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Intent Recognition in a Strategic

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Intent Recognition in a Strategic ON ADVANCED TEMPLATE BASED INTERPRETATION AS APPLIED TO INTENTION RECOGNITION IN A STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT by CAMERON AKRIDGE B.S. University of Central Florida, 2005 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Engineering in the School of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2007 © 2007 Cameron Akridge ii ABSTRACT An area of study that has received much attention over the past few decades is simulations involving threat assessment in military scenarios. Recently, much research has emerged concerning the recognition of troop movements and formations in non- combat simulations. Additionally, there have been efforts towards the detection and assessment of various types of malicious intentions. One such work by Akridge addressed the issue of Strategic Intention Recognition, but fell short in the detection of tactics that it could not detect without somehow manipulating the environment. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to address the problem of recognizing an opponent’s intent in a strategic environment where the system can think ahead in time to see the agent’s plan. To approach the problem, a structured form of knowledge called Template- Based Interpretation is borrowed from the work of others and enhanced to reason in a temporally dynamic simulation. iii Dedicated to Him iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My parents and my grandparents have always supported me through this endeavor. I cannot thank them enough for that. I also thank my friend Brian who selflessly helped me through the debugging and optimization of my code (a very stressful experience). I am very grateful to my friend, Jimmy, who let me use his quad-core machine for the testing phase. I also thank all of my friends (Brian, Chris, Jimmy, and James) for their patience as test subjects. Without you guys, this would not have been possible. Finally, I thank my advisor, Dr. Gonzalez for getting me there from start to finish. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Thesis Goal......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Intention Recognition.......................................................................................... 2 1.3 Relevance of Chess Environment ....................................................................... 5 1.4 Summary............................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2: STATE OF THE ART REVIEW ................................................................ 8 2.1 General Applications in Intention Recognition .................................................. 8 2.1.1 Intention Recognition as a Tutor................................................................. 8 2.1.2 Intention Recognition as a Helpful Interactive Agent ................................ 9 2.1.3 Intention Recognition with User Interfaces .............................................. 10 2.1.4 Goal Recognition with Bayesian Networks.............................................. 13 2.2 State-of-art in Specific Problem........................................................................ 15 2.2.1 Intention Recognition with Hostile Agents............................................... 15 2.2.2 A Utilitarian Approach to Intention Recognition ..................................... 19 2.2.3 Frame-based Intention Recognition.......................................................... 20 2.2.4 Intention Recognition and Behavioral Modeling with Template-based Interpretation (TBI)................................................................................................... 22 2.3 Summary........................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3: PROBLEM DEFINITION........................................................................ 26 3.1 General Problem............................................................................................... 26 3.2 Specific Problem............................................................................................... 27 3.2.1 Strategic Intention Recognition ................................................................ 27 3.2.2 Template-Based Interpretation.................................................................. 27 3.3 Hypothesis......................................................................................................... 28 3.4 Contributions..................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 4: CONCEPTUAL APPROACH ................................................................. 29 4.1 Existing TBI Method ........................................................................................ 29 4.1.1 Introduction to Template Based Interpretation (TBI)............................... 29 4.1.2 Attributes................................................................................................... 30 4.1.2.1 Daemon................................................................................................. 30 4.1.2.2 Attribute Activation............................................................................... 30 4.1.2.3 Attribute Weights .................................................................................. 31 4.1.3 Template Selection: Choosing a Plan representative................................ 34 4.2 Advanced Template Based Interpretation (ATBI)............................................ 35 4.2.1 Introduction and Purpose .......................................................................... 36 4.2.2 Attribute Adjustment ................................................................................ 37 4.2.3 Example of Approach Applicability ......................................................... 38 4.3 High Level Design & Algorithm ...................................................................... 39 4.3.1 High Level Design.................................................................................... 39 iv 4.3.1.1 User Interface ....................................................................................... 41 4.3.1.2 Chess Game .......................................................................................... 41 4.3.2 Intelligence Algorithm.............................................................................. 42 4.3.3 Low Level Process.................................................................................... 45 4.4 Intention Recognition System........................................................................... 46 4.4.1 Template Library Moderator..................................................................... 46 4.4.1.1 Template Processing............................................................................. 47 4.4.1.2 Template Selection................................................................................ 49 4.5 Summary........................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 5: SYSTEM PROTOTYPE .......................................................................... 51 5.1 Simulation Environment ................................................................................... 51 5.1.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 51 5.1.2 Chess Piece Behavior................................................................................ 53 5.1.3 Special Movements & Rules..................................................................... 55 5.1.3.1 En Passant ............................................................................................ 55 5.1.3.2 Castling................................................................................................. 56 5.2 Chess Simulator ................................................................................................ 57 5.2.1 User Input.................................................................................................. 57 5.2.2 Legal Move Processing............................................................................. 58 5.2.3 Output ....................................................................................................... 59 5.3 Template Implementation Introduction ............................................................ 62 5.3.1 Board Control Templates.......................................................................... 62 5.3.1.1 Lower Left Board Control..................................................................... 63 5.3.1.2 Lower Center Board Control................................................................ 64 5.3.1.3 Lower Right Board Control .................................................................. 65 5.3.2 Fianchetto Templates................................................................................ 66 5.3.2.1 Left Fianchetto...................................................................................... 66 5.3.2.2 Right Fianchetto...................................................................................
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