Chapter 9. Diversity of Ants in Burned and Unburned Grassland, and Dry Deciduous Forest in the Beanka Reserve, Melaky Region, Western Madagascar

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Chapter 9. Diversity of Ants in Burned and Unburned Grassland, and Dry Deciduous Forest in the Beanka Reserve, Melaky Region, Western Madagascar Chapter 9. Diversity of ants in burned and unburned grassland, and dry deciduous forest in the Beanka Reserve, Melaky Region, western Madagascar Andrianjaka Ravelomanana1 & Brian L. Fisher1, 2 Key words: grasslands, dry deciduous forest, tsingy, 1Madagascar Biodiversity Center, BP 6257, Tsimbazaza ants, diversity, methods (Fiadanana), Antananarivo 101, Madagascar E-mail: [email protected] Résumé détaillé 2California Academy of Science, San Francisco, California 94118, USA Le niveau de dissimilarité entre la biodiversité E-mail: [email protected] présente dans la forêt sèche et dans les prairies secondaires est très apparent en milieu tropical. Une différence est aussi observable selon l’impact Abstract du feu sur la faune des prairies secondaires. L’étude de la biodiversité des fourmis dans la forêt sèche de Our study of ant diversity in the dry deciduous Beanka et sur les prairies secondaires environnantes forest and anthropogenic grassland mosaic of a permis de confirmer ces affirmations. En prairie Beanka Forest, Région Melaky, central western secondaire, un site récemment brulé et un site Madagascar, documents the difference in species non brulé ont été choisis. Les fourmis ont été richness between these habitats. In grassland sites, échantillonnées par quatre méthodes quantitatives ants were surveyed using standardized methods standardisées (le tamisage des litières mini-Winkler, along a transect (mini-Winkler associated with le pitfall, le monolithe et les pièges à appât) et une leaf litter sifting, pitfall traps, soil monoliths, and méthode non standardisée : la collecte systématique. baiting), as well as with non-standardized general L’efficacité de ces méthodes a été également collecting. In the forest, ants were surveyed using évaluée. En forêt, deux sites ont été choisis et les only standardized maxi-Winkler transects and non- fourmis ont été échantillonnées avec une méthode standardized general collecting. We found that ant standardisée du tamisage des litières : le maxi- diversity was far greater in forest (94 spp.) than in Winkler et la méthode non standardisée : la collecte grassland (33 spp.), including those grassland sites systématique. that have recently experienced the passage of fire. Only 15 species were shared between the forest and Pour l’ensemble des sites étudiés, il en résulte grassland sites. A number of restricted range species d’une part que c’est dans la forêt que la diversité were found in the dry forest, while all grassland de la myrmécofaune a été la plus élevée avec species had wide distributions and included 14 (42%) 94 espèces contre 33 espèces dans les prairies introduced species. The efficiency of the collecting secondaires. Le nombre d’espèces partagées a été techniques in grassland areas differed between de 15. Une moyenne de 60 espèces endémiques recently burned and not recently burned sites. The a été inventoriée dans la forêt de Beanka. Une shape of the species accumulation curves indicate estimation a été proposée puisqu’à l’heure actuelle, that a combination of pitfall and soil monoliths (19 une partie de la systématique des principaux genres spp.) was more efficient in burned grassland, while et espèces de fourmis malgaches est encore sous the “Ants of Leaf Litter” (ALL) protocol (pitfall and révision. Dans les prairies secondaires par contre leaf litter sifting, with 23 spp.) was more efficient in aucune espèce endémique n’a été recensée. La grassland not recently burned. Species composition majorité des ces espèces de prairies secondaires also differed between recently and not recently avait une large distribution dans d’autres prairies et burned grasslands. About 43% of species (13 spp.) forêts de Madagascar. Treize espèces de fourmis found in not recently burned grassland were absent exotiques ont été répertoriées sur l’ensemble des from the recently burned grassland sites. With sites. Dix d’entre elles ont été collectées dans la forêt respect to grasslands, our findings indicate that not contre huit dans les prairies secondaires. recently burned sites have greater species richness. Dans les prairies secondaires, d’après l’allure de Efforts to prevent grassland encroachment in Beanka la courbe d’accumulation des espèces, l’efficacité des will help to protect a considerable number of ant méthodes utilisées varie selon l’état de la végétation, species. ayant subi ou non de l’influence du feu. En prairie Ravelomanana, A. & Fisher, B. L. 2013. Diversity of ants in burned and unburned grassland, and dry deciduous forest in the Beanka Reserve, Melaky Region, western Madagascar. In The Beanka Forest, Melaky Region, western Madagascar, eds. S. M. Goodman, L. Gautier & M. J. Raherilalao. Malagasy Nature, 7: 171-183. 