DOCSLIB.ORG

C. Aqueous Equilibrium Constants 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
C. Aqueous Equilibrium Constants 1 TROMA02_A07-A15hr.qxd 18-11-2009 14:48 Page A-12 A-12 APPENDIX II Useful Data # # Substance ≤H° (kJ mol) ≤G° (kJ mol) S° (J mol K) Substance ≤H° (kJ mol) ≤G° (kJ mol) S° (J mol K) f > f > > f > f > > Uranium Zinc U(s) 0 0 50.2 Zn(s) 0 0 41.6 U(g) 533.0 488.4 199.8 Zn(g) 130.4 94.8 161.0 2+ UF6(s) -2197.0 -2068.5 227.6 Zn (aq) -153.39 -147.1 -109.8 UF6(g) -2147.4 -2063.7 377.9 ZnCl2(s) -415.1 -369.4 111.5 UO2(s) -1085.0 -1031.8 77.0 ZnO(s)-350.5 -320.5 43.7 Vanadium ZnS (s, zinc blende)-206.0 -201.3 57.7 V(s) 0 0 28.9 ZnSO (s) -982.8 -871.5 110.5 V(g) 514.2 754.4 182.3 4 C. Aqueous Equilibrium Constants 1. Dissociation Constants for Acids at 25 °C Name Formula Ka1 Ka2 Ka3 Name Formula Ka1 Ka2 Ka3 -5 -9 Acetic HC2H3O2 1.8 * 10 Hypobromous HBrO 2.8 * 10 -4 -8 Acetylsalicylic HC9H7O4 3.3 * 10 Hypochlorous HClO 2.9 * 10 -5 -6 -11 Adipic H2C6H8O4 3.9 * 10 3.9 * 10 Hypoiodous HIO 2.3 * 10 -3 -7 -12 -1 Arsenic H3AsO4 5.5 * 10 1.7 * 10 5.1 * 10 Iodic HIO3 1.7 * 10 -10 -4 Arsenous H3AsO3 5.1 * 10 Lactic HC3H5O3 1.4 * 10 -5 -12 -2 -7 Ascorbic H2C6H6O6 8.0 * 10 1.6 * 10 Maleic H2C4H2O4 1.2 * 10 5.9 * 10 -5 -3 -6 Benzoic HC7H5O2 6.5 * 10 Malonic H2C3H2O4 1.5 * 10 2.0 * 10 -10 -4 Boric H3BO3 5.4 * 10 Nitrous HNO2 4.6 * 10 -5 -2 -5 Butanoic HC4H7O2 1.5 * 10 Oxalic H2C2O4 6.0 * 10 6.1 * 10 -7 -11 -2 -9 Carbonic H2CO3 4.3 * 10 5.6 * 10 Paraperiodic H5IO6 2.8 * 10 5.3 * 10 -3 -10 Chloroacetic HC2H2O2Cl 1.4 * 10 Phenol HC6H5O 1.3 * 10 -2 -3 -8 -13 Chlorous HClO2 1.1 * 10 Phosphoric H3PO4 7.5 * 10 6.2 * 10 4.2 * 10 -4 -5 -7 -2 -7 Citric H3C6H5O7 7.4 * 10 1.7 * 10 4.0 * 10 Phosphorous H3PO3 5 * 10 2.0 * 10 -4 -5 Cyanic HCNO 2 * 10 Propanoic HC3H5O2 1.3 * 10 -4 -3 Formic HCHO2 1.8 * 10 Pyruvic HC3H3O3 4.1 * 10 -5 -1 -3 -7 Hydrazoic HN3 2.5 * 10 Pyrophosphoric H4P2O7 1.2 * 10 7.9 * 10 2.0 * 10 -10 -3 -9 Hydrocyanic HCN 4.9 * 10 Selenous H2SeO3 2.4 * 10 4.8 * 10 -4 -5 -6 Hydrofluoric HF 3.5 * 10 Succinic H2C4H4O4 6.2 * 10 2.3 * 10 -2 Hydrogen SulfuricH2SO4 Strong acid 1.2 * 10 - - * 7 -2 -8 chromate ion HCrO4 3.0 10 Sulfurous H2SO3 1.6 * 10 6.4 * 10 -3 -5 Hydrogen Tartaric H2C4H4O6 1.0 * 10 4.6 * 10 -12 peroxide H2O2 2.4 * 10 -1 Trichloroacetic HC2Cl3O2 2.2 * 10 Hydrogen - -2 Trifluoroacetic selenate ion HSeO4 2.2 * 10 -1 acid HC2F3O2 3.0 * 10 -8 -19 Hydrosulfuric H2S 8.9 * 10 1 * 10 -3 -11 HydrotelluricH2Te 2.3 * 10 1.6 * 10 2. Dissociation Constants for Hydrated Metal Ions at 25 °C Cation Hydrated Ion Ka Cation Hydrated Ion Ka 3+ 3+ -5 3+ 3+ -3 Al Al(H2O)6 1.4 * 10 Fe Fe(H2O)6 6.3 * 10 2+ 2+ -7 2+ 2+ -11 Be Be(H2O)6 3 * 10 Ni Ni(H2O)6 2.5 * 10 2+ 2+ -9 2+ 2+ -8 Co Co(H2O)6 1.3 * 10 Pb Pb(H2O)6 