PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA Vanessa Bellini

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PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA Vanessa Bellini Campus de São José do Rio Preto PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA Vanessa Bellini Bardella Comportamento e organização dos cromossomos holocêntricos de heterópteros da região Sul do Brasil baseados em sequências repetitivas DNA, meiose e análise ultraestrutural Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, para a obtenção do Título de Doutora em Genética São José do Rio Preto-SP Fevereiro 2014 Campus de São José do Rio Preto PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA Vanessa Bellini Bardella Comportamento e organização dos cromossomos holocêntricos de heterópteros da região Sul do Brasil baseados em sequências repetitivas DNA, meiose e análise ultraestrutural Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, para a obtenção do Título de Doutora em Genética Comissão Examinadora Prof. Dr. André Luís Laforga Vanzela Prof. Dr. César Martins Profa. Dra. Patrícia Pasquali Parise Maltempi Profa. Dra. Marielle Cristina Schneider Profa. Dra. Mary Massumi Itoyama São José do Rio Preto, SP Fevereiro 2014 !"# $ % && ' ( ) * +,-. -+. / 0 1 0 # ( 23 2/ 4 56 7 8 9 * :'; < = > ? 2 9@ - A ( + ( B C & . !"# ( D C E @ ? # ( 23 2/ ?? 8 9 * F'; < = F ? 2 9@ ??? 43 !8 7 DGEB0DGD = $/ ??29 8"9* & H ' ( ) * Q IV% `:I1C1:`V5 VI V]VH1:C :Q IV% ]:1 :`1<:V0QV:QIV%J:IQ`:RQQ_%V5HQI:IQ` RVR1HQ8 Agradecimentos Aos meus pais, Ivo Alberto Bardella e Mariza Albuquerque Bellini Bardella, e a todos os meus familiares, pelo incentivo ao ensino, a compreensão nos momentos difíceis e a força de continuar sempre no melhor caminho. Ao meu namorado Roque André Gonçalvez Louzada, pela paciência e por sempre ter uma palavrinha para me ajudar; seguir em frente. As minhas amigas irmãs, Ana Carolina Buzzo Marcondelli, Ana Lígia PaschoalettiVianna, Angélica Robatino, Carolina Figueira Camara e Priscila Pasqueto Mendonça por sempreserem minhas companheiras e permanecerem perto de mim. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. André Luís Laforga Vanzela, pela confiança, o encorajamento na pesquisa, e a todos os ensinamentos científicos acumulados no decorrer daminha vida acadêmica. A seção de Pós-Graduação e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética que forneceram suporte para a minha formação acadêmica e me possibilitaram a realização desteprojeto. Aos colegas de laboratório, Adriano Alves de Paula, Carlos Roberto Maximiano da Silva, Danilo Massuia Rocha, Fabiola Carvalho dos Santos, Rebeca de Oliveira Ludovico, Thaissa Boldieri de Souza e Thiago Fernandes pelos momentos de descontração e os auxílios no laboratório. Aos funcionários do LABRE que me auxiliaram na coleta dos insetos. Aos membros da banca examinadora, pela disponibilidade e atenção. A todos aqueles que contribuíram, direta ou indiretamente, para a realização destetrabalho. E as agências de fomento CAPES, CNPq e Fundação Araucária pelo auxílio na realização deste projeto. Resumo As espécies da subordem Heteroptera possuem cromossomos holocinéticos, variação do número cromossômico, meiose invertida e aquiasmática nos cromossomos sexuais e acúmulo de heterocromatina predominantemente nas extremidades cromossômicas. Das 30 espécies analisadas das infraordens Pentatomomorpha e Cimicomorpha, foram observadas variações nos números cromossômicos e cariótipos assimétricos, sobretudo em Reduviidae. O bandamento C-CMA3/DAPI também mostrou que há variabilidade na distribuição de bandas heterocromáticas entre autossomos e alossomos, contudo, a localização da heterocromatina predominou nos terminais cromossômicos. Os sítios de DNAr 18S foram localizados principalmente nas regiões terminais, com tendência à distribuição entre os autossomos nos Pentatomomorpha, enquanto que nas espécies de Cimicomorpha houve uma maior variação entre autossomos e alossomos. Para um estudo mais aprofundado sobre a origem e a organização de famílias de DNA repetitivo, foi escolhida Triatoma infestans como modelo. Este estudo mostrou as duas sequências de DNA satélite ricas em AT que predominam nas regiões terminais dos cromossomos, são compostas por motivos curtos com 79 bp e 33 bp de comprimento, que foram originadas possivelmente de elementos transponíveis gigantes conhecidos como Polintons. As comparações citogenéticas de todas as amostras estudadas neste trabalho mostraram algumas tendências, tais como a predominância do sistema sexual XY/XX, a localização preferencial da heterocromatina e dos sítios de DNAr 18S nas regiões terminais dos cromossomos e a ocorrência de cromossomos holocinéticos. Contudo, as variações na organização e assimetria dos cariótipos observadas de cada grupo mostram uma relativa dinâmica nos genomas desses