Paraxial and Intermediate Mesoderm
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3 Embryology and Development
BIOL 6505 − INTRODUCTION TO FETAL MEDICINE 3. EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT Arlet G. Kurkchubasche, M.D. INTRODUCTION Embryology – the field of study that pertains to the developing organism/human Basic embryology –usually taught in the chronologic sequence of events. These events are the basis for understanding the congenital anomalies that we encounter in the fetus, and help explain the relationships to other organ system concerns. Below is a synopsis of some of the critical steps in embryogenesis from the anatomic rather than molecular basis. These concepts will be more intuitive and evident in conjunction with diagrams and animated sequences. This text is a synopsis of material provided in Langman’s Medical Embryology, 9th ed. First week – ovulation to fertilization to implantation Fertilization restores 1) the diploid number of chromosomes, 2) determines the chromosomal sex and 3) initiates cleavage. Cleavage of the fertilized ovum results in mitotic divisions generating blastomeres that form a 16-cell morula. The dense morula develops a central cavity and now forms the blastocyst, which restructures into 2 components. The inner cell mass forms the embryoblast and outer cell mass the trophoblast. Consequences for fetal management: Variances in cleavage, i.e. splitting of the zygote at various stages/locations - leads to monozygotic twinning with various relationships of the fetal membranes. Cleavage at later weeks will lead to conjoined twinning. Second week: the week of twos – marked by bilaminar germ disc formation. Commences with blastocyst partially embedded in endometrial stroma Trophoblast forms – 1) cytotrophoblast – mitotic cells that coalesce to form 2) syncytiotrophoblast – erodes into maternal tissues, forms lacunae which are critical to development of the uteroplacental circulation. -
Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
Structure of Pronephros and Development of Mesonephric Kidney in Larvae of Russian Sturgeon, Acipenser Gueldenstaedtii Brandt (Acipenseridae)
Zoologica5 PRONEPHROS Poloniae-AND (2012)-MESONEPHRIC 57/1-4: 5-20-KIDNEY-IN-LARVAE-OF-A.-GUELDENSTAEDTII 5 DOI: 10.2478/v10049-012-0001-6 STRUCTURE OF PRONEPHROS AND DEVELOPMENT OF MESONEPHRIC KIDNEY IN LARVAE OF RUSSIAN STURGEON, ACIPENSER GUELDENSTAEDTII BRANDT (ACIPENSERIDAE) L.S. KRAYUSHKINA*1, A.A. GERASIMOV1, A.A. KIRSANOV1, M.V. MOSYAGINA1, A. OGORZA£EK2 1Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology, St. Petersburg State University, 16-th Line 29, 199178, St. Petersburg, Russia, [email protected] 2 Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland. *Corresponding author Abstract. The structure of the pronephros and development of mesonephric kidney in Russian sturgeon larvae, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt at different stages of early postembryonic development (from hatching to 14 days), were studied with histological and electronic microscopy methods. The larval pronephros is represented by the system of bilaterally located pronephric tubules with ciliated nephrostomes and funnels and exog- enous single glomus, which is not integrated directly into pronephric tubules and located in the pronephric chamber. The glomus is positioned below the dorsal aorta and vascular- ized by its capillaries. The glomus has the same features of the thin structure that are typical of and necessary for the function of a filtering organ. The structure of the prone- phros in acipenserids is discussed and compared with teleosts and amphibians. Histogen- esis of the mesonephric kidney is observed during the period of pronephros functioning; it is complete by the time the larvae transfer to exogenous feeding. At this moment, the pronephros undergoes significant structural degradation. -
Notch Signaling Regulates the Differentiation of Neural Crest From
ß 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Cell Science (2014) 127, 2083–2094 doi:10.1242/jcs.145755 RESEARCH ARTICLE Notch signaling regulates the differentiation of neural crest from human pluripotent stem cells Parinya Noisa1,2, Carina Lund2, Kartiek Kanduri3, Riikka Lund3, Harri La¨hdesma¨ki3, Riitta Lahesmaa3, Karolina Lundin2, Hataiwan Chokechuwattanalert2, Timo Otonkoski4,5, Timo Tuuri5,6,* and Taneli Raivio2,4,*,` ABSTRACT Kokta et al., 2013). Neural crest cells originate from neuroectoderm at the border between the neural plate and the Neural crest cells are specified at the border between the neural epiderm (Meulemans and Bronner-Fraser, 2004), and they are plate and the epiderm. They are capable of differentiating into marked by the expression of genes that are specific for the neural- various somatic cell types, including craniofacial and peripheral plate border, such as DLX5, MSX1, MSX2 and ZIC1. Later, during nerve tissues. Notch signaling plays important roles during the neural-tube folding process, neural crest cells remain within