close vote of twenty-three to twenty-two but in compensation for the rejection the Assembly granted three hundred pounds to Horton Academy and incorporated the Baptist Education

Society. The Act of Incorporation was passed in 1840, and a request to designate the Baptist college as Queen's forwarded to the Colonial Office, but this latter favor was not granted, and the Governors were advised to find another name for their institution. The new name chosen was "Acadia" and the amended Bill passed the Nova Scotia Legislature in March 1841, and received royal approval on December 10th, of the same year. Possessing a greater number of students than any other college - 43 -

in the Province and with equal facilities for instruction the educational prospects of the new undertaking were bright but the financial arrangements were still to be made. At the time when the paramount interest of the Baptists seemed to be the securing of a charter for their new found institution they took another and broader step in the interests of Provincial Education. Though they were a small denomination numerically, they probably led the way in the discussion and advocacy of a state system of common schools. Dr. Crawley presented a scheme to the House of Assembly and to the Legislative Council advocating public assessment as the sanest way of obtaining general and effectual education for the country. When it was decided to raise the school at Wolfville to college level, an increase in size of school plant became inevitable. For this purpose at least fifteen hundred pounds would have to be secured and the building committee was for­ bidden to incur debt. At this juncture Professor Chipman conceived the idea of "building a college without money" and counted on the novelty of his suggestion to insure its success. He and Dr. Crawley canvassed the country securing promises of material and seeking ways and means of its conveyance. In the spring of 1843 the contributions began to arrive. Timber, doors, sashes, laths and shingles from

Liverpool; lime from St. John; putty, nails, paint and glass from Halifax, and finally pine lumber from the Annapolis Valley. - 44 -

Friends from Horton and vicinity assisted in the raising of the building and in a short time its imposing front and handsome cupola graced college hill. Despite its success in reaching its objectives, by 1844 the Education Society was faced with a debt of some twenty-three hundred pounds, and for the next decade Acadia's story is largely one of politics and finance.

In 1851 when the financial outlook was most gloomy a new President was inducted at Acadia and once again the Baptists found themselves most fortunate in their choice of a man who may truly be called a second founder. For our purposes Dr. Cramp may be considered as a connecting link between the educational work of the denomination in the Maritimes and in Upper Canada. The churches in Nova Scotia first made his acquaintance! when he visited them in the interest of Feller Institute, and when they offered him the appointment at Acadia he was Principal of the Baptist Theological College at Montreal. On assuming office Dr. Cramp found himself, with one associate, Principal of an institution facing bankruptcy. His first effort was in the field of finance and at his suggestion it was resolved to raise an endowment of ten thousand pounds. To encourage the giving of generous amounts to each person who contributed one hundred pounds, a scholar­ ship which provided for free tuition annually for one student was given. The financial campaign was unexpectedly successful, but soon the college was plunged into gloom again, when, in the midst of this new prosperity stark tragedy intervened. - 45 - Professor Chipman and five other friends of the college were drowned when returning from a geological expedition to nearby Blomidon. For a time the loss of Professor Chipman seemed to be the death of all hope for Acadia. Chipman was revered, not solely for his work in the erecting of the college hall, but for his deep devotion to science and for the contagion of his scholarship. The college did not reopen until 1853 and by that time the governors were seriously con­ cerned over the smallness of the teaching force at Wolfville. In view of the serious loss so recently suffered, and feeling that if the college was to progress it would need the best minds in the denomination to fill its vacant chairs, negotiations were opened to attempt to secure again the services of Dr. Crawley. Drs. Cramp and Crawley decided to divide their labors, the latter assuming the principalship of a newly formed Department of Theology, and Dr. Crawley assuming the presidency of Acadia College. Dr. Cramp was a most forward looking President, and encouraged his students to prepare themselves for positions of leadership in the community. In his addresses he frequently made note of the advances made in the field of science and constantly urged the people to furnish him with means to expand the Department of Science at the college. He intro­ duced the English Bheology Course for those students not able to profit by the classical curriculum, and at the same time introduced an honors course in classics for those who were ~ 46 - better prepared. He entered upon his office when the University had few students and no endowment; he concluded his term of service in 1869 leaving behind him an institution with five professors, buildings valued at twenty thousand dollars, and an endowment fund of thirty thousand dollars. So far nothing has been said of the place of women in the Baptist scheme of Education in Nova Scotia. In the same year, and in the same month that the Baptist Education Society was considering the proposal of raising Horton Academy to collegiate rank, Mary Lyon opened her school for girls, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, at South Hadley, Massachusetts, and from this institution came the inspiration and leadership that led to the opening of Acadia Seminary. The advance of popular education and the improved political and ecnominc conditions in the Province led a group of Nova Scotia girls to enter Mount Holyoke with the express intention of returning to their native Province as teachers. One of these young ladies, a Miss Alice Shaw, returned home on her graduation and opened a school for girls at Berwick. So as not to interfere with the public school she limited her registration to girls of fourteen years and up. As her school became known the number of her pupils increased rapidly. In 1859 the Education Society secured a building in Wolfville and requested Miss Shaw to remove her school to these more commodious surroundings and operate as a part of the Horton-Acadia system. Miss Shaw acceded to this request and brought twenty pupils with her. At first she chose to call her school "The Orande Pre Seminary" but later accepted the official title of "The Female Department - 47 - of Horton Academy". m 1879 the Department was renamed "The Acadia Seminary" and began its work in a new building especially erected for the purpose* Not long after the Ladies • Seminary became an accepted institution, the young women requested permission to attend lectures at the University. With some misgivings the President gave per- mission though admonishing the new students that they must not consider themselves part of the college. However, in 1884 Clara Marshall was granted a degree, and each succeeding class has had at least one woman member. From that time to the present growth has characterized the seminary. New buildings have been erected or purchased and the courses broadened. In the early days the emphasis was on cultural development with special courses in music, art and oratory. Among private schools the Seminary was the first to open a department of Household Science. From the time that Dr. Sawyer gave his timorous consent to have women in the University the place of female students at Acadia has continued to advance, new courses in Library Science, Social Science and other kindred subjects especially valuable to women have been added and the College is contributing in a large measure to the bringing about of the time of which Tennyson dreamed,n. ..Comes the statelier Eden back to men, whence springs the crowning race of human kind". Before proceeding to discuss the "New Acadia" it is important to note in passing the part played by the Baptists in the establishment of the Free School System in Nova Scotia. As early as 1832 the Committee of Management of the Education - 48 - Society urged the provincial government to improve the primary schools and several times memorialized the Legislature to introduce suitable measures to promote an interest in education among the people. Dr. Tupper, the premier who introduced the Bill providing for free public instruction, was the son of a Baptist Minister, and a student of Horton Academy. Dr. Rand (Acadia '60) who administered the Act as Superintendent of Education for the Province, openly admitted that in framing the legislation he was indeed indebted to the earlier influence of Dr. Crawley. Despite fierce opposition, at times bordering on rebellion, the law still stands in all essentials much as it was the day that it 1. came from the hands of Dr. Tupper and his Lieutenant. Five years after the introduction of the Nova Scotia School Law, the Honorable George E. King, leader of the Government in New Brunswick, invited Mr. Rand to frame a Bill for that Province. For thirteen years Mr. Rand continued in the office of Superintendent of Education for New Brunswick -Province, and thus carried the Baptist ideal of free, public education for all of the people farther afield. In 1874 the Governors of Acadia received a communi­ cation from the Governors of Dalhouse requesting that "the several Boards of the different college corporations, kindly nominate some of the gentlemen composing such boards to meet and confer together on the advisability of endeavouring to form one general university for education in the arts, by the concentration of the talents of the different faculties, and its invariable results, the gathering together of students in large numbers." To this suggestion the Governors of Acadia - 49 - College replied that, "The institutions at Horton have so far succeeded as greatly to change the intellectual con­ dition of the people who founded them, as well as to exert a weighty influence in the promotion of religion in their churches, and in missionary efforts for the benighted in heathen lands. The interest is daily increasing in width and intensity, and gives the Academy and College so great a hold on the affection of the Baptist people, that their consent to any measure proposing to merge Acadia College into any other institution must in the judgment of 1. this Board be hopeless". It would not be valuable for our purpose to trace the subsequent development of Acadia down through the years from its founding to the present. As the College became more secure financially it entered upon an era of advancement and new departments were added as finances permitted, and as the times required. Throughout the discussion of the early days emphasis has been placed on the distinct contributions of the Baptists to educational thought and practice. To thoroughly evaluate their contribution it would be necessary to trace the Acadia influence in the activities of the two hundred and fifteen college or university Presidents who have passed through her walls. Also one could mention the chairs of Education occupied by some fourteen of her graduates. In Nova Scotia Acadia annually graduates increasing numbers of high school teachers and is well known for her part in the promotion of travelling libraries, university extension,

1. Saunders - Ibid. p.448 - 50 - and in the establishment of the Parent Teacher*s Association. She was founded on the ground swell of discontent which followed the storm of the French and American Revolutions, and, as a particular product of the movement, was the answer of the Maritime Baptists to their own peculiar problems and embodied in her charter their ideals of education for all regardless of creed or social status. It will be seen from the foregoing that the Baptist ideal of higher education without the imposition of Religious Tests was practically applied, in spite of many obstacles, to conditions existing in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The resources of the denomination grew, in the period covered, from nothing to an investment which may be conservatively valued at one million dollars. The buildings and equipment which constitute the plant of the Acadia-Horton System are more fully discussed in the section on "Present Status". The University and Academy are still making valuable con­ tributions to the educational life of the Maritime Provinces. CHAPTER IV

BAPTIST WORK IN EDUCATION IN ONTARIO AND QUEBEC

For reasons set forth in the beginning of section "A" Baptist progress and the development of education were later in starting and slower in growth in the Central Provinces than the corresponding activity in the Maritimes. The ineffectual early attempts among English-speaking Baptists will be traced followed by a study of the unique contribution which the denomination made to the popular education of French-speaking children. This will be succ­ eeded by the successful efforts made to establish institutions of secondary and higher education in Ontario. believing as they do in the worth of the individual Baptists have sought to provide educational opportunities regardless of nationality or language. This chapter presents the evidence of the sincerity of the Baptist conviction on this subject. (A) Early Years Very few of the Loyalists who availed themselves of the excellent lands offered by the British Government were Baptists. The great mass of the Baptists in the United States were arden* friends of the revolution as were a great number of their brethren in the mother country. One family of Loyalists, however, (the Marshes) who settled at Caldwell's Manor, in the Eastern Townships, had come under Baptist influence before their flight and were instrumental in founding and developing churches at Stanstead, Hatley,

______- 52 -

Sutton and Stanbridge. other pioneer meeting houses were established through the efforts of evangelists from Vermont and the other neighbouring States. An interesting con­ gregation which did much to further the work of the denomination in education and missions was founded in the Ottawa region in 1816. This church was composed solely of Scottish Highlanders who had come under the Haldane missionary movement and been baptized upon profession of their faith before leaving Scotland. On their first Sabbath in the new world they met together for worship and called their new home Breadalbane. One of the pioneer preachers to whom the denomination is greatly indebted was John Edwards who came to Canada in 1819. Greatly lamenting his own lack of culture he was influential in the bringing out of trained clergy from England and Scotland, and in interesting the Baptists of the old land in Canadian welfare. It was through the efforts of Edwards that Dr. John Gilmour, who did so much in lifting the denomination

to a higher plane, came to Canada. It was this same Dr# Gi3iaour that returned to England again and again in the interests of Canadian Baptists and finally was instrumental in the formation of "The Baptist Canadian Missionary Society" of London. And it was this British influence which gave the Upper Canadian Baptists their intellectual impetus and saved them from the emotional effervescence which characterized so much of their

early work elsewhere. - 53 - Perhaps it is the comparative lack of Baptist publications which accounts for the fact that they are given such meagre attention in any Canadian History dealing with the period prior to 1850, but certainly a careful study of the three public questions, Public Education, the University question, and the Clergy Reserves shows that they took an active interest in all of these problems.

It is ironical that Simcoe's provision for education which was to be sectarian and class conscious and which was to be directed by the Anglican Church led the non-conformist groups to a reconsideration of their position and virtually made them crusaders in the field of equality of opportunity. The Montreal Register, a religious periodical pub­ lished in Montreal has many letters bearing testimony to the interest of the leaders of the denomination in the field of public education. On August 24, 31, and on September 10th, 1843, Dominie Lovechild wrote expressing his fear for the future of the country unless the general level of education was raised. He expressed disgust with people who were so unwilling to pay taxes for education that they would only hire teachers to "keep school", and who were so ignorant that they could barely read and write. At that early date he advised the formation of what we know as Parent Teacher Associations that the parents might gain some appreciation of cultural values and be better able to cooperate in the proper instruction of their children. Certainly his grasp of the significance of such groups is an indication of his - 54 - deep concern for the advancement of education.

In a Short Sermon for the Times which appeared in the Register on May 25th of the same year, the writer who wigned himself "Argus" struck at the root of the matter. He saw education as something distinct from the mere ability to read and write and emphasized the change within the individual which should result therefrom. In a populace with such trained individuals, and only in such an educated country, could he see any hope for harmonious development in the fields of government, politics and national peace. Again and again he wrote that the one hope for a country of mixed races lay in Government directed and government supported schools. Editorially the Register of December 7th, 1843, took up the question of teacher training and pointed out that poorly trained instructors were squanderers of the peoples1 money. It is probable that in some of the later criticisms appearing in the paper that personal animosity toward Dr. Ryerson was a contributing factor but it is also probable that the hue and cry throughout the denomination prevented him from laying a faulty foundation for the public school system of Ontario. (The Baptists felt that the Act of 1846 made encroach­ ments upon the civil rights of the people). At this date it is impossible to evaluate the con­ tribution of the Baptists to the public school Act of 1850, but the form and provisions of the Act parallel closely the opinions of the editor of the Register when he wrote on November 21 1844 General Education is ... "to be conducted in such a ~ 55 - manner as that its advantages may be enjoyed by all classes, without favouritism or compromise".