heterópteros. Palavras-chave: citogenética; cromossomos holocinéticos; cromossomos sexuais; DNAr 18S; DNA satélite; heterocromatina. Abstract The species of the suborder Heteroptera have holokinetic chromosomes, variation in chromosome number, inverted/achiasmatic meiosis in the sex chromosomes and accumulation of heterochromatin predominantly in chromosome ends. In the 30 species analyzed of the infraorders Pentatomomorpha and Cimicomorpha, variations in chromosome numbers and asymmetrical karyotypes were observed, especially in Reduviidae. The C-CMA3/DAPI banding also showed that there is variability in the distribution of heterochromatic bands between autosomes and alossomos, however, the predominant location of heterochromatin were in the chromosome terminals. The 18S rDNA sites were located mainly in the terminal regions, with a tendency to distributed among the autosomes in Pentatomomorpha, whereas in species Cimicomorpha there was greater variation between autosomes and alossomos. To a more detailed study of the origin and organization of families of repetitive DNA, Triatoma infestans was chosen as a model. This study showed the two sequences of AT-rich satellite DNA that predominate on the ends of chromosomes, are composed of short motifs with 79 bp and 33 bp, which were possibly originated from transposable elements known as giant Polintons. Cytogenetic comparisons of all samples studied in this work showed some trends, such as the predominance of the sexual system XY/XX, the preferred location of heterochromatin and 18S rDNA sites on the ends of chromosomes and the occurrence of holokinetic chromosomes. However, changes in the organization and asymmetry of karyotypes observed in each group show a relative dynamic in the genomes of these heteropteran. Key-words: cytogenetic; DNA satellite; holokinetic chromosomes; heterochromatin; sex chromosomes; 18S rDNA. SUMÁRIO 1. Introdução....................................................................................................................9 1.1. Subordem Heteroptera.............................................................................................9 1.2. Citogenética convencional de Heteroptera...........................................................11 1.2.1. Cromossomos holocêntricos................................................................................11 1.2.2. Número cromossômico........................................................................................12 1.2.3. Cromossomos sexuais..........................................................................................14 1.2.4. m-chromossomos.................................................................................................15 1.3. Organização do genoma.........................................................................................16 1.3.1. DNAr 18S..............................................................................................................16 1.3.2. DNA satélite e heterocromatina.........................................................................18 1.3.3. Elementos transponíveis......................................................................................20 2. Justificativa................................................................................................................22 3.Objetivos......................................................................................................................23 3.1. Objetivos específicos...........................................................................................23 4. Capítulos 4.1. Capítulo 1 High diversity in CMA3/DAPI-banding patterns in heteropterans..................................24 4.2. Capítulo 2 The conservation of number and location of 18S sites indicates the relative stability of rDNA in species of Pentatomomorpha (Heteroptera).....................................................42 4.3. Capítulo 3 Origin and distribution of AT-rich repetitive DNA families in Triatoma infestans (Heteroptera)....................................................................................................................61 4.4. Capítulo 4 Karyotype relationships among predators of Reduviidae (Cimicomorpha, Heteroptera).....................................................................................................................91 5. Discussão geral.......................................................................................................114 6. Conclusões gerais....................................................................................................116 7. Referências (Introdução/ Discussão)....................................................................118 IJKLIJMMLJNOIMPMNQNL NN JIMN OIJKN PPI KTKN UPKN JULKN KPPMKJNU NNKOMJMM KONIKNXX
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