172 Ravelomanana & Fisher: Diversity of ants in grassland and dry deciduous forest in Beanka récemment brûlée, la combinaison du pitfall et du 2009). Providing data on the patterns of species monolithe était la plus efficace (19 spp.). Par contre, richness in human modified ecosystems, particularly en prairie non brûlée pendant au moins trois ans, le with respect to native versus introduced species, protocole « Ants of Leaf Litter » (ALL) (pitfall + mini- will help better manage the remaining natural areas Winkler) a été l’assemblage de méthodes le plus in Madagascar. Several studies have examined this efficace avec 23 espèces. Par ailleurs, le niveau question through the lens of entomology, specifically de similarité des espèces trouvées dans les deux concerning ants (Fisher & Robertson, 2002; Dejean types de prairies était différent. Près de la moitié des et al., 2010; Rakotonirina, 2010) and beetles espèces répertoriées en prairie non brûlée (13 spp.) (Johanna & Niemel, 2006). Further, important insights ont été trouvées uniquement dans ce type de prairie. on these aspects have been provided by research Cette étude permet d’affirmer que seules une of agricultural practices on plant succession at the combinaison de méthodes d’échantillonnage est forest-grassland ecotone (Randriamalala et al., 2008; adéquate pour faire un inventaire des fourmis dans Randriambanona, 2008). These studies demonstrate les prairies brulées et non brulées de Beanka. that in most anthropogenic landscapes, biodiversity L’historique des prairies aux environs de Beanka a decreases for both native plants (Lowry et al., montré que celle-ci sont potentiellement brulées 1997; Binggeli, 2003) and mammals (Goodman & chaque année. Cependant, la fréquence du feu est Rakotondravony, 2000; Irwin et al., 2010). In general, différente en fonction de la proximité d’un village. most species react negatively to anthropogenic Cette comparaison a montré que les fourmis sont disturbance, although specific details on how they plus diversifiées dans les sites non brulés que respond remains poorly known. dans les sites brulés. Enfin, comme aucune espèce Ants have the potential to play an important role endémique n’a été recensée, cette étude conforte in conservation monitoring programs (Underwood l’hypothèse d’une origine anthropique des prairies de & Fisher, 2006). A number of research projects Beanka. Une origine très ancienne de ces prairies, studying ant biodiversity have been conducted du type de celle avancée pour les Hautes Terres across different habitat types on Madagascar (e.g., centrales du côté d’Ankazomivady à Ambalavao Fisher, 1997, 1999; Rakotonirina, 2010). In the ou consécutives à la distribution des graminées de Central Highlands, where the landscape is composed type C4 à Madagascar est à exclure. Cette étude a of a mosaic of grassland and relict forest, Fisher permis les recommandations suivantes : la mise en & Robertson (2002) found that ants have similar place d’une bonne gestion du feu dans les prairies diversity in adjacent grassland and montane forest pour préserver la diversité, pour épargner le risque sites; both site types hold endemic species. This was d’extension du feu dans la forêt et pour la protéger one of a few studies to date indicating the presence contre les espèces exotiques. of microendemic ant species in the island’s upland grasslands and the occurrence of endemic ants Mots clés : Prairies secondaires, forêt sèches, in these formations is contrary to the prevailing tsingy, fourmis, diversité, méthodes hypothesis that such habitats on Madagascar were anthropogenically derived (Willis et al., 2008; cf. Bond Introduction et al., 2008). Population genetic studies on isolated The high endemicity of the fauna and flora of lemur populations also suggested that perhaps some Madagascar is often cited in the biodiversity literature grassland formations are older than the arrival of (Myers et al., 2000; Johanna & Niemel, 2006). the first humans (Quéméré et al., 2012). Thus, the