DOCSLIB.ORG

Read the Full PDF

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Read the Full PDF Job Name:2180884 Date:15-03-11 PDF Page:2180884pbc.p1.pdf Color: Cyan Magenta Yellow Black THE STRATEGIC BALANCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN Distributed to the Trade by National Book Network, 15200 NBN Way, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214. To order call toll free 1-800-462-6420 or 1-717-794-3800. For all other inquiries please contact the AEI Press, 1150 Seventeenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 or call 1-800-862-5801. Jesse W. Lewis, Jr., is political/military affairs officer at the American Embassy in Saudi Arabia. ISBN 0-8447-3197-8 Foreign Affairs Study 29, March 1976 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 75-37446 © 1976 by American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D. C. Permission to quote from or to reproduce materials in this publication is granted when due acknowledgment is made. Printed in the United States of America To my mother, to the memory of my father, and to all who have gone to sea in the Mediterranean CONTENTS FOREWORD, Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr. PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 THE SEA AND THE IMPORTANCE OF 2 NAVAL POWER 5 Geography of the Mediterranean 5 The Role of Naval Power 14 THE UNITED STATES PRESENCE IN 3 THE MEDITERRANEAN 17 Overview and Background 17 The Base System 18 The Sixth Fleet 33 Political Uses of the Sixth Fleet 43 4 THE SOVIET PRESENCE 55 Overview and Background 55 The Fifth Escadra 59 Political Uses of the Fifth Escadra 72 The Outlook 78 5 SCENARIOS FOR CRISIS AND CONFLICT 87 An Overview 87 Outstanding Disputes and Political-Military Problems 89 Other Power Elements 111 6 TOWARD A MEDITERRANEAN CONSCIOUSNESS 117 Mediterranean Outlook 119 Conclusion 121 APPENDIX A: Weapons in the Mediterranean 125 APPENDIX B: The Montreux Convention 155 LIST OF TABLES 1. Coastline Measurements and Territorial Sea Limits of Mediterranean Countries 6 2. Mediterranean Population Figures 13 3. Characteristics of Major U.S. Carrier-Based Aircraft 38 4. Characteristics of P-3 Orion ASW Aircraft 41 5. Sixth Fleet Visits in the Mediterranean, 1964 and 1974 45 6. Soviet Navy Anchorages, 1974 68 7. Fifth Escadra Visits in the Mediterranean, 1964 and 1974 69 8. British Navy Visits in the Mediterranean, 1964 and 1974 114 A-I. Naval Strengths of Mediterranean Countries 127 A-2. Naval Surface-to-Surface Missiles in the Mediterranean 131 A-3. Characteristics of Naval Surface-to-Surface and Sub-Surface Missiles 132 A-4. Major Advanced Combat Aircraft in the Mediterranean 134 A-5. Characteristics of Major Advanced Aircraft in the Mediterranean 138 A-6. Characteristics of Major Air-to-Surface Missiles 140 A-7. Major Surface-to-Air Guided Missiles and Radar-Directed Guns in the Mediterranean 143 A-8. Characteristics of Surface-to-Air Missiles and Other Major Anti-Aircraft Weapons 144 A-9. Current Army Strengths in the Mediterranean 147 A-I0. Armored Vehicles in the Mediterranean 148 A-II. Major Anti-Tank Weapons in the Mediterranean 151 A-12. Ground Surface-to-Surface Missiles in the Mediterranean 153 A-13. Characteristics of Ground Surface-to-Surface Missiles 154 LIST OF MAPS 1. The Mediterranean Basin, after page 10 2. Soviet Naval Exercise, 1969 74 3. Deployment of u.S. Sixth Fleet and Soviet Fifth Escadra,l November 1973 82 FOREWORD I commend highly to any student of political/military affairs or to any party interested in the strategic balance around the world this fine piece of research by Jesse W. Lewis, Jr. While neither I nor any other person would agree with everything written in any treatise regarding such a complicated subject as this, it is my view, as one who has also studied and written on the subject, that Mr. Lewis has made a major contribution with this scholarly work. No one who reads this treatise can fail to be impressed by the dramatic growth both of Soviet naval capability and of the total power the Soviet Union can bring to bear in the Mediterranean, directly and through allies. No one who reads it can fail to be concerned by the deteriorating capabilities of the United States to influence events in the Mediterranean, partly as a result of the reduction in its own military capabilities and partly as a result of the weakening of alliance ties in that area. It is an important challenge to all thoughtful students of this work to seek to go beyond it in the important task of guiding the destiny of the United States in this area in the years ahead. ELMO R. ZUMWALT, JR. Admiral, USN (Retired) PREFACE This is essentially a survey, a kind of annotated catalogue of the military presence in the Mediterranean Basin, combined with an outline of the active and dormant disputes that could alter the balance of power in the Mediterranean and cause the weapons listed here to be used. The focus of this study is on the superpower presence-that of the United States and Soviet Union-though the armed strengths of the Mediterranean's fifteen continental and two island countries, and the British presence, which has made a significant contribution to Western security interests in the Mediterranean, are also considered. However, no meaningful examination of these subjects can exclude a discussion of the Mediterranean Sea itself and some of the basic elements of sea power in the twentieth century. First a definition of terms: the continental countries that comprise the strictly geographical Mediterranean world are, starting at Gibraltar and moving clockwise, Spain, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. The two island countries are Malta and ~rus. There is also what might be called the geopolitical Mediterran~n, which includes a number of Middle Eastern countries that do not have Mediterranean coastlines but are inextricably linked to the area by geography, oil, and politics; they are Jordan, the Sudan, the two Yemens, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the smaller Arab states of the Persian Gulf. Portugal is also part of this expanded Mediter­ ranean world. A word on sources. Most of the statistical data and other infor­ mation on arms was taken from the 1974-75 and 1975-76 Military Balance published by the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the authoritative lane's volumes, Fighting Ships, All the World's Aircraft, and Weapon Systems. I am greatly indebted to these publi­ cations and their editors, particularly Captain John E. Moore, RN (Ret.), of lane's Fighting Ships. This study could not have been undertaken or completed without the generous assistance of the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, which awarded me a research fellowship in 1972. I also want to thank the Washington Post for which I was working as Middle East correspondent when this study was conceived, and to express gratitude for a sabbatical leave of absence that allowed me to begin the work. During the past six years, as a journalist or researcher I have visited every Mediterranean country except Albania. During my trips I interviewed several hundred people whose employment brings them into daily contact with the Mediterranean. They included gov­ ernment officials, naval officers, ship captains and shipping execu­ tives, historians, and journalists. All provided me with invaluable information and advice. They are too numerous to mention indi­ vidually, and many who helped did so with the understanding that they would remain anonymous. They know who they are and they also know that they have my gratitude. However, I want to individually thank John W. Warner, who was secretary of the navy when I started .this study and who was instrumental in arranging for me to visit U.S. Navy units at sea and ashore in the Mediterranean. My sincere thanks go also to several former Sixth Fleet commanders: Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, Jr., Vice Admiral Daniel J. Murphy, and Vice Admiral Gerald E. Miller (Ret.), and to Vice Admiral Pierre N. Charbonnet, Jr., who was CTF-67 during much of my research. I also want to thank Norman Polmar, the editor of the United States section of lane's Fighting Ships, for reading my manuscript and making constructive comments. My colleagues at AEI also deserve special mention, particularly Robert J. Pranger and Dale R. Tahtinen, respectively the director and assistant director of foreign and defense policy studies; researchers John Lenczowski, Peter Chaffetz, Larry Kahn, and Craig N. Moore; and typists Iris McPherson, Lynn Balthaser, Madelyn Jones, and Karyn Pritchard. I, of course, am responsible for all the conclusions and errors. Washington, D. C. June 1975 1 INTRODUCTION The Mediterranean is the Helen among oceans. Like her it was desired by all who saw it ... fought over not for ten, but for two thousand years, and captured by the boldest. Today before our eyes it is fought over anew.1 In many ways the Mediterranean is a barometer of the world's political climate. This is more true today than at any other time in modern history because developments in the seventeen Mediterranean countries and the state of relations among them often mirror the state of relations between the two superpowers, if only because the super­ powers have an overwhelming strategic stake in the Mediterranean. The energy crisis illustrates this point. The price and availa­ bility of petroleum is affected by the Arab-Israeli conflict whose major protagonists, Israel, Egypt, and Syria, are Mediterranean countries and whose major arms suppliers are the United States and the Soviet Union. The opening of the Suez Canal is another example of this equation in operation. It is almost as if the United States and the Soviet Union had chosen the Mediterranean as an arena for contest: as a testing plat­ form for their political ideologies, their economics, and their weapons.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MIRAGE 2OOO Around the World
    F RANCE C ONSEIL 2 ● 2003 MIRAGE 2OOO ENGAGE! around theworld DASSAULT AVIATIONDASSAULT SNECMAMOTEURS THALES ◆ ◆ Squadron chat ENGAGE! 2 ● 2003 25 years ago HAF MIRAGE 2000 EG 210, Traditions Twenty five years ago, on March 10th, a phoenix back into the air Dassault Aviation 1978, the Mirage 2000-01 took to the In 1997, HAF Mirage 2000 EG 210 maintains the tradition air for its maiden flight, flown by overran the runway at Skiros Air Base of granting distinctions Dassault Aviation Test Pilot Jean Coureau. and ditched into the sea. The Hellenic to pilots who The Mirage 2000 was subsequently Air Force (HAF), Hellenic Aerospace have logged introduced to service into the French Industry (HAI) and Dassault Aviation 1,000, 2,000 Summary Air Force in 1984, and then into many have successfully rebuilt it. It is now and 3,000 Editorial other Air Forces (India, Egypt, Peru, flying again and is back to service into flight UAE, Greece, Taiwan and Qatar). Over hours on the the HAF. “Vendée” MIRAGE 2000s 500 Mirage 2000 are in operation Mirage 2000. The first issue of this publication was only throughout the world, and have logged Dedicated patches, 2 in the Hellenic sky over 1 000 000 flight hours. diplomas and trophies are a four-pages newsletter devoted to the awarded during a formal Flight safety corner salvaging of HAF Mirage 2000 EG 210, but ceremony to these pilots at the 5 request of the Staff of their Air Forces. it met with unexpected success from Contact: D. Coulier (Dassault Aviation RDY2: multi role, Mirage 2000 users.
    [Show full text]
  • CRUISE MISSILE THREAT Volume 2: Emerging Cruise Missile Threat
    By Systems Assessment Group NDIA Strike, Land Attack and Air Defense Committee August 1999 FEASIBILITY OF THIRD WORLD ADVANCED BALLISTIC AND CRUISE MISSILE THREAT Volume 2: Emerging Cruise Missile Threat The Systems Assessment Group of the National Defense Industrial Association ( NDIA) Strike, Land Attack and Air Defense Committee performed this study as a continuing examination of feasible Third World missile threats. Volume 1 provided an assessment of the feasibility of the long range ballistic missile threats (released by NDIA in October 1998). Volume 2 uses aerospace industry judgments and experience to assess Third World cruise missile acquisition and development that is “emerging” as a real capability now. The analyses performed by industry under the broad title of “Feasibility of Third World Advanced Ballistic & Cruise Missile Threat” incorporate information only from unclassified sources. Commercial GPS navigation instruments, compact avionics, flight programming software, and powerful, light-weight jet propulsion systems provide the tools needed for a Third World country to upgrade short-range anti-ship cruise missiles or to produce new land-attack cruise missiles (LACMs) today. This study focuses on the question of feasibility of likely production methods rather than relying on traditional intelligence based primarily upon observed data. Published evidence of technology and weapons exports bears witness to the failure of international agreements to curtail cruise missile proliferation. The study recognizes the role LACMs developed by Third World countries will play in conjunction with other new weapons, for regional force projection. LACMs are an “emerging” threat with immediate and dire implications for U.S. freedom of action in many regions .
    [Show full text]
  • DESERTMED a Project About the Deserted Islands of the Mediterranean
    DESERTMED A project about the deserted islands of the Mediterranean The islands, and all the more so the deserted island, is an extremely poor or weak notion from the point of view of geography. This is to it’s credit. The range of islands has no objective unity, and deserted islands have even less. The deserted island may indeed have extremely poor soil. Deserted, the is- land may be a desert, but not necessarily. The real desert is uninhabited only insofar as it presents no conditions that by rights would make life possible, weather vegetable, animal, or human. On the contrary, the lack of inhabitants on the deserted island is a pure fact due to the circumstance, in other words, the island’s surroundings. The island is what the sea surrounds. What is de- serted is the ocean around it. It is by virtue of circumstance, for other reasons that the principle on which the island depends, that the ships pass in the distance and never come ashore.“ (from: Gilles Deleuze, Desert Island and Other Texts, Semiotext(e),Los Angeles, 2004) DESERTMED A project about the deserted islands of the Mediterranean Desertmed is an ongoing interdisciplina- land use, according to which the islands ry research project. The “blind spots” on can be divided into various groups or the European map serve as its subject typologies —although the distinctions are matter: approximately 300 uninhabited is- fluid. lands in the Mediterranean Sea. A group of artists, architects, writers and theoreti- cians traveled to forty of these often hard to reach islands in search of clues, impar- tially cataloguing information that can be interpreted in multiple ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Cranfield University
    CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY LEIGH MOODY SENSORS, SENSOR MEASUREMENT FUSION AND MISSILE TRAJECTORY OPTIMISATION COLLEGE OF DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY PhD THESIS CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE, POWER AND SENSORS PhD THESIS Academic Year 2002 - 2003 Leigh Moody Sensors, Measurement Fusion and Missile Trajectory Optimisation Supervisor: Professor B.A. White July 2003 Leigh Moody asserts his right to be identified as the author. © Cranfield University 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of Cranfield University and without acknowledging that it may contain copyright material owned by MBDA UK Limited. i ii ABSTRACT When considering advances in “smart” weapons it is clear that air-launched systems have adopted an integrated approach to meet rigorous requirements, whereas air-defence systems have not. The demands on sensors, state observation, missile guidance, and simulation for air-defence is the subject of this research. Historical reviews for each topic, justification of favoured techniques and algorithms are provided, using a nomenclature developed to unify these disciplines. Sensors selected for their enduring impact on future systems are described and simulation models provided. Complex internal systems are reduced to simpler models capable of replicating dominant features, particularly those that adversely effect state observers. Of the state observer architectures considered, a distributed system comprising ground based target and own-missile tracking, data up-link, and on-board missile measurement and track fusion is the natural choice for air-defence. An IMM is used to process radar measurements, combining the estimates from filters with different target dynamics. The remote missile state observer combines up-linked target tracks and missile plots with IMU and seeker data to provide optimal guidance information.
    [Show full text]
  • Fisheries Conservation and Vulnerable Ecosystems in the Mediterranean Open Seas, Including the Deep Seas
    Fisheries conservation and vulnerable ecosystems in the Mediterranean open seas, including the deep seas Note : The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP and RAC/SPA concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in the present technical information document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect UNEP views. © 2010 United Nations Environment Programme Mediterranean Action Plan Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) Boulevard du leader Yasser Arafat B.P.337 - 1080 Tunis CEDEX E-mail: [email protected] This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non- profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without permission in writing from UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA. For bibliographic purposes this volume should be cited as follows: UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA. 2010. Fisheries conservation and vulnerable ecosystems in the Mediterranean open seas, including the deep seas. By de Juan, S. and Lleonart, J. Ed. RAC/SPA, Tunis: 103pp. Cover photo credit: - Juan Cuetos This document should not be considered as an official United Nations document.
    [Show full text]
  • “Arcipelago Di La Maddalena” (NE Sardinia, Italy)
    Scripta Herpetologica. Studies on Amphibians and Reptiles in honour of Benedetto Lanza: pp. 55-62, 2014 New data on the herpetofauna of the National Park “Arcipelago di La Maddalena” (NE Sardinia, Italy) Claudia Corti 1*, Marta Biaggini 1, Michel Delaugerre 2, Pietro Lo Cascio 1,3 1 Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sezione di Zoologia “La Specola” Via Romana 17, 50125 Firenze, Italy 2 Conservatoire du Littoral 3, Résidence Saint Marc - Rue du Juge Falcone, 20200 Bastia, France 3 Associazione Nesos - Via Vittorio Emanuele 24, 98055 Lipari (ME), Italy * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract. The data available on the herpetofauna of the Archipelago della Maddalena are mainly based on investigations carried out during the 1980’s by the Sezione di Zoologia “La Specola” of the Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università di Firenze. Such records have not been specifically updated successively. Here field data on the composition and distribution of the herpetofauna of the Archipelago are presented, with particular attention to the micro-insular areas for which no bibliographic data were available. Between 2011 and 2012 a total of 51 islands and islets have been visited: new records have been gained for 15 islands and islets already studied in past while on 4 the herpetofauna has been recorded for the first time. The lack of herpetofauna on 9 islets and rocks seemingly never previously studied has been reported too. Keywords. Herpetofauna, Mediterranean Islands, La Maddalena Archipelago. INTRODUCTION The present knowledge on the herpetofauna of the Archipelago della Mad- dalena is mainly based on the results of investigations carried out during the 1980s by the Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sezione di Zoologia “La Specola” under the direction of Benedetto Lanza and in the frame- work of a national research-project focused on the flora and fauna of the Sardinian satellite islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Alborán Sea IMMA
    Alborán Sea Important Marine Mammal Area - IMMA Description Criterion A – Species or Population Vulnerability Area Size The common dolphin Mediterranean 55,939 km 2 subpopulation is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This area Qualifying Species and Criteria has the largest concentration of the common Common dolphin - Delphinus delphis dolphin subpopulation within the whole Criterion A; B (ii); C (i, ii); D (i) Mediterranean, containing the large majority Common bottlenose dolphin - of the total population, both due to large Tursiops truncatus density of groups and due to very large group Criterion A; B (ii); C (i, ii); D (i) sizes, much larger than anywhere else in the Mediterranean. The most recent abundance Marine Mammal Diversity estimate of common dolphin is of 19,082 Criterion D (ii) (CV=4.7%) animals only in the northern third [Balaenoptera physalus, Globicephala melas, Orcinus orca, Grampus griseus, of the Alborán Sea with an extension to Physeter macrocephalus, Ziphius cavirostris, include the Alborán island. Stenella coeruleoalba ] The common bottlenose dolphin Summary Mediterranean subpopulation is listed as The Alborán Sea, the westernmost part of Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of Threatened the Mediterranean Sea, opens to the Species. The Alborán Sea also has large Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of concentrations of bottlenose dolphins, which Gibraltar, becoming a transition area between these two basins which have also present some of the largest group sizes in radically different oceanographic the Mediterranean. The latest estimate of characteristics. This transition area contains abundance of bottlenose dolphin in the important habitat for Endangered northern third of the Alborán Sea with an Mediterranean common dolphins extension to include the Alborán island is (Delphinus delphis ) and Vulnerable common 2,150 animals (CV=24.3).
