Environmental Scoping Report (Esr)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING REPORT (ESR)

Oshivelo horticulture project (TEC, 2018) FOR THE PROPOSED UPSCALING OF IRRIGATION ACTIVITIES AND INCREMENT OF THE WATER ABSTRACTION PERMIT, OSHIVELO FARMING, OSHIKOTO REGION

December 2018

DOCUMENT INFORMATION

Title Environmental Scoping Report (ESR), Oshivelo Farming (irrigation project)

Activity Upscaling of irrigation activities and increment of water abstraction permit

Location Oshivelo Farm, Oshivelo, Guinas Constituency, Oshikoto Region

Proponent Oshivelo Farming cc

Mr. Jan Cronje Managing Director P.O. Box Oshivelo Tel: +264 811 477 492 E-mail: [email protected]

Geohydrologist Mr. Augustus Elago Contact Person: Geohydrologist Augere Trading cc Mobile: +264 813 088 282 E-mail: [email protected]

Author : Jonas Heita, Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP)

Copy Right:

“This document is the intellectual property of TEC and may only be used for the intended purpose. Unauthorized use, duplication or plagiarism or copying without referencing is prohibited”

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project)

Executive Summary

Oshivelo farming, is one of the biggest irrigation projects in the country and won the inaugural best horticulture project in 2016. Oshivelo farming produces about 4,000 tons (four thousand tons) of vegetables per annum. The farm employs about 180 permanent workers and about 100 seasonal or casual workers, who particularly required to provide addition manpower during harvesting.

Due to high demand for local produce, Oshivelo farming intents to upscale its vegetable produce, which triggers an increment in water abstraction. At present, Oshivelo cultivates about 68 ha which requires about 1 Mm3/a and intends to upscale the cultivation area with 26 ha, which will require an additional 0.5 Mm3/a. The upscaling will bring the total cultivation area to 94 ha, and will increase the total water demand to 1.5 Mm3/a respectively.

A study conducted in 1999 by the Federal Institute of Natural Resources and Geosciences (BGR) in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture Water and Forestry (MAWF), estimated that the Oshivelo Aquifer has a through flow of 8 Mm3/a and the recommended sustainable yield is 4 Mm3/a. The same study also indicates that, in 1999, the water demand for the Oshivelo community stood at 0.8 Mm3/a, and due to community growth, the demand was projected to reach about 1,3 Mm3/a by 2017/2018 (BGR – DWA, p. 21).

Therefore, the total water demand for the Oshivelo Community is 1,3 Mm3/a + 1.5 Mm3/a Oshivelo Irrigation = 2.8 Mm3/a. If subtracted from the recommended sustainable yield of 4 Mm3/a – 2.8 Mm3/a there is still a balance of 1.2 Mm3/annum available.

This implies that the granting of a permit for 1.5 Mm3/a, will not harm the aquifer and there would still be a balance of 1.2 Mm3/a available for other uses.

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Oshivelo Farming (irrigation project) ...... 1 1.2 Water Demand ...... 1 1.3 Terms of Reference (DWAF) ...... 1 1.4 EIA Process ...... 3 1.4.1 Identification and Mitigation of Impacts ...... 3 1.4.2 Purpose of the EIA Scoping Exercise ...... 3 1.4.3 Rehabilitation ...... 3 1.4.4 Application for ECC ...... 3 1.5 Scope and Purpose of this Report ...... 3 1.6 Environmental Assessment Practitioner...... 4 1.7 Project Rationale ...... 4 1.8 Alternatives Considered ...... 4 2. PROJECT INFORMATION ...... 5 2.1 Project Location ...... 5 2.2 Existing Activities / Current Status ...... 6 2.3 Socio-economic (employment) ...... 6 2.4 Boreholes ...... 7 3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 8 3.1 Environmental Management Act ...... 8 3.2 Listed Activities ...... 8 3.3 Water Resources Management Act, (Act No. 11 of 2013) ...... 9 4. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ...... 11 4.1 Water Demand ...... 11 4.2 Climate ...... 11 4.3 Geology ...... 11 4.4 Topography and Drainage ...... 12 4.5 Drainage ...... 12 4.6 Hydrogeology ...... 13 4.6.1 Ground Water ...... 13 4.7 Biodiversity ...... 14 4.7.1 Flora ...... 14 4.7.2 Fauna ...... 14 4.7.3 Socio-economics ...... 15 4.7.4 Land Use ...... 15 5. IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 16 5.1 Assessment of Impact Significance ...... 16 5.2 Impact Assessment Criteria ...... 16 5.3 Mitigation Measures...... 17 5.4 Mitigation Hierarchy ...... 18 5.5 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts ...... 18 6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 20 6.1 Landscape Alteration ...... 20 6.2 Ecological Integrity ...... 20

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project)

6.3 Excessive Water Use (Wastage) ...... 21 6.4 Chemicals (fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides) ...... 22 6.5 Irrigation return flows and Eutrophication ...... 23 6.6 Soil Pollution ...... 24 6.7 Excessive Dust ...... 25 6.8 Health and Safety ...... 25 6.9 Socio-economic environment ...... 26 CHAPTER 7 ...... 27 7. CULTURAL HERITAGE ...... 27 7.1 Cultural Heritage – Legal Requirements ...... 27 7.2 Archaeological Assessment Methodology ...... 27 7.3 Cultural Heritage sites / artefacts within the Proposed Horticulture project ...... 27 7.4 Limitations ...... 28 7.5 Recommendations ...... 28 CHAPTER 8 ...... 29 8. CULTURAL HERITAGE ...... 29 9. REFERENCES...... 30 10. APPENDICES ...... 30 APPENDIX (1): Geohydrology Specialist Report (Augere, 2018) ...... 30 APPENDIX (2): Cuvelai-Etosha Groundwater Investigation (BGR-DWAF, 2006) ...... 30 APPENDIX (3): Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ...... 30 APPENDIX (4): EAP’s CV ...... 30