In 1843 the Baptists of Upper Canada consummated a union expressing their reasons for doing so in the form of a resolution:

"Our Associations, of which there are already six, are too local and too feeble to promote objects in which all Baptists of Canada may alike be interested, such objects for instance as College Reform, Common School Education, the 1. disposal of the Clergy reserves ..." On June twenty-sixth of the next year they reaffirmed their purpose expressing the hope that: "In this way we may hope, and shall ultimately be able to exert as a body a more powerful influence upon public sentiment, and mould it more to a fair and calm and rational investigation of our principles, and prepare the way for their 2. more extensive adoption and prevalence". That the Baptists were unsatisfied with the manage­ ment and policy of Kingfs College, Toronto, is evidenced by the petition presented to the House of Assembly by the executive of the Union requesting religious equality in its management and by the fact that a Baptist minister (Rev. J. Campbell) seconded one of the most important resolutions at a public meeting of protest held in Toronto. It would not be useful for our purpose to go into the details of Bishop Strachans machinations to make Kingfs

1. The Register Oct. 5, 1843.

2. Ibid July 11, 1844. - 56 - a purely Anglican institution nor to emphasize his futile attempts to make the "dissenters" appear an ignorant minority in the country. Throughout the storm every Baptist Assoc­ iation went on record at every gathering in favor of a college free from sectarian interests, founded upon principles similar to those of the Universily of London. At each session of parliament the Union presented petitions to each House stressing the principle of equality and liberty and Baptist Ministers held meetings throughout the length and breadth of Ontario urging citizens to claim their rights and privileges. It is true that there was much radicalism rampant at the time but an intelligent study of the issues of the Register ;* show5 that the Baptist view was sane and based upon well founded facts. When the Baldwin-Lafontaine Government succeeded in secularizing the University and naming it "The University of Toronto" the triumph was at least in part due to the unrelenting perseverance of the Baptist leaders and their great contribution to Canadian Education in this instance should be fairly

recognized. That they might speak with a united voice on the University Question, and on the secularization of the Clergy

Register Sept. 4, 1845 - It was a colonial problem for the people to settle in their own way, not the concern of the Imperial Parliament. Ibid March 9, 1846 - Professors should be appointed for their skill in teaching'not for their religious connections. Ibid Oct. 5 1843 - Petition recommending college reform. Thid Aus: 24 1843 - Baptists instrumental in creating public opini Mr. A.MacLachlan in an unpublished Thesis (McMaster) ® Baptists and Public Questions before 1850 gives a full translation of the Baptist Contribution. - 57 -

That they might speak with a united voice on the university question and on the secularization of the Clergy Reserves, the "Canadian Baptist Union" was formed in 1843. Among its specified objects were, "to promote brotherly love and union amongst those Baptist ministers and churches who agreed in the sentiments denominated evangelical;.to promote unity of exertion in whatever may best serve the cause of Christ in general, and the interests of the Baptist denomination in particular; and to obtain accurate statistical information relative to the Baptist churches, institutions, colleges etc., throughout this Province and the world at large". A few years later the Baptists who adhered to the practice of "Strict Communion" consummated a union and for a time their work advanced rapidly but as years went on the more liberal group increased in numbers and their influence became much more widespread. In the ten years from 1865 to 1875 the membership increased some seventy-five per cent. By an Act of the Dominion Parliament on March 22, 1889 the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec became a body politic with the work of the various societies entrusted to boards elected at the annual meeting of delegates selected

by the churches. If one were to attempt a comparison of the "Early Years" in the Maritimes, and in the Upper Provinces, it would be immediately apparent that the British influence was a much - 58 - more important factor in Upper Canada and that here too they were more fortunate in securing a well trained clergy from the beginning. However, what was lacking in Ontario was the "fire" which characterized the beginnings in Nova Scotia. (B) The Canada Baptist College It is probable that the idea of a college for training young Canadians for the Baptist Ministry was first voiced when the Rev. Newton Bosworth preached for the Rev. John Gilmour in Montreal in 1854. (Canadian, of course, being distinct from Maritime). During his visit Mr. Bosworth spoke to Mr. Gilmour of his concern for the work in Canada if some scheme of education were not set up, and was surprised to learn that Mr. Gilmour had been thinking along the same lines. Thqy both agreed that it would be much more valuable to train young men in this country than to depend on England for ministers. In February, 1836, they broached their idea to the Association meeting at Ottawa, and as a result Mr. Gilmour was asked to go to the Mother Country to seek aid while those at home promised to do their part in forwarding the enterprise. Very little authentic information is available dealing with the early years of the "Montreal Baptist Collegen. Existing records do not give any indication as to the type of organ­ ization or first buildings used. In 1838 the Rev. Benjamin Davies, Ph.D., (Leizic) a renowned Biblical scholar and famous Orientalist, friend of such eminent German scholars as Roedigir and Tholuck, was appointed Principal by the Canada Baptist Society

Information re: The Canada Baptist College was gleaned from the Baptist Year Book of 1900 (historical number) and a published pamphlet "The Educational Policy of the Baptists of Ontario and Quebec" by Dr. McCrimmon.

- 59 - - 60 - of London. For some six years he labored with zeal, but without much success attending his efforts. During the Chancellorship of Dr. Davies the enrolment was small and the courses unsuited to the needs of the students. it was

a grave mistake for him to place such great emphasis on Oriental and Classical Literature, particularly so, when one considers that his raw students came from pioneer homes. In 1844 Dr. Cramp, widely known in England and America as an author and lecturer, took charge of the college. He was full of energy and genuinely interested in the .under­ taking. It was hoped to make the college play a useful part in the lives of the Canadian Baptists. He was desirous of enlarging the institution and though the library was already an excellent one for the times, secured an extra gift of two hundred pounds for new books. The Montreal Baptists were mostly wealthy merchants and counting on a fine gift from England, he placed before them a plan for a new building. The new edifice was erected in 1846 at an expense of thirty thousand dollars, but on a subscription of only three thousand dollars, he hoped that the English group would contribute at least ten thousand dollars and that they would raise the rest in Canada. Unfortunately the English Baptists felt that the Communion question which was creating a growing disharmony in Canada made it impossible for the school to serve the best interests of the whole country and declined their support. - 61 - (The Baptists in Quebec and Ontario East had largely come from Britain and practiced open ccmmuhion while the Vfestern group who had come from the United States followed the 1. American practice of closed communion). Just at that time, too, there was a very serious financial depression in Montreal, and this, coupled with the ravages of Asiatic Cholera which raged in the city and the confusion which resulted from the Elgin riots,made the future outlook gloomy indeed. The final collapse of the college came in 1849. There were many reasons for the ultimate failure, perhaps if the dissension within the denomination had been less acute and there had been less misunderstanding with respect to the executive control of the institution it might have survived. Moreover the location was not favorable. It was in the midst of a rich Baptist group but not in a large Baptist constituency nor, considering the means of travel, was it well situated to receive large numbers of students, Then, too, the Baptists were still debating the question of "God- ordained and not man-made ministers", they were not ready nor enlightened enough to appreciate and sustain such an institution. It might have fared better had the Canadian Baptists had the choice of an executive head themselves instead of depending on the English leaders for the choice of a Principal. The curr­ iculum of the college included Oriental and Classical Literatures,

1. Close Communion is the practice of admitting to the Lordfs Supper only those who have been baptized. To the Baptist "Baptized" means immersed. Therefore only immersed believers are admitted to Communion. Open Communion is the contrary practice. 2. McCrimmon op. cit. p.6. - 62 - Natural Philosophy, Theology, Philosophy, and Ecclesiastical History. All of these subjects were in the hands of expert teachers, but the denomination cried out for practical training. Dr. Fyfe, an educationist himself, wrote to the head of the College pointing out that not even rhetoric or reading was given a place on the curriculum and stated that he felt sure that it 1. was no place for Western Baptists. Perhaps the over ambitious scale on which the college was built did most to assure its downfall. When it was finally closed the buildings were sold to the Roman Catholic Church for debt and still stand on the corner of Guy and Dorchester Streets in Montreal. The College was not entirely a failure for it graduated some of the staunchest and most energetic of the later Baptist leaders. One cannot but feel that if the College had been built from the sweat of the people as had Acadia that they would have seen in it their own life blood, and that its ending would not have been such an inglorious one.

1. Tear Book 1900 p. 93. (C) The French Baptist Movement Unlike other Baptist educational institutions in eanada, Feller Institute w&s not originated by Baptists. To discover its roots we must go back to the Swiss Reform Church. In the early years of the nineteenth century, a religious revival, led in part at least by Robert Haldane of Scotland, swept part of central Europe especially French-speaking Switzerland, Among those directly or indirectly influenced were the four whose names stand out in the pioneer history of "The Grande Ligne Mission" which owns and operates Feller Institute. In some way the Rev. Henri Olivier and the church in Lausanne of which he was pastor became greatly interested in the 1. evangelization of the American Indians. Some of the members organized themselves into a missionary society and sent as its first missionaries Mr. and Mrs. Olivier and two others to America. 2. They arrived in Montreal in October 1834. Acting on the advice of interested friends in Montreal, the Oliviers decided to remain there for the Winter, but their two companions went on to the Mississippi Valley. Montreal at that time was a city of about thirty thousand people, largely French-speaking, and according to available information not more than ten percent literate. The Oliviers understanding French were greatly struck by this ignorance 3. and by the prevailing religious and moral conditions. They therefore decided upon missionary activities while waiting in Montreal and sent to the supporting Society reports and letters. In the course of the Winter months their description of the situation

1. Cramp, Madame Feller, p.13. 2. Ibid p. 63. 3. Ibid. p. 94. - 64 - and appeals for help aroused great concern in the mind of Madame Feller, a young widow in the congregation, who had been much given to good works, and Louis Roussy who had been taking studies looking to the ministry. Apparently another missionary organization was formed to send out Louis Roussy and Madame Feller to Canada for the express purpose of carrying on evangelistic activities among the French-speaking people. They arrived in Montreal in October, 1835, and immediately made contact with the Oliviers, and also met friends of the Oliviers who took an active interest in their purpose. Among them were the pastor of the .American Presbyterian Church, and the Rev. John Gilmour, pastor of the First Baptist Church. This is the same Gilmour who so deeply interested himeslf in the affairs of the Montreal Baptist College. Ten months of evangelistic activity on the part of both Madame Feller followed and Mr. Roussy with but little visible result. During that time it became increasingly clear to Madame Feller that Elementary Education was a crying need of the people to whom she and Mr. Roussy were trying to minister. Mr. Roussy had aroused interest in his message in the mind of Mr. and Madame 1. Leveque who lived in a log hut on a pioneer farm on La Premiere Grande Ligne de la paroisse de Ste. Marguerite de Blairfindie - now Grande Ligne. Learning that Madame Feller needed a residence they offered her the use of their "garret" *ich she accepted and entered in September, 1836. The cabin which is still in existence is about twenty-four feet square, so that the space available to Madame Feller was approximately twelve feet by twenty- four feet. She had a partition erected across the space, and

1. Ibid. p. 94. - 65 - established her personal quarters in one of the rooms, and made the other into a classroom. To this room she invited the younger children of the Leveque family and their neighbours, and commenced teaching them to read and write. It must be remembered that at that time and in that district the struggle for existence was very bitter. The people cut down the trees to clear the land and burned them to get rid of them, sowed their seed between the stumps and harvested their crops entirely by hand. The comforts of the civilization of that day were lacking, every member of the family who could contribute anything to the operation of their bush fams had to do so in order to survive. Only the small children, therefore, and only those nearby could attend Madame Feller's little class. In some way ambition was stirred in the parents, and before the Winter was out they approached Madame Feller asking her to permit them to take the places of the children. This she refused, but proposed that the children continue to attend in the daytime and that the parents attend an evening class. This was done. As warmer weather approached, and the number of those seeking admission to the class increased, the space in the attic became insufficient and the classes were removed to a barn for the Summer. A serious interruption to the work of Madame Feller and Louis Roussy occurred in the Fall and early Winter of 1837. The movement in opposition to the Government of that time produced a most unfortunate effect. The missionaries and those whom they had gathered around them being Protestant and Protestant sympathizers came under the suspicion of the "rebels" who were good Catholics. ~ 66 — On the other hand they were also suspected by the authorities of being in sympathy with the "rebels". So threatening were the "rebels" that it was deemed necessary to remove to the 1. United States for safety and accordingly Madame Feller and Louis Roussy with a group of friends whom they had interested, fled across the border in November, 1837. They settled in the neighbourhood of Chazy and Champlain. Many of them obtained some work and managed to subsist until late Winter when it was thought safe to return to Canada. On arrival they found that practically all of the furniture and food supplies which they had left behind had been stolen or destroyed, and at least one house had been burned. Madame Feller succeeded in obtaining seed and other supplies with which they contrived to re-establish themselves. She immediately recommenced her educational work. Existing records leave some uncertainty as to the precise order of events. It seems fairly clear, however, that with encouragement from Montreal ministers a small wooden house was built into which the Leveques moved leaving the whole of their cabin to the use of Madame Feller. , A little later the school was moved into the new building, and the Leveques resumed occupation of their cabin. About that time, too, John Gilmour .and other Montreal friends visited the little school and were so impressed by the diffioulties under which Madame Feller was doing her work that they determined to raise funds to assist in the construction of more spacious and suitable accommodation. Mr. Roussy, before entering the ministry, had been a stone-mason, and was acquainted

1. wyeth, Madame Feller and The Grande Ligne Mission pp. 74 & 75. - 67 - with the principles of building. With the aid of funds raised in the United States and Canada a farm was bought and a solid stone building was constructed, capable of housing a school of thirty or more boys and young men. It included residential accommodation for Madame Feller, and occasional visitors, and had a small Chapel. All of the work was done under the supervision of Mr. Roussy and much of the stone-masonry he himself laid. This 1. building was dedicated on August 4th, 1840. Madame Fellerfs object was never purely secular education. She used education as a means toward religious ends. This re­ sulted within the next years in attracting a Roman Catholic priest named Leon Normandeau, who, under a sense of religious need, sought the aid of the missionaries. Their instruction resulted in his conversion to Protestantism, and his wide culture was placed at the service of the Mission for both educationaldand evangelistic work. During the next few years also some very gifted young people received their earlier education at the little school* One of them was Theodore Lafleur (later Dr. Lafleur. Madame Feller was able to arrange for him to go to Geneva to further his studies. It appears that the earliest classes include* both girls and boys but girls seem to have been excluded from the school after the opening of the stone school in 1840. Madame Feller per­ ceived a necessity of providing more liberal education for girls than then existed, and a girls' school, similar in purpose to the 2. one at Grande Ligne was opened at St. Pie in 1850. Upon his return from Geneva Mr. Lafleur became Principal of that school.