    [Show full text]
  • Heroics & Ros Index
    MBW - ARMOURED RAIL CAR Page 6 Error! Reference source not found. Page 3 HEROICS & ROS WINTER 2009 CATALOGUE Napoleonic American Civil War Page 11 Page 12 INDEX Land , Naval & Aerial Wargames Rules 1 Books 1 Trafalgar 1/300 transfers 1 HEROICS & ROS 1/300TH SCALE W.W.1 Aircraft 1 W.W.1 Figures and Vehicles 4 W.W.2 Aircraft 2 W.W.2. Tanks &Figures 4 W.W.2 Trains 6 Attack & Landing Craft 6 SAMURAI Page11 Modern Aircraft 3 Modern Tanks & Figures 7 NEW KINGDOM EGYPTIANS, Napoleonic, Ancient Figures 11 HITTITES AND Dark Ages, Medieval, Wars of the Roses, SEA PEOPLES Renaissance, Samurai, Marlburian, Page 11 English Civil War, Seven Years War, A.C.W, Franco-Prussian War and Colonial Figures 12 th Revo 1/300 full colour Flags 12 VIJAYANTA MBT Page 7 SWA103 SAAB J 21 Page 4 World War 2 Page 4 PRICE Mk 1 MOTHER Page 4 £1.00 Heroics and Ros 3, CASTLE WAY, FELTHAM, MIDDLESEX TW13 7NW www.heroicsandros.co.uk Welcome to the new home of Heroics and Ros models. Over the next few weeks we will be aiming to consolidate our position using the familiar listings and web site. However, during 2010 we will be bringing forward some exciting new developments both in the form of our web site and a modest expansion in our range of 1/300 scale vehicles. For those wargamers who have in the past purchased their Heroics and Ros models along with their Navwar 1/300 ships, and Naismith and Roundway 15mm figures, these ranges are of course still available direct from Navwar www.navwar.co.uk as before, though they will no longer be carrying the Heroics range.
    [Show full text]
  • Aeronautical Engineering
    NASA/S P--1999-7037/S U P PL410 December 1999 AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING A CONTINUING BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH INDEXES National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center Scientific and Technical Information Program Office The NASA STI Program Office... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected to the advancement of aeronautics and space papers from scientific and technical science. The NASA Scientific and Technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other Information (STI) Program Office plays a key meetings sponsored or cosponsored by NASA. part in helping NASA maintain this important role. SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, technical, or historical information from The NASA STI Program Office is operated by NASA programs, projects, and missions, Langley Research Center, the lead center for often concerned with subjects having NASA's scientific and technical information. substantial public interest. The NASA STI Program Office provides access to the NASA STI Database, the largest collection TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. of aeronautical and space science STI in the English-language translations of foreign world. The Program Office is also NASA's scientific and technical material pertinent to institutional mechanism for disseminating the NASA's mission. results of its research and development activities. These results are published by NASA in the Specialized services that complement the STI NASA STI Report Series, which includes the Program Office's diverse offerings include following report types: creating custom thesauri, building customized databases, organizing and publishing research TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of results.., even providing videos. completed research or a major significant phase of research that present the results of For more information about the NASA STI NASA programs and include extensive data or Program Office, see the following: theoretical analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Love of Modeling Squadron – Loving the Hobby Since 1968!
    FebruaryFFeebbrruaryuaarry 201722001177 BRINGING HISTORY TO LIFE See Page 24 for Complete Details Celebrate Your Love of Modeling Squadron – Loving the Hobby Since 1968! Over 160 NEW Kits and Accessories Inside These Pages! PLASTIC MODELOD E L KITSK I T S • MODEL ACCESSORIES SeeSSe bback cover for full details. BOOKS & MAGAZINES • PAINTS & TOOLS • GIFTS & COLLECTIBLES OrderO Today at WWW.SQUADRON.COM or call 1-877-414-0434 Dear Friends SQUADRON If you are anything like me, the winter chill has kept you indoors and busy building. This PRODUCTS is the time when I use more glue than in any other season. Deskbound, warm and cozy in my model room, drinking hot chocolate and surrounded by my best friends; models! With great fanfare, we are thrilled to announce the inaugural kit from our new SquadronModels product line - the long awaited HAUNEBU II German Flying Saucer. In stock and available for purchase, you won’t want to miss the quality and innovation that are hallmarks of our very first, developed from scratch model kit. Unique in all its form and description, the history of the Haunbu project is both fascinating and charismatic. Derived from the deepest and darkest Nazi se- crets, development of this German flying space vessel is still to today, part truth, part mystery. No matter if you are an airplane, armor, ship or fantasy builder, the Haunebu will captivate you with its detail and size. Check it out on Page 24 and be sure to check out the in-box video review on Squadron.com under the Squadron TV tab.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerosol Properties Over the Western Mediterranean Basin: Temporal and Spatial Variability
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2473–2486, 2015 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/2473/2015/ doi:10.5194/acp-15-2473-2015 © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Aerosol properties over the western Mediterranean basin: temporal and spatial variability H. Lyamani1,2, A. Valenzuela1,2, D. Perez-Ramirez3,4, C. Toledano5, M. J. Granados-Muñoz1,2, F. J. Olmo1,2, and L. Alados-Arboledas1,2 1Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), 18006, Granada, Spain 2Department of Applied Physic, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain 3Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA 4Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Universities Space Research Association (GESTAR/USRA), Columbia, Maryland, USA 5Atmospheric Optics Group (GOA), University of Valladolid (UVA), 47071, Valladolid, Spain Correspondence to: H. Lyamani ([email protected]) Received: 1 July 2014 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 21 August 2014 Revised: 2 February 2015 – Accepted: 15 February 2015 – Published: 5 March 2015 Abstract. This study focuses on the analysis of Aerosol 1 Introduction Robotic Network (AERONET) aerosol data obtained over Alborán Island (35.90◦ N, 3.03◦ W, 15 m a.s.l.) in the west- ern Mediterranean from July 2011 to January 2012. Addi- Atmospheric aerosol particles play an important role in the tional aerosol data from the three nearest AERONET stations atmosphere because they can affect the Earth’s radiation bud- (Málaga, Oujda and Palma de Mallorca) and the Maritime get directly by the scattering and absorption of solar and ter- Aerosol Network (MAN) were also analyzed in order to in- restrial radiation (e.g., Haywood and Shine, 1997), and indi- vestigate the temporal and spatial variations of aerosol over rectly by modifying cloud properties (e.g., Kaufman et al., this scarcely explored region.
    [Show full text]
  • NEA-Annual-Report-1980.Pdf
    National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Arts Washington, D.C. 20506 Dear Mr. President: I have the honor to submit to you the Annual Report of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Council on the Arts for the Fiscal Year ended September 30, 1980. Respectfully, Livingston L. Biddle, Jr. Chairman The President The White House Washington, D.C. February 1981 Contents Chairman’s Statement 2 The Agency and Its Functions 4 National Council on the Arts 5 Programs 6 Deputy Chairman’s Statement 8 Dance 10 Design Arts 32 Expansion Arts 52 Folk Arts 88 Inter-Arts 104 Literature 118 Media Arts: Film/Radio/Television 140 Museum 168 Music 200 Opera-Musical Theater 238 Program Coordination 252 Theater 256 Visual Arts 276 Policy and Planning 316 Deputy Chairman’s Statement 318 Challenge Grants 320 Endowment Fellows 331 Research 334 Special Constituencies 338 Office for Partnership 344 Artists in Education 346 Partnership Coordination 352 State Programs 358 Financial Summary 365 History of Authorizations and Appropriations 366 Chairman’s Statement The Dream... The Reality "The arts have a central, fundamental impor­ In the 15 years since 1965, the arts have begun tance to our daily lives." When those phrases to flourish all across our country, as the were presented to the Congress in 1963--the illustrations on the accompanying pages make year I came to Washington to work for Senator clear. In all of this the National Endowment Claiborne Pell and began preparing legislation serves as a vital catalyst, with states and to establish a federal arts program--they were communities, with great numbers of philanthro­ far more rhetorical than expressive of a national pic sources.
    [Show full text]