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1: Employment opportunities ...... 6 Table 2-2: Borehole information ...... 7 Table 3-1: Listed Activities triggered by the proposed project...... 8 Table 3-2: Policies, Plans and Strategies ...... 9 Table 5-1: Assessment criteria for the evaluation of impacts ...... 16

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1: Oshivelo farm covers about 1.5% of the Onguma Game Ranch ...... 5 Figure 2-2: Currently, only 68 ha or 14% of the 497 ha has been cultivated ...... 5 Figure 2-3: Existing horticulture plantations – Oshivelo farm ...... 6 Figure 4-1: Drainage of the Cuvelai Basin (MENDELSOHN et al., 2000) ...... 12 Figure 4-2: Oshivelo aquifer – KOV (yellow shading) ...... 13 Figure 5-1.Mitigation Hierarchy ...... 18

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project)

ABBREVIATIONS

DEA Department of Environmental Affairs EA Environmental Assessment EAP Environmental Assessment Practitioner ECC Environmental Clearance Certificate ECO Environmental Compliance Officer EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Act (Act No. 7 of 2007) ESR Environmental Scoping Report MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism TEC Tortoise Environmental Consultants

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project)

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Oshivelo Farming (irrigation project)

Oshivelo farming, is one of the biggest irrigaiton projects in the country and won the inaugural best horticulture project in 2016. Oshivelo produces about 4,000 tons (four thousand tons) of vegetables per annum. The farm employs about 180 permanent workers and about 100 people are normally employed seasonally, particularly during harvesting.

Oshivelo farming has a yield of about 4,000 tons of vegetables per annum and specializes in horticultural produce such as tomatoes, peppers, butternut, water melon, beetroot and carrots and supplies the national market through retailers such as Checkers, Shoprite, Pick & Pay, Woerman Brock and Fysal Fresh Produce, etc.

1.2 Water Demand

Due to high demand for local produce in the country, Oshivelo horticultural intents to upscale its vegetable produce, which triggers an increment in water abstraction. At present, Oshivelo cultivates about 68 ha which requires about 1 Mm3/a and intends to upscale the cultivation area with 26 ha, which will require an additional 0.5 Mm3/a. The upscaling will bring the total cultivation area to 94 ha, and will increase the total water demand to 1.5 Mm3/a respectively.

1.3 Terms of Reference (DWAF)

The application is to increase the water abstraction permit 1.5 Mm3/a respectively.

As stated in the Terms of Reference (ToR) from the Department of Water Affairs (DWAF), a comprehensive hydrogeology assessment should be conducted. The hydrology assessment should present layout observation points and groundwater monitoring frequency that would ultimately determine the sustainability of the proposed abstraction rates of 1.5 Mm3 / p/a.

The application should be submitted together with the following documents:

a) Hydrogeology study as per the DWAF requirements. b) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) c) Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

1.3.1 Hydrogeology Assessment

Overall, the hydrogeology assessment should determine the sustainable yield of the aquifer and should cover the following:

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 1

a) The layout of observation points and the groundwater monitoring frequency that would ultimately determine the sustainability of the current abstraction rate and the envisaged abstraction rates to be activated on the planned increment of the project.

b) The response of groundwater on farm Onguma to the current and envisaged abstraction rate and recharge (leading to recovery).

c) The amount of stored volume of groundwater in the aquifer on which Onguma is situated

d) The safe yield of the aquifer

e) The projected drawdown of the groundwater levels at different abstraction rates, this would include the current average abstraction rate of +/-800 000 m3/a and the envisaged 1,500,000 m3/a.

f) Define critical water levels based on available drawdown or on historical water levels

g) Formulate a contingency Plan to deal with the abstraction strategy when the water levels approach such critical levels in the aquifer.

1.3.2 Environmental Impact Assessment

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a tool to manage negative environmental impacts that may arise from the proposed development and guides the project design to be more environmental friendly.

The aim of the EIA is to reduce negative impacts (effects) and maximise positive impacts, through the adoption of best environmental practices and application of the precautionary principle.

1.3.3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

In-addition to the EIA Scoping Report, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required under the EMA as part of the ECC application. The EMP is key document and consists of the set of measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate, offset, or reduce adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. Also included in the plan are the actions needed to implement them (Ministry of Environment and Tourism, 2008).

The EMP has been developed and is contained in Appendix 3.

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 2

1.4 EIA Process

An EIA is a systematic process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the potential environmental and social effects that may arise from the activities of a proposed project.

1.4.1 Identification and Mitigation of Impacts

The backbone of the EIA report entails identification of impacts (whether real or perceived) and recommendations on suitable mitigation measures to ensure compliance with the principles of environmental management and highlight risks and measures to ensure an environmentally friendly development.

1.4.2 Purpose of the EIA Scoping Exercise

The purpose of this EIA scoping exercise is to:

a) Provide description of the proposed activity; b) Describe the affected environment (proposed area), c) Identify potential environmental impacts / aspects of concern; d) Describe the methodology followed to assess the potential impacts; e) Mitigate negative impacts that may arise from the proposed project

1.4.3 Rehabilitation

The EIA should not only focus on mitigating the impacts of the activity during the active operations but also should go further and recommend rehabilitation measures at project closure (when activities cease). Rehabilitation measures should not be parked waiting for project closure but should be implemented form the beginning and incrementally throughout the project lifespan.

1.4.4 Application for ECC

Upon completion, the EIA Scoping Report and Environmental Management Plan (EMP), will be submitted to MET for review and decision, in accordance with Section 8 of the EIA Regulations.

1.5 Scope and Purpose of this Report

The purpose of this report is to present the findings of the EIA for the proposed tourism development project, as part of the application of the Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC).

The environmental assessment has been undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the Environmental Management Act, 2007 and the EIA Regulations. EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 3

1.6 Environmental Assessment Practitioner

Tortoise Environmental Consultants (TEC) has been appointed to carry out the requisite Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), as part of the application for an Environmental Clearance (EC) for the envisaged tourism development.

