Iridium Oxohydroxide Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

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Iridium Oxohydroxide Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction Iridium oxohydroxide electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction vorgelegt von Master of Science Cyriac Massué geb. in Strasbourg (Frankreich) von der Fakultät II - Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften - Dr.rer.nat. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Martin Lerch Berichter/Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Martin Muhler Berichter/Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Robert Schlögl Berichter/Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Peter Strasser Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 9. Mai 2016 Berlin 2016 ii “Scio me nihil scire“ -Sokrates- iii iv Acknowledgements I hereby would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. Dr. Robert Schlögl, Director of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry at the Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society for his constant support and scientific guidance. He has been the source of numerous inspiring suggestions and remarks that opened up new perspectives onto the present subject. My position in his department provided me with the opportunity to use a wide array of powerful characterization techniques, while relying on the advice of experienced scientists. I would also like to express many thanks to my supervisor Dr. Sébastien Cap, leader of the “Electrochemistry and charge transport” group, for his continuous help and pertinent suggestions, which proved especially helpful during the writing process. I would like to particularly acknowledge Prof. Dr. Peter Strasser and Prof. Dr. Martin Muhler, who accepted to invest their time in reviewing this work. Additional gratitude goes to Prof. Dr. Martin Lerch for taking the chair of the examination board. I thank my co-authors for their contributions to the manuscripts included in this dissertation, in alphabetical order: Gerardo Algara-Siller, Sébastien Cap, Xing Huang, Johannes Noack, Verena Pfeifer, Chinmoy Ranjan, Robert Schlögl, Maurice Van Gastel. I would especially like to thank Verena Pfeifer for her tremendous support during several beam times at Bessy and all the technical staff of the department for their invaluable help with sample characterization. Scientific discussions with Verena Pfeifer and Michael Scherzer in the framework of the monthly “Ir- coffee” played a crucial role in directing my scientific progression. Further discussions with Andrey Tarasov, Pierre Schwach and Detre Teschner were essential in uncovering fundamental aspects of the present work. Last but not least, special thanks go to my colleagues for the many pleasant moments spent together during and outside work that made me enjoy my time at the institute. I also thank the Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Industrie for providing funding to the “Ekolyzer” project in the framework of which this work was conducted. Last but not least I would like to thank my friends and family for their unwavering support. v vi Abstract The synthesis of a highly active and yet stable electrocatalyst for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a major challenge in making proton exchange membrane (PEM)-based water splitting an industrially relevant solution for chemical energy storage. Under the highly acidic and corrosive conditions of PEM-based water splitting, Ir-electrocatalysts have so far yielded the most promising results but lead to high material costs. In order to improve Ir-utilization, we loaded iridium on conductive antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO)-nanoparticles via a microwave-supported hydrothermal route. The resulting Ir-nanoparticles on ATO were identified as highly hydrated IrIII/IV- oxohydroxides, which showed superior OER-performance in comparison with benchmarks reported in the literature. Gradual alterations to the Ir-phase via thermal treatment showed that the unprecedented OER-performance was prominently linked to the superior intrinsic activity of the produced IrIII/IV-oxohydroxide. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the OER-relevant features of such amorphous Ir- oxohydroxides without the influence of a support, we prepared a series of pure Ir-oxohydroxides via a microwave-supported hydrothermal route. Systematic synthesis parameter variations led to the preparation of a series of Ir-oxohydroxides within a wide range of oxidation states, chemisorbed -2 water fractions and related OER-performance. For electrode loadings as low as 20 μgIr.cm , excellent OER-performance was achieved for the best compounds. Therefore such amorphous IrIII/IV- oxohydroxides bridge the gap between electrodeposited amorphous IrOx-films prone to corrosion and less active crystalline IrO2-electrocatalysts prepared via calcination routes. Structural differences within a vast portfolio of Ir-oxohydroxides were compared to trends in OER- performance in order to identify performance-relevant species. An ab-initio calculated model allowed us to identify reactive, formally OI--species stabilized in an IrIII-rich environment. These O 2p hole states were studied using synchrotron-based XPS and XAS and were quantified via reactive CO- titration. Concomitant trends in OI--amounts and OER-performance allowed us to relate the outstanding electrocatalytic OER-performance of IrIII/IV-oxohydroxides to their ability to accommodate stable OI--rich precursor sites. The CO-titration also highlighted the ability of sub- surface OI- to migrate to the surface, suggesting the involvement of the 3D-structure of Ir- oxohydroxides during OER-catalysis. The identification of these key features controlled by synthetic parameters of our microwave-supported hydrothermal synthesis allows for a new targeted approach to Ir-based OER-catalyst design. vii viii Zusammenfassung Die Herstellung eines hoch aktiven und stabilen Elektrokatalystors für die anodische Wasseroxidation stellt eine mächtige Hürde für die kommerzielle Anwendung von Proton-Austausch- Membranen (PEM)-basierender Wasserspaltung für chemische Energiespeicherung dar. Unter den stark korrodierenden sauren Bedingungen in einer PEM-Zelle zeigen Ir-basierende anodische Elektrokatalysatoren bisher die beste Kombination von hoher Aktivität und Stabilität. Ihre Anwendung führt aber zu hohen Materialkosten. Um die Verwendung des teuren Ir-Materials zu optimieren wurde leitfähiges Antimon-gedoptes Zinnoxid (ATO) über eine Mikrowellen-gestützte hydrothermale Syntheseroute mit Ir- beladen. Die resultierenden Ir-Nanopartikel auf ATO wurden als stark hydratisierte IrIII/IV-Oxohydroxide identifiziert, die im Vergleich mit Literaturwerten überlegene Leistung in der sauren anodische Sauerstoffentwicklungsreaktion vorweisen. Stufenweise thermische Behandlung des Ir/ATO-Elektrokatalysator zeigte dass die überragende elektrokatalytische Leistungsfähigkeit größtenteils aus der hohen intrinsischen Aktivität der IrIII/IV- Oxohydroxide resultiert. Um ein tieferes Verständnis der elektrokatalystisch relevanten Merkmale der amorphen IrIII/IV- Oxohydroxide ohne den Einfluss des Trägermaterials zu gewinnen, wurde eine Reihe von reinen IrIII/IV-Oxohydroxiden über eine Mikrowellen-gestützte Hydrothermalsynthese hergestellt. Die systematische Variation relevanter Syntheseparameter führte zur Herstellung einer Reihe von IrIII/IV- Oxohydroxiden in einem breiten Bereich von Oxidationszuständen, chemisorbierter Wasseranteile -2 und damit verbundener OER-Leistungen. Für Elektrodenbeladungen von 20 μgIr.cm , konnte ausgezeichnete OER-Leistung für die besten Materialien erreicht werden. Somit bilden amorphe IrIII/IV-Oxohydroxide ein Bindeglied zwischen galvanisch abgeschiedenen leicht korrodierenden amorphen IrOx-Filmen und kristallinen wenig aktiven IrO2-Elektrokatalysatoren, die meistens über Kalzinierungsschritte hergestellt werden. Strukturelle Unterschiede innerhalb eines umfangreichen Portfolios von IrIII/IV-Oxohydroxiden wurden mit Trends in der OER-Leistungsfähigkeit verglichen um Aktivitäts-relevante Spezies und strukturelle Eigenschaften zu identifizieren. Ein ab-initio gerechnetes Modell erlaubte uns reaktive, formale OI--Sauerstoffspezies zu identifizieren, die von einem IrIII-reichen Umfeld stabilisiert werden. Diese O 2p Loch-Zustände wurden unter Verwendung von Synchrotron-XPS und XAS untersucht und wurden über reaktive CO-Titration quantifiziert. Übereinstimmende Trends in OI--Gehalt und elektrokatalytischer Leistung erlaubten es uns, die hervorragende Leistungsfähigkeit von IrIII/IV- Oxohydroxiden mit ihrer Fähigkeit stabile OI--Sauerstoffspezies aufzunehmen, in Verbindung zu bringen. Die CO-Titration zeigt auch die Fähigkeit der tiefer gelegenen OI--Sauerstoffspezies an die Oberfläche zu wandern, was auf die Beteiligung der 3D-Struktur von IrIII/IV-Oxohydroxiden während der Wasseroxidation hinweist. Die Identifizierung dieser wichtigen Merkmale amorpher Ir- Oxohydroxide ermöglicht eine neue zielgerichtete Herangehensweise an die Synthese Ir-basierender Elektrokatalysatoren für die saure Wasseroxidation, mittels Mikowellen-gestützter Hydrothermalsynthese. ix x Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. v Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. vii Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................................. ix Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................
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