However, the natural habitat of this exceptional biota question remains if grasslands could be part of the is threatened by human activities. In 1950, 27% of natural landscapes on Madagascar. Madagascar was estimated to be covered by forest To investigate further the biodiversity of grassland and this rate declined to 16% by 2000 (Harper et habitats, we initiated a program to replicate the al., 2007). Major forest habitat losses have occurred Fisher & Robertson (2002) study in other grassland because of inadequate management of natural systems on the island, specifically lowland areas in resources. For example, the recent and massive central western Madagascar, which have important deforestation of eastern Madagascar is often levels of endemic biota. In this paper, we present ascribed to traditional
Recommended publications
  • In Indonesian Grasslands with Special Focus on the Tropical Fire Ant, Solenopsis Geminata
    The Community Ecology of Ants (Formicidae) in Indonesian Grasslands with Special Focus on the Tropical Fire Ant, Solenopsis geminata. By Rebecca L. Sandidge A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Neil D. Tsutsui, Chair Professor Brian Fisher Professor Rosemary Gillespie Professor Ellen Simms Fall 2018 The Community Ecology of Ants (Formicidae) in Indonesian Grasslands with Special Focus on the Tropical Fire Ant, Solenopsis geminata. © 2018 By Rebecca L. Sandidge 1 Abstract The Community Ecology of Ants (Formicidae) in Indonesian Grasslands with Special Focus on the Tropical Fire Ant, Solenopsis geminata. by Rebecca L. Sandidge Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science Policy and Management, Berkeley Professor Neil Tsutsui, Chair Invasive species and habitat destruction are considered to be the leading causes of biodiversity decline, signaling declining ecosystem health on a global scale. Ants (Formicidae) include some on the most widespread and impactful invasive species capable of establishing in high numbers in new habitats. The tropical grasslands of Indonesia are home to several invasive species of ants. Invasive ants are transported in shipped goods, causing many species to be of global concern. My dissertation explores ant communities in the grasslands of southeastern Indonesia. Communities are described for the first time with a special focus on the Tropical Fire Ant, Solenopsis geminata, which consumes grass seeds and can have negative ecological impacts in invaded areas. The first chapter describes grassland ant communities in both disturbed and undisturbed grasslands.
    [Show full text]
  • FIRST RECORD of CAREBARA OERTZENI FOREL, 1886 (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) from ALBANIA Adrián Purkart*, Daniel Jablonski & Jana Christophoryová
    NAT. CROAT. VOL. 28 No 1 173-176 ZAGREB June 30, 2019 short communication/kratko priopćenje DOI 10.30302 / NC.2019.28.17 FIRST RECORD OF CAREBARA OERTZENI FOREL, 1886 (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) FROM ALBANIA Adrián Purkart*, Daniel Jablonski & Jana Christophoryová Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina B-1, Ilkovičova 6, SK–842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia Purkart, A., Jablonski, D. & Christophoryová, J.: First record of Carebara oertzeni Forel, 1886 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Albania. Nat. Croat. Vol. 28, No. 1., 173-176, Zagreb, 2019. The first record of the rare ant Carebara oertzeni Forel, 1886 from Albania is reported. Two workers of C. oertzeni were discovered in the south-eastern part of the country, near the village of Benjë-No- voselë. So far, it is the northernmost known distribution of this very rarely collected species, the sole representative of its genus in Europe, whose previous records all come from Greece and Turkey. In addition, we also found a specimen determined as the Proceratium melinum Roger, 1860 worker ant in the same soil sample. Key words: ants, Balkans, Carebara oertzeni,distribution, Formicidae Purkart, A., Jablonski, D. & Christophoryová, J.: Prvi nalaz vrste Carebara oertzeni Forel, 1886 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) iz Albanije. Nat. Croat. Vol. 28, No. 1., 173-176, Zagreb, 2019. Rad donosi prvi nalaz rijetke vrste mrava Carebara oertzeni Forel, 1886 iz Albanije. Dva radnika pronađena su u jugoistočnom dijelu zemlje, blizu sela Benjë-Novoselë. Dosad je to najsjevernija točka u rasprostranjenosti ove rijetko pronalažene vrste, jedinog predstavnika tog roda u Europi; prethodni nalazi potječu iz Grčke i Turske.