1.7 Project Rationale

Agriculture remains one of the key sectors that are extremely important part of the Namibian economy particularly with regards to employment creation, improved household income, food security. The upscaling of the agricultural development is expected to yield socio-economic benefits as presented below:

● Job creation: At present, Oshivelo farming has about 180 permanent employees and 100 casual workers, who mostly come in to provide the extra labour needed during harvesting. The envisaged upscaling from 68 ha to 94 ha, will create an additional 68 new permanent jobs and 28 casual jobs = 96 new employment opportunities. ● Improved Livelihoods: Employment enhances household income, food security and improved livelihoods.

1.8 Alternatives Considered

As stipulated in the Environmental Management Act (EMA) and EIA regulations, alternatives should be considered during the project design, to determine if an alternative site (different locality) or alternative project (different project) would yield better socio-economic benefits.

§ Oshivelo framing is an already existing activity and has been operational since 2012 § The site is already fully developed with huge infrastructural investments (boreholes, irrigation systems, storage facilities, etc § Since the application is for the upscaling of the current horticulture activities and increment of the water abstraction permit, no other sites were consideration

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 4

2. PROJECT INFORMATION

2.1 Project Location

Oshivelo farm is part of the Onguma Game Ranch (34,000 ha), of which 497 ha or 1.5% has been reserved for agricultural activities, including the irrigation project (figure 1).

Figure 2-1: Oshivelo farm covers about 1.5% of the Onguma Game Ranch

Onguma Game Reserve is situated on the eastern border of the Etosha National Park, which makes it a tourism hub and inhabits most of the wildlife found in the park. Onguma comprises of 5 lodges and 2 campsites.

Figure 2-2: Currently, only 68 ha or 14% of the 497 ha has been cultivated

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 5

2.2 Existing Activities / Current Status

Oshivelo Irrigation specializes in horticultural produce such as tomatoes, peppers, butternut, water melon, beetroot and carrots and supplies the national market through retailers such as Checkers, Shoprite, Pick & Pay, Woerman Brock and Fysal Fresh Produce (figure 3.4).

Tomatoes Onions

Carrots Beetroot Figure 2-3: Existing horticulture plantations – Oshivelo farm

2.3 Socio-economic (employment)

The Oshivelo horticulture project is the major source of employment for the inhabitants of the Oshivelo settlement, most of whom were retrenched farm workers (table 3.1).

Table 2-1: Employment opportunities Current Employment Envisaged Employment (@ 68 ha plantation) (@ 94 ha plantation) Permanent Casual / month Permanent Casual / month (harvesting) (harvesting) 180 80 248 108 Total 260 Total 356

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 6

To ensure the quality of products, most of the work is done by hand (manual labour), a strategy which stimulates the huge employment opportunities. Apart from the main cultivation machinery (tractor) and the irrigation system (drip, sprinkler, pivot & sprinkler), all the other activities such as planting, weeding and harvesting entails manual labour. At a labour ratio of about 2.7 people / ha (permanent employees) and about 1.2 (casual workers), the envisaged upscaling from 68 ha to 94 ha, will lead to about 68 new permanent jobs and 28 casual jobs = 96 new employment opportunities.

2.4 Boreholes

At present, the Oshivelo farming (irrigation project) has 3 boreholes

Table 2-2: Borehole information Borehole GPS Coordinates Borehole Rest Pumping number Depth Water yield Latitude Longitude Level WW201937 80 m 9 80 m³/h WW204306 100 m 5 90 m³/h WW205001 120 m 1 130 m³/h

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 7

3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter outlines the regulatory framework applicable to the proposed project. Table 2 provides an overview of applicable policies, plans and strategies and Table 3.1 provides a list of applicable national legislation.

3.1 Environmental Management Act

The EIA is regulated by the Environmental Management Act, 2007 and the EIA Regulations No. 30 of 2012, which is administered by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET), through the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), which is headed by the Environmental Commissioner (EC). The EIA entails the development of the EIA Scoping Report and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) which should be submitted to MET and the competent authority as part of the application for the ECC.

3.2 Listed Activities

Listed Activities may not be undertaken without an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC), and hence an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required.

The proposed project triggers a number of Listed Activities as set out in the Environmental Management Act, 2007 (Act No. 7 of 2007) (herein referred to as the EMA) and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation, 2007 (No. 30 of 2011) (herein referred to as the EIA Regulations).

Table 3-1: Listed Activities triggered by the proposed project

Listed Regulation Relevance to the Activity (Activity Description) Proposed activity Activity 4 4.1 The clearance of forest areas, Expansion of the Forestry timber harvesting requires cultivation area entails Activities authorization in term of the Forest vegetation clearing Act, 2001 (Act No. 12 of 2001) or any other law. Activity 8 8.1 The abstraction of ground or Increment of the water Water surface water for industrial or abstraction permit to 1.5 Resource commercial purposes. Mm3/a Developments 8.2 The abstraction of groundwater at a volume exceeding the threshold authorized in terms of the law relating to water resources. 8.7 Irrigation schemes for agriculture excluding domestic irrigation.

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 8

3.3 Water Resources Management Act, (Act No. 11 of 2013)

The application to upscale the irrigation activities and increment of the water abstraction permit will be submitted to the Department of Agriculture Water and Forestry in accordance with the provisions of the Water Resources Management Act, 2013 (No. 11 of 2013).

Table 3-2: Policies, Plans and Strategies Policy / Plan Relevance Applicability to the Proposed Project 5th National Development Outlines the country’s The proposed project is a Plan (NDP) and Vision National Development development that forms part 2030 Plans (NDPs), in line with of the bigger picture of the Harambee Prosperity achieving economic Plan (HPP) and vision 2030 progression, social transformation and environmental sustainability.