1. Lafleur, Historical Sketch of The Grande Ligne Mission p. 13. 2. Camp, op. cit. p. 175. - 68 ~ The building was burned in 1852 and another building was purchased at Longueuil, and the girls' school removed to the new site. The name Feller Institute was first applied to the girls' school. Insufficient funds caused the sale of the Longueuil property and the merging of it with the boys' school at Grande Ligne, thus making a co-educational institution which was thereafter known as Feller Institute. During this period the work had been supported partly by contributions from Switzerland, and by gifts secured from many religious denominations in Canada and the United States. Madame Feller and Mr. Roussy had both been moving toward Baptist 1. views in Theology and were immersed about the year 1847. The effect that this action had upon their support appears to have surprised Madame Feller. For gifts from non-Baptist sources fell off rapidly, and soon the Mission found itself dependent solely upon Baptist people for its financial support. It has so remained ever since. Very early in the activities set forth above, the interested friends had formed themselves into a Committee under the name of "La Societe Evangelique de la Grande Ligne". This Society seems to have charged itself chiefly with the raising of funds, leaving the management of the school largely in the tiands of Madame Feller, and the leadership of the evangelical activities largely to Mr. Roussy. It was during this period that the activities of The Grande Ligne Mission impressed leaders in the three major

1. Villard, Up to the Light p. 65. - 69 - Protestant denominations in Canada. They all organized work among the French-speaking people along closely similar lines to that being followed by Madame Feller and Mr. Roussy and this resulted in the opening of Sabrevois College (now closed) by the Anglicans, the French Methodist Institute at Westmount and l'Institut Evangelique Franqaise by the Presbyterians at Pointe Aux Trembles. The two latter named were merged at Pointe Aux Trembles on the organization of the United Church of Canada. Madame Feller necessarily spent a good deal of time in collecting tours in Canada and the United States, and most of her visiting for this purpose was in New England, but she went as far south as Philadelphia and as far west as Niagara Falls. Sometimes she travelled alone; sometimes with assistants. Others engaged in similar work and funds gathered in this way were used to maintain the institution and in missionary activities. By the time of which we are now speaking support from Switzerland had dwindled to nothing, but had been replaced by the contri­ butions mentioned above. A formal junction was arranged with Baptist Missionary Societies in the United States and Canada which made the approach to the churches and to individuals much more convenient and greatly increased the gifts to the Mission. By 1860 the Societies in the United States had withdrawn, and since that time, while substantial amounts have come from outside Canada, the whole support of The Grande Ligne Mission has increasingly fallen upon Canadian Baptists. In 1854 Madame Feller suffered a failure of health, but recovered upon spending several months in Florida and Virginia. - 70 - Her health was never robust after that time and in 1859 she revisited Switzerland and remained there until the end of 1861, but then returned to Canada and while in increasing weakness carried on the management of the school at Grande 1. Ligne until her death on March 29th, 1868. The superin­ tendence of the school then fell' upon Mr. and Mrs. L.C. Roux. When the girls' school was moved from Longeuil in 2. 1876 the existing building became greatly crowded and in 1880 a wing was added to provide increased accommodation. In the year 1887 Mr. and Mrs. Roux resigned, and the Rev. G.N (later Dr. Masse) became Principal, although still a youhg man. He was followed in the office by his brother Arthur and during the period of the Masse administration, some thirty-four years, much growth took place. Many successive changes were made in the buildings. In January, 1890, when the first of such changes was being considered a disastrous fire took place, destroying the whole interior of the main building and practically all of the contents including a large amount of documents and records. In the rebuilding a second wing was added so that the main building now has the shape roughly of three sides of a square. Other changes which have taken place in the buildings have been the addition of further storeys throughout making a compact four-storey building with basement under most of it. The main building is now substantially as it was in 1902 of grey limestone quarried in the neighbourhood. In 1922-23 another build­ ing of concrete and red brick, named Masse Hall, in memory of the

1. Cramp,op. cit. p. 226. 2. Lafleur, op. cit. p. 41. - 71 - Masse brothers, was constructed at the rear of the main building and joined to it by two covered passageways. This building provides a large gymnasium, industrial arts depart­ ment, heating plant, laundry and infirmaries, together with other useful accommodations. The school has an adequate supply of pure water from an artesian well, and is plentifully supplied with fresh fruits and vegetables from the farm which 1. is operated as part of the school unit. In its early years the school appears to have had no very well defined curriculum. It was concerned chiefly with providing a very elementaty education for otherwise illiterate children and young people. It otherwise sought, in a measure at least, to prepare young men for missionary activities among the French-speaking people. During the administration of Dr. G.N. Masse a change took place, and the curriculum of the institution was gradually brought into conformity with the educational requirements of the Protestant division of the Department of Public Instruction. The aim was to prepare young people who went through its courses for matriculation to the universities, or to the normal course at McDonald College. The courses offered at the school have been modified with the progress of years to meet the broadening concepts of adequate

education. Feller Institute in the course of its history has provided with elementary and secondary education a large number of men and women who have "made their mark" in many spheres of

1# Feller Institute Prospectus, 1942-43. - 72 ~ humanitarian activity. In harmony with Baptist principles its doors have been open to ambitious young people regardless of race or creed and they have been accepted at the lowest possible fees, often being provided with care and education at substantially less than cost. Perhaps the greatest single contribution made by Feller Institute to Canadian education has been the large number of French specialists who have been started upon their careers within its walls. (D) The Pre McMaster Era Before the Montreal College had finally succumbed the Regular Baptists of Canada West were considering educational ventures of their own. Distrust-in the open communion views of "their Eastern Brethren" they had steadfastly refused to support the Montreal institution and in 1849 appointed a committee on Ministerial Education which was to bring in a report to the first annual convention at St. Catharines.

The plan formulated by the chairman, the Rev. James Inglis, provided for a theological school only, to be situated in Toronto. There were to be three professors, one of Christian Ethics and Logic, one of Theology and biblical Criticism, and one of Ecclesiastical History, Sacred Geography and Natural History. The professors were not to be paid for their services but the denomination was to pay their travelling expenses and pulpit supplies. The peculiar feature of the proposal was the unusually short school terms which were to occupy six weeks ih the Spring and Autumn. It was understood from the beginning that the college was solely founded to provide an educated ministry and had no obligation for students interested in other professions. After much consideration the plan was dropped, possibly because professors could not be found. In 1852 the nRegular Baptist Missionary Society of Canada11 replaced the Union, and this body promptly interested itself in Education. At its first meeting the Education Committee presented reports outlining a scheme in these general terms:

1. Baptist Tear Book, 1900, p. 248. 2. 77ells, Life and Labours of Rev. R.A. Fyfe, p. 280. - 73 - - 74 - "Tour Committee being deeply convinced of the necessity and practicability of an institution for the education of young men for the work of the ministry, and at the same time knowing the facilities afforded (after an arduous struggle) in the Toronto University for the attainment of a thorough literary education to persons of all denominations, do strongly recommend our denomination to aid young men in enjoying its advantages, but as this merely embraces a literary education they further recommend that steps be immediately taken to procure an endowment for a theological institution and they suggest that the sum of ten thousand pounds be raised for that purpose, provided that no subscription be raised 1. until at least five thousand pounds be subscribed". Dr. McLay was asked to head a finance committee, anS by 1835 was able to report that the sum of five thousand, nine hundred and twenty-two pounds, nine shillings, eight pence, had been raised. On the strength of this subscription the "Regular Baptist Theological Education Society of Canada" was organized and a constitution adopted. It was decided to call the new college McLay College and Dr. McLay was asked to become its first President 2. and Professor of Theology. Dr# McLay resigned aoon after receiving the appointment and the pressure of internal dissention led to the abandonment of the whole scheme. Thus we see that the proposal to open McLay College was even less successful than the earlier institution at Montreal for this latter proposal never got beyond the paper stage, and at a meeting of the Society in Brantford on January 16th, 1856,

1. Baptist Year Book, 1900, p. 251.

2. Ibid. p. 252. it was decided to return the money gifts to the donors.

It was indeed a dark periad for those interested in Baptist Education. The Montreal College had failed, the ill- starred plan of the Rev. Inglis had proven itself unsuccessful and McLay College had not even opened. iiut times were changing; railways were being built making intercourse easier; mensf minds were overcoming the prejudices of earlier years and larger views were emerging. With the changing times came the man who was to make the Baptist Ideal for Education a reality in Upper Canada. He was the Rev. Robert Alexander Fyfe, a graduate of the Montreal College and of Newton and Madison. He had been Acting Principal of the Montreal School and was a man of great talent and foresight. He held strongly to the Baptist conviction that education should be offered to all, regardless of creed or social standing, and was willing to enforce his beliefs in all of their manifold relations to life, public and private. In a letter to the "Christian Messenger", December 13, 1855, he advocates the opening of a Baptist Educational Institution and strikes a saner keynote, advocating a school to provide general education rather than starting with a Theological School. His school would be "a very good preparatory school for college; while it would furnish to all a means of social and intellectual culture, 1. of which they are greatly in want." Dr. Fyfe was a man of action and a born leader. In a very short time he had the whole denomination behind his effort to establish a school, and by degrees the scheme assumed definite shape. On the eighteenth of March, 1857, the first regular meeting

1. Year Book, 1900, p. 251. - 76 - of subscribers was held at Woodstock and "The Canadian Literary Institute" formally organized. Woodstock had been chosen over Brantford and Fonthili as the location for the institution because of its accessibility, its strong local church and the generous offer of the citizens to raise by voluntary subscription the sum of sixteen thousand dollars. The cornerstone of the Institute, which was to be co-educational, was laid on June 23rd, 1857.

The early years were difficult ones financially, as Dr. Fyfe himself said, "We obtained our guarantee of sixteen thousand dollars, just as the flush times of 1855-56 began to ebb, and the 2. latter part of 1857-59 were very hard indeed". During the darkest of these years the executive committee, under the indomitable leadership of Dr. Fyfe toiled on and at one time it became necessary for Deacon Burtch, one of the members, to mortgage his dwelling in order to carry on. The contagion of their sacrifice soon spread throughout the denomination and the school opened on July 4th, 1860, with forty pupils enrolled, and one 3. dormitory furnished. The second term opened with a larger enrolment and prospects were indeed much brighter, but once again fate took a hand and stark tragedy faced the men who had worked so hard to establish the school. On January 8th, 1861, the build­ ings were completely destroyed by fire. After the eight thousand dollars insurance had been collected, there still remained a debt 4. of at least five thousand, six hundred dollars, and the situation

1. Ibid. p. 253. 2. Ibid. p. 253. 3. Ibid. p. 255. 4. The Tyro, July, 1872 - 77 - looked hopeless indeed, but in reality the fire proved to be a blessing in disguise. It evoked sympathy throughout the denomination, and among the many outside friends of the school. The citizens of Woodstock offered the Woodstock Hotel, rent free, as temporary quarters, and before the end of the week a letter arrived from Senator McMaster offering four thousand 1. dollars if twenty thousand dollars could be raised elsewhere. The town Council of Woodstock offered a further gift of six hundred dollars, but it was declined by the trustees who adhered to the Baptist principle that state monies ought not be used for de­ nominational schools. Dr. iyfe led the Governors in a most thorough canvass, and before the end of three months the pledges 2. had reached a total of twenty-one thousand, six hundred dollars. The new building was opened in the midsummer of 1862, and Dr. Fyfe continued in the position of Principal until his retirement in 1878. During the period of his headship the college was never free from financial embarrassment, partly because its object being to serve the mass of the people, the fees had to be kept as low as possible, and partly owing to the steadfast refusal of the trustees to accept state aid. For many years Dr. Fyfe carried the Theological Depart­ ment alone, but as his health continued to fail the Rev. John Crawford was appointed assistant professor in 1868, and later a 4. third professor, J. C. Yule, was added.

1. & 2. Baptist Year Book 1900, p. 255. 3. McMaster University Monthly, Vol. Ill, p. 289.

4. Ibid. p. 258-9. - 78 - During all of these years an attempt had been made to carry on three more or less distinct departments, those of Theology, Preparatory and Secondary or Literary. For some years work of the second year of University was offered by the Literary Department, but increasing financial difficulties made it necessary to discontinue these efforts. On Dr. Fyfe's death Professor John Torrance became head of the Theological Department, and Professor James S. Wells assumed the Principalship of the Literary Department. Next to Dr. jyfe it is probable that Professor Wells made the greatest contribution to the shaping of later Baptist Educational Policy of any leader of his day. Even before Dr. Fyfe's resignation there had been con­ siderable discussion of the advisability of removing the Theological Department to Toronto. In July 1879 a special meeting of the subscribers was held to discuss the proposal further and to make suitable recommendations. Two resolutions came out of this meeting; one stressing the need to continue the Literary Department at Woodstock and emphasizing the need of maintaining a high standard of scholarship; the other advising the removal of the Theological Department to Toronto as soon as suitable buildings 1. could be found. To make the move practicable it was deemed necessary to raise the sum of fifty thousand dollars, and the Rev.

S# A. Dyke was appointed to undertake the arduous canvass. Senator McMaster was most anxious that the Theological Department move to Toronto, and when the canvass appeared to be progressing very slowly purchased a site and erected a building at his own expense. The reason for the strong support that the

1. Ibid. p. 258-9 - 79 - leaders gave the move is precisely the one that was used when Horton Academy was raised to college grade. Under the previous set up in Ontario, a student would take his secondary course at Woodstock, proceed to the University of Toronto for his arts, and return to Woodstock for his Theology. Unfortunately many of the students favored taking Theological training in the United States, and consequently many of them were lost to Canadian pulpits. The college at Toronto was named "The Toronto Baptist College" and was officially opened on October 4th, 1881, "with twenty students in attendance, and a staff composed of Dr. Castle, a prominent Toronto clergyman, Professor A.H. Newman, who later became church historian, and Dr. Malcolm MacYicar. The school was placed under the direction of a Board of Trustees who formed a self-perpetuating close corporation. This earlier arrange­ ment gave the churches no voice in the direction of the college, but as the churches became more and more influential the Charter was amended, and a Senate, composed in part of college representatives and in part of representatives elected by the Convention, assumed control of the educational side of the work, leaving Trustees in charge of the finances and buildings. Professor Wolverton was appointed Principal of the school at Woodstock, and in 1883 its Charter was amended to give it the 2. name of Yfoodstock College. The policy now pursued was to advise promising young men to first attend Woodstock College and then to proceed to Toronto University, and finally to take their Theology at Toronto Baptist College.

1. Ibid. p. 259. 2. Ibid. p. 259. - 80 - Woodstock continued to be a first class preparatory school, and offered a four year high school course leading to University Matriculation. Throughout its career its staff was made up of professionally trained teachers of accepted scholarship and every effort was made to introduce its students to the sheer delight of intellectual activity. At the same time emphasis was placed on the Christian background of our culture and each year students openly professed their faith in the power of true religion.

Under the Principalship of Dr. Farmer a manual training and commercial department was added to prepare young men who were looking forward to engineering and commercial carrers. So high was the standard of the manual training work that it was accepted as an elective by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the same institution granted special privileges to Woodstock graduates who had successfully completed the course 1. in practical science. Woodstock College was the first school in Canada to introduce a course in manual training into the 2. regular high school curriculum. With the increase and marked improvement in the public schools of Ontario, and in view of changed economic conditions, Baptists felt that a denominational preparatory school for boys was no longer necessary, and closed Woodstock College in 1926. Though Woodstock has closed its influence is still felt in the thousands of her graduates who hold positions of responsibility

1. The Principal^ Report, 1900. 2. The Canadian Baptist, Nov. 8, 1888. An article on the College contains quotations from the "Toronto Globe" and"The Mail" which makes the foregoing assertion evident. - 81 - in Canada and throughout the world.

The period just reviewed is significant in that it illustrates the felt need for educational facilities among the leaders of the Baptists of the period, and shows the thoroughness of their provision. The next step must be to show the change of attitude toward the Provincial University, and the consequent development of McMaster University as an outgrowth of the Toronto Baptist College. (E) The Founding of McMaster University

The federation controversy which was an attempt to

solve the problem of University Education in Ontario did

much to shape the attitude of the Baptists to the founding of McMaster.

From 1841 on it became increasingly evident that a liroader educational system was needed. The importance of science

was coming to the fore, and with it a realization that extensive

equipment and apparatus must form a necessary part of a Universityfs

paraphernalia. Faced with this need of equipment the provincial University made an appeal to the government for funds, but the appeal was objected to by most of the denominational colleges.

Principal Grant of Queenfs pointed out that the smaller colleges needed help also and that the provincial institution should try to obtain gifts from interested parties rather than petition the legislature. Anticipating a movement toward federation the University of Toronto in 1877 revised its courses providing a greater number of electives and offering many more specialized courses. In

January, 1884, the main schemes of the plan were discussed in­ formally by representatives of the University of Toronto, Victoria,

Queenfs Trinity and the Toronto Baptist College. On this and on the later occasions when the proposal was discussed, Drs. Castle and MacVicar were the Baptist representatives.

Dr. Nellis of Victoria College was in favor of federation

«— 82 •• - 83 - and eventually the Methodists accepted his proposal and Victoria became an integral part of the provincial university. Dr. MacVicar proposed a scheme of affiliation in which each of the denominational colleges might maintain their own arts faculties, and as well have professors appointed to University chairs, after the Oxford fashion. When the Baptist Union met in Brantford in May, 1884, they expressed the wish that a literary college might be established in connection with the Toronto Baptist College, and that here courses might be taught as designated by the Convention; the remaining subjects to be taught at University College. At this meeting of the Union a resolution was passed favoring the federation movement provided that it should satisfy the denomination and provide for a recognition of the religious 1. element in education. Already, however, the weakness in the federation plan was becoming clear. University College was becoming more and more reticent about giving way to the opinions of the other colleges and was attempting to establish federation on its own terms. Queen's was definitely losing interest in the proposal, especially since the Government persisted in its delay in promising them compensation for the expenditure involved in a move to Toronto. In 1885 a deputation from Queenfs waited upon the Government and presented its reasons for refusing to federate,at the same time requesting equal assistance to that received by the federated colleges at Toronto.

1. Ibid. p. 260. - 84 -

At this juncture a new voice was added to the anti- federation group, Dr. T.H. Rand, who had so greatly influenced the development of the Public School System of Nova Scotia, accepted the Principalship of Woodstock College on April 28, 1886. One of his terms of acceptance was that he might raise the institution to University stature as quickly as possible. Certain­ ly this step, involving as it does a complete abandonment of federation by the Baptists, is diametrically opposed to the resolution passed in 1884. It is probable that the changed attitude is due not so much to a change in leadership in the intervening years as to a completer realization of what federation 1. actually meant. Just at this time a movement was afoot to bring the boards of Woodstock and the Toronto College into an organi® unity. Interest in education was high and it was decided to ask Senator McMaster to transfer a former offer of $17,000, to establish an arts college at Toronto to the institution at Woodstock. This he agreed to do provided that the denomination would furnish an 2. additional thirty-nine thousand dollars. With the powerful stimulus which educational work had received when the financial canvass reached a successful conclusion, it was decided that the Woodstock charter was no longer broad enough and that the Government was to be petitioned for University powers such powers not to be exercised until the institution was equipped to the satisfaction of the Lieutenant-Governor in council.

1. Statutes of Ontario 1887 p. 188. 2. Canadian Baptist October 20, 1887 - 85 - B A bill to unite Woodstock College and the Toronto Baptist College, and to incorporate them as McMaster University, received its first reading on March 15th, 1887. There was a large delegation present to plead for the passage of the bill, and among the principal speakers were Dr. Rand, Dr. Castle and Mr. D.E. Thomson. In addressing the Government, Dr. Castle pointed out the genius for founding educational institutions which characterized the denomination, and as evidence of his statement pointed to the some hundred and twenty-six institutions with a combined endowment of seventeen million dollars which flourished side by side with the more powerful state institutions across the border. Continuing his argument he pointed out that though the Baptist Colleges in Canada were in no way inferior to those of the other denominations they had refrained from asking degree conferring privileges until they felt that they were in a position to benefit from this power, and had even refused to grant honorary degrees in Theology though they had this right. In conclusion Dr. Castle made clear the denomination's policy on state aid and assured the members that they were not seeking state aid but legal 2. protection that they might devote the proposed gift of Senator McMaster to the use of higher education. Dr. Rand pointed out four factors which he felt should influence the Legislature in favor of the passage of the bill.

1. Canadian Baptist March 24, 1887. Z. Canadian Baptist May 27th, 1886. - 86 - He made clear the Baptist position on the acceptance of state aid, pointing out that while Queen's and Victoria were receiving annually the sum of five thousand dollars from the Legislature, Woodstock in spite of a most difficult financial situation, had consistently refused Government aid. What they now requested was recognition and the privilege of conducting Christian education. Like Dr. Castle he referred to the fine record of Baptist institutions in the United States, and pointed out that he felt that by accepting federation they would lose the autonomy which was so marked a characteristic of these American institutions. Mr. D.E.Tompson concluded the case for McMaster by pointing out that already the Baptists were spending annually the sum of twenty-eight thousand dollars for schools, and before granting degrees hoped to have as an endowment a sum equal to that of Queen's and Victoria combined. The Honorable Mr. Harcourt, the Attorney General, assured the delegates that their request would have the full confidence of the Legislature who would seek to do justice to Baptist interests having in mind, at the same time, the interests of the

country as a whole. The Bill passed the Private Bills' Committee on April 1. 2. 5th, and appeared for a second reading on April 15th. At this time Mr. Harcourt pointed out to the members the comparatively large endowment already on hand and answered criticisms regarding the standards of sectarian colleges by pointing out that if the

1# Journals of the Legislative Assembly XX p. 99.

2# Journals of the Legislative Assembly XX p. 119. - 87 - proposed university lowered its academic currency it would be suicidal.

On April 20th the house resolved itself into a Committee to consider the Bill, and on April 22nd the Bill was 1. read a third time and passed. As a guarantee of high standards the Board of Governors agreed to furnish the Provincial Secretary with accurate information regarding the property and income of the University, 2. its professors and lecturers, and its curriculum. As a further guarantee they agreed not to grant any degrees in Arts until at least five professorships had been established permanently and until property and monies received totalled seven hundred 3. thousand dollars. The new Charter bound together Woodstock College and Toronto Baptist College as an organic unity with a single Board of Governors who were subject in matters academic to the Senate of the University. The liberal nature of the charter is markedly similar to that of Acadia. The professors were required to be members in good standing of an evangelical church, but not necessarily Baptists. Similarly no bars of denomination or creed were placed upon students. Classes were open to all, even in the Faculty of Theology, but, of course, professors in this faculty were to be members of Regular Baptist

Churches.

On September 22 9 1887, Senator McMaster died leaving the 4. college a bequest of about nine hundred thousand dollars. This gift served to quicken interest in the undertaking, and it was

1. Ibid. p. 119. 2. Statutes of Ontario, 1887, p. 376, section 19. 3. Ibid, section 18. 4# The Founding of McMaster, Hamilton, p. 42. - 88 - decided to call a special educational Convention to meet at Guelph on March 27th, 1888. After a full and vigorous discussion it was decided to organize and develop the institution as a permanently independent school of Christian learning and to 1. establish the Arts College at Toronto. The new Arts College opened with the smallest campus and the largest endowment of its day. It was situated on the site of the old Baptist College on Bloor ^ree.t a site of some two hundred and fifty square feet. As time went on it became necessary to give the two tennis courts over to a coal pile and at this time of overcrowding it is said that a watchful economics professor threatened to plough any student who refused to dig. In 1901 a chapel was erected and named after Dr. Castle who had so distinguished himself at Toronto Baptist College. In 1907 a science building was put up to house the growing department of natural science. This building was box-like in architecture and poorly arranged throughout. In 1921 a large home on St. George Street was purchased and used as a women's residence. It was called Wallingford Hall after tM birthplace of its donor, Mr. William Davis. Long before this date, in 1888, Mrs. McMaster had given her fine home on Bloor Street East to house the secondary depart­ ment for girls. This school was called Moulton College after the maiden name of Mrs. McMaster, who was a direct descendent of

1. Baptist Year Book for 1900, p. 263. Ideas on the expanding McMaster are taken from a published pamphlet, McMaster University 1890-1940. McLay, Gilmour et al. ~ 89 - Ebenezer Moulton, one of the pioneer clergymen in the Maritime Provinces. Mrs. McMaster accompanied her property gift with a bequest of three thousand dollars, and her sole stipulations were that, Bible study be a part of the curriculum; that the teachers be members of an evangelical church, and that graduates of the school be admitted to McMaster in all of the faculties. The salaries for the staff were to come out of the McMaster endowment. The school has functioned ever since its inception, and has a high reputation among private schools in Ontario. In recent years a primary department has been added where girls looking forward to teaching may gain acquaintance with their profession. In 1894 the University graduated its first class of sixteen students. From that time until 1910 there was steady growth in student enrolment and marked expansion in buildings and equipment. In 1910 Knox, Victoria and McMaster were all subjected to most bitter criticism by those who held extreme conservative viev/s in theology. As far as McMaster was concerned the right of the University to pursue investigation was vindicated but wounds were inflicted which were most difficult to heal. After the period of the Great War, McMaster was seriously hampered in her movement to expand because of the limitations of her campus, and it became necessary to accept one of three possible solutions, ile., to purchase some extravagently expensive site nearby on Bloor Street; to enter into federation with the University of Toronto, or to move the University to a new location. - 90 - Just at this time, however, another bitter struggle with the more fundamental group of Theologians threw the whole discussion into confusion.

From the beginning of the discussion of the possibility of removing the University to a new site the attitude of the City of Hamilton had been most generous. A suggestion was made that the City grant the College a gift of one million dollars, but it was made clear that the position of the denomination with respect to monies raised by taxation of all of the citizens made this offer impossible of acceptance. Not daunted by this refusal a group of Hamilton citizens undertook to raise one half million dollars by the more difficult manner of voluntary subscription. At the same time the denomination and the Alumni Society raised the sum of a million and a half dollars. The City of Hamilton presented the University with a fine forty-eight acre campus and raised funds throughout the City to build and equip a magnificent new science building named for that reason Hamilton Hall. The period ends with McMaster the only Protestant Arts College in the Province that has maintained full responsibility financially, and complete independence. The ideals of the University are unchanged and its doors are still open to students of all creeds and classes of Society; to them it attempts to give a broad basis of culture on which later specialization may be built. Perhaps the period of the founding and expansion is best summed up in the verse of the "Commemoration Ode" which Dr. Clarke of Queen*s wrote on the celebration of McMaster's Semi-Centennial - 91 celebration: "The Vows of that great multitude we share, Their voices rise with ours in concord there; But our appointed chapel, round about Is with its own memorials adorned: Our founder bountiful, whose name we bear, McMaster: Rand, whose parable of life His pupils cherish: McGregor, Newman, Fyfe, Prophets of old, long mourned; And their familiars, on whom their cloaks were cast (Still they abide with us). Their faith devout Brought us through years whose storms are overpast To harbour here at last". CHAPTER V

(A) Baptist Beginnings in Western Canada When Confederation was consummated in 1867 it included only Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but the British North America Act made provision for the admission at any time of Newfoundland, British Columbia, Rupert's Land and the North West Territories. At the first session of the Dominion Parliament the British Government was requested to transfer to Canada Rupert's Land and the North West Territories. As early as 1869 negotiations were entered into whereby the British Government and the Hudson's Bay Company were to make possible the entrance of the great Western Plains into the newly formed Dominion. This newly added territory soon attracted Easterners to the possibilities of the fertile land on the banks of the Red River and beyond. Baptist leaders were not long in accepting the challenge of the West, and at the Convention held at Aylmer on April 21st, 1869, it was decided to send Dr. L.T. Davidson and the Rev. Thomas Baldwin to bring back a first hand report on the conditions and opportunities to be found there. After a long and arduous journey the voyagers reached Fort Garry, now Winnipeg, and proceeded to points farther west. On their return to Ontario they presented a report to the Baptist Missionary Convention which met at Woodstock on October 20th, of the same year.

- 92 - - 93 ~ Their report is too long to be included in this treatise, but in the main it lamented the fact that the Baptists were so often slow to accept the challenge of new opportunities, and encouraged the Baptists of Ontario to send out a few well prepared and aggressive clergymen to secure sites in the rising towns and thus be prepared for the families of Baptists who must sooner or later settle in the West.

In response to this demand the Rev. Alexander McDonald was set apart as a missionary to the West. Mr. McDonald was fitted in every way for the task. He was tremendously interested in people; of an adventurous nature, and willing to make any sacrifice for the development of Baptist work in Western Canada. He arrived in Winnipeg in May, 1873, and immediately began visiting families and holding services in school-houses, and in private dwellings. To him goes the honor of holding the first mid-week prayer service in Manitoba. He returhed to Ontario at the close of the Summer to collect funds and to tell the story of his adventures to the Eastern Churches, and thus elicit their active support in the work of the new mission. On the 8th November, 1874, he opened the first Baptist Church in the West at Winnipeg with a membership of five. By 1875 this congregation had so increased in membership that it became self-supporting. In 1881 the Red River Association was formed and immigration was beginning to push farther West. In 1882 the Rev. A.A. Cameron of Ottawa came West to accept the pastorate of the Winnipeg Bhurch, and Dr. McDonald was fr#e to pioneer in new fields. He was appointed Missionary Superintendent, and in this capacity did much to promote the development of new Western fields while maintaining the interest - 94 - of the Ontario and Quebec Churches. By 1885 the "Baptist Convention of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories" was formed with some thirteen churches, ten pastors, and a total membership of six hundred and forty-one. From the date of the formation of this Convention, Baptist work in the West progressed rapidly and extended into the far North until in 1905 there were one hundred and eighteen churches, with a total membership of over six thousand.

In May, 1876, one year after the organization of the first church in Winnipeg, the first Baptist Church in Victoria, B.C., was opened. Its pastor, the Rev. William Games, had preached in a hired hall and on the streets for some time before the church edifice was erected. Some six years after its opening this church was lost to the denomination for debt, but desirous of having a Baptist church on the West Coast, interested parties soon aided in the establishing of another congregation. When a conservative estimate places the non-English population of Western Canada at forty percent the seriousness of the missionary challenge may easily be realized. As early as 1. 1887 there was a German Baptist Church in Western Canada, and until 1920 all of the German work among Baptist people was con­ ducted by the Baptist Union of Western Canada. From that date the work has been financed by Baptist groups in the United States. It is of interest to note that the pioneer churches of the West, while still very unstable themselves, contributed to the formation of German-speaking missionaries for each succeeding wave of

1# The Call of Our Own Land, Schutt and Cameron, p. 204. - 95 - immigration. The interest of the Canadian Baptists in this group has done much to cement ties of good understanding and to make clear to the German immigrants the meaning of Canadian citizenship. Of late the Canadian Baptists have interested the German-speaking group in the training of their own pastors, and in 1939 a Bible College with residence accommodation for 1. eighty students, was opened. The German Baptists are a strong virile religious body in Western Canada. The following table which has been condensed from a report of the Rev. Mr. Benke, gives an indication of their strength: (1939) PROVINCE NUMBER OF CHURCHES PASTORS MEMBERS Manitoba 6 6 1175

Saskatchewan 20 19 1582

Alberta 20 20 2084

British Columbia 3 3 477

It would not serve a useful purpose to trace the Baptist Missionary Movement in the West among the various race groups. Aside from the German Bible School the only attempt to introduce formal missionary training has been the opening of the Swedish

School for training in Christian work at Wetaskiwin. Since its

1. McLaurin, Pioneering in the West, p. 351. «•* 96 •• modest opening in a dwelling in 1927 the students themselves have expanded the work of the school, until at present it

comprises an eight-acre campus with four dwellings, and accomodation for one hundred students. The school only

operates in the Summer, and its faculty consists of Swedish ministers from the surrounding districts. To keep operating

costs down, gifts of food are accepted from the neighbouring farms. The school pays dividends in the increased interest

in the church community, and is a tribute to the efficiency and devotion of its young students.