    [Show full text]
  • 67 Six New Species of Carebara Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
    67 Six New Species of Carebara Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Dlussky, G. M., Perkovsky, E. E., 2002, Murav’I Rovenskogo yantarya. Vestnik Zoologii, 36: 3-20. Eguchi, K., Bui, T. V., 2007, Parvimyrma gen. nov. belonging to the Solenopsis genus group from Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini). Zootaxa, 1461: 39-47. Ettershank, G., 1966, A generic revision of the world Myrmicinae related to Solenopsis and Pheidologeton (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 14: 73-171. Fernández, F., 2004, The American species of the myrmicine ant genus Carebara Westwood. Caldasia, 26: 191-238. Fernández, F., 2006, A new species of Carebara Westwood and taxonomic notes on the genus. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 32: 97-99. Fernández, F., 2010, A new species of Carebara from the Philippines with notes and comments on the systematics of the Carebara genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Caldasia, 32(1): 191-203. Forel, A., 1902, Myrmicinae nouveaux de l’Inde et de Ceylan. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 10: 165-249. Forel, A., 1911, Ameisen aus Ceylon, gesammelt von Prof. K. Escherich (einige von Prof. E. Bugnion). In Escherich, K. Termitenleben auf Ceylon, Jena, 213-228. Hölldobler, B., Wilson, E. O., 1990, The ants. Harvard University Press, Massachusetts. 732. Mayr, G., 1862, Myrmecologische Studien. Verhandlungen der k.k. Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 12: 649-776. Sheela, S., Narendran, T. C., 1997, A new genus and a new species of Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from India. Journal of Ecobiology, 9: 87-91. Westwood, J. O., 1840, Observations on the genus Typhlopone, with descriptions of several exotic species of ants. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6: 81-89.
    [Show full text]
  • African Butterfly News Can Be Downloaded Here
    LATE SUMMER EDITION: JANUARY / AFRICAN FEBRUARY 2018 - 1 BUTTERFLY THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY OF AFRICA NEWS LATEST NEWS Welcome to the first newsletter of 2018! I trust you all have returned safely from your December break (assuming you had one!) and are getting into the swing of 2018? With few exceptions, 2017 was a very poor year butterfly-wise, at least in South Africa. The drought continues to have a very negative impact on our hobby, but here’s hoping that 2018 will be better! Braving the Great Karoo and Noorsveld (Mark Williams) In the first week of November 2017 Jeremy Dobson and I headed off south from Egoli, at the crack of dawn, for the ‘Harde Karoo’. (Is there a ‘Soft Karoo’?) We had a very flexible plan for the six-day trip, not even having booked any overnight accommodation. We figured that finding a place to commune with Uncle Morpheus every night would not be a problem because all the kids were at school. As it turned out we did not have to spend a night trying to kip in the Pajero – my snoring would have driven Jeremy nuts ... Friday 3 November The main purpose of the trip was to survey two quadrants for the Karoo BioGaps Project. One of these was on the farm Lushof, 10 km west of Loxton, and the other was Taaiboschkloof, about 50 km south-east of Loxton. The 1 000 km drive, via Kimberley, to Loxton was accompanied by hot and windy weather. The temperature hit 38 degrees and was 33 when the sun hit the horizon at 6 pm.
    [Show full text]
  • The Functions and Evolution of Social Fluid Exchange in Ant Colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Marie-Pierre Meurville & Adria C
    ISSN 1997-3500 Myrmecological News myrmecologicalnews.org Myrmecol. News 31: 1-30 doi: 10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:001 13 January 2021 Review Article Trophallaxis: the functions and evolution of social fluid exchange in ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Marie-Pierre Meurville & Adria C. LeBoeuf Abstract Trophallaxis is a complex social fluid exchange emblematic of social insects and of ants in particular. Trophallaxis behaviors are present in approximately half of all ant genera, distributed over 11 subfamilies. Across biological life, intra- and inter-species exchanged fluids tend to occur in only the most fitness-relevant behavioral contexts, typically transmitting endogenously produced molecules adapted to exert influence on the receiver’s physiology or behavior. Despite this, many aspects of trophallaxis remain poorly understood, such as the prevalence of the different forms of trophallaxis, the components transmitted, their roles in colony physiology and how these behaviors have evolved. With this review, we define the forms of trophallaxis observed in ants and bring together current knowledge on the mechanics of trophallaxis, the contents of the fluids transmitted, the contexts in which trophallaxis occurs and the roles these behaviors play in colony life. We identify six contexts where trophallaxis occurs: nourishment, short- and long-term decision making, immune defense, social maintenance, aggression, and inoculation and maintenance of the gut microbiota. Though many ideas have been put forth on the evolution of trophallaxis, our analyses support the idea that stomodeal trophallaxis has become a fixed aspect of colony life primarily in species that drink liquid food and, further, that the adoption of this behavior was key for some lineages in establishing ecological dominance.
    [Show full text]
  • First Record of Carebara Raja(Forel, 1902)
    Punjab University Journal of Zoology 35(1): 77-80 (2020) https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pujz/2020.35.1.77.80 Research Article First Record of Carebara raja (Forel, 1902) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) from Pakistan Muhammad Tariq Rasheed1, Imran Bodlah1*, Ammara Gull e Fareen1,2, Muhammad Shakeel Khokhar1 1Insect Biodiversity and Conservation Group, Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Article History Received: December 28, 2018 Abstract | Carebara Westwood (1840) is a species rich genus in subfamily Myrmicinae. Many Revised: January 31, 2019 species of this genus are reported from various parts of the world including neighbouring Accepted: March 11, 2020 countries of Pakistan. Members of this genus are considered as generalized foragers and cryptic Published: June 08, 2020 in nature. Collected material was verified using most recent and available literature provided by Bharti and Akbar (2014). Herein we report one species of this genus C. raja (Forel, 1902) Authors’ Contributions based on queen for the first time from Himalayan Foothills of Pakistan. Differential diagnosis, MTR and AGF collected the data and wrote the manuscript. morphometric and illustrations are provided with notes on distributional range. IM confirmation of species, contribution during manuscript Novelty Statement | Carebara raja (Forel, 1902) genus and species is recorded for the first time write-up and photography. MSK from Pakistan. collected field data and prepared ecological note. Keywords Carebara raja, Himalayan foot- hills, Pakistan To cite this article: Rasheed, M.T., Bodlah, I., Fareen, A.G.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ant Genus Carebarawestwood in the Arabian Peninsula
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys The357: 67–83 ant genus(2013)Carebara Westwood in the Arabian Peninsula (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) 67 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.357.5946 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The ant genus Carebara Westwood in the Arabian Peninsula (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Mostafa R. Sharaf1,†, Abdulrahman S. Aldawood1,‡ 1 Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, PO Box 2460, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia † http://zoobank.org/E2A42091-0680-4A5F-A28A-2AA4D2111BF3 ‡ http://zoobank.org/477070A0-365F-4374-A48D-1C62F6BC15D1 Corresponding author: Mostafa R. Sharaf ([email protected]) Academic editor: Brian Fisher | Received 9 July 2013 | Accepted 21 November 2013 | Published 2 December 2013 http://zoobank.org/8A85CE8B-BCC7-424E-92FA-18B5D1E40788 Citation: Sharaf MR, Aldawood AS (2013) The ant genus Carebara Westwood in the Arabian Peninsula (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 357: 67–83. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.357.5946 Abstract The ant genus Carebara of the Arabian Peninsula is revised. Carebara abuhurayri Sharaf & Aldawood, 2011 is synonymized under Carebara arabica Collingwood & van Harten, 2001. Carebara arabica is redescribed and a Neotype is fixed based on a specimen collected from southwestern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A new species, C. fayrouzae sp. n. is described from Saudi Arabia based on queens, major and minor workers. Keys to major and minor workers of the two Arabian Carebara species are given. Keywords Saudi Arabia, Palearctic region, Myrmicinae, key, taxonomy, new species Copyright M.R. Sharaf, A.S. Aldawood. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Borowiec Et Al-2020 Ants – Phylogeny and Classification
    A Ants: Phylogeny and 1758 when the Swedish botanist Carl von Linné Classification published the tenth edition of his catalog of all plant and animal species known at the time. Marek L. Borowiec1, Corrie S. Moreau2 and Among the approximately 4,200 animals that he Christian Rabeling3 included were 17 species of ants. The succeeding 1University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA two and a half centuries have seen tremendous 2Departments of Entomology and Ecology & progress in the theory and practice of biological Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, classification. Here we provide a summary of the NY, USA current state of phylogenetic and systematic 3Social Insect Research Group, Arizona State research on the ants. University, Tempe, AZ, USA Ants Within the Hymenoptera Tree of Ants are the most ubiquitous and ecologically Life dominant insects on the face of our Earth. This is believed to be due in large part to the cooperation Ants belong to the order Hymenoptera, which also allowed by their sociality. At the time of writing, includes wasps and bees. ▶ Eusociality, or true about 13,500 ant species are described and sociality, evolved multiple times within the named, classified into 334 genera that make up order, with ants as by far the most widespread, 17 subfamilies (Fig. 1). This diversity makes the abundant, and species-rich lineage of eusocial ants the world’s by far the most speciose group of animals. Within the Hymenoptera, ants are part eusocial insects, but ants are not only diverse in of the ▶ Aculeata, the clade in which the ovipos- terms of numbers of species.
    [Show full text]
  • Convergent Evolution of the Army Ant Syndrome and Congruence in Big-Data Phylogenetics
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/134064; this version posted May 4, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Convergent evolution of the army ant syndrome and congruence in big-data phylogenetics Marek L. Borowiec Department of Entomology and Nematology, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA Current address: School of Life Sciences, Social Insect Research Group, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The evolution of the suite of morphological and behavioral adaptations underlying the eco- logical success of army ants has been the subject of considerable debate. This ”army ant syn- drome” has been argued to have arisen once or multiple times within the ant subfamily Do- rylinae. To address this question I generated data from 2,166 loci and a comprehensive taxon sampling for a phylogenetic investigation. Most analyses show strong support for convergent evolution of the army ant syndrome in the Old and New World but certain relationships are sensitive to analytics. I examine the signal present in this data set and find that conflict is di- minished when only loci less likely to violate common phylogenetic model assumptions are considered. I also provide a temporal and spatial context for doryline evolution with time- calibrated, biogeographic, and diversification rate shift analyses. This study underscores the need for cautious analysis of phylogenomic data and calls for more efficient algorithms em- ploying better-fitting models of molecular evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination and the Evolution of Floral Traits: Selected Studies in the Cape Flora
    -~ Pollination and the evolution of floral traits: selected studies in the Cape flora by STEVEN D. JOHNSON Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Depart~ent of Botany at the University of Cape Town University of Cape Town September 1994 -~ /~... ~: .. _:•..,:_:_· •.,t--,,;__··_·.;.· ~: -~---· .·· "'--··......... .__,,.,/""/_·(, f·; Ti"~ Ul:-.:w~<iy ,~.j f""·:r· · 7"~'"r) '~as!~-~ ()n ~~i;rc·~l '! (J th~; ri~;;t··~;· ref·;~.;·.~:-.;(: t~;::. ti·Js;'.~--i~:! \:~;,·o;~ , H or in pert. Cc-.;7~yrighL i:> ::::;:;d by tho i:;u:~tc~'. j _ I . I \_:•:::7~""?.:;:.-~~-:f?::.."~:;.<t :"'' '"1:,~~- ;-_._.- ·_::_·:.: ':_:;:_;-::··: ,...~-: o-: .... : c»·-_· -~.c: ~ ' '-' \,j ) The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town -. Statement The conception, planning, execution and writing of this study was entirely my own except in the specific instances mentioned below. Some of the chapters are adapted from published papers which were coauthored with either one of my supervisors, William Bond and Kim Steiner. Their contributions were mainly through discussions and suggestions on how to improve the manuscripts. The cladistic analysis in Chapter 4 was done in collaboration with Peter Linder who is an authority in this field. Appendix B is a paper written by Kim Steiner, with Vin Whitehead and myself as coauthors.
    [Show full text]
  • Convergent Evolution of the Army Ant Syndrome and Congruence in Big-Data Phylogenetics
    Copyedited by: YS MANUSCRIPT CATEGORY: Systematic Biology Syst. Biol. 68(4):642–656, 2019 © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: [email protected] DOI:10.1093/sysbio/syy088 Advance Access publication January 3, 2019 Convergent Evolution of the Army Ant Syndrome and Congruence in Big-Data Phylogenetics , , ,∗ MAREK L. BOROWIEC1 2 3 1Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, 875 Perimeter Drive, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; 2School of Life Sciences, Social Insect Research Group, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; and 3Department of Entomology and Nematology, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA ∗ Correspondence to be sent to: Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, 875 Perimeter Drive, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article-abstract/68/4/642/5272507 by Arizona State University West 2 user on 24 July 2019 E-mail: [email protected]. Received 24 May 2018; reviews returned 9 November 2018; accepted 15 December 2018 Associate Editor: Brian Wiegmann Abstract.—Army ants are a charismatic group of organisms characterized by a suite of morphological and behavioral adaptations that includes obligate collective foraging, frequent colony relocation, and highly specialized wingless queens. This army ant syndrome underlies the ecological success of army ants and its evolution has been the subject of considerable debate. It has been argued to have arisen once or multiple times within the ant subfamily Dorylinae. To address this question in a phylogenetic framework I generated data from 2166 loci and a comprehensive taxon sampling representing all 27 genera and 155 or approximately 22% of doryline species.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms for the Evolution of Superorganismality in Ants
    Rockefeller University Digital Commons @ RU Student Theses and Dissertations 2021 Mechanisms for the Evolution of Superorganismality in Ants Vikram Chandra Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.rockefeller.edu/ student_theses_and_dissertations Part of the Life Sciences Commons MECHANISMS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF SUPERORGANISMALITY IN ANTS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of The Rockefeller University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Vikram Chandra June 2021 © Copyright by Vikram Chandra 2021 MECHANISMS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF SUPERORGANISMALITY IN ANTS Vikram Chandra, Ph.D. The Rockefeller University 2021 Ant colonies appear to behave as superorganisms; they exhibit very high levels of within-colony cooperation, and very low levels of within-colony conflict. The evolution of such superorganismality has occurred multiple times across the animal phylogeny, and indeed, origins of multicellularity represent the same evolutionary process. Understanding the origin and elaboration of superorganismality is a major focus of research in evolutionary biology. Although much is known about the ultimate factors that permit the evolution and persistence of superorganisms, we know relatively little about how they evolve. One limiting factor to the study of superorganismality is the difficulty of conducting manipulative experiments in social insect colonies. Recent work on establishing the clonal raider ant, Ooceraea biroi, as a tractable laboratory model, has helped alleviate this difficulty. In this dissertation, I study the proximate evolution of superorganismality in ants. Using focussed mechanistic experiments in O. biroi, in combination with comparative work from other ant species, I study three major aspects of ant social behaviour that provide insight into the origin, maintenance, and elaboration of superorganismality.
    [Show full text]