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My Newschannel Q ⇑ José J Information Sciences 181 (2011) 855–868 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Information Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ins Making the most of TV on the move: My newschannel q ⇑ José J. Pazos Arias , Ana Fernández Vilas, Rebeca P. Díaz Redondo, Alberto Gil Solla, Manuel Ramos Cabrer, Jorge García Duque Dept. Ingeniería Telemática, Escuela de Ingeniería de Telecomunicación, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain article info abstract Article history: The increasing success of mobile-TV (m-TV) is changing the habits and customs in TV con- Received 29 July 2009 sumption which now extends to parts of the day when viewers are not at home and, Received in revised form 7 July 2010 mainly, within short intervals between other daily activities. Since much m-TV consump- Accepted 14 October 2010 tion will be in spare time, offering the users contents they are interested in becomes extre- mely important to provide an attractive service which does not discourage potential users. Using DVB-H as transport infrastructure, in this paper we introduce a personalization Keywords: architecture which perfectly fits in with the value chain of m-TV. By applying semantic Mobile-TV models and techniques, personalized virtual channels are dynamically constructed by ade- Personalization DVB-H quately combining several kinds of contents according to the user’s interests. While the Semantic reasoning personalization architecture is particularized, in this paper, to provide news channels, it could be easily generalized to other fields. Ó 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Mobile-TV (m-TV) constitutes one step further in the usage trends of mobile phones. Consumers are increasingly using their mobile phones not just for communication, but also for entertainment by accessing to multimedia contents (video, music, games, etc.) through point-to-point connections over 2G/3G networks. However, given the 3G network capacity prob- lems for video streaming, many leading vendors believe that the answer lies on broadcasting technologies. They argue this kind of technologies will be essential to support the full range of m-TV scenarios (not only using mobile phones, but other mobile devices like PDAs, video games, etc.). 1.1. Broadcasting solutions for m-TV Compared with 2G/3G networks, broadcasting is a highly cost-effective way to reach a large audience. Broadcasting solu- tions revolve around building dedicated networks using specialized technologies such as DMB, ISDB-T, MediaFLO or DVB-H. DMB (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting [1])—an extension of the DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting)—is expected to be adopted by South Korea in both its satellite version (S-DMB) and its terrestrial one (T-DMB). ISDB-T (Integrated Services Digital Broadcast- ing-Terrestrial [2]) is used in Japan to provide digital TV to STBs (set-top-box) and handheld devices. MediaFLO (Media For- ward Link Only [3]) is a proprietary technology which is being developed by the company Qualcomm. Finally, DVB-H (Digital q This work has been partially funded by the Ministerio de Educación yCiencia (Gobierno de España) research project TSI2007-61599, and by the Consellería de Educación e Ordenación Universitaria (Xunta de Galicia) incentives file 2007/000016-0. ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J.J. Pazos Arias), [email protected] (A. Fernández Vilas), [email protected] (R.P. Díaz Redondo), [email protected] (A. Gil Solla), [email protected] (M. Ramos Cabrer), [email protected] (J. García Duque). 0020-0255/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ins.2010.10.017 856 J.J. Pazos Arias et al. / Information Sciences 181 (2011) 855–868 Video Broadcasting to a Handheld [4] ) is an approved standard by the ETSI (European Telecommunications Institute) which has been proposed by the DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) Consortium. Comparatively speaking, ISDB-T is a locally adopted infrastructure and MediaFLO is a proprietary solution with little sup- port from the mobile device manufacturers. Consequently, DVB-H and T-DMB are, without doubt, the main candidates for being widely adopted. Although both of them have advantages and disadvantages, consequence of differences in their band- widths, DVB-H seems to be the surest bet, at least in Europe. DVB-H has a high adoption rate worldwide and it is clearly supported by the majority of mobile device manufacturers like Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, LG, BenQ and Sagem, which already have DVB-H devices. By 2011, Informa Telecoms & Media forecasts that DVB-H handsets will form the bulk of all broadcast receiver handset sales (63%), equating to 73 million units, followed by MediaFLO devices with sales expected to reach 14.5 million. Concretely in Europe, the development of the DVB-H standard has significantly contributed to speed up m-TV adoption because it benefits from existing DVB-T infrastructure components, which reduces initial