3 * 10 3+ 3+ -4 2+ 2+ -4 Cr Cr(H2O)6 1.6 * 10 Sn Sn(H2O)6 4 * 10 2+ 2+ -8 2+ 2+ -10 Cu Cu(H2O)6 3 * 10 Zn Zn(H2O)6 2.5 * 10 2+ 2+ -10 Fe Fe(H2O)6 3.2 * 10 TROMA02_A07-A15hr.qxd 18-11-2009 14:48 Page A-13 APPENDIX II Useful Data A-13 3. Dissociation Constants for Bases at 25 °C Name Formula Kb Name Formula Kb -5 -7 Ammonia NH3 1.76 * 10 Ketamine C13H16ClNO 3 * 10 -10 -4 Aniline C6H5NH2 3.9 * 10 Methylamine CH3NH2 4.4 * 10 - -8 -6 Bicarbonate ion HCO3 2.3 * 10 Morphine C17H19NO3 1.6 * 10 2- -4 -6 Carbonate ion CO3 1.8 * 10 Nicotine C10H14N2 1.0 * 10 -6 -3 Codeine C18H21NO3 1.6 * 10 Piperidine C5H10NH 1.33 * 10 -4 -4 Diethylamine (C2H5)2NH 6.9 * 10 Propylamine C3H7NH2 3.5 * 10 -4 -9 Dimethylamine (CH3)2NH 5.4 * 10 Pyridine C5H5N 1.7 * 10 -4 -6 Ethylamine C2H5NH2 5.6 * 10 Strychnine C21H22N2O2 1.8 * 10 -5 -4 Ethylenediamine C2H8N2 8.3 * 10 Triethylamine (C2H5)3N 5.6 * 10 -6 -5 Hydrazine H2NNH2 1.3 * 10 Trimethylamine(CH3)3N 6.4 * 10 -8 HydroxylamineHONH2 1.1 * 10 4. Solubility Product Constants for Compounds at 25 °C Compound Formula Ksp Compound Formula Ksp -33 -39 Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 1.3 * 10 Iron(III) hydroxide Fe(OH)3 2.79 * 10 -21 -19 Aluminum phosphate AlPO4 9.84 * 10 Lanthanum fluoride LaF3 2 * 10 -9 -12 Barium carbonate BaCO3 2.58 * 10 Lanthanum iodate La(IO3)3 7.50 * 10 -10 -6 Barium chromate BaCrO4 1.17 * 10 Lead(II) bromide PbBr2 4.67 * 10 -5 -14 Barium fluoride BaF2 2.45 * 10 Lead(II) carbonate PbCO3 7.40 * 10 -3 -5 Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 5.0 * 10 Lead(II) chloride PbCl2 1.17 * 10 -6 -13 Barium oxalate BaC2O4 1.6 * 10 Lead(II) chromate PbCrO4 2.8 * 10 -39 -8 Barium phosphate Ba3(PO4)2 6 * 10 Lead(II) fluoride PbF2 3.3 * 10 -10 -20 Barium sulfate BaSO4 1.07 * 10 Lead(II) hydroxide Pb(OH)2 1.43 * 10 -12 -9 Cadmium carbonate CdCO3 1.0 * 10 Lead(II) iodide PbI2 9.8 * 10 -15 -54 Cadmium hydroxide Cd(OH)2 7.2 * 10 Lead(II) phosphate Pb3(PO4)2 1 * 10 -28 -8 Cadmium sulfide CdS 8 * 10 Lead(II) sulfate PbSO4 1.82 * 10 -9 -29 Calcium carbonate CaCO3 4.96 * 10 Lead(II) sulfide PbS 9.04 * 10 -4 -6 Calcium chromate CaCrO4 7.1 * 10 Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 6.82 * 10 -10 -11 Calcium fluoride CaF2 1.46 * 10 Magnesium fluoride MgF2 5.16 * 10 -6 -13 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 4.68 * 10 Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 2.06 * 10 -6 Calcium hydrogen Magnesium oxalate MgC2O4 4.83 * 10 - * 7 -11 phosphate CaHPO4 1 10 Manganese(II) carbonate MnCO3 2.24 * 10 - * 9 -13 Calcium oxalate CaC2O4 2.32 10 Manganese(II) hydroxide Mn(OH)2 1.6 * 10 - * 33 -13 Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 2.07 10 Manganese(II) sulfide MnS 2.3 * 10 - * 5 -23 Calcium sulfate CaSO4 