The story of the Baptist Colleges in the West which will be told in the next chapter is largely one of failure due to financial difficulties. The days of the pioneer are included in a thesis on Baptist Education in Canada because it was the church that stood for culture and learning in many communities long before the school system was in operation. (B) The Pioneer Baptist Schools in Western Canada

Shortly after the Baptist Church at Winnipeg was founded, Baptist Churches began to spring up in the many little towns that dotted the Prairies. With each succeeding wave of immigration from the East and from Europe would come members of the denomi­ nation who were anxious to have a church of their own faith in their new homeland. The Rev. Alex McDonald did all in his power to encourage ministers from Ontario to come West and meet the challenge, but there was not a surplus of good men in Ontario, and those who lacked charges were not of the type to brave the hard­ ships of a pioneer settlement. Despite the rapid increase in population many of the clergy in the East felt that the future of the West was uncertain, and for that reason were not willing to surrender well established fields to make a fresh start. Soon the question of obtaining the right type of clergymen for the Western Fields became one of grave concern to the "Manitoba Committee of Ontario". As has so often been the case in the story of the development of the Baptist schools in the East, just when the need was greatest a man came forward who was fitted in every way to undertake the task of preparing the Western Baptists for the idea of operating their own Theological Institution. This man was

The story of the Baptist Schools in Western Canada has been com­ piled from reports contained in The Call of Our Own Land and Dr. McLaurin's book, Pioneering in The West. "(The historicity of the two chapters has been checked by those men still living who were intimately connected with the work).

- 97 - - 98 -

Dr. John Crawford, Professor of Old and New Testament and of Hebrew, in the Canadian Literary Institute. Dr. Crawford was a graduate of Edinburgh and London Universities and possessed those qualities of character which were absolutely essential to one who was to undertake educational work in Western Canada. He was Irish and possessed the optimism so often associated with that group. He had also the beligerent attitude sometimes referred to as the main characteristic of Irishmen, but it is to his credit that though he delighted in argument he never lost a friend thereby. It is related that on his first trip West, Dr. Crawford missed his train while engaged in an argument with a Presbyterian divine on the subject of infant baptism. In 1879 while a Professor at the Canadian Literary Institute at Woodstock, the great need of Baptist clergymen for the West came to the attention of Dr. Crawford. He thought that there was a better solution than trying to entice ministers to leave charges in Ontario and set out on a fifteen hundred mile trip at his own expense to survey the field as to the possibility of establishing a college in Manitoba. He came back enthusiastic over the project and sold his home with the intention of taking land near Rapid City, Manitoba. Before leaving for the West he thought the whole project through and felt that to keep expense at as low a level as possible he would comiience with one assistant and have the prospective students maintain themselves by farming while they were attending college. As an associate in the undertaking he secured the - 99 -

services of the Rev. G.B. Davis, a graduate of Chicago, who had taught school before going into the ministry. Davis was a very likable person, of sound scholarship and very keen on the proposition.

On retiring from his chair at the Institute, Dr. Crawford asked the Ontario Convention for its support and sanction. He was not granted official approval but was told that he might visit the churches in an attempt to raise the sum of two thousand dollars. This he immediately undertook to do, and before the Winter was out had obtained subscriptions to that amount. In the Summer of 1879 Mr. Davis and nine young pros­ pective students reached Rapid City, which was likely to become the first C.P.R. divisional point beyond Winnipeg. By dint of hart labor they erected a college building of native stone about one mile north of the city. It had a basement which comprised a combination dining room and kitchen. The first storey had three classrooms and living quarters for Dr. Crawford and his family. The uppermost storey was divided into twelve rooms into each of which were crammed two and sometimes three students. The next year Dr. Crawford, having sold his home in the East for some four thousand dollars, came West to *ake up his abode in the school which he named "Prairie College". Dr. Crawford acted as Principal of the College with Mr. Davis as vice-Principal, and the Misses Fanny and Emily Crawford as teachers. The College opened with an attendance of fifteen - 100 ~ students who were instrumental in opening a church at Rapid City, and some five smaller churches in the neighbouring towns. Dr. Crawford»s optimism was boundless, and for two years the school operated very successfully. The farm had eleven hundred acres and produced such good crops that it looked as if in a few years the institution would be self-supporting. But just when prosperity seemed assured a series of misfortunes doomed the College to failure. The Canadian Pacific survey did not pass through Rapid City but veered twenty miles to the South, making Brandon the terminal. At the same time the subscriptions promised in Ontario were not paid, and Dr. Crawford and Mr. Davis separated because of a disagreement on the financial policy of the undertaking. An appeal to the East was useless because already many in Ontario felt that an education such as that offered by Prairie College was not sufficient training for the ministry. When Dr. McVicar visited the school in 1883 arrange­ ments were completed for its closing, and the rail fare, of the students was paid to Toronto that they might finish their training at Toronto Baptist College. Though Dr. Crawfordfs undertaking met with apparent defeat, it is probable that Dr. Crawford was far in advance of his time educationally and the fact that it was not satisfactory to have Western students journey as far East as Toronto to obtain their education, led to the opening of Brandon College, which seems to vindicate Dr. Crawfordfs position. He died a broken hearted man and felt to the end of his days that his mission in life had been to open in the West a denominational school that would train a local ministry. - 101 -

After his retirement from "Prairie College" Mr. G.B. Davis started a literary academy at Rapid City, but soon tired of the project and moved to Moose Jaw. His brother-in-law, Professor S.J. McKee, took charge of the Academy which continued in operation until 1890 when he moved it to Brandon. Professor McKee was a graduate of the University of Toronto who had been on the staff of the Canadian Literary Institute before moving to the West. Professor McKee was struck by the number of young people who were denied even the elements of education and under­ took to offer instruction at the "Rapid City Academy" at a very nominal rate. He was not especially interested in providing ministerial training, but during each of the years that his school was in operation there were some theological students in his classes. In 1890 the school was removed to Brandon and became known as "Brandon Academy". At Brandon Mr. McKee con­ tinued to teach the high school curriculum while his wife taught music and Miss Belle Sinclair came on from the C.L.I, to teach painting and art appreciation. No barriers of creed or social standing were placed on the student body, and Mr. McKee had Presbyterian and Anglican theological students as well as youths looking forward to the other professions, among his student body. The Academy continued in operation until it became a part of Brandon College. The Rev. Alexander Grant, pastor of the First Baptist Church in Winnipeg, opened a school in that City in 1890. For this undertaking he secured the services of Mr. Edward Duff, a school teacher from Ontario, who commenced classes in a large private dwelling which is now part of Wesley College. The - 102 - school was residential and unlike Lir. McKeers academy was primarily for young men who had the ministry in view. The plan was for Mr. Duff to teach the matriculation course while Mr. Grant taught Homelitics and other theological subjects himself. The school was in operation but one year. Mr- Duff died at the conclusion of the first term., and the students, while appreciative of Llr. Gran4fs interest, felt that the courses were not complete enough to encourage them to continue their studies there. Though the story of the three ill-starred attempts to establish Baptist secondary schools in the West is one of failure it is indicative of the concern of the denomination to have locally trained pastors and certainly evidences a new viewpoint from that of the first feeble attempts in Eastern Canada when so much local opposition to education had to be overcome. (C) The Western Colleges: Brandon and Okanagan In 1898 the Rev. A.J. Vining, the Superintendent of Western Missions, visited Ontario in the interest of a college for Canada West. Mr. William Davis, a wealthy Baptist of Toronto, offered Mr. Vining the gift of three thousand,five hundred dollars each year for five years if the Western Convention could see its way clear to undertake the opening of a college. To this sum Mrs. Emily Davis offered one thousand, five hundred dollars per year.

Encouraged by this generosity, the Manitoba Convention which met in Winnipeg in 1898, appointed a Committee of five to go in to the subject thoroughly and to report to the Convention the following year. To the Convention which met at Portage La Prairie the next year the Committee reported as follows: 1. "That we proceed to inaugurate a movement for the establishment of a denominational school at once. 2. "That we extend a call to Dr. A.P. McDiarmid to act as Principal. 3. "That we appoint a Committee of twenty-one directors.

4# "That at present the question of a site be left with the President and Board of Directors, but that no site be considered nermanent till endorsed by this Convention at a regular or special 1. meeting". Dr. McDiarmid arrived in the West in 1899 and after carefully looking over the situation accepted the position of President of the proposed college. There was considerable debate

1. McLaurin, Pioneering in the West, p. 297. - 103 - - 104 - over the question of the best site for the institution. Dr. Crawford and many of his followers were convinced that Winnipeg was to become the "hub" of the West, and therefore was the natural site for the new educational venture. Finally it was resolved to locate the school at Brandon, and to call it "Brandon College".

Dr. McDiarmid was well prepared for his position as Principal. He was a graduate of Woodstock College, and an honors graduate of the University of Toronto, and of Rochester Divinity School. He had held many large pastorates and immediately before entering upon his new duties had been Secretary of the Foreign Mission Board of Ontario and Quebec. The College was opened in the Stewart Block on Ninth Street in Brandon, the home of Professorfs McKeef s Academy, and Mr. McKee was appointed to the staff of the College. The school opened on October 2nd, 1899, with one hundred and ten students and seven teachers. The next year Mr. H.P. Whidden, M.A., and Mr. W. S. Fox, M.A., were added to the staff- It is of interest to note that the former of these was for many years Chancellor of McMaster University and that Mr. Fox is at present Principal of the University of Western Ontario. Plans were immediately iftade to provide buildings to house the new College, and at a proposed expenditure of forty- four thousand dollars an architect devised a building which would

provide residence accommodation for more than one hundred students, and the necessary classroom facilities. To meet the expenses the people of the West were asked to contribute seventeen thousand dollars and the Baptists of Eastern Canada were expected to give - 105 - twenty thousand dollars.

When the College began its third term in the new building a large part of the sum had been raised by mortgage, and the encouraging report of the subscription committee gave hope to the idea that the institution would soon be free from debt. Arrange­ ments were entered into whereby students would take the arts examinations of the University of Manitoba and receive their degrees from that institution. The first graduating class in arts numbered eighteen, and many of the students secured honors places in their examinations. As residence accommodation was afforded to male students only it was hoped that if the Western Churches contributed four thousand dollars annually a womenfs residence could be erected. In 1906 Mr. Davis changed his annual subscription to an endowment of sixty thousand dollars. Dr. Clark, a practicing physician of Toronto, undertook the financing of the new ladies * residence which was opened in 1907, and at the same time endeavoured to secure an endowment of one hundred thousand dollars for the College. Had his investments not met with disaster it is probable that Brandon would still be a denominational College. From this time forward the story of Brandonfs finances is one of increasing debt despite heroic efforts on the part of those interested in the College to establish a sound endowment. In 1910 the University of Manitoba examinations were discontinued and Brandon students wrote the arts papers of McMaster and secured their degrees from that institution. This move followed a fruitless attempt to secure charter rights from the Manitoba

Government. • 106 - At this time (1907-1912 and on) Brandon was under the governorship of a Board of Education elected by the Union of 1* Western Canada who had charge of the work of the denominational schools In the West* At the time of Dr* McDiarmidfs retirement at least two questions concerning the Baptist eduoational institutions in the West came before the Education Committee. The first dealt with the advisability of having a centrally located theological college near some university, rather than attempting to carry on theological training at a small denominational institution* The second question concerned the advisability of maintaining a full arts department in denominational oolleges. questionnaires were sent to each of the Conventions in the Union, but the conclusions reached were not very definite, and it was decided to continue Brandon as a full arts college with a theological department* Financial difficulties continued to disturb the working of the school, and in 1921 a new cloud appeared to darken further the prospects for the collegefs future. The theological controversy which caused so much difficulty at the time when it was proposed to remove McMaster from Toronto, appeared in a similar form in the West, largely through dissatisfaction with the theological teaching of the school as expressed by a group of Baptists in British Columbia* A Committee investigated and expressed approval of the faculty and courses offered at Brandon, but as a result the support of some thirteen British Columbia churches was lost* i mv>* Tum>tist Union of Western Canada is composed of members from the provincial Conventions, and members of the non-English- speaking groups* • 107 • In 19E8 Mr* J.R.C. Evans was appointed Principal, and it was hoped that under his strong leadership it would be possible to strengthen the finances of the College. In the twenty-nine years before Dr* Evans1 appointment two hundred and seventy-seven students had graduated in arts and twenty-eight in Theology* Dr*

Evans was a Ph*D*f in Chemistry, and hoped to develop the teaching of Science to a much greater extent than Had been the custom at Brandon* Despite his strenuous efforts at a meeting of the Baptist Union held in Edmonton in 1930, the Union voted to discontinue the operation of the College* It is to be remembered that these were the years of the financial depression and that the supporting districts were particularly hard hit* The City of Brandon was most anxious to have the school continued and voted the sum of twenty thousand dollars to the next year's expenses, but despite this gift, at the close of the year, the financial state of the College was even weaker than it had been at the conclusion of the previous year* The College struggled in its agony until 1938 when the debt became so tremendous that the Baptists were forced to relinquish their control and the institution became a part of the work of the University of Manitoba. The figures of the debt were not published in the year book though the treasurer stated that it was a tremendous one. In an article in the Western Baptist for November, 1938, the losing of the College by the denomination is referred to in these terms; *It is with great satisfaction that we record the fact that

Brandon will not close its doors this year* When it became apparent - 108 m

that the Baptist people of Western Canada could no longer be responsible for the financing of the institution, and the decision was made that as far as we were concerned, the College would clode, the people of Brandon and district realizing the worth of the College, petitioned the Manitoba Government to give financial assistance* After careful consideration, the Government decided to grant fifteen thousand dollars per year to College maintenance. This, together with a similar amount contributed by the citizens of the district, ensured the continuance of the College for another year at least* The College is no longer connected with the Baptist Union, but will be conducted by a Board acceptable to the Manitoba Government and citizens of Brandon district* From now on Brandon College will be non-denominational* It will no longer be affiliated with McMaster University, but will offer courses leading to the various degrees of the University of Manitoba* In other respects the College will be carried on much as before* It is the desire of the present management that the aims, ideals and spirit of the old institution shall be perpetuated in the new* To this end the same faculty has, as far as possible, been retained* Baptist ministerial students in the various arte classes are again attending the College. This will supply Baptist mission fields in the Summer and during the Winter as in other years. That the people of the district, irrespective of political persuasion or church affiliation, should rise spontaneous in a determination to keep the College open, speaks volumes for the work and worth of the institution. That the work so splendidly inaugurated by Dr. McDiarmid and Dr* McKee and carried forward by - 109 m others is still to be carried on will be the source of

gratification to every Western Baptist* It is an institution planted by us and carried for many years through the great sacrifice of many of our people, so its future development will be watched by Western Baptists with sympathetic interest* We wish Dr* Evans and those associated with him Godfs guidance and richest blessing in days to come"*

The story of Okanagan College in British Columbia is little known to Eastern Baptists, and is of interest largely as a matter of history as the school was short-lived and doomed to « failure almost from its inception* For many years the Baptists in British Columbia, who were few in number, were a part of the Northern Convention of the United States* Failing to receive adequate financial benefits from that Association they withdrew in 1879 and set up a provincial Convention of their own* A Mr* A.J. Pineo, M.A., who was a lay member of that group, kept before them a denominational ideal in education, and even went so far as to outline a proposal for a university which he thought should be under the control of a Board of Governors appointed by the Convention, and in charge of a Senate with reference to matters academic* His idea was unique in that he recognized the numerical fewness and the financial weakness of the Convention, and advised that a faculty of specialists prepare courses to be given by correspondence* His ideas do not seem to have been taken very seriously for many years, although in 1898 a report was read at Convention • 110 - suggesting that a University be organized giving the first two years in arts*

To the Convention which met at New Westminster in 1906 a further report was read, and it was decided to do something positive with respect to the securing of a site and the collecting of funds. At this time the Ritchie Brothers donated a fine site at Summerland and it was decided to build as soon as possible. A fine frame structure was built, and on October 10th, 1907, the school opened. It was the ideal of the institution to provide work to the end of the second year of University under home­ like conditions and to demand a very high standard of scholarship. Despite the fact that from the beginning the financial set-up of the school was not secure a fine gymnasium and ladies1 residenoe were erected in 1910. Further information on the progress of the school is lacking; the student body numbered in the neighbourhood of one hundred each year, and internally there is evidence of growth and genuine achievement. By 1915 the financial situation had reached such a deplor­ able state that it was deemed advisable to close the school. The denomination made arrangements to honorably discharge the debts incurred, and rented the main building to the Summerland School Board. It is probable that the real cause for this failure lies in the lack of adequate endowment and in the out of the way site chosen for the School* The Baptists made one other ill-starred attempt to establish • in - a College in the West at Calgary. This School, called "McArthur College1*, after its founder, was to open in 1913 and was in existence a bare two years* This School which never got beyond the paper stage cost the Convention considerable and was a foolish venture, considering that they already had the young institution at Brandon on their hands* It is difficult to determine reasons for the failure of the denomination to succeed in establishing schools in Western Canada* It is probably true that in no part of Canada have so many fortunes been won and lost as in the West, and this instability made it very difficult to assure that pledges once made could be honorably discharged. In the case of Brandon the shift in fortune of many of her backers was of momentous concern. It is also true that in the West the Baptists are numerically weak, and very wide­ spread, and consequently difficult to interest as a body in a central scheme of education, and incapable of bearing any very great

financial burden. It would be untrue to say that the schools had been com­ pletely failures. They were open to all and brought to many the only contact which they had with advanced education. Though the effort was a costly one it paid dividends in the many successful men and women who now hold responsible positions in the West and who attribute much of their success to the training which they received at one or another of the Baptist Schools. CHAPTER YI (A) The Present Status At present the Canadian Baptists operate two universities, Acadia located at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, and McMaster situated at Hamilton, Ontario, and one secondary school for girls, Moulton College at Toronto, Ontario. Feller Institute was leased to the Crown for the duration of the war on January 1st, 1943. The type of woifc offered at Moulton was given in some detail in the chapter dealing with the founding of McMaster, and it is the purpose of this section to give some further detail of the courses offered* Faculty, entrance requirements, equipment and buildings, and standards of the two universities. Most of the buildings now in use at Acadia have been built within the past twenty-five years, and represent a total investment of one million, six hundred thousand dollars. University Hall which was formally opened in May, 1925, is a white stone building and provides accommodation for the offices of administration as well as faculty offices, and some twelve classrooms. Convocation Hall, which has a seating capacity of nearly two thousand, is located in this building. The Carnegie Science Building which is a three storey brick structure houses the departments of Physics and Chemistry. A second Science Building and a large greenhouse are used by the

Department of Biology* Rhodes Hall is fully equipped for work in engineering* The Department of Household Economics has a large Practice House in which students under supervision are given adequate facility

- 112 - - 113 -

to cope with the problems of a modern home* The laboratories of the faculty of Household Science are housed in the Seminary Building which has been recently remodelled* In this same building are located the practice rooms, recording room, and studios of the faculty of music. The War Memorial Gymnasium which has a fine swimming pool in addition to the usual gymnasium facilities serves to integrate the physical education programme of the University. The Emmerson Memorial Library which contains approximately eighty thousand volumes is especially rich in Canadiana. Willet Hall provides residence accommodation for seventy male students while Whitman Hall houses some one hundred and fifteen University women. All of the students are required to eat in the Univers ity Dining Hall which is a modern stucco and tile building. The University offers some thirteen undergraduate courses and four courses on the graduate level. They are listed in the

current catalogue as follows: 1. A four year course leading to the degree of Bachelor in Arts. 2. A four year course leading to the degree of Bachelor in

Science. 3. Special courses leading to "Honors" and to a*vanced course

"Honors". 4. A four year course leading to the degree of Bachelor in

Science (Household Economics). 5. A four year course leading to the degree of Bachelor in

Music. 6 A four year course leading to the degree of Bachelor in

Theology• • 114 -

7* A three year course leading to the certificate in Engineering.

8. A two year course leading to the diploma in Household Economics.

9. A two year course leading to a junior arts certificate. 10. Pre-dental, pre-law, pre-pharmacy and pre-medical courses. 11. A two year course for home-makers given by the Department of Home Economics.

12. A three year secretarial course given in cooperation with the businesi department of Horton Academy* 13* A three year course leading to the diploma of Licentiate of Music* GRADUATE 1* Intensive courses of not less than one year in Biology, Chemistry, Classics, Education, Economics, English, French, History, Mathematics, Physics, Psychology, leading to the degrees of Master in Arts or Master in Science* 2* A course of not less than one year leading to the degree of Master in Music* 3* A course of not less than three years leading to the degree of Bachelor in Divinity* 4* A course of one year qualifying those who have received the degree of B.A., or B. Sc, for the degree of B. Ed., and for the Superior Fifst Class License of the Province of Nova Scotia. The University demands a high standard of scholarships and "weeds" out unsatisfactory student material early in their college career. No teacher is employed who does not have the • 115 - qualifications required to be an assistant professor. The present faculty numbers fifty-four members. Directly under the control of the University is Horton Academy which offers a course similar to the other high schools of the Province and in addition provides training in secretarial science.

Aoadia operates a Summer School which is largely attended by teachers in service in the Province. Most of the courses in the Summer School are on the graduate level, and lead to the Masterfs Degree. McMaster University now has six buildings on the campus and a seventh under construction; all of them having been erected since 1929 and consequently are of modern construction and of matched design. The main building, University Hall, contains lecture rooms, administrative offices, temporary library facilities, convocation hall, and the student bookroam and post office. H*™ilton Hall, the gift of the citizens of Hamilton, is one of the most modernly equipped scistnee buildings in Canada, and is used for all of the lectures in science and for carrying out research projects. Wallingford Hall and Walllngford Annex are the two residences for women students. Edwards Hall is the menfs residence and all of the students lunch at the Refrectory which is patterned after the dining hall of one of the Oxford Colleges. A large drill hall is under process of construction which will house the various training units, and provide a headquarters for the Department of

Physical Eduoation. - 116 -

All courses at McMaster lead to the degree of Bachelor

of Arts with the exception of honors Chemistry and Physics which

qualifies for the degree of Bachelor of Science. m tne faculty of Theology the degree of Bachelor of Divinity is given, and a few departments carry on Graduate Work.

Because of its proximity to the University of Toronto, McMaster continues to be an Arts College and does not have a faculty of Engineering or Music as has Acadia. The University offers eighteen general courses leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and seventeen honors courses proceeding to the same degree. The standard is unusually high and only the best students are advised to take Graduate Work and they are then encouraged to attend a larger institution.

McMaster Summer School is largely attended by Ontario teachers, and is confined to undergraduate courses leading to the Bachelor of Arts degree, and to courses whose purpose is to meet the professional diploma requirements of the Department of Education. In addition, the University offers courses which carry Academic credit at such outside centres as Niagara Falls, Hagersville and St. Catharines. To further encourage teachers to proceed to the Bachelor of Arts degree, evening courses are offered during the

college year. The following chart which has been completed for information

contained in the current catalogues of the two Universities, facilitates a comparison of the two institutions: - 117 -

Mgmber of Buildings Total Number of Students 517 674 extension 446 wimiher of Professors 54 54 Books in the Library 80.000 56.000 (Both anprox.l Tuition Fees (Arts) 1205.00 1174.00 Cost of Living »265.00 1288.00 Siimmfir School Attendance 95 106 Both of the Universities accept students of any religious creed without regard to social status and except in the Faculty of Theology, offer no special inducements to Baptists. CHAPTER YI^

ConoluslonsTT

In the preceding pages an attempt has been made to set forth the basis on which is erected the Baptist Education structure in the Dominion of Canada. It is not to be inferred that the educational activities of the denomination have been confined to this country. On the contrary, the same principle operating in many parts of the world, particularly in the United States, has produced like results. The limitations of this thesis, however, required the study of the contribution made by Baptists to education in Canada*

It has been shown that as a result of a set of fundamental religious ideas which places man as second only to God in dignity with the consequent right of freedom of conscience, the Baptist people have worked out as far as their powers permitted, a practical expression of their view in helping to make eduoation available to all capable of profitting by it. This has manifest itself in three general movements. In historical sequence, the first in the Maritime Provinces, the second in Ontario and Quebec, and the third in the Western Provinces. Consequently there exists today those educational institutions more Particularly described in the section on "Present Status". It is confidently expected by the supporters of and workers in these institutions that the contributions they have made to education of •arious groups in the Dominion of Canada will be continued and strengthened. Those responsible are already preparing to adjust

- 118 - - 119 - the institutions under their guidance to the changing concepts of education, especially to those changes which are being forced upon them by the present war. It is not to be overlooked that the contribution which Baptists have made thus to education in Canada has had indirect results of some consequence. One is that whereas the foundation of Acadia University was provoked very largely by religious tests for matriculation in other universities the majority of Protestants and of non-sectarian schools now open their doors to competent students regardless of religious distinctions* This in itself is no small contribution to the educational emancipation of the people of Canada. Another specific illustration of the indirect effect of the Baptist contribution may be noted in the case of education among French-speaking people. The opening of Protestant educational activities among French Canadians by one group stimulated other groups to like activity. As Feller Institute developed it later became the pattern for like foundations by other religious bodies. Anglicans, Methodists, and Presbyterians all followed the same general eourse in educational efforts in that field. The Baptist tenomination in the world is a remarkable example of the coming together voluntarily of diverse groups because of united ideas obtained from a common source without any visible head except as officers are elected by popular vote, with no authoritarian government, and nothing that even resembles it, and with a g»eat measure of freedom in theological belief and thought. They have nevertheless displayed on unity of belief and action which is noteworthy. The result of it all is that when Baptist leaders speak on any subject which properly concerns their - 120 - denomination they do so not as leaders directing the thoughts of those under their orders, but rather as the mouthpieces of those whom they represent.

The development of democratic ideals in the modern world, which perhaps will be greatly stimulated in the long run by the present conflict, should give to Baptists an even larger place in the thought of mankind regarding itself. it would seem as if Canada is to have an increasingly large part in the counself of the democratic nations. Baptists by their contribution to education in Canada based upon their ideas regarding the world of man have had their part in the preparation of the Canadian mind and the education in democracy of the people of Canada. Therefore, it is to be expected that the contribution thus made ^broadening down from precedent to precedent* may pla3r an increasingly large part in the emancipation of mankind. APPEHDI X-

An Act Respecting Acadia University (Passed Mav 19 th. 1891)

Be it enacted by the Governor, Council, and Assembly as follows;

1. The persons now holding the offices of President and Governors respectively of Acadia College, and their successors in office, and six additional governors and their successors in office, shall be designated the Board of Governors, and they are hereby constituted a body corporate under the name of the Governors of Acadia University, with perpetual succession and a common seal, with power to break, alter and change the same at pleasure, and by that name may sue and be sued, implead and be Impleaded, and be able and capable in law to take, purchase, and hold any personal pro­ perty whatsoever; and shall also be able and capable to take, purchase and hold to them and their successors not only all such lands, buildings, hereditaments and premises as may from time to time be used or occupied for the purposes of the said University, and of Horton Collegiate Academy and Acadia Seminary, and of any other preparatory or academical or other department, and for residences of the president, professors, principals, tutors, students and officers of said university, academy and seminary, but also any other lands, buildings, hereditaments and premises, provided such lands, buildings, hereditaments and premises shall not exceed in value eight hundred thousand dollars, any law or statute to the contrary notwithstanding; and to accept on behalf of said university, or any department thereof, and on behalf of said academy and seminary, and of any other preparatory or or academical or other department, any gifts, devises or bequests of any property real or personal, and to assume and execute any trust which may accompany such devises, gifts or bequests; and they and their successors shall be able and capable in law to grant, demise, alien, lease or otherwise dispose of all or any of the property, real or personal, at any time belonging to said university, and to invest the proceeds thereof upon such securities or in such way as shall seem best to said Board of Governors, and also to do all other matters and things incidental or appertaining to such body corporate. 2. All the real and personal property, rights, easements, privileges and immunities ofevery nature or kind whatsoever, which are now held, occupied and enjoyed by the trustees, governors and fellows of Acadia College, or by any person in trust for them or in their behalf, or by this Act vested in the corporation hereby constituted, subject to all trusts attaching thereto respectively, and all leases and contracts made by or with the trustees, governors and fellows of Acadia College, shall be dealt with in all respects as if the same had been made by and with the corporation hereby created, and all debts, rents, interest and moneys due to the trustees, governors and fellows of Acadia College, shall be henceforth payable to and recoverable by the corporation hereby created, and all covenants, contracts and agreements made with or entered into by the trustees, governors, and fellows of Acadia College shall be deemed and taken in all courts of iaw and equity to have been made with and entered into by the corporation hereby created; and the president, professors,

II tutors, teachers, students, officers and agents of Acadia College, shall be deemed and taken to be the president, professors, tutors, teachers, students, officers and agents of said university, and all tentats of the trustees, governors and fellows of Acadia College shall be deemed and taken to be the tenants of the corporation hereby created, and the graduates of Acadia College shall be deemed and taken to be graduates of said university, and entitled to the rights and privileges as such, and all academical honors and degrees, and all rights, powers, privileges, and authorities now had, held or exercised by any person by virtue of the Acts hereby repealed, except so far as they may be necessarily taken away, altered, abridged or affected by or in consequence of this Act, shall be had, held and exercised in relation to the said university as fully as they now are had, held or exercised. 3. The said governors of Acadia University shall be entitled to receive and hold gifts, devises and bequests already made or hereafter coming into effect by any person or persons, to or for the benefit of Acadia College, Horton Collegiate Academy, and Aoadia Seminary, or any or eother of them, or to or for the trustees, governors and fellows of Acadia College as fully and effectually as if the said corporation or university was named in such gifts, devises or bequests instead of Aoadia College, Horton Collegiate Academy, Acadia Seminary, trustees, governors and fellows of Acadia College, or any or either of them, subject, however, to all the trusts in such gifts, devises and bequests provided, and shall have power and authority to sue for and recover all damages arising from any cause which the trustees,

III governors and fellows of Acadia College would have been entitled to recover but for the passing of this Act, all debts, damages or demands due or accruing or arising upon any bond, covenant contract or agreement made to or with the trustees, governors and fellows of Acadia College, and all persons shall have the power, any statute to the contrary, notwithstanding at any time to grant, devise, bequeath or convey by deed, will or otherwise, any real or personal property to the corporation hereby created, either for the purposes of the university generally or any department thereof, now or hereafter to be established, or for Horton Collegiate Academy or Acadia Seminary, or any other preparatory or academical or other department, or otherwise, as may be pro­ vided by such grant, devise, bequest or conveyance. 4. All legal or other proceedings heretofore taken by or against the trustees, governors and fellows of Acadia College, may be continued under the same name or style of cause in which they have been instituted.

5# The Board of Governors may establish and manage profess­ ional and technical and other schools, and may support the same out of the funds of the university. 6. The Board of Governors shall have the power to grant degrees in theology and degrees of bachelor, master and doctor in the several arts, sciences and faculties, and any and all degrees which may properly be conferred by a university, and shall have the right to determine the course of study, and the qualification for degrees, and the granting of the same.

7# The Board of Governors shall have full power and author­ ity to fix the number, residence, duties, salary, provision and

IV emolument of the president, professors, principals, teachers, tutors, instructors, officers, agents and servants of said university, academy and seminary, and any other preparatory or academical or other department, and may also appoint the president, professors, principals, teachers, tutors, instructors, officers, agents and servants of said university, academy and seminary, and any other preparatory or academical or other department, and may from time to time remove the said president, professors, principals, teaohers, tutors, instructors, officers, agents and servants, including those who at the passing of this act held any of said offices or positions under the acts hereby repealed. 8. The Board of Governors shall have the control and management of the property and funds of the said corporation, and shall have power to adopt and carry into effect bylaws, re­ solutions and regulations touching and concerning the instruction, care, government and discipline of the students of said university, academy and seminary, and any other preparatory or aoademical or other department, and touching and concerning all other matters and things of every nature and kind within the scope of this act, which to them may seem good, fit and useful for the well ordering and advancement of the said university, academy and seminary, and any other preparatory or academical or other department provided the same be not repugnant to the provisions of this act or any law in force in this province, and may from time to time alter, vary, or rescind the same.

9# It shaLl be the duty of the Board of Governors to keep proper records and minutes of all their proceedings, and to keep proper books of account of the financial affairs of the said university, academy and seminary, and any other preparatory or academical or other department, and to present a report of the work of the university, academy and seminary, and any other preparatory or academical or other department, accompanied by a duly audited financial statement, to each annual meeting of the Bap>tist Convention of the Maritime Provinces. 10. The persons now holding the offices of president and governors, respectively, of Acadia College, and their successors, shall exercise the power and carry into effect the provisions of this act until the appointment by the said convention of the six additional governors of the said university herein provided for, after which the management and administration of said university shall devolve upon the president thereof for the time being, who shall be ex-officio a governor thereof, the eighteen persons now holding the office of governors of Acadia College and six additional governors. Those now holding the office of Governors of Acadia College shall be entitled to continue governors of Acadia University for the respective periods of their appointment, subject to the rules and regulations of said convention, and their successors in office, and the said six additional governors and their successors shall be appointed by said convention at such time and for such periods and subject to such rules and regulations touching their appointment and removal as shall from time to time be adopted by said convention.

11# Seven governors, or such larger number as the board may fix, shall constitute a quorum of the board, and all questions shall be decided by a majority of the members present at the meeting of the board. VI 12. The Board of Governors shall appoint a body to be known as the Senate, to consist of the president of the university, and of such other persons, not being governors, as the said board shall appoint, **iose duty it shall be to advise the board from time to time upon all matters concerning the system and course of education pursued in said university, academy and seminary, and the examination of all departments thereof, and concerning the courses of study and the qualification for degrees, and the granting of thesame, and concerning the establishment of additional branches of instruction, and the appointment of the professors, and generally concerning all matters relating to the literary welfare of said university, academy and seminary, which shall from time to time be committed to said Senate for their advice and recommendation or action, who shall report to said board at such times as may be determined by the board. The present members of the Senate of Acadia College, except those who are or may be hereafter appointed governors of the said university, shall be members of the Senate under this act for the unexpired portion of the time for which they are respectively appointed. The Associated Alumni of said university shall have the right to nominate one-third of the members of such Senate. IS. The Board of Governors may appoint the members of the Senate for such period as they shall deem best, and may remove them on account of non-residence within the bounds of said Convention, non-attendance at meetings of the Senate, or for any other cause which they shall deem sufficient.

VII 14. The proprietors of scholarships of Acadia College shall henceforth be deemed and taken to be proprietors of scholarships of Acadia University with the same rights and privileges, and subject to the same conditions as were attached thereto previous to the time of the passing of this act.

15# All acts and parts of acts of this Legislature, in so far as they are inconsistent with this act, are hereby repealed.

VIII APPBNDIX-B An Act to unite Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College under the name of McMaster University "Whereas it has &een represented by petition of the Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College, two institutions of learning, carried on in connection with the denomination of Christians called Regular Baptists, that the Toronto Baptist College was incorporated by an Act passed in the forty-fourth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, for the training of students preparing for the ministry of the Regular Baptist denomination, with power to confer degrees in Divinity, and has, since its incorporation, been in operation in the City of Toronto; that Woodstock College was incorporated under the name of the Canadian Literary Institute in the twentieth year of the same reigh; that by an Act passed in the forty-sixth year of the same reign, the name thereof was changed to Woodstock College, and that the work of education has been carried on in such institution at the town of Woodstock for the last twenty-eight years; that it would conduce to the success of the educational work of the said denomination to have the property and control of the said colleges vested in a board of governors, subject to the powers and rights of a senate as hereinafter provided, and to have the usual powers and privileges of a university conferred upon such board and senate, and whereas it is expedient to grant the prayer of the said petition; "Therefore Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows: "I. From and after the date hereinafter fixed for the coming into effect of this Actf the Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College shall be united and form one Corporation under the name of McMaster University, and shall be under the management and administration of a Board of Governors, which, until the appointment of a chancellor as hereinafter provided, shall consist of sixteen members, who shall be elected as follows: Twelve members by the Regular Baptist Missionary Society of Ontario, and four members by the Regular Baptist Missionary Convention, Bast, which said sixteen members shall hold office for four years, except that of those first elected by the Regular Baptist Missionary Society of Ontario, three shall retire at the expiration of one year, three at the expiration of two years, and three at the expiration of three years, frcm the date of their appointment; ant of those elected by the Regular Baptist Missionary Convention Bast, one shall retire at the expiration of one year, one at the expiration of two years, and one at the expiration of three years. And upon the appointment of a chancellor, as hereinafter provided, such chancellor shall be ex-officio a member of the said board, which shall then consist of seventeen members. *2. Such appointments may be made by such society and convention before the coming into effect of this Act, and the persons so appointed, and their successors in office, are hereby constituted a body corporate and politic under the name of the McMaster University, with perpetual succession and a common seal with the power to break, alter, and change the same at pleasure, and by that name may sue and be sued, and be able ind capable in law to take, purchase, and hold any personal property

II whatsoever; and shall also be able and capable, notwith­ standing the Statutes of Mortmain, to take, purchase, and hold to them and their successors, not only all such lands, buildings, hereditaments, and possessions as may from time to time be used or occupied for the purposes of the said university, including any preparatory or academical department, and for residences of the chancellor, principals, professors, tutors, students, and officers, with gardens and lawns attached thereto, but also any other lands, buildings, herediatments, and premises not exceeding the annual value of $10,000, such annual value to be calculated and ascertained with reference to the period of taking, purchasing, or acquiring the same; and to accept on behalf of the said university, of any department thereof, in­ cluding any preparatory or academical departments, any gifts, devises, or bequests, of any property, real or personal, and they and their successors shall be able and capable in law to grant, demise, alien, lease, or otherwise dispose of all or any of the property, real or personal, at any time belonging to the said university, or to any department thereof, including any preparatory or academical department, and to invest the proceeds thereof upon such securities, or in such way as to the said board of governors shall seem best, and also to do all other matters and things incidental or appertaining to such body corporate; provided always that the real estate not required for use and occupation or for the residences of the chancellor, principals, professors, tutors and students as aforesaid shall not at any time be held by the said university for a longer period than seven years, and that any such real estate not sold and alienated

III within seven years of the time when the same is received by the said corporation shall revert to the party from whom it came to the corporation or to his or her heirs or devisees. "3. The said university shall be entitled to receive and hold gifts, devises, and bequests already made, or hereafter ooming into effect, by any persons or person, to or for the benefit of Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College, or either of them, as fully and effectually as if the said university was named in such gifts, devises or bequests, instead of Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College, or either of them, subject, however, to all the trusts in such gifts, devises, and bequests provided. And all persons shall have the power, notwithstanding the Statutes of Mortmain, at any time to grant, devise, bequeath, or convey by deed, will, or otherwise, any rial or personal property to the said university, either for its purposes generally, or for any department thereof, or otherwise, as may be provided by such grant, devise, bequest, or conveyance, and no gift to the said university shall be void by reason of the grantor having reserved any interest therein, or the income thereof, for the term of his life, or any part thereof; provided, that no gift or devise of any real estate or of any interest therein in favour of the said corporation, shall be valid unless made by deed or will executed by the donor or testator, at least six months before his death. And it is hereby declared that section two of the Act, passed in the forty-fourth year of Her Majestyfs reign, chapter 87, being the Act incorporating the said Toronto Baptist College, shall be construed to have conferred the power and right upon all persons, notwithstanding the Statutes of Mortmain, to grant, devise, bequeath, or convey to or IV for the benefit of the said Toronto Baptist College, any real or personal property in the terms in said section provided, as well as the power to said college to receive such grants, devises, bequests and conveyances. *4. McMaster University shall be a Christian school of learning, and the study of the Bible, or sacred scriptures, shall form a part of the course of study taught by the professors, tutors, or masters appointed by the board of governors. And no person shall be eligible to the position of chancellor, principal, professor, tutor, or master, who is not a member in good standing of an Evangelical Christian Ghurch; and no person shall be eligible for the position of principal, professor, tutor, or master in the faculty of theology who is not a member in good standing of a Regular Baptist Church, and the said board of governors shall have the right to require such further or other test as to religious belief, as a qualification for any such position in the faculty of theology, as to the said board of governors may seem proper; but no compulsory religious qualifi­ cations, or examination of a denominational character shall be required from, or imposed upon any student whatsoever, other than in the faculty of theology. ••5. The board of governors shall have full power and authority to fix the number, residence, duties, salary, provision, and emolument of the chancellor, principals, professors, tutors, masters, officers, agents, and servants of the said university, including any preparatory or academical department, and may from time to time remove the chancellor, principals, professors, tutors, master and all other officers, agents, and servants of the university, and of all departments thereof, including any prepara-

V tory or academical department, and may also appoint the chancellor, principals, professors, tutors, masters, and all other officers, agents, and servants, provided that such power of appointment as to the chancellor, principals, professors, tutors, and masters shall be exercised only upon the recommendation of the senate, as hereinafter provided. And the said board shall have control and management of the property and funds of the said university and shall have power to adopt by-laws and regulations touching and concerning all or any of the matters aforesaid, as well as con­ cerning the time and place of meetings of the said board, and their election and duties, and all other matters and things which to them may seem good, fit, and useful for the well ordering and advancement of the said university, including any preparatory or academical department, not repugnant to the provisions of this Act, or any public law in force in this Province, and the same to alter or vary from time to time in accordance with any provision for that purpose contained in such by-laws and regulations, and after the common seal of the university has been affixed thereto such by-laws and regulations shall be binding upon all parties, members thereof, and upon all others whom the same may concern. *$• It shall be the duty of the said board of governors to keep proper records and minutes of all and every one of their proceedings, and to keep proper books of account of the financial affairs of the said university, including any preparatory or academical department, and to present a report of the work of the said university, accompanied by a duly audited financial statement, and to each annual meeting of the said Regular Baptist Missionary Society of Ontario, and the Regular Baptist Missionary Convention, East respectively• Should the said society and convention unite, VI such report ant financial statement shall be presented to such united society, and such united society shall thereafter have the right to elect the aforesaid sixteen members of the said board of governors.

"7. The board of governors shall elect one of their number to preside at their meetings, and to affix the university seal, and to sign all its papers and instruments in writing, for or on behalf of such body corporate, as may be necessary. "8. All real and personal property, rights, franchises, and privileges of Toronto Baptist College, and Woodstock College shall, from the coming into effect of this Act, be held and vested in the corporation hereby constituted, subject to all trusts attaching thereto respectively, and the said board of governors shall thereupon continue to exercise a;; the rights, powers, franchises and privileges not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, that prior to that time shall have been exercised or enjoyed by the said Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College, or either of them, in as full and ample a manner as the same shall theretofore have been exercised by the said Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College, or either of them, subject, however, to the powers and rights of the senate of the said university, as herein­ after provided; but all legal or other proceedings, prior to the coming into effect of this Act, taken by or against the loronto Baptist College, or Woodstock College, may be continued under the same name or style of cause in which they have been instituted. w9. Nothitig in this Act contained shall be deemed to authorize the use of the lands and premises conveyed to the trustees of the Toronto Baptist College by the Honourable William McMaster, by deed bearing date the first day of December, 1880,

VII for any other purposes than those set out in said deed, nor to otherwise alter or effect the trusts in said deed contained, otherwise than by vesting the rights and powers of the said trustees in the university hereby created. "10. Sections 2 to 10, inclusive, and section 12 of the Act passed in the forty-eighth year of Her Majesty's reign, chapter 96, being as Act to amend the said Act incorporating the Toronto Baptist College, shall from the coming into effect of this Act deemed to be repealed, saving all acts, matters and things lawfully done thereunder up to the time of such repeal* *U# The senate of the said university shall be con­ stituted as follows: (a) The members of the board of governors; (b) the principal for the time being of the faculty of Toronto Baptist College, and two of the professors thereof, to be elected by the said faculty annually; (c) the principal for the time being of the faculty of arts, and two of the professors thereof, to be elected by the said faculty annually; (d) five represen­ tatives of the graduates in theology, to be elected by the Alumni Association of such graduates in theology for a term of five years, except that of those first appointed, one shall retire at the expiration of one year, one at the expiration of two years, one at the expiration of three years, and one at the expiration of four years; (e) five representatives of the graduates in arts, to be elected by the Alumni Association of such graduates in arts for a term of five years, subject to the like exception as to those first appointed; (f) two representatives of the teachers of the preparatory or academical department of Woodstock College, to be elected by such teachers annually. In addition to the senate, as above constituted, for the general purposes of the university, the following shall be