investments. Although DVB-T is suitable in fixed and even mobile terminals, handheld ones require new technical solutions, specially in the link layer, to overcome the communication problems derived from the inherent characteristics of these small and portable devices. Consequently, DVB-H introduces a mechanism of time-slicing which reduces the average power consumption of the receiver (a light battery powered terminal) and enables smooth and seamless frequency handover – essential since the target are nomadic users. Besides, DVB-H incorporates a module of forward error correction for multiprotocol encapsulated data (MPE-FEC, Multiprotocol Encapsulation Forward Error Correction), which enhances the reception in the special conditions of handheld terminals (indoor and outdoor reception, moving vehicles, man-made noise environments, etc.). However these changes are not enough on their own. In fact, IPDC (Internet Protocol Datacasting) is what converts DVB-H in an end- to-end broadcast system for delivering any type of digital content and services using IP-based mechanisms. Having a unidirectional IP-based broadcast path, the figure is completed by combining it with a bi-directional cellular path. The for- mer is the way DVB-H digital broadcasting enables handheld device users to receive a wide selection of top quality TV ser- vices (20–55 TV programs) over a single network. The latter provides the return channel, essential to support interactivity. 1.2. Expectations on m-TV Apart from the aforementioned technical aspects, m-TV is expected to entail important changes on TV viewing habits by introducing TV consumption at short idle intervals. In fact, mobisodes, a neologism coming from both ‘‘mobile’’ and ‘‘epi- sode’’, are a remarkable example of how short-duration series episodes (from 1 to 3 min) are currently being introduced in the m-TV market. Although it was firstly coined by Fox Broadcasting Company, mobisode is nowadays widely used in media. In January 2004 the first mobisode was produced and announced as a result of a deal between Fox and Vodafone to produce 24 one-min spin-off episodes of its drama ‘‘24’’ with a parallel sub-plot under the title ‘‘24: Conspiracy’’. In January 2005 these mobisodes were introduced in up to 23 more countries where Vodafone operates, mainly in Europe, as well as in the United States through the company Verizon Wireless. Mobisodes are only the tip of the iceberg of the envisioned success of m-TV, which has attracted broadcasters, mobile operators, content producers, aggregators and providers, and users. As a result, several initiatives have been trying to explore the business opportunities for m-TV worldwide. Many European operators have started pilots trials. In fact after the success- ful field trials in Berlin and Helsinki, the mobile network operator 3 Italia launched commercial m-TV in June 2006, which received 111,000 subscriptions in the first six weeks of operation. In South Korea [5], more than 2.7 million citizens had been using m-TV via either T-DMB or S-DMB until 2008. In [6], the authors summarize 35 trials and an study with 405 respon- dents; they conclude peak times of m-TV differ from the peak times of regular TV and are more similar to the peak times for radio, so m-TV should not be considered as a competitor for TV, but for radio; the results entail m-TV can best fulfill an enter- tainment-function. In [7] the authors conclude that users consider freedom of choice, private viewing time and indepen- dence from the restricted TV schedules the three main benefits of m-TV. Besides, m-TV is considered an essential part of the future mobile media environment expecting m-TV to also contain interactive features. Finally, it seems that around 20% of active mobile phone users are highly interested in acquiring m-TV services and are willing to pay a realistic charge for it, around 10–12 euros a month [8]. Although the main roles in the m-TV field agree that m-TV is a great business opportunity, there is still no consensus as to how the business model has to be articulated [9]. In fact, this model depends also on technical deployment decisions like using a broadcasting model or a unicast one. If the commercial m-TV services are provided through direct streaming to end-users (unicast), the operator uses its own infrastructure, having total control in the value chain. However, the lack of content obliges operators to achieve commercial agreements with multimedia, audiovisual and Internet agents to be their distribution channel. Obviously, this unicast scenario could be considered suitable while the number of subscribers and the volumes of video traffic are low enough to avoid network problems. In a broadcasting scenario, more provable as we have justified previously, the coexistence of both types of network (broadcast and unicast) facilitates other business models among mobile operators, broadcasters and content producers. Perhaps the most likely to be developed in European coun- tries, where m-TV services are based on DVB-H (sharing technology with DVB-T), is the following one.
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