7.10 10 Mercury(I) bromide Hg2Br2 6.40 * 10 - * 31 -17 Chromium(III) hydroxide Cr(OH)3 6.3 10 Mercury(I) carbonate Hg2CO3 3.6 * 10 - * 10 -18 Cobalt(II) carbonate CoCO3 1.0 10 Mercury(I) chloride Hg2Cl2 1.43 * 10 - * 15 -9 Cobalt(II) hydroxide Co(OH)2 5.92 10 Mercury(I) chromate Hg2CrO4 2 * 10 - * 22 -40 Cobalt(II) sulfide CoS 5 10 Mercury(I) cyanide Hg2(CN)2 5 * 10 - * 9 -29 Copper(I) bromide CuBr 6.27 10 Mercury(I) iodide Hg2I2 5.2 * 10 - * 7 -26 Copper(I) chloride CuCl 1.72 10 Mercury(II) hydroxide Hg(OH)2 3.1 * 10 -20 Copper(I) cyanide CuCN 3.47 * 10 Mercury(II) sulfide HgS 1.6 * 10-54 - * 10 -7 Copper(II) carbonate CuCO3 2.4 10 Nickel(II) carbonate NiCO3 1.42 * 10 - * 20 -16 Copper(II) hydroxide Cu(OH)2 2.2 10 Nickel(II) hydroxide Ni(OH)2 5.48 * 10 - * 37 -20 Copper(II) phosphate Cu3(PO4)2 1.40 10 Nickel(II) sulfide NiS 3 * 10 - * 36 -5 Copper(II) sulfide CuS 1.27 10 Silver bromate AgBrO3 5.38 * 10 - * 11 -13 Iron(II) carbonate FeCO3 3.07 10 Silver bromide AgBr 5.35 * 10 - * 17 -12 Iron(II) hydroxide Fe(OH)2 4.87 10 Silver carbonate Ag2CO3 8.46 * 10 -19 Iron(II) sulfide FeS 3.72 * 10 (continued on the next page) TROMA02_A07-A15hr.qxd 18-11-2009 14:48 Page A-14 A-14 APPENDIX II Useful Data Compound Formula Ksp Compound Formula Ksp -10 -31 Silver chloride AgCl 1.77 * 10 Strontium phosphate Sr3(PO4)2 1 * 10 -12 -7 Silver chromate Ag2CrO4 1.12 * 10 Strontium sulfate SrSO4 3.44 * 10 -17 -27 Silver cyanide AgCN 5.97 * 10 Tin(II) hydroxide Sn(OH)2 5.45 * 10 Silver iodide AgI 8.51 * 10-17 Tin(II) sulfide SnS 1 * 10-26 -17 -10 Silver phosphate Ag3PO4 8.89 * 10 Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 1.46 * 10 -5 -15 Silver sulfate Ag2SO4 1.20 * 10 Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2 3 * 10 -51 -8 Silver sulfide Ag2S 6 * 10 Zinc oxalate ZnC2O4 2.7 * 10 -10 -25 Strontium carbonate SrCO3 5.60 * 10 Zinc sulfide ZnS 2 * 10 -5 Strontium chromateSrCrO4 3.6 * 10 5. Complex Ion Formation Constants in Water at 25 °C Complex Ion Kf Complex Ion Kf - 21 3- 43 [Ag(CN)2] 1 * 10 [Fe(CN)6] 2 * 10 [Ag(EDTA)]3- 2.1 * 107 [Fe(EDTA)]2- 2.1 * 1014 + 7 - 24 [Ag(en)2] 5.0 * 10 [Fe(EDTA)] 1.7 * 10 + 7 2+ 9 [Ag(NH3)2] 1.7 * 10 [Fe(en)3] 5.0 * 10 3- 10 4- 5 [Ag(SCN)4] 1.2 * 10 [Fe(ox)3] 1.7 * 10 - 13 3- 20 [Ag(S2O3)2] 2.8 * 10 [Fe(ox)3] 2 * 10 [Al(EDTA)]- 1.3 * 1016 [Fe(SCN)]2+ 8.9 * 102 3- 19 2- 41 [AlF6] 7 * 10 [Hg(CN)4] 1.8 * 10 - 33 2- 16 [Al(OH)4] 3 * 10 [HgCl4] 1.1 * 10 3- 16 2- 21 [Al(ox)3] 2 * 10 [Hg(EDTA)] 6.3 * 10 2- 3 2+ 23 [CdBr4] 5.5 * 10 [Hg(en)2] 2 * 10 2- 18 2- 30 [Cd(CN)4] 3 * 10 [HgI4] 2 * 10 2- 2 2- 6 [CdCl4] 6.3 * 10 [Hg(ox)2] 9.5 * 10 2+ 12 2- 31 [Cd(en)3] 1.2 * 10 [Ni(CN)4] 2 * 10 2- 6 2- 18 [CdI4] 2 * 10 [Ni(EDTA)] 3.6 * 10 2- 16 2+ 18 [Co(EDTA)] 2.0 * 10 [Ni(en)3] 2.1 * 10 - 36 2+ 