Agriculture as a pillar for social well-being, through food production, household income and improved livelihoods

Table 3.2: Other Legal Instruments / National Statutes National Statutes Relevance Applicability to the Proposed Project Environmental Promotes Sustainable Environmental Protection Assessment Policy development and Environmental (1995) Conservation emphasize the importance of environmental assessments as a key tool towards environmental sustainability Water Act, 1956 Provides for the control, Prohibits water pollution and conservation and use of water for the discharge of domestic, agricultural, urban and wastewater, effluent Water Resources Protection, conservation, and Water conservation / Management Act sustainable use of water resources safeguarding and usage of 2004 (Act No. 24 water sparingly of 2004) Water Resources Provides a framework for Section 44 stipulates the Management Act, managing water resources based requirements for a licence to 2013 (No. 11 of on the principles of integrated be held for water 2013) water resource management. It abstraction. provides for the management, Section 68 makes protection, development, use and provisions for prevention of conservation of water resource water pollution.

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 9

National Statutes Relevance Applicability to the Proposed Project Soil Conservation, Makes provision for the prevention Monitor and apply the soil 1969 (Act 76 of and control of soil erosion conservation mechanisms 1969) and the Soil Conservation Amendment Act (Act 38 of 1971) Forest Act 12 of To provide for the protection of the Forestry permits maybe 2001 environment and the control and required for vegetation Forest Act management of forest. Relevant clearing Regulations 2015 sections: - Approval required for the clearance of vegetation on more than 15 hectares (Section 23, subsection 1 (b)). - Tree species and any vegetation within 100m from a watercourse may not be removed without a permit (Section 22, subsection 1 (b)) Public Health Act Advocates for Public Health and Protective clothing (Act No. 36 of safety 1919) The Occupational Advocates for employee and public In the working context Safety and Health safety, health “SAFETY” implies “free from Act No. 11 of danger” 2007 National Heritage The Act provides provision of the Refer to handling Act, No. 27 of protection and conservation of procedures presented in the 2004. places and objects with heritage Scoping Report significance.

Precautionary The precautionary principle is a Prevention is better the cure Approach Principle global accepted approach, which states that, when there is a insufficient information about the potential threats / impacts that may arise from the proposed development, precaution (safety) should be applied Polluters Pays This principle ensures that Accountability: The day that Principle proponent takes responsibility of the government and their actions. Hence in cases of authorities start holding pollution, the proponent bears the people accountable, a new full responsibility and cost to clean Namibia will be born and up the environment socio-economic development will blossom

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 10

4. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Water Demand

Namibian is an arid country. With an average of about 550 mm/a, Oshikoto is one of the regions that receive above average rainfall, as Compared to many other regions in country, and hence it has high productive aquifers. Oshivelo irrigation farm taps from the Oshivelo Multi Layered aquifer. At present, the annual water consumption is about 1 Mm3/a, but intent to upscale the irrigation activities and increase the water abstraction to 1.5 Mm3/a.

A study conducted in 1999 by Federal Institute of Natural Resources and Geosciences (BGR) in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture Water and Forestry (MAWF), indicates the Oshivelo Multi Layered aquifer has a throughflow of 8 Mm3/a and an estimated sustainable yield of 4 Mm3/a (water available for abstraction) (BGR – DWA, p. 21). The water demand for the Oshivelo community is estimated to be about 1.3 Mm3/a, Therefore, the total water demand for the Oshivelo Community is 1,3 Mm3/a + 1.5 Mm3/a for Irrigation = 2.8 Mm3/a. If subtracted from the recommended sustainable yield of 4 Mm3/a – 2.8 Mm3/a there is still a balance of 1.2 Mm3/a available for potential allocation.

4.2 Climate

The average annual temperature of the area is between 20 – 22oC, with an average maximum of 32 - 34 oC and minimum of 4 - 6 o. The hottest month usually being December and coolest month being July, with an average of 1 to 5 frost days per year.

Between 500 to 550 ml of rainfall falls on the Tsumeb area annually (Median value, usually during the months of October to April, with January and February as the wettest months. The rainfall is significantly more than most areas of Namibia. The average evaporation rates for the area are between 2,100 – 2,240 mm per year

4.3 Geology

The geology of the Oshivelo Farm is characterised by the dolomites of the Otavi Mountain Land (OML). The OML are Dolomites and Limestones which were folded and faulted during the Damara Orogen. The Damara Orogen forms a fold belt which extend across northern Namibia. During the Lower Permian to Jurassic the sediments of the Nosib, Otavi and Mulden Groups of the Damara Sequence were covered by up to 360 m thick sedimentary deposits and volcanics of the Karoo Sequence.

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 11

A succession of up to 600 m thick, semi-consolidated to unconsolidated sediments of the Kalahari Sequence overlay the intrusive and extrusive rocks of Karoo Age. Further, the Namibian’s northern part, commonly known as the “Owambo Basin” is formed by sand deposit from water borne deposit millions of years ago. The deposits of sands, clay and calcretes makes up the Kalahari Group (Fig 6). Some rivers such as Okavango River of the Kalahari Group are still active today, while some drainage are formed up by intermittent flow of water such as the Cuvelai drainage system

4.4 Topography and Drainage

Oshivelo area is relative flat, with undulating terrains. It sits on an elevation of 1,200m above the seal level. The topography decline toward Etosha Pan, which is the lowest point sitting at 1080 above sea level. Hence the area terrain is slopping toward Etosha Pan. The Cuvelai drainage system is influence by this topography. Due to the low lying basin of Etosha pan, drainage toward the Pan is supported by interconnected channels of shallow rivers called Iishanas.

4.5 Drainage

The drainage of the Cuvelai basin is made up of networks of shallow watercourses locally known as“Iishanas” (Fig 3). These Iishanas are recharged by floodwater from Angola and by rain that occur in the region. Drainage is mainly from North to West and South to East towards Etosha pan.

Figure 4-1: Drainage of the Cuvelai Basin (MENDELSOHN et al., 2000)

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 12

Unlike the river channels which are narrow and deeper, the Iishanas channels are broad and shallow whereby elevation between the bottom and high ridges (Omitunda) are less than 10m. The higher slopes from west to east basically defines the flow/drainage of the Cuvelai basin (Mendelsohn et al 2000).