VIII members of the senate, so far as the work of the senate concerns the Toronto Baptist College, with the same powers and rights as other members of the senate as to all matters pertaining to the said Toronto Baptist College; (g) eight members to be elected by the Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces, to serve for such term or terms as the said convention may decide; (h) the president of Aoadia College, and two of the professors of said coll­ ege to be elected by the faculty thereof annually; (i) two members to be elected lay the Baptist Convention of Manitoba and the North West Territories, to serve for such term or terms as the said convention may decide. n12. The senate shall have the control of the system and course of education pursued in the said university, and of all matters pertaining to the management and discipline thereof, and of the examinations of all departments thereof; and shall have the power to confer degrees in theology now vested in the Toronto Baptist College, together with the power to confer the degrees of Bachelor, Master, and Doctor, in the several arts, sciences, and faculties, and any and all other degrees which may properly be conferred by a university; and shall have the right to determine the courses of study and the qualifications for degrees, and the granting of the same; provided the course of study prescribed for matriculation into the said university shall in no essential sense differ or vary from that prescribed for matriculation into the University of Toronto, and in respect of any degree which the said senate shall have power to confer, the course of instruction and the scope of the examination for such degrees shall be as thorough and comprehensive as the courses and examinations for corresponding degrees in the University of Toronto; and the senate shall make

II recommendations from time to time to the board of governors for the appointment of chancellor, principals, professors, tutors, teachers, and masters, and no such appointment shall be made by the board of governors except upon the recommendation of the senate. And the senate shall have the power to settle, subject to ratifi­ cation by the board, the terms upon which other colleges and schools may become affiliated with the said university, but no such affiliation shall take effect unless and until the sane shall have been approved by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council; provided, however, that the same university shall not have the power or right to establish, maintain, or be connected with any school or college in theology other than Toronto Baptist College, nor the right to affiliate under any conditions with any other school or college in theology; and may from time to time make by-laws, statutes or regulations affecting any of the matters aforesaid, as well as regulating the holding of meetings of the said senate, and the conduct generally of its business, and defining the respective duties, rights, and powers of the chancellor, principals, professors, tutors, and teachers of the said university, and the same from time to time to alter or amend as may be provided by such by-laws, statutes or regulations. n13. Save as to the chancellor of the university, who shall a* aforesaid, be ex-officio a member of the board of governors, no member of any of the faculties of the said university, or of the faculties of any school or college being entitled to representation upon the said senate, and no member of the faculty of any affiliated school or college shall be eligible for election to a position on the said board of governors, or said senate, who is not then a member in good standing of some Regular Baptist Church in Canada; X and in case any member of said borad, or any senator ceases at any time during his term of office to be a member in good standing of a Regular Baptist Church in Canada, or removes from the Dominion of Canada, or in case of a representative of the said missionary society, or any of said conventions, removing beyond the bounds of society or convention which appointed him, or in case a repres­ entative of any of the said colleges or faculties severs his conn­ ection with the college or faculty from which he is a representative, he shallthereupon cease to be a member of said board or senate, as the case may be, and the vacancy caused thereby, or caused by the death or resignation of any member of the said board or of the said senate, shall be filled by the body which appointed such member or senator. n14. Five members, or such larger number as the board may fix, shall constitute a quorum of the board; and nine members, or such larger number as the senate may fix, shall constitute a quorum of the senate. "15. All questions ahall be decided by the majority of the members present at the meeting of the board or senate. *16. The chancellor of the university shall be ex-officio a member of tod the chairman of the senate. In the absence of the chancellor, or at his request, a chairman shall be chosen by the senate from among its members. *17. The seal of the university shall be affixed to all diplomas whenever directed by the senate. "18. The senate shall not confer any degrees in the faculty of arts until five professorships, at least, have been permanently established and adequately provided for in the faculty of arts, and five professors appointed to discharge the respective duties

II thereof, nor until this has been to appear to the satisfaction of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, not until it shall have been made to appear to the satisfaction of the Lieutenant- Governor in Council that the sum of #700,000 at least, in property, securities, or money, is held for the purposes of the said university, including any preparatory or academic department. n19. It shall be the duty of the board of governors to furnish from time to time, or when called upon, to the Provincial Secretary full and accurate information as to the curriculum of study in every faculty of the said university (excepting Divinity) the number of professors, lecturers or other teachers in every faculty, and the subject of instruction assigned to each of such professors, lecturers, or teachers; the subjects in which exam­ inations are held for degrees in arts or medicine, and on which such degrees are granted, and whenever called upon to do so to furnish full and accurate accounts in writing of the property of the university and the income derived therefrom in order that the same may be laid before the Provincial Legislature at any session thereof. "20. The said university shall not have the power to confer any degrees in arts except after examination, duly had in pursuance of the by-laws and regulations of the senate respecting such degreej but ad eundem degrees may be conferred by the said senate upon the graduates of any university approved of for that purpose by the senate, and such graduates shall have, after the granting of such degrees ad eundem, the same privileges as graduates of the university. n21. No person shall be admitted as a candidate for any degree in medicine or surgery unless such person shall have campletdd the course of instruction which the senate by by-law or regulation in that behalf, may determine, in such one or more medi* , XII ««ioai schools, ftS shall also be mentioned in said by-law or regulation, "22. The treasurer, or bursar of said university, shall be bound before assuming office, to furnish security for the faithful discharge of his duties by good and sufficient sureties, to be approved of by the board of governors, to the amount of $10,000, or such larger sum as the board of governors may by by­ law or regulation fix.

"23. This Act shall come into effect on the first day of Noveiuber, 1887, and the first meeting of the board of governors shall be held on the eighth day of the said month of November at two o'clock in the afternoon, in McMaster Hall, Toronto, and notice thereof shall be published in the newspaper called The Canadian Baptist for two weeks prior thereto; and the first meeting of the senate shall be held at such time and place as the said board of governors may at such meeting appoint, and thereafter all meetings of the board and senate shall be held at such time and place as may be determined on by the said board and senate respectively.

zin APPENDIX C Excerpts from the will of Senator William McMaster I bequeath to my Trustees all my property whether in Canada, the State of Michigan, or elsewhere:- (1) Uy house on Bloor Street and the grounds and outbuildings not including the adjoining lands on the rear or any additional lands which I may purchase. Mrs. McMaster is to have the privilege of using all the household or personal effects until her death. (2) The #40,000 of stock held by me in the Standard Publishing Company is to be turned over to denominational societies if such is not done before my death. The balance unpaid, being $12,000 which is already deposited, is to be paid by my trustees after my death. The dividends are to be paid as follows;- One-fourth to the Society for the Relief of Superannuated Regular Baptist ministers and the widows and the orphans of Regular Baptist ministers, the balance to be paid equally to foreign and home missions. The share to foreign missions is to be paid to nThe Regular Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of Ontario and Quebec*, and the share to home missions to be divided, three-f&fths to nThe Regular Baptist Missionary Society of Ontario*, one-fifth to *The Regular Baptist Missionary Convention East*, and one-fifth to "The Regular Baptist Missionary Convention of Manitoba and the Northwest". The stock is to be transferred to such societies as soon as possible. (3) The rest of my real and personal property is to be sold, and after my debts are paid, #340,000 is to be bequeathed to my nephew, James Short McMaster, now of London, England, in the manner later pointed out, the remainder of the proceeds is to be held was I an endowment for a Christian school of learning to be knwon as McMaster University, a charter for which and to unite Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College under the said name has already been applied forn. Until the transfer of the endowment of McMaster University, the balance of the proceeds of my general estate shall from time to time be invested in such securities as shall seem fit to my trustees subject to the supervision of a committee on investments to be appointed by the Board of Governors of the said university. Out of the income of such investments shall be paid the following sums;- (a) To my wife #5.000 per year until her death. (b) To my sister §500 per year during her life. (c) To professor M. MacVicar, professor in Toronto Bapsit College #400 per year during his life. (d) To the Regular Baptist Missionary Society of Ontario #2,000 per annum towqrds payment of the salary and expenses of a general Home Mission Superintendent *o long as #uch is employed. The balance is to be paid to the Board of Governors of McMaster University to be employed as they see fit, except that the Board of Governors shall assure Toronto Baptist College of at least #14,500 per annum. After the decease or refusal of monies by my wife, sister, or Malcolm MacVicar, such sums are to go to the Board of Governors of MfiMaster University, and also the said University at any time of the non-employment of a general home missionary Secretary. II. As to the promissory note from my nephew, James Short McMaster, for #340,000, falling due in six months, no interest shall be charged him, for the time up to my death. (This #340,000 is the bequest made to James Short McMaster).

III# if the conditions are not fulfilled by these institutions to whom the money is left, the money is to pass to my nephew, James

Short McMaster. II IV. I hereby appoint the said Malcolm MacVicar, Humphrey

Erring Buohan of Toronto, Physician, Charles J# Holman, Toronto, Barrister at Law, as my trustees. V. I desire that whenever a legal solicitor or council shall be necessary in order to carry out the trusts hereby declared win connection with the administration of my estate, the said Daniel Thomson shall so long as he lives and continues the practice of his profession be retained to act professionally in all such matters*. VI. I will that lay trustees shall have power from time to time to change or vary my investments "in such manner as shall seem best for the purposes of the trust and may, in their discretion retain any investment or investments made by me in my life time whenever and so long as they deem it advisable in the interest of the trust hereby created". VII. A receipt shall be na sufficient discharge to my said trustees" for any payment. VIII. I authorize my trustees to sell my lands and properties as they see best, and "recognizing the uncertainty in view of its location of what may be the bestttime to dispose of said Rathnelly lands I authorize my trustees to retain the same so long as shall seem wise or expedient, not exceeding the term of twenty years from tsy death, with power to lease or otherwise use or deal with the said house and lands in whole or in part from time to time as they shall see fit, tfea rents and profits derived therefore... to go into my general estate and to be held subject to the trusts herein declared".

JJ# «I direct that my trustees myy employ a proper person or persons to conduct such sales as are necessary in regard to my estate-. XIII. "I direct that as soon as the assets of my estate shall all have been realized and the annuities to my wife, sister, and the said Malcolm MacVicar shall have fallen in by reason of their death or refusal to act as aforesaid, "that the "said sum shall entirely belong to the said university, subject only to a charge thereon of the said sum of two thousand dollars per annum in favour of the Regular Baptist Missionary Society of Ontario.•• principal...together with all securities...shall be transferred to the said corporation to be held as an endowment...and I particularly request that the said Board of Governors shall at all times take special care and precaution both by proper provisions in their by­ laws and by careful attention thereto to have the oversight of such investments committed to trustworthy vigilant men of business training and experience, and to have all reasonable safeguards provided, and I solemnly charge them and the Senate of the said University to maintain the said institution with true and faithful regard to the work of affording the best possible facilities for a thoroughly practical Christian course of education** (The preceding paragraphs give the will of Senator McMaster in substance. Sections X-XII inclusively I have omitted as being quite irrelavent and insignificant as far as our purpose is concerned. Throughout I have omitted some of the legal phraseology for the sake of brevity, but so far as I am aware, I have retained all important phrases and ideas).

IV APPENDIX D

Total Number of Baptists In Canada by Provinces PROVINCE BAPTIST POPULATION CHANGE IN NUMBERS

Nova Scotia 1931 82,098 Z 2,174 * * 1941 89,272

New Brunswick 1931 83,853 tt it 1941 88,766 z 4,913

Prince Ed,» Is. 1931 5,066 tt n it 1941 5,443 x 0,377

Quebec 1931 10,970 tt 1941 12,303 z ft, 333

Ontario 1931 171,305 tt 1941 192,915 Z 21,610

Manitoba 1931 13,483 1941 13,267 - 0,216

Saskatehcewn 1931 22,613 it 1941 19,460 - 3,153

Alberta 1931 30,496 1941 32,268 z 1,772

British Colum. 1931 23,395 1941 29,780 Z 6,385

Figures obtained from the Dominion Bureau of Statistics eighth Census of Canada 1941. Population No* A--5.

Increase in Maritimes and West with exception of Manitoba and Saskatchewan 43,564 Decrease in Manitoba and Saskatchewan 3,369 Total Increasein Population of Baptists 1931-1941 40,195

I BIBLIOGRAPHY

Vedder, Henry C. A Short History of the Baptists. Philadelphia: The American Bapttst Publication Society, 1907, pp. VII & 421. Newman, Albert Heniy. A Manual of Church History# Philadelphia: The American Baptist Publication Society, 1910, Vol. 2, pp. 715. Saunders, Edw;ard Manning. History of the Baptists of the Maritime Provinces. Halifax: Press of John Burgoyne, 1902, pp. Ill & 515. Longley, Ronald Stewart. Acadia University, 1838-1938. Wolfville: Kentville Publishing Company, 1939, p. 184. MemorlalsYof Acadia College and Horton Academy for the Half-Century 1828-1878, Montreal: Dawson Brothers, 1881, p. 260. Acadia Bulletin January 1940 and November 1939. Articles on the Lives of the Pounders, by Prof. H.T. DeWolfe. Acadia and Women (Unpublished article by Dr. DeWolfe). Some Notes on the Education of Women in the Maritime Provinces Before the Year 1865. (Unpublished addresses by Dr» DeWolfe). Cramp, JJC., A Memoir of Madame Feller. London, England: Elliott Stock~Gompany "(Date of Publication not given). lyeth, Walter N. Henrietta Feller and The Grande Li^ne Mission. Philadelphia: (Published by the AuthorJT898. LaFleur, Theodore. Historical Sketch of The Grande Ligne Mission. Montreal: D# Bentley & Company 1885• Therrien, Eugene. Baptist Work in French Canada. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1923. Villart, Paul. Tip to The Light. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1928. Our Baptist Fellowship. Toronto: Published for the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec, 1939. yrom sea to Sea. Published by The Women's Baptist Home Mission Board"of Ontario West, 1940. Schutt and Cameron.The Call of Our Own Land. Toronto: Mundy- Goodfellow Printing"TJompany Limited. (Date of Publication not given)• MoMasterUniversitfc 1890-1940. The Historical Address and Commemoration Ode, presented at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, May 10th, 1940.

I McCrimmon, Abraham Lincoln. The Educational Policy of the Baptists of Ontario and Q.uebeo. Toronto: Private Publishing, 1920. Hamilton, Robert. The Founding of McMaster University. (Unpublished Thesis, McMaster) 1938. McLachlan, A.J# Canadian Baptists and Public Questions before 1850. (Unpublished Thesis, McMaster) 1937. The Baptist Year Book. (Historical Number) 1900. Published by the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec. McLaurin, C.C. Pioneering in Western Canada. Published by the author. 1939. Files of The Maritime Baptist. Files of The Canadian Baptist. The Journal of Henry Alline (Acadia Library) Sehfceider, H.W. The Puritan Mind. New York; H. Holt & Company 1930. Burgess, Walter H. John Smith. London: J. Clark & Company 1911. Education Department of Ontario! The Universities of Canada 1896. Learned, W.S. Education in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1922.

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