8 [Co(EDTA)] 1 * 10 [Ni(NH3)6] 2.0 * 10 2+ 13 4- 8 [Co(en)3] 8.7 * 10 [Ni(ox)3] 3 * 10 3+ 48 - 1 [Co(en)3] 4.9 * 10 [PbCl3] 2.4 * 10 2+ 5 2- 18 [Co(NH3)6] 1.3 * 10 [Pb(EDTA)] 2 * 10 3+ 33 2- 4 [Co(NH3)6] 2.3 * 10 [PbI4] 3.0 * 10 2- 9 - 13 [Co(OH)4] 5 * 10 [Pb(OH)3] 8 * 10 4- 9 2- 6 [Co(ox)3] 5 * 10 [Pb(ox)2] 3.5 * 10 3- 20 4- 6 [Co(ox)3] 1 * 10 [Pb(S2O3)3] 2.2 * 10 2- 3 2- 16 [Co(SCN)4] 1 * 10 [PtCl4] 1 * 10 - 23 2+ 35 [Cr(EDTA)] 1 * 10 [Pt(NH3)6] 2 * 10 - 29 - 25 [Cr(OH)4] 8.0 * 10 [Sn(OH)3] 3 * 10 2- 5 2- 19 [CuCl3] 5 * 10 [Zn(CN)4] 2.1 * 10 2- 25 2- 16 [Cu(CN)4] 1.0 * 10 [Zn(EDTA)] 3 * 10 2- 18 2+ 14 [Cu(EDTA)] 5 * 10 [Zn(en)3] 1.3 * 10 2+ 20 2+ 9 [Cu(en)2] 1 * 10 [Zn(NH3)4] 2.8 * 10 2+ 13 2- 15 [Cu(NH3)4] 1.7 * 10 [Zn(OH)4] 2 * 10 2- 8 4- 8 [Cu(ox)2] 3 * 10 [Zn(ox)3] 1.4 * 10 4- 35 [Fe(CN)6] 1.5 * 10.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Structural Diversity of Anodic Zinc Oxide Controlled by the Type Of
    Reviews ChemElectroChem doi.org/10.1002/celc.202100216 Zinc Anodizing: Structural Diversity of Anodic Zinc Oxide Controlled by the Type of Electrolyte Katja Engelkemeier,*[a, c] Aijia Sun,[a, c] Dietrich Voswinkel,[b, c] Olexandr Grydin,[b, c] Mirko Schaper,[b, c] and Wolfgang Bremser[a, b] ChemElectroChem 2021, 8, 1–15 1 © 2021 The Authors. ChemElectroChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH These are not the final page numbers! �� Wiley VCH Dienstag, 18.05.2021 2199 / 204431 [S. 1/15] 1 Reviews ChemElectroChem doi.org/10.1002/celc.202100216 Anodic zinc oxide (AZO) layers are attracting interdisciplinary The article gives an overview of the different possibilities of research interest. Chemists, physicists and materials scientists anodic treatment, whereby the voltage and the current type are are increasingly devoting attention to fundamental and the main distinguishing criteria. Presented is the electrolytic application-related research on these layers. Research work oxidation (anodizing) and the electrolytic plasma oxidation focuses on the application as semiconductor, corrosion protec- (EPO). The electrolytic etching is also a process of anodic tor, adhesion promoter, abrasion protector, or antibacterial treatment. However, it does not produce AZO layers, but rather surfaces. The structure and crystallinity essentially determine a degradation of the zinc layer. The review article shows the the properties of the AZO coatings. The type and concentration parameters used so far (electrolyte, current type, current of the electrolyte, the applied current density or voltage as well density, voltage) and points out the influence on the formation as the duration time enable layer structures of structural variety. of AZO structures in dependency to the used electrolyte.