neurogenesis; however, its function during human neural crest the neural folds and subsequently localize inside the dorsal development is poorly understood. Here, we generated self- portion of the neural tube. These premigratory neural crest cells renewing premigratory neural-crest-like cells (pNCCs) from human express specifier genes, such as SNAIL (also known as SNAI1), pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and investigated the roles of Notch SLUG (also known as SNAI2), SOX10 and TWIST1 (LaBonne and signaling during neural crest differentiation. pNCCs expressed Bronner-Fraser, 2000; Mancilla and Mayor, 1996). Following the various neural-crest-specifier genes, including SLUG (also known formation of the neural tube, premigratory neural crest cells as SNAI2), SOX10 and TWIST1, and were able to differentiate into undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and most neural crest derivatives. -
The Zebrafish Presomitic Mesoderm Elongates Through Compression-Extension
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.11.434927; this version posted March 11, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. The zebrafish presomitic mesoderm elongates through compression-extension Lewis Thomson1, Leila Muresan2 and Benjamin Steventon1* 1) Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EH 2) Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK *[email protected] Abstract In vertebrate embryos the presomitic mesoderm become progressively segmented into somites at the anterior end while extending along the anterior- posterior axis. A commonly adopted model to explain how this tissue elongates is that of posterior growth, driven in part by the addition of new cells from uncommitted progenitor populations in the tailbud. However, in zebrafish, much of somitogenesis is associated with an absence of overall volume increase and posterior progenitors do not contribute new cells until the final stages of somitogenesis. Here, we perform a comprehensive 3D morphometric analysis of the paraxial mesoderm and reveal that extension is linked to a volumetric decrease, compression in both dorsal-ventral and medio-lateral axes, and an increase in cell density. We also find that individual cells decrease in their cell volume over successive somite stages. Live cell tracking confirms that much of this tissue deformation occurs within the presomitic mesoderm progenitor zone and is associated with non-directional rearrangement. Furthermore, unlike the trunk somites that are laid down during gastrulation, tail somites develop from a tissue that can continue to elongate in the absence of functional PCP signalling. -
The Migration of Neural Crest Cells and the Growth of Motor Axons Through the Rostral Half of the Chick Somite
/. Embryol. exp. Morph. 90, 437-455 (1985) 437 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1985 The migration of neural crest cells and the growth of motor axons through the rostral half of the chick somite M. RICKMANN, J. W. FAWCETT The Salk Institute and The Clayton Foundation for Research, California division, P.O. Box 85800, San Diego, CA 92138, U.S.A. AND R. J. KEYNES Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, U.K. SUMMARY We have studied the pathway of migration of neural crest cells through the somites of the developing chick embryo, using the monoclonal antibodies NC-1 and HNK-1 to stain them. Crest cells, as they migrate ventrally from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, pass through the lateral part of the sclerotome, but only through that part of the sclerotome which lies in the rostral half of each somite. This migration pathway is almost identical to the path which pre- sumptive motor axons take when they grow out from the neural tube shortly after the onset of neural crest migration. In order to see whether the ventral root axons are guided along this pathway by neural crest cells, we surgically excised the neural crest from a series of embryos, and examined the pattern of axon outgrowth approximately 24 h later. In somites which contained no neural crest cells, ventral root axons were still found only in the rostral half of the somite, although axonal growth was slightly delayed. These axons were surrounded by sheath cells, which had presumably migrated out of the neural tube, to a point about 50 jan proximal to the growth cones. -
From Bipotent Neuromesodermal Progenitors to Neural-Mesodermal Interactions During Embryonic Development
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review From Bipotent Neuromesodermal Progenitors to Neural-Mesodermal Interactions during Embryonic Development Nitza Kahane and Chaya Kalcheim * Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: To ensure the formation of a properly patterned embryo, multiple processes must operate harmoniously at sequential phases of development. This is implemented by mutual interactions between cells and tissues that together regulate the segregation and specification of cells, their growth and morphogenesis. The formation of the spinal cord and paraxial mesoderm derivatives exquisitely illustrate these processes. Following early gastrulation, while the vertebrate body elongates, a pop- ulation of bipotent neuromesodermal progenitors resident in the posterior region of the embryo generate both neural and mesodermal lineages. At later stages, the somitic mesoderm regulates aspects of neural patterning and differentiation of both central and peripheral neural progenitors. Reciprocally, neural precursors influence the paraxial mesoderm to regulate somite-derived myogen- esis and additional processes by distinct mechanisms. Central to this crosstalk is the activity of the axial notochord, which, via sonic hedgehog signaling, plays pivotal roles in neural, skeletal muscle and cartilage ontogeny. Here, we discuss the cellular and molecular basis underlying this complex Citation: Kahane, N.; Kalcheim, C. developmental plan, with a focus on the logic of sonic hedgehog activities in the coordination of the From Bipotent Neuromesodermal Progenitors to Neural-Mesodermal neural-mesodermal axis. -
Development of the Endochondral Skeleton
Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on September 24, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Development of the Endochondral Skeleton Fanxin Long1,2 and David M. Ornitz2 1Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 2Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Correspondence: fl[email protected] SUMMARY Much of the mammalian skeleton is composed of bones that originate from cartilage templates through endochondral ossification. Elucidating the mechanisms that control endochondral bone development is critical for understanding human skeletal diseases, injury response, and aging. Mouse genetic studies in the past 15 years have provided unprecedented insights about molecules regulating chondrocyte formation, chondrocyte maturation, and osteoblast differ- entiation, all key processes of endochondral bone development. These include the roles of the secreted proteins IHH, PTHrP, BMPs, WNTs, and FGFs, their receptors, and transcription factors such as SOX9, RUNX2, and OSX, in regulating chondrocyte and osteoblast biology. This review aims to integrate the known functions of extracellular signals and transcription factors that regulate development of the endochondral skeleton. Outline 1 Introduction 5 Osteoblastogenesis 2 Mesenchymal condensation 6 Closing remarks 3 Chondrocyte differentiation References 4 Growth plate development Editors: Patrick P.L. Tam, W. James Nelson, and Janet Rossant Additional Perspectives on Mammalian Development available at www.cshperspectives.org Copyright # 2013 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; all rights reserved; doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008334 Cite this article as Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013;5:a008334 1 Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on September 24, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press F. -
Comparing the Differentiation Potential of Brachyury+ Mesodermal Cells
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/239913; this version posted December 26, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 of 44 + 1 Comparing the differentiation potential of Brachyury mesodermal 2 cells generated from 3-D and 2-D culture systems 3 Jing Zhou 1, Antonius Plagge 1 and Patricia Murray 1,* 4 1 Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; E-mails: 5 [email protected] (J.Z.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] 6 (P.M.) 7 * Correspondence: [email protected] 8 Abstract 9 Mesodermal populations can be generated in vitro from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) using 10 three-dimensional (3-D) aggregates called embryoid bodies or two-dimensional (2-D) monolayer 11 culture systems. Here, we investigated whether Brachyury-expressing mesodermal cells generated 12 using 3-D or 2-D culture systems are equivalent, or instead, have different properties. Using a 13 Brachyury-GFP/E2-Crimson reporter mESC line, we isolated Brachyury-GFP+ mesoderm cells using 14 flow-activated cell sorting and compared their gene expression profiles and ex vivo differentiation 15 patterns. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed significant up-regulation of Cdx2, Foxf1 and Hoxb1 in 16 the Brachyury-GFP+ cells isolated from the 3-D system compared with those isolated from the 2-D 17 system. -
The Genetic Basis of Mammalian Neurulation
REVIEWS THE GENETIC BASIS OF MAMMALIAN NEURULATION Andrew J. Copp*, Nicholas D. E. Greene* and Jennifer N. Murdoch‡ More than 80 mutant mouse genes disrupt neurulation and allow an in-depth analysis of the underlying developmental mechanisms. Although many of the genetic mutants have been studied in only rudimentary detail, several molecular pathways can already be identified as crucial for normal neurulation. These include the planar cell-polarity pathway, which is required for the initiation of neural tube closure, and the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway that regulates neural plate bending. Mutant mice also offer an opportunity to unravel the mechanisms by which folic acid prevents neural tube defects, and to develop new therapies for folate-resistant defects. 6 ECTODERM Neurulation is a fundamental event of embryogenesis distinct locations in the brain and spinal cord .By The outer of the three that culminates in the formation of the neural tube, contrast, the mechanisms that underlie the forma- embryonic (germ) layers that which is the precursor of the brain and spinal cord. A tion, elevation and fusion of the neural folds have gives rise to the entire central region of specialized dorsal ECTODERM, the neural plate, remained elusive. nervous system, plus other organs and embryonic develops bilateral neural folds at its junction with sur- An opportunity has now arisen for an incisive analy- structures. face (non-neural) ectoderm. These folds elevate, come sis of neurulation mechanisms using the growing battery into contact (appose) in the midline and fuse to create of genetically targeted and other mutant mouse strains NEURAL CREST the neural tube, which, thereafter, becomes covered by in which NTDs form part of the mutant phenotype7.At A migratory cell population that future epidermal ectoderm. -
Upper Limb Development
Upper Limb Development Alphonsus Chong Department of Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery National University Hospital Why bother? Most congenital limb anomalies are due to: Disorders of embryogenesis or Problems during fetal development Some terminology Embryogenesis 0-8 weeks – new organ systems appear Fetal period Appearance of primary ossification center in humerus Differentiation, maturation and enlargement of existing organs Limb Development Limb Patterning Tissue Differentiation Why is it an arm and not Skeletal a leg? Joint Vascular Nerve Muscle and Tendon Positional Information and Axes of the upper limb Limb Bud in E3 Chick Embryo Limb bud (lateral plate) Loose mesenchymal cells from lateral plate mesoderm Ectodermal epithelial cells Migrating cells Somites --> Muscle Nerves Vasculature Limb Bud Development Limb bud Ectoderm and mesenchyme Not fully differentiated yet but all ingredients there If transplanted ectopic limb Limb Bud Regions AER Progress zone Zone of polarizing activity AER – Proximal to Distal formation Zone of Polarizing Actvity – AP development Morphogen Gradient Model Dorsal / ventral patterning less well understood Separation of Digits Apoptosis (Programmed cell death) of interdigital mesenchyme BMPs important Starts post-axial to pre-axial Mesoderm specifies amount of apoptosis How does this relate to pathogensis? Picture from Greene Learning Points UE development occurs early in embryogenesis – most risk of development congenital anomalies Pattern of limb development follows a body plan Digit formation is by apoptosis Thank You Further Reading Principles of Development 3rd Ed by Lewis Wolpert. Oxford University Press Growing Hand. Amit Gupta and Louisville Group. -
Control of Dorsoventral Patterning of Somitic Derivatives by Notochord
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 90, pp. 5242-5246, June 1993 Developmental Biology Control of dorsoventral patterning of somitic derivatives by notochord and floor plate (BEN glycoprotein/muscle differentiation/cartilage/myotome/sclerotome) OLIVIER POURQUI0*t, MONIQUE COLTEY*, MARIE-AIM1E TEILLET*, CHARLES ORDAHLt, AND NICOLE M. LE DOUARIN* *Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et du College de France, 49 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94 736 Nogent sur Marne Cedex, France; and tDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, CA 94116 Contributed by Nicole M. Le Douarin, February 22, 1993 ABSTRACT We have examined the effect of implantation between the paraxial mesoderm and the neural tube and of a supernumerary notochord or floor plate on dorsoventral examined the grafts' effects on somitic cell differentiation. somitic organization. We show that notochord and floor plate Our results indicate that the notochord and floor plate are are able to inhibit the differentiation of the dorsal somitic able to "ventralize" the somitic mesoderm, as was shown by derivatives-i.e., axial muscles and dermis-thus converting others to occur for the neural tube. This suggests a central the entire somite into cartilage, which normally arises only role for the notochord not only in the dorsoventral organi- from its ventral part. We infer from these results that the zation ofthe neural tube but also in that ofsomitic mesoderm. dorsoventral patterning of somitic derivatives is controlled by sigals provided by ventral axial structures. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the vertebrate embryo, one manifestation of anteroposte- Chicken embryos (JA 57 from Institut de Sdlection Animale, rior polarity is the segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm Lyon, France) and quail embryos were obtained from com- into somites.