Vocoder Demonstration Using a Speex Audio Codec on Stm32f101xx and Stm32f103xx Microcontrollers
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Lossless Audio Codec Comparison
Contents Introduction 3 1 CD-audio test 4 1.1 CD's used . .4 1.2 Results all CD's together . .4 1.3 Interesting quirks . .7 1.3.1 Mono encoded as stereo (Dan Browns Angels and Demons) . .7 1.3.2 Compressibility . .9 1.4 Convergence of the results . 10 2 High-resolution audio 13 2.1 Nine Inch Nails' The Slip . 13 2.2 Howard Shore's soundtrack for The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King . 16 2.3 Wasted bits . 18 3 Multichannel audio 20 3.1 Howard Shore's soundtrack for The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King . 20 A Motivation for choosing these CDs 23 B Test setup 27 B.1 Scripting and graphing . 27 B.2 Codecs and parameters used . 27 B.3 MD5 checksumming . 28 C Revision history 30 Bibliography 31 2 Introduction While testing the efficiency of lossy codecs can be quite cumbersome (as results differ for each person), comparing lossless codecs is much easier. As the last well documented and comprehensive test available on the internet has been a few years ago, I thought it would be a good idea to update. Beside comparing with CD-audio (which is often done to assess codec performance) and spitting out a grand total, this comparison also looks at extremes that occurred during the test and takes a look at 'high-resolution audio' and multichannel/surround audio. While the comparison was made to update the comparison-page on the FLAC website, it aims to be fair and unbiased. -
Cluster-Based Delta Compression of a Collection of Files Department of Computer and Information Science
Cluster-Based Delta Compression of a Collection of Files Zan Ouyang Nasir Memon Torsten Suel Dimitre Trendafilov Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report TR-CIS-2002-05 12/27/2002 Cluster-Based Delta Compression of a Collection of Files Zan Ouyang Nasir Memon Torsten Suel Dimitre Trendafilov CIS Department Polytechnic University Brooklyn, NY 11201 Abstract Delta compression techniques are commonly used to succinctly represent an updated ver- sion of a file with respect to an earlier one. In this paper, we study the use of delta compression in a somewhat different scenario, where we wish to compress a large collection of (more or less) related files by performing a sequence of pairwise delta compressions. The problem of finding an optimal delta encoding for a collection of files by taking pairwise deltas can be re- duced to the problem of computing a branching of maximum weight in a weighted directed graph, but this solution is inefficient and thus does not scale to larger file collections. This motivates us to propose a framework for cluster-based delta compression that uses text clus- tering techniques to prune the graph of possible pairwise delta encodings. To demonstrate the efficacy of our approach, we present experimental results on collections of web pages. Our experiments show that cluster-based delta compression of collections provides significant im- provements in compression ratio as compared to individually compressing each file or using tar+gzip, at a moderate cost in efficiency. A shorter version of this paper appears in the Proceedings of the 3rd International Con- ference on Web Information Systems Engineering (WISE), December 2002. -
Dspic DSC Speex Speech Encoding/Decoding Library As a Development Tool to Emulate and Debug Firmware on a Target Board
dsPIC® DSC Speex Speech Encoding/Decoding Library User’s Guide © 2008-2011 Microchip Technology Inc. DS70328C Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices: • Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet. • Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the intended manner and under normal conditions. • There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchip’s Data Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property. • Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code. • Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not mean that we are guaranteeing the product as “unbreakable.” Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our products. Attempts to break Microchip’s code protection feature may be a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. If such acts allow unauthorized access to your software or other copyrighted work, you may have a right to sue for relief under that Act. Information contained in this publication regarding device Trademarks applications and the like is provided only for your convenience The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, dsPIC, and may be superseded by updates. -
Multimedia Compression Techniques for Streaming
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-12, October 2019 Multimedia Compression Techniques for Streaming Preethal Rao, Krishna Prakasha K, Vasundhara Acharya most of the audio codes like MP3, AAC etc., are lossy as Abstract: With the growing popularity of streaming content, audio files are originally small in size and thus need not have streaming platforms have emerged that offer content in more compression. In lossless technique, the file size will be resolutions of 4k, 2k, HD etc. Some regions of the world face a reduced to the maximum possibility and thus quality might be terrible network reception. Delivering content and a pleasant compromised more when compared to lossless technique. viewing experience to the users of such locations becomes a The popular codecs like MPEG-2, H.264, H.265 etc., make challenge. audio/video streaming at available network speeds is just not feasible for people at those locations. The only way is to use of this. FLAC, ALAC are some audio codecs which use reduce the data footprint of the concerned audio/video without lossy technique for compression of large audio files. The goal compromising the quality. For this purpose, there exists of this paper is to identify existing techniques in audio-video algorithms and techniques that attempt to realize the same. compression for transmission and carry out a comparative Fortunately, the field of compression is an active one when it analysis of the techniques based on certain parameters. The comes to content delivering. With a lot of algorithms in the play, side outcome would be a program that would stream the which one actually delivers content while putting less strain on the audio/video file of our choice while the main outcome is users' network bandwidth? This paper carries out an extensive finding out the compression technique that performs the best analysis of present popular algorithms to come to the conclusion of the best algorithm for streaming data. -
User Commands GZIP ( 1 ) Gzip, Gunzip, Gzcat – Compress Or Expand Files Gzip [ –Acdfhllnnrtvv19 ] [–S Suffix] [ Name ... ]
User Commands GZIP ( 1 ) NAME gzip, gunzip, gzcat – compress or expand files SYNOPSIS gzip [–acdfhlLnNrtvV19 ] [– S suffix] [ name ... ] gunzip [–acfhlLnNrtvV ] [– S suffix] [ name ... ] gzcat [–fhLV ] [ name ... ] DESCRIPTION Gzip reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the extension .gz, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and modification times. (The default extension is – gz for VMS, z for MSDOS, OS/2 FAT, Windows NT FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified, or if a file name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output. Gzip will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it will ignore symbolic links. If the compressed file name is too long for its file system, gzip truncates it. Gzip attempts to truncate only the parts of the file name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the name con- sists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated. For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems which do not have a limit on file name length. By default, gzip keeps the original file name and timestamp in the compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with the – N option. This is useful when the compressed file name was truncated or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file transfer. Compressed files can be restored to their original form using gzip -d or gunzip or gzcat. -
Bdp-450 Bdp-150 Bdp-150-K Bdp-150-S
BDP-450_VXE8_IBD_EN.book 1 ページ 2012年6月22日 金曜日 午後2時11分 BDP-450 BDP-150 Blu-ray 3DTM PLAYER BDP-150-K BDP-150-S For customers in Europe: Discover the benefits of registering your product online at http://www.pioneer.co.uk (or http://www.pioneer.eu) Download an electronic version of this manual from our website. Operating Instructions BDP-450_VXE8_IBD_EN.book 2 ページ 2012年6月22日 金曜日 午後2時11分 Thank you for buying this Pioneer product. Please read through these operating instructions so you will know how to operate your model properly. After you have finished reading the instructions, put them away in a safe place for future reference. IMPORTANT CAUTION RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT OPEN The lightning flash with arrowhead symbol, CAUTION: The exclamation point within an equilateral within an equilateral triangle, is intended to TO PREVENT THE RISK OF ELECTRIC triangle is intended to alert the user to the alert the user to the presence of uninsulated SHOCK, DO NOT REMOVE COVER (OR presence of important operating and “dangerous voltage” within the product’s BACK). NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS maintenance (servicing) instructions in the enclosure that may be of sufficient INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED literature accompanying the appliance. magnitude to constitute a risk of electric SERVICE PERSONNEL. shock to persons. D3-4-2-1-1_A1_En CAUTION Operating Environment This product is a class 1 laser product classified Operating environment temperature and humidity: under the Safety of laser products, IEC 60825-1:2007. +5 °C to +35 °C (+41 °F to +95 °F); less than 85 %RH (cooling vents not blocked) Do not install this unit in a poorly ventilated area, or in CLASS 1 LASER PRODUCT locations exposed to high humidity or direct sunlight (or strong artificial light) D3-4-2-1-7c*_A1_En D58-5-2-2a_A1_En If the AC plug of this unit does not match the AC WARNING outlet you want to use, the plug must be removed This equipment is not waterproof. -
MP3 the MP3 Audio Format Lossy Data Compression. Audio Quality
Voice Data Voice data is something which is comprised of different wavelengths of sound. A simple exam can be found in an E.C.G Report of Heart. It has different wavelengths showing the Heartbeat. If you observe you will find that these wavelengths are of different height, which is basically indicating the Pitch of Sound Wave. Video Data Video data is a compilation of some Pixel or Vector based Images. A simple digital camera has an option of Multi Shot Mode. What happens in this mode is that a Picture is taken 10 to 15 times in a Sec. These images are then converted into a video. 1 Picture in this compilation will serve as 1 Frame. Now for a standard, Human Eye is capable of considering 30 Frames per second as a video. that means if 30 pictures are moved accross in front of human eye within a Second, it will turn into a video. A Simple example is an OLD Cinema House. In old days pictures, were used to entertain people in Cinema. Those pictures were moved across a projector with a speed of 30 FPS. Audio MP3 The MP3 audio format lossy data compression. Audio quality improves with increasing bitrate. 32 kbit/s - generally acceptable only for speech 96 kbit/s - generally used for speech or low-quality streaming 128 or 160 kbit/s – mid-range bitrate quality 192 kbit/s - a commonly used high-quality bitrate 320 kbit/s - highest level supported by MP3 standard Other audio 800 bit/s – minimum necessary for recognizable speech, using the special-purpose FS- 1015 speech codecs. -
Forcepoint DLP Supported File Formats and Size Limits
Forcepoint DLP Supported File Formats and Size Limits Supported File Formats and Size Limits | Forcepoint DLP | v8.8.1 This article provides a list of the file formats that can be analyzed by Forcepoint DLP, file formats from which content and meta data can be extracted, and the file size limits for network, endpoint, and discovery functions. See: ● Supported File Formats ● File Size Limits © 2021 Forcepoint LLC Supported File Formats Supported File Formats and Size Limits | Forcepoint DLP | v8.8.1 The following tables lists the file formats supported by Forcepoint DLP. File formats are in alphabetical order by format group. ● Archive For mats, page 3 ● Backup Formats, page 7 ● Business Intelligence (BI) and Analysis Formats, page 8 ● Computer-Aided Design Formats, page 9 ● Cryptography Formats, page 12 ● Database Formats, page 14 ● Desktop publishing formats, page 16 ● eBook/Audio book formats, page 17 ● Executable formats, page 18 ● Font formats, page 20 ● Graphics formats - general, page 21 ● Graphics formats - vector graphics, page 26 ● Library formats, page 29 ● Log formats, page 30 ● Mail formats, page 31 ● Multimedia formats, page 32 ● Object formats, page 37 ● Presentation formats, page 38 ● Project management formats, page 40 ● Spreadsheet formats, page 41 ● Text and markup formats, page 43 ● Word processing formats, page 45 ● Miscellaneous formats, page 53 Supported file formats are added and updated frequently. Key to support tables Symbol Description Y The format is supported N The format is not supported P Partial metadata -
AN0055: Speex Codec
...the world's most energy friendly microcontrollers Speex Codec AN0055 - Application Note Introduction Speex is a free audio codec which provides high level of compression with good sound quality for speech encoding and decoding. This application note demonstrates an energy efficient Speex solution on an EFM32GG for applications requiring voice recording or playback. This application note includes: • This PDF document • Source files • Example C-code • Speex library files • Voice header files • IAR and Keil IDE projects • Pre-compiled binaries • PC application to convert WAV file to Speex encoded format 2013-09-16 - an0055_Rev1.05 1 www.silabs.com ...the world's most energy friendly microcontrollers 1 Speex Overview Speex is an open source and patent-free audio compression format designed for speech. Speex is based on CELP (Code-Excited Linear Prediction) and is designed to compress voice at bitrates ranging from 2 to 44 kbps. Some of Speex's features include: • Narrowband (8 kHz), wideband (16 kHz) and ultra-wideband (32 kHz) compression • Intensity stereo encoding • Packet loss concealment • Variable bitrate operation (VBR) • Voice Activity Detection (VAD) • Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) • Fixed-point port • Acoustic echo cancellation • Noise suppression This application note was developed with release 1.2rc1 of the Speex codec, implementing NB8K encoding and decoding, NB decoding, WB decoding and UWB decoding. For further details about the Speex codec, please refer to the Speex website: www.speex.org. Acronyms used in this application note: NB Narrowband (8kHz) NB8K Narrowband 8 kbps only WB Wideband (16 kHz) UWB Ultra-wideband (32 kHz) 2013-09-16 - an0055_Rev1.05 2 www.silabs.com ...the world's most energy friendly microcontrollers 2 Speex Encoder The Speex encoder consists of an audio input interface and speech encoding module. -
Software Development Kits Comparison Matrix
Software Development Kits > Comparison Matrix Software Development Kits Comparison Matrix DATA COMPRESSION TOOLKIT FOR TOOLKIT FOR TOOLKIT FOR LIBRARY (DCL) WINDOWS WINDOWS JAVA Compression Method DEFLATE DEFLATE64 DCL Implode BZIP2 LZMA PPMd Extraction Method DEFLATE DEFLATE64 DCL Implode BZIP2 LZMA PPMd Wavpack Creation Formats Supported ZIP BZIP2 GZIP TAR UUENCODE, XXENCODE Large Archive Creation Support (ZIP64) Archive Extraction Formats Supported ZIP BZIP2 GZIP, TAR, AND .Z (UNIX COMPRESS) UUENCODE, XXENCODE CAB, BinHex, ARJ, LZH, RAR, 7z, and ISO/DVD Integration Format Static Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) Pure Java Class Library (JAR) Programming Interface C C/C++ Objects C#, .NET interface Java Support for X.509-Compliant Digital Certificates Apply digital signatures Verify digital signatures Encrypt archives www.pkware.com Software Development Kits > Comparison Matrix DATA COMPRESSION TOOLKIT FOR TOOLKIT FOR TOOLKIT FOR LIBRARY (DCL) WINDOWS WINDOWS JAVA Signing Methods SHA-1 MD5 SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512 Message Digest Timestamp .ZIP file signatures ENTERPRISE ONLY Encryption Formats ZIP OpenPGP ENTERPRISE ONLY Encryption Methods AES (256, 192, 128-bit) 3DES (168, 112-bit) 168 ONLY DES (56-bit) RC4 (128, 64, 40-bit), RC2 (128, 64, 40-bit) CAST5 and IDEA Decryption Methods AES (256, 192, 128-bit) 3DES (168, 112-bit) 168 ONLY DES (56-bit) RC4 (128, 64, 40-bit), RC2 (128, 64, 40-bit) CAST5 and IDEA Additional Features Supports file, memory and streaming operations Immediate archive operation Deferred archive operation Multi-Thread -
Backing up Data
Backing up data On LINUX and UNIX Logical backup • Why? Job security • For user data. • Remember endian order, character set issues. • Full backup + incremental = backup set No differential (see find command). • Backup without a restore test is just a tape • mt or rmt used for generic tape management. See mt, rmt manpage. See /dev/rmt0 • See text for CD/DVD procedures • Use commercial products for business. Why? Tape catalog management. Backup Commands • cp (duh) • ftp (eh) • rcp (no, no, no) • scp • rsync • tar • cpio • pax (see cpio, tar) • dump/restore – the standard The usual suspects • cp –rp source destination • ftp hostname user name cd source or destination lcd destination/source put/get filename quit • scp source user@destination:/pathtofile scp user@source:/pathtofile /destination • rcp source user@destination:/pathtofile rcp user@ source:/pathtofile /destination uses .rhosts see manpage on hosts.equiv rsync • Support from rsync.samba.org • rsync copies files either to or from a remote host, or locally on the current host but does not support copying files between two remote hosts. • rsync can reduce the amount of data sent over the network by sending only the differences between the source files and the existing files in the destination. • There are two different ways for rsync to contact a remote system: using a remote- shell program as the transport (such as ssh or rsh) or contacting an rsync daemon directly via TCP. See the manpage on rsyncd.conf. • rsync –avh /source /destination • rsync -avze ssh /home/user/directory/ user@remotehost:home/user/directory/ • Other Options -a, --archive archive mode; equals -r, --recursive recurse into directories -u, --update skip files that are newer on the receiver Tape ARchive • Most portable backup utility between systems. -
I/O of Sound with R
I/O of sound with R J´er^ome Sueur Mus´eum national d'Histoire naturelle CNRS UMR 7205 ISYEB, Paris, France July 14, 2021 This document shortly details how to import and export sound with Rusing the packages seewave, tuneR and audio1. Contents 1 In 2 1.1 Non specific classes...................................2 1.1.1 Vector......................................2 1.1.2 Matrix......................................2 1.2 Time series.......................................3 1.3 Specific sound classes..................................3 1.3.1 Wave class (package tuneR)..........................4 1.3.2 audioSample class (package audio)......................5 2 Out 5 2.1 .txt format.......................................5 2.2 .wav format.......................................6 2.3 .flac format.......................................6 3 Mono and stereo6 4 Play sound 7 4.1 Specific functions....................................7 4.1.1 Wave class...................................7 4.1.2 audioSample class...............................7 4.1.3 Other classes..................................7 4.2 System command....................................8 5 Summary 8 1The package sound is no more maintained. 1 Import and export of sound with R > options(warn=-1) 1 In The main functions of seewave (>1.5.0) can use different classes of objects to analyse sound: usual classes (numeric vector, numeric matrix), time series classes (ts, mts), sound-specific classes (Wave and audioSample). 1.1 Non specific classes 1.1.1 Vector Any muneric vector can be treated as a sound if a sampling frequency is provided in the f argument of seewave functions. For instance, a 440 Hz sine sound (A note) sampled at 8000 Hz during one second can be generated and plot following: > s1<-sin(2*pi*440*seq(0,1,length.out=8000)) > is.vector(s1) [1] TRUE > mode(s1) [1] "numeric" > library(seewave) > oscillo(s1,f=8000) 1.1.2 Matrix Any single column matrix can be read but the sampling frequency has to be specified in the seewave functions.