    [Show full text]
  • Zinc Oxide and Zinc Hydroxide Formation Via Aqueous Precipitation: Effect of the Preparation Route and Lysozyme Addition
    Materials Chemistry and Physics 167 (2015) 77e87 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Chemistry and Physics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matchemphys Zinc oxide and zinc hydroxide formation via aqueous precipitation: Effect of the preparation route and lysozyme addition * Ayben Top , Hayrullah Çetinkaya _ _ Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla-Izmir, 35430, Turkey highlights graphical abstract Aqueous precipitation products of Zn(NO3)2 and NaOH were prepared. Synthesis route and lysozyme addi- tion affected morphology of the products. ε-Zn(OH)2, b-Zn(OH)2, and ZnO crys- tal structures were observed. Lysozyme-ZnO/Zn(OH)2 composites with ~5e20% lysozyme content were obtained. article info abstract Article history: Aqueous precipitation products of Zn(NO3)2 and NaOH obtained by changing the method of combining Received 13 February 2015 the reactants and by using lysozyme as an additive were investigated. In the case of single addition Received in revised form method, octahedral ε-Zn(OH)2 and plate-like b-Zn(OH)2 structures formed in the absence and in the 20 August 2015 presence of lysozyme, respectively. Calcination of these Zn(OH) samples at 700 C yielded porous ZnO Accepted 10 October 2015 2 structures by conserving the template crystals. When zinc source was added dropwise into NaOH so- Available online 24 October 2015 lution, predominantly clover-like ZnO crystals were obtained independent of lysozyme addition. Mixed spherical and elongated ZnO morphology was observed when NaOH was added dropwise into Zn(NO ) Keywords: 3 2 Oxides solution containing lysozyme. Lysozyme contents of the precipitation products were estimated as in the e fi Composite materials range of ~5 20% and FTIR indicated no signi cant conformational change of lysozyme in the composite.
    [Show full text]
  • 2,2'-Iminodi(Ethylamine)
    2,2’-Iminodi(ethylamine) (CAS No: 111-40-0) Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands No. 2000/15OSH/153 The Hague, October 27, 2005 Preferred citation: Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits. 2,2’-Iminodi(ethylamine); Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands, 2005; 2000/15OSH/153. all rights reserved 1 Introduction The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of 2,2’- iminodi(ethylamine), in this document referred to as DETA (diethylenetriamine), by the Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this document was prepared by AAE Wibowo, Ph.D. (Coronel Institute, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). The evaluation of the toxicity of DETA has been based on the reviews by the Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals (And94), the Swedish Criteria Group (Lun95), and the American Conference of Governmental Occupational Hygienists (ACGIH) (ACG96). Where relevant, the original publications were reviewed and evaluated as will be indicated in the text. In addition, in December 1997, literature was searched in the databases Medline, Chemical Abstracts, Embase (starting from 1966, 1970, and 1988, respectively), and HSELINE, NIOSHTIC, CISDOC, and MHIDAS (backwards from 1997) and Poltox (Toxline, Cambr Sc Abstr, FSTA) (backwards from 1994), using the following key words: diethylenetriamine, aminoethylethanediamine, diaminodiethylamine, iminobisethylamine, and 111- 40-0. In July 2000, the President of the Health Council released a draft of the document for public review.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Deposition of Zinc Hydroxosulfide Thin Films from Zinc (II) - Ammonia-Thiourea Solutions B
    Chemical Deposition of Zinc Hydroxosulfide thin Films from Zinc (II) - Ammonia-Thiourea Solutions B. Mokili, M. Froment, D. Lincot To cite this version: B. Mokili, M. Froment, D. Lincot. Chemical Deposition of Zinc Hydroxosulfide thin Films from Zinc (II) - Ammonia-Thiourea Solutions. J. Phys. IV, 1995, 05 (C3), pp.C3-261-C3-266. 10.1051/jp4:1995324. jpa-00253690 HAL Id: jpa-00253690 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00253690 Submitted on 1 Jan 1995 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE lV Colloque C3, supplCment au Journal de Physique 111, Volume 5, avril 1995 Chemical Deposition of Zinc Hydroxosulfide thin Films from Zinc (11) - Ammonia-Thiourea Solutions B. Mokili, M. Froment* and D. ~incot(1) Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Chimie Analytique, Unite' Associke au CNRS, Ecole Nationale Supe'rieure de Chimie de Paris, I I rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France * UPR 15 du CNRS "Physiquedes Liquides et Electrochimie", Universite' Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France Abstract The growth of ZnS films from ammonia solutions using thiourea as a sulfur precursor has been investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • Complex Ions and Amphoterism
    Chemistry 112: Reactions Involving Complex Ions Page 27 COMPLEX IONS AND AMPHOTERISM his experiment involves the separation and identification of ions using Ttwo important reaction types: (i) the formation of complex ions and (ii) the amphoteric behavior of some metal hydroxides. You have already encoun- tered complex ion formation in the analysis of the silver group ions and in the experiment on metal sulfides, but more needs to be said about this topic as an introduction to this experiment. THE FORMATION OF COMPLEX IONS Although we usually write cation formulas in solution as if they were simple ions, such as Al3+, these ions are actually bound to a number of water mol- ecules arranged around the central ion (see figure below). The water molecules in this case are examples of a much larger class of molecules and ions called ligands that form coordinate covalent bonds with a central metal cation. That is, the bond is of the form L: → Mn+, where L has donated δ+ an otherwise unused lone pair of electrons H As noted in the experiment on the to the electron accepting metal ion. In the 3+ δ+ H O Al silver group ions, a ligand is a Lewis water molecule, there are two lone pairs of •• base (a donor of one or more pairs of electrons on the O atom, and either of these δ− electrons), and the metal ion in the may form a coordinate covalent bond with a complex ion is a Lewis acid (an elec- metal cation. Ligands are often small, polar tron pair acceptor).
    [Show full text]
  • Complex Ions and Amphoterism
    Chemistry 112: Reactions Involving Complex Ions Page 27 COMPLEX IONS AND AMPHOTERISM his experiment involves the separation and identification of ions using Ttwo important reaction types: (i) the formation of complex ions and (ii) the amphoteric behavior of some metal hydroxides. You have already encoun- tered complex ion formation in the analysis of the silver group ions and in the experiment on metal sulfides, but more needs to be said about this topic as an introduction to this experiment. THE FORMATION OF COMPLEX IONS Although we usually write cation formulas in solution as if they were simple ions, such as Al3+, these ions are actually bound to a number of water mol- ecules arranged around the central ion (see figure below). The water molecules in this case are examples of a much larger class of molecules and ions called ligands that form coordinate covalent bonds with a central metal cation. That is, the bond is of the form L: → Mn+, where L has donated δ+ an otherwise unused lone pair of electrons H As noted in the experiment on the to the electron accepting metal ion. In the 3+ δ+ H O Al silver group ions, a ligand is a Lewis water molecule, there are two lone pairs of •• base (a donor of one or more pairs of electrons on the O atom, and either of these δ− electrons), and the metal ion in the may form a coordinate covalent bond with a complex ion is a Lewis acid (an elec- metal cation. Ligands are often small, polar tron pair acceptor).
    [Show full text]
  • Intercalations and Characterization of Zinc/Aluminium Layered Double Hydroxide-Cinnamic Acid
    Available online at BCREC website: https://bcrec.id Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 14 (1) 2019, 165-172 Research Article Intercalations and Characterization of Zinc/Aluminium Layered Double Hydroxide-Cinnamic Acid Nurain Adam1,2, Sheikh Ahmad Izaddin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali2*, Nur Nadia Dzulkifli2, Cik Rohaida Che Hak3, Siti Halimah Sarijo1 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Malaysia 2Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Pekan Parit Tinggi, 72000, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 3Material Technology Group, Industrial Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang, Malaysia Received: 1st October 2018; Revised: 8th December 2018; Accepted: 12nd December 2018; Available online: 25th January 2019; Published regularly: April 2019 Abstract Cinnamic acid (CA) is known to lose its definite function by forming into radicals that able to penetrate into the skin and lead to health issues. Incorporating CA into zinc/aluminum-layered double hydroxides (Zn/Al-LDH) able to reduce photodegradation and eliminate close contact between skin and CA. Co-precipitation or direct method used by using zinc nitrate hexahydrate and aluminium nitrate nonahydrate as starting precursors with addition of various concentration of CA. The pH were kept constant at 7±0.5. Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) shows the presence of nanocomposites peak 3381 cm–1 for OH group, 1641 cm–1 for C=O group, 1543 cm–1 for C=C group and 1206 cm–1 for C–O group and disappearance of N–O peak at 1352 cm–1 indi- cates that cinnamic acid were intercalated in between the layered structures. Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) analysis for Zn/Al-LDH show the basal spacing of 9.0 Ǻ indicates the presence of nitrate and increases to 18.0 Ǻ in basal spacing in 0.4M Zn/Al-LDH-CA.
    [Show full text]
  • Selective Recovery of Chromium, Copper, Nickel, and Zinc from an Acid Solution Using an Environmentally Friendly Process
    Selective recovery of chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc from an acid solution using an environmentally friendly process Manuela D. Machado & Eduardo V. Soares & Helena M. V. M. Soares Abstract solution at pH 10, selective recovery of zinc (82.7% as Purpose Real electroplating effluents contain multiple zinc hydroxide) and chromium (95.4% as a solution of metals. An important point related with the feasibility of cromate) was achieved. the bioremediation process is linked with the strategy to Conclusion The approach, used in the present work, recover selectively metals. In this work, a multimetal allowed a selective and efficient recovery of chromium, solution, obtained after microwave acid digestion of the copper, nickel, and zinc from an acid solution using a ashes resulted from the incineration of Saccharomyces combined electrochemical and chemical process. The cerevisiae contaminated biomass, was used to recover strategy proposed can be used for the selective recovery selectively chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc. of metals present in an acid digestion solution, which Results The acid solution contained 3.8, 0.4, 2.8, and resulted from the incineration of ashes of biomass used in 0.2 g/L of chromium(III), copper, nickel, and zinc, the treatment of heavy metals rich industrial effluents. respectively. The strategy developed consisted of recov- ering copper (97.6%), as a metal, by electrolyzing the Keywords Chemical precipitation . Electrolysis . Heavy solution at a controlled potential. Then, the simultaneous metals . Recycling . Selective recovery. Chemical speciation alkalinization of the solution (pH 14), addition of H2O2, and heating of the solution led to a complete oxidation of chromium and nickel recovery (87.9% as a precipitate of 1 Introduction nickel hydroxide).
    [Show full text]
  • Xanthan Gum Capped Zno Microstars As a Promising Dietary Zinc Supplementation
    foods Article Xanthan Gum Capped ZnO Microstars as a Promising Dietary Zinc Supplementation Alireza Ebrahiminezhad 1,2, Fatemeh Moeeni 2, Seyedeh-Masoumeh Taghizadeh 2, Mostafa Seifan 3, Christine Bautista 3, Donya Novin 3, Younes Ghasemi 2,* and Aydin Berenjian 3,* 1 Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran; [email protected] 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran; [email protected] (F.M.); [email protected] (S.-M.T.) 3 School of Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (C.B.); [email protected] (D.N.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.G.); [email protected] (A.B.) Received: 7 February 2019; Accepted: 26 February 2019; Published: 2 March 2019 Abstract: Zinc is one of the essential trace elements, and plays an important role in human health. Severe zinc deficiency can negatively affect organs such as the epidermal, immune, central nervous, gastrointestinal, skeletal, and reproductive systems. In this study, we offered a novel biocompatible xanthan gum capped zinc oxide (ZnO) microstar as a potential dietary zinc supplementation for food fortification. Xanthan gum (XG) is a commercially important extracellular polysaccharide that is widely used in diverse fields such as the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, due to its nontoxic and biocompatible properties. In this work, for the first time, we reported a green procedure for the synthesis of ZnO microstars using XG, as the stabilizing agent, without using any synthetic or toxic reagent.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
    Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride
    [Show full text]
  • The Chlorination of Certain Purinones with Phosphorus Oxychloride in the Presence of Tertiary Amines
    THE CHLORINATION OF CERTAIN PURINONES WI'fH PHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF TERTIARY AMINES by ROLAND KENITH ROBINS \ ·' A THESIS subnltted to OREGON STATE, COLLEGE 1n partial fulfillment of the requirements tor the degree or DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY June 1952 lPlROYlEr Redacted for Privacy lrcfsor ff fmfrtrf In fir;r cf Ltr Redacted for Privacy Redacted for Privacy Uril5! of ofuArlr orltil.t Redacted for Privacy lha f 0mftrtr ililErof ftr ltbrrt, lr nrrrrrrlril ItDr0 try feltrrat fr Bct0nr AOKNO LEOOEMENT The author wishes to express his deepest gratitude to his wife, Lesaa, for her personal sacrifice and efforts ·which have contri buted greatly to the sucoeas of this work. The author wishes also to express thanks to Dr. Bert E. Christensen for h1s valuable assistance throughout the course of this research. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Discussion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Experimental • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. 13 Summary • • • • • • ., • • • • • • • • • • ,. • ., 28 Bibliography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 • Figure 2 • • • • • • ,. • • • • • • • •••••• 9 THE CHLORINATION OF CERTAIN PURINONES WITH PHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF TERTIARY AMINES Since Baddiley and Topham (2, p.678) first re• ported using dimethylaniline in the chlorination or barbituric acid with phosphorus oxychloride, the use or a mixture or this tertiary amine and phosphorus oxy­ chloride has found extensive application in the prep­ aration ot numerous chloropyrimidinea . Because of the close chemical relationship of pyrimidine and purine derivatives, it aeemed quite logical that thia ·reaction could well be extended to the preparation of the rather inaooeaaible chloropur1nes. These chloropurinea could then serve as valuable inter­ mediates in the preparation or synthetic nucleoaidea I (7, pp.833-838).
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Exfoliation of Layered Hydroxide Zinc Aminobenzoate Compounds
    Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 117 [10] 1115-1119 2009 Paper Synthesis and exfoliation of layered hydroxide zinc aminobenzoate compounds Lifang ZHAO,*,** Jianyjing MIAO,* Hongshe WANG,* Yoshie ISHIKAWA** and Qi FENG**,† *Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Science, Baoji, Shanxi, 721007 P. R. China **Department of Advanced Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu-shi, 761- 0396 Two types of layered hydroxide zinc o-aminobenzoate compounds with structures of layered basic metal salt (LBMS) were prepared by reacting of zinc hydroxide and o-aminobenzoic acid solution in a temperature range of 40–110°C. The formation reactions, structures, chemical compositions, and exfoliation behavior in alcohol solvents of the layered compounds were inves- tigated by using XRD, TG–DTA, SEM, and TEM. The layered phase with a basal spacing of 1.33 nm has an α-Ni(OH)2-like structure, and its chemical formula can be written as Zn(OH)1.27(o-NH2C6H4COO)0.73·nH2O. The 1.33 nm layered phase shows plate-like particle morphology. The plate-like crystals can be exfoliated into nanosheet-like particles in alcohol solvents. ©2009 The Ceramic Society of Japan. All rights reserved. Key-words : Layered hydroxide zinc aminobenzoate compound, Layered basic metal salt, Exfoliation reaction, Nanosheet [Received June 1, 2009; Accepted August 20, 2009] Another type of anion-exchangeable brucite-like layered metal 1. Introduction hydroxide compounds is known as layered basic metal salts Low-dimensional nanomaterials, such as zero-dimensional (LBMSs), and can be represented by a general formula of II m– 13) – nanoparticles, one-dimensional nanofibers and nanotubes, and [M (OH)2–x](A )x/m·nH2O.
    [Show full text]