4.6 Hydrogeology

4.6.1 Ground Water

The Etosha Cuvelai Basin is made up of Six (6) aquifers; Otavi Dolomite Aquifer (DO) located on the western and southern rim, followed in the north by the Etosha Limestone Aquifer (KEL), the Oshivelo Multi-layered Aquifer (KOV) in the eastern area, the Ohangwena Multi-layered Aquifer (KOH) in the north-eastern parts, the Oshana Multi-layered Aquifer (KOS) covering the area of the Cuvelai drainage system and the Omusati Multi-zoned Aquifer (KOM) situated in the west adjacent to the KOS.

Figure 4-2: Oshivelo aquifer – KOV (yellow shading)

Farm Oshivelo falls within the Cuvelai Etosha Basin Hydrogeological Region, which is an inland drainage system where runoff flows into the Etosha Pan. The average groundwater levels are found in a range of 60m below ground level, with little seasonal fluctuations in the levels. According to the Cuvelai- Etosha Groundwater Investigation Study, there are three groundwater flow of the Cuvelai Etosha Basin;

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 13

a) “Groundwater recharged in the fractured dolomites of the Damara Sequence, which form the southern and western rim of the basin, flows north- and eastwards and feeds the aquifer system of the Karoo and Kalahari sequences. However, a major part of this north/eastbound groundwater flow is shallow, and discharges through numerous springs along the southern margin of the Etosha Pan, where it rapidly evaporates.

b) A deep-seated multi-layered Kalahari Aquifer is recharged in Angola and groundwater flows in a southern direction towards the Etosha Pan and the Okavango River.

c) A shallow Kalahari Aquifer (formerly described as the brine lake area) superimposes both previously described aquifer systems in the central part of the CEB. The mainly saline groundwater originates from regular floods in the Cuvelai drainage, which has its headwaters in central Angola”.

4.7 Biodiversity

4.7.1 Flora

The Onguma Ranch on which farm Oshivelo is located borders Etosha National Park on the eastern site. The area is made up of a Dolomite Karstveld vegetation area classified as woodland. The vegetation structure at the surrounding comprises of a diverse plant community and can be described as a savannah thicket. The area is dominated by species such as Terminalia prunoides, Sclerocarya birrea, Berchimia discolor, Spyrostachys africanum, Combretum apiculatum, Commiphora glaucescens and Kirkia acuminata. The tree canopy is supported by a shrub layer, which comprises of species such as Grewia bicolor, Croton gratissimus, Rhigozum brevispinosum and Catophractes alexandri. Below the tree canopy is a grass layer.

4.7.2 Fauna

Onguma ranch is a private game reserve. There is over thirty (30) species wild animal consisting of Kudu, Giraffe, Eland, Oryx, Heartbeest, Zebra, Impala and predators mainly from Etosha National Park roams freely in the reserve, including Lions, Cheetah and Leopard. There are species of Black Rhinos, which is of high conservation status. Because the Etosha Weltland, the area is visited by more than 300 birds. Farm Oshivelo is completely

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 14

separated from the game reserves. Animal do not have the access to the farm, neither workers for the farm do not have access to the game ranch.

4.7.3 Socio-economics

According to the population census of 2011, Oshikoto region had a population of 181 973. In terms of value, mining is biggest sector, however in terms of employment, agriculture (49%) is the biggest employer, followed by administration and support services (7%), education (6%), activities of private households (6%) and manufacturing (3%). In 2011, 59.7% of the economically active population aged 15 years of and above were employed, while 40.3% were unemployed. In 2012, unemployment within the Oshikoto Region was estimated at 26.4 %.

4.7.4 Land Use

The northern land use is mainly agriculture. Oshivelo farm is located south of the so-called red line, where agricultural activities are mainly commercial. The farm is located on Onguma game reserve, mainly for tourism. North of the red line is mainly small scale communal farmers.

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 15

5. IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

5.1 Assessment of Impact Significance

The significance of an impact is determined by considering and measuring the temporal and spatial scales and magnitude of the project and the specific activities associated with the project.

The assessment of the environmental impacts of development activities should strive to be objective and impartial at all times. However, environmental assessment processes can be exposed to subjectivity inherent in attempting to measure significance.

The determination of the significance of an impact depends on both the context (spatial and temporal scale) and intensity of that impact.

5.2 Impact Assessment Criteria

For each impact, the EXTENT (spatial scale), MAGNITUDE and DURATION will be described. These criteria would be used to ascertain the SIGNIFICANCE of the impact, firstly in the case of no mitigation and then with the most effective mitigation measure/s in place. The mitigation described in the Scoping Report would represent the full range of plausible and pragmatic measures.

Table 5-1: Assessment criteria for the evaluation of impacts

CRITERIA CATEGORY DESCRIPTION National Beyond a 20km radius of the site

Regional Within a 20 km radius of the site

Extent or spatial Within a 2 km radius of the centre of the influence of Local site impact Site On site or within the boundaries of the

specific property Zero

Natural and/ or social functions and/ or High Magnitude of processes are severely altered impact (at the Natural and/ or social functions and/ or Medium indicated spatial processes are notably altered scale) Natural and/ or social functions and/ or Low processes are slightly altered

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 16

Natural and/ or social functions and/ or Very Low processes are negligibly altered Natural and/ or social functions and/ or Zero processes remain unaltered Zero Zero time

Short Term Up to 18 months Duration of Medium 0-5 years (after operation) impact Term Long Term 5- 10 years (after operation)

Permanent More than 10 years (after operation) Estimated greater than 95 % chance of Definite the impact occurring. Estimated 50 to 95% chance of the impact Very likely occurring Estimated 5 to 50 % chance of the impact Probability Fairly likely occurring. Estimated less than 5 % chance of the Unlikely impact occurring. Zero Definitely no chance of occurrence Wealth of information on and sound Certain understanding of the environmental factors potentially influencing the impact. Reasonable amount of useful information on and relatively sound understanding of Confidence Sure the environmental factors potentially influencing the impact. Limited useful information on and Unsure understanding of the environmental factors potentially influencing this impact. The activity will lead to an impact that is Irreversible permanent. Reversibility The impact is reversible, within a period of Reversible 10 years.

5.3 Mitigation Measures

For each impact assessed, mitigation measures should be identified to reduce and/ or avoid negative impacts. These mitigation measures are also incorporated in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to ensure that they are implemented throughout the lifespan of the proposed activity. The EMP forms part of the Scoping Report, and upon project approval, the implementation thereof, would become a binding requirement.

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 17

5.4 Mitigation Hierarchy

Actions to mitigate a potential impact can be done in as systematic manner as guided by what is referred to as Mitigation Hierarchy (Figure 4.1).

From the onset, the positive impacts of the proposed activity should be enhanced, however, where an impact in is inevitable, the following sequence should be followed.

Impact avoidance: This step is most effective when applied at an early stage of project conceptualization and planning. It can be achieved by: ● Not undertaking certain projects or elements that could result in adverse impacts; ● Avoiding areas that are environmentally sensitive; and ● Putting in place preventative measures to stop adverse impacts from occurring. Impact minimisation: This step is usually taken during impact identification and prediction to limit or reduce the degree, extent, magnitude, or duration of adverse impacts. It can be achieved by: ● Scaling down or relocating the proposal; ● Redesigning elements of the project; and ● Taking supplementary measures to manage the impacts. Impact compensation: This step is usually applied to remedy unavoidable residual adverse impacts. It can be achieved by: ● Rehabilitation of the affected site or environment, for example, by habitat enhancement; ● Restoration of the affected site or environment to its previous state or better; and ● Replacement of the same resource values at another location (off-set), for example, by wetland engineering to provide an equivalent area to that lost to drainage or infill. Figure 5-1.Mitigation Hierarchy

5.5 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts

The Environmental Assessment Policy in Namibia requires that, cumulative impacts should be considered in all environmental assessment processes. However, EIAs have traditionally failed to account for cumulative impacts, largely as a result of the following considerations: EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 18

● Cumulative effects may be local, regional or global in scale and dealing with such impacts requires coordinated institutional arrangements.

● Environmental assessments are typically carried out on specific developments, whereas cumulative impacts result from broader biophysical, social and economic considerations, which may not always be practical to address at the project level.

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 19

6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The purpose of this section is to identify and assess the most pertinent environmental and socio-economic impacts, associated with the proposed irrigation project. The integrity of the surrounding environment will serve as a control to ascertain environmental and social impacts arising from the proposed horticulture project.

For each potential impact assessed, mitigation measures have been proposed to reduce and/ or avoid negative impacts and enhance positive impacts. The full mitigation measures are presented in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and should be implemented throughout the lifespan of the proposed horticulture activities.

6.1 Landscape Alteration

The proposed activity entails removal of vegetation (trees), and thereby altering the natural landscape from bush thicket to open land.

IMPACT DESCRIPTION: Landscape Alteration Predicted for (specific activity / Habitat alteration project phase) Dimension Rating Duration Permanent Reversibility: Degree to Extent Site specific which impact can Magnitude Very low Reversible be Probability Definite mitigated: High MITIGATION: • Obtain the permit from relevant authority (Directorate of Forestry) to clear the remaining protected plant species. • Remove trees only as necessary

6.2 Ecological Integrity

The proposed activity entails upscaling of an existing cultivation project, which implies that it is not virgin land and the area is already disturbed, hence no major ecological changes are expected.

The affected area is part of a larger habitat, and is not known to inhabit any specific or endemic species of plants and the envisaged vegetation clearing will EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 20

not have any significant impact on the species, but only the specific trees to be removed. The proposed activity will have an even much smaller effect on the fauna (animals, such as birds, reptiles and insects, as they can simply move away from the site, if disturbed or threatened.

IMPACT DESCRIPTION (fauna and flora) Predicted for (specific activity / Land clearing project phase) Dimension Rating Duration Short term Reversibility: Degree to Extent Site specific which impact can Magnitude Very low Reversible be Probability Definite mitigated: High MITIGATION: • Fence off the horticulture to prevent roaming animals (livestock and wildlife) from entering the site. • No bush fires shall be allowed, fire should only be made at designated fire places only

6.3 Excessive Water Use (Wastage)

Namibia is a very dry country and even in areas where there is abundant water (e.g the Oshivelo aquifer), water should be use with sparingly, and the best water saving irrigation systems should be adopted at all times.

Irrigation Description system Pivot Pivot is also called water-wheel and circle irrigation, is a method of crop irrigation in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers Sprinklers Sprinklers apply water slowly over a set period of time and operate with pressurized water from a piped supply with a controlled pressure pump or from a high-up situated reservoir. Drip One of the most advanced irrigation method. This system is made up of various thin plastic pipes with extremely small holes, spaced at prescribed distances from each other over the length of the pipe. These holes can be 30 cm to 1 m apart. Water drips from each hole at pre-calculated rates to irrigate one or two individual plants at a time. EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 21

IMPACT DESCRIPTION Excessive water use (wastage) Predicted for (specific activity / Irrigation project phase) Dimension Rating Duration Permanent Reversibility: Degree to Extent National which impact can Magnitude High Reversible be Probability Definite mitigated: High MITIGATION: • Adopt and always be on the lookout for the best water saving irrigation systems and techniques (e.g drip irrigation, etc) • Only water the quantities needed for optimum plant growth (pivot, sprinkler, drip, etc) • Only water during the hours with least evaporation to minimise water loss (e.g at night, early morning and late afternoon)

6.4 Chemicals (fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides)

To enhance crop productivity and improve crop yield, the use of various types fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides maybe necessary. It is important that only legally acceptable and approved fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides should be used.

other methods should be explored and chemical control should be the last resort. Chemical control is expensive and – if not applied properly – can place a threat on people and on the environment as well as on animals that might feed on plant residues.

IMPACT Harmful Chemicals (Fertilizers, Herbicides and DESCRIPTION Pesticides) Predicted for Soil enrichment (Fertilizers) and Pest control (specific activity / (Herbicides and Pesticides) project phase) Dimension Rating Duration Long term Reversibility: Degree to Extent National which

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 22

Magnitude High Reversible impact can be Probability Definite mitigated: High MITIGATION: • Only use environmentally approved fertilizers (e.g Gypsum = Calcium Sulphate – listed as an inorganic fertilizer, without nitrogen, phosphorus or patassium, but about 18% sulphur and a good source of calcium) • If possible, only use organic fertilizers (e.g Bio-ocean, chicken waste) • Avoid fertilizers containing chloride • Only water the quantities needed for optimum plant growth (pivot, sprinkler, drip, etc) • Only water during the hours with least evaporation to minimise water loss (e.g at night, early morning and late afternoon)

6.5 Irrigation return flows and Eutrophication

Irrigation return-flows refers to irrigation water that is not consumed by the plants (evapotranspiration) and that either drains to the water table or runs off into a surface-water body (e.g stream, river, lake, etc).

Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients (such as phosphates) that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen, and has become a major environmental problem worldwide.

Fertilizers are applied to enrich the soil (as nutrients) in-order to stimulate and enhance plant growth. However, fertilizers contain Nitrates and phosphates, and if the irrigation return flow, run off into streams, rivers and lakes, it enriches the water body with excessive nutrients, thereby enhancing excessive growth of algae (phytoplankton). The excessive plant growth depletes the oxygen from the water, causing the death of fish and mollusks.

Eutrophication often occurs as a result of agricultural fertilizers (Nitrates and phosphates) contained in irrigation return flows. Animal dung (manure), and human waste also contain nutrients and can also enrich the water body and cause eutrophication. The excessive nutrients manifest to algal blooms, which depletes the oxygen from the water, resulting in total suffocation of animals (zooplankton and fish).

Nitrates are necessary nutrients for algae and phytoplankton growth. However, the rate of discharge and un-control irrigation return flows into water bodies, greatly accelerates the natural process of eutrophication, causing algal blooms, depletion of oxygen and total extermination of animal life.

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 23

IMPACT DESCRIPTION: Irrigation Return-Flows Predicted for Use of fertilizers to Improve Soil Fertility and the (specific activity / use of herbicides and pesticides to fight crop project phase) pests Dimension Rating Duration Permanent Reversibility: Degree to Extent Local which impact can Magnitude Medium Reversible be Probability Definite mitigated: High MITIGATION: • Use environmental friendly and legally approved fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. • Irrigation return flows are rich in nutrients and if not contained, may enter into natural water systems and cause eutrophication and should therefore be contained within the cultivated land and should be prevented from entering into streams and rivers at all costs.

6.6 Soil Pollution

Soil pollution may occur as a result of oil leakages, fuel, or lubricants from the machinery and vehicles.

IMPACT DESCRIPTION Soil Pollution Predicted for (specific activity / Oil Leakages from Machinery project phase) Dimension Rating Duration Short-term Reversibility: Degree to Extent Local which impact can Magnitude Low Reversible be Probability Definite mitigated: Medium MITIGATION: Fuel, Oil and Lubricants Leakages • There must be an oil spill response kit on site. Workers should be properly trained on dangers oil pollutions and response actions; • If an oil spill occurs, collect the contaminated soil, store in drums or appropriate structures and dispose at approved waste disposal site;

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 24

• Ensure all vehicles / machinery are well service, install drip trays and conduct regular leak inspection

6.7 Excessive Dust

Dust maybe generated during soil preparation (tipping), or cultivation, and excessive exposure to dust levels can lead to health hazards, e.g. lung infections

IMPACT DESCRIPTION Dust Exposure Predicted for (specific activity / Land clearing, soil tipping and cultivation project phase) Dimension Rating Duration Short term Reversibility: Degree to Extent Site specific which impact can Magnitude Very low irreversible be Probability Very likely mitigated: High MITIGATION: • Provide protective gear (dust masks) • Limit employee’s exposure to excessive dust (e.g. land clearing) by rotational shift of workers to prevent long periods of exposure to dust.

6.8 Health and Safety

Health and safety hazards may occur as a result of exposure to harmful or toxic pesticides and herbicides, or potential injuries associated with improper use of agricultural equipment and machinery.

IMPACT DESCRIPTION Health and Safety Predicted for Application of Herbicides or Pesticides or use of (specific activity / agricultural equipment and machinery project phase) Dimension Rating Duration Short-term Reversibility: Degree to Extent Local which Magnitude Low Reversible impact can be Probability Definite mitigated:

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 25

Medium

MITIGATION: • Provide protective clothing as necessary (e.g during handling and application of harmful chemicals (pesticide and herbicides). • Safety Training on the correct usage and handling of equipment and machinery to prevent safety risks and potential injuries

6.9 Socio-economic environment

Due to the high unemployment rate in the country, Job opportunities attracts hundreds of interests from hundreds (if not thousands) of job seekers.

Apart from the positive impacts (employment creation), the new job opportunities will attract job seekers from all over the country, including neighbouring country (e.g Angola) and that presents risks for the spread of HIV- AIDS and other social evils such as drug and alcohol abuse.

IMPACT DESCRIPTION Socio-economic Predicted for (specific activity / Employment project phase) Dimension Rating Duration Short-term Reversibility: Degree to Extent Local which impact can Magnitude Low Reversible be Probability Definite mitigated: Medium MITIGATION: • Employ local labour as far as possible (people from Oshivelo community or nearby villages, to prevent in-flux of people from far. • Monitor employee behaviour and provide social life lessons

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 26

CHAPTER 7

7. CULTURAL HERITAGE

7.1 Cultural Heritage – Legal Requirements

The principal instrument of legal protection for heritage resources in Namibia is the National Heritage Act (27 of 2004), Part V Section 46, which prohibits the removal, damage, alteration or excavation of heritage sites or remains (defined in Part 1, Definitions 1), while Section 48 sets out the procedure for application and granting of permits as may be required in the event of damage to a protected site occurring as an inevitable result of the proposed development.

Furthermore, Section 51 (3) sets out the requirements for impact assessment. Part VI Section 55 Paragraphs 3 and 4 require that any person who discovers an archaeological site should notify the National Heritage Council.

In-addition to the National Heritage Act (No. 27 of 2004), international guidelines such as the World Bank OP and BP of 2006, particularly guideline no: 4.11 which refers to the “Physical Cultural Resources” (R2006-0049), and provide direction regarding project screening, baseline survey and mitigation.

Archaeological impact assessment is also a requirement of the Environmental Management Act (7 of 2007), which specifically includes anthropogenic elements in its definition of environment. The List of activities that may not be undertaken without Environmental Clearance Certificate: Environmental Management Act, 2007 (Govt Notice 29 of 2012), and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations: Environmental Management Act, 2007 (Govt Notice 30 of 2012) both apply to the management of impacts on archaeological sites, remains or and artefacts.

7.2 Archaeological Assessment Methodology

The archaeological assessment carried out in and around the proposed horticulture project relies on the indicative value of surface finds for cultural and heritage artefacts.

Following standard practice both in Namibia and internationally, a chance-find procedure for cultural heritage should be recommended as a component of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), and the necessary precautions should be taken throughout the project lifespan.

7.3 Cultural Heritage sites / artefacts within the Proposed Horticulture project

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 27

a) NO cultural heritage sites or artefacts were observed within the proposed horticulture project,

b) NO cultural heritage sites or artefacts are known to occur in or around the horticulture project (local knowledge),

c) NO cultural heritage sites or artefacts are registered by the National Heritage council in or around the proposed horticulture project site.

7.4 Limitations

Although, there were no surface finds for cultural and heritage artefacts, there is a possibility that there could be cultural or heritage artefacts underground (e.g. unknown war graves, fossils etc), that could be uncovered during the establishment and management of horticulture project.

7.5 Recommendations

Based on the limitations, it is recommended that:

i. All employees, contractors or sub-contractors working on the establishment of horticulture project site should be made aware that it is a legal requirement under the National Heritage Act that if any items protected under the definition of heritage is found during the course of development should be reported to the National Heritage Council.

ii. The establishment and management of the horticulture project should be conducted in a vigilant and cautious manner, and

iii. If any cultural artefacts are found during the horticulture project activities, the necessary steps and due process as presented in Table 9.1 (in the EMP) should be followed.

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 28

CHAPTER 8

8. CULTURAL HERITAGE

The proposed upscaling of irrigation activities and increment in water abstraction to 1.5Mm3/a is within the recommend sustainable yield of 1.5Mm3/a and will therefore not harm the aquifer, and the proposed activity is unlikely to cause any negative impacts.

Nonetheless, to mitigate any potential impact, mitigation measures and best practice, are presented in the EMP.

The EMP further presents practical mitigation measures to ensure environmental safety and social wellbeing.

On this basis, TEC is of the opinion that an ECC be issued, on conditions that the management and mitigation measures specified in the EMP are implemented and adhered to.

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 29

9. REFERENCES

BGR-DWAF. (1999). Data Base for Further Decisions Regarding The Necessity and Feasibility of Future Geophysical and Hydrogeological Investigations in The Study Areas Oshivelo, Eastern Caprivi and Eastern Tsumkwe-Otjinene (North- Eastern Namibia) . Windhoek, Namibia BGR-DWAF. (2006). Desk Study Report, Cuvelai-Etosha Groundwater Investigation, Version 1.1. Windhoek, Namibia BGR-DWAF. (2010). Multi-Layered Aquifers in the Central-North of Namibia and their Potential Use for Water Supply. Windhoek, Namibia Bräumle R. (2005).The Geology and Hydrogeology of the Cuvelai Etosha Basin. Windhoek, Namibia Christelis G. and Struckmeier W. (2015). Groundwater in Namibia, an explanation to the Hydrogeological Map. Windhoek, Namibia Hamutoko J. T. (2013). Estimation of Groundwater Vulnerability to Pollution based on DRASTIC and BTU method in the upper Cuvelai-Etosha basin. Windhoek, Namibia MAWRD. (2003). Groundwater Situation in the Cuvelai-Etosha Basin. Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development. Windhoek, Namibia Miller, R. McG. (2010). The Geology, Palaeontology and Evolution of the Etosha Pan, Namibia: Implications for Terminal Kalahari Deposition. Windhoek, Namibia Tordif E. (2009). Notes on Hydrogeology Training for Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Windhoek, Namibia

10. APPENDICES

APPENDIX (1): Geohydrology Specialist Report (Augere, 2018) APPENDIX (2): Cuvelai-Etosha Groundwater Investigation (BGR-DWAF, 2006) APPENDIX (3): Environmental Management Plan (EMP) APPENDIX (4): EAP’s CV

EIA Scoping Report – Oshivelo Farming ( Irrigation Project) 30

AUGERE TRADING cc

GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION CONSULTANTS

Evaluatio of Oshivelo Geology, Hydrogeology, and surface water study for the Purpose of Irrigation at Onguma Farm

DESK STUDY

November 2018

Compiled by: A Elago

1 | Page

Table of Contents

1. OSHIVELO Geology, Hydrogeology, and surface water study of the AREA ...... 4 1.1. Previous Work ...... 4 1.2. Physiography ...... 5 1.2.1. Climate ...... 5 1.2.2. Topography ...... 5 1.3. Drainage and Surface Water Hydrology ...... 5 1.4. Water Demand in the Area ...... 6 1.4 Geology and Hydrogeology ...... 8 1.4.1. Geology ...... 8 1.4.2. Aquifer Distribution ...... 11 1.5. Water Quality ...... 14 1.6. Recharge and Groundwater Flow ...... 14 1.7. Aquifer Potential of the KOV2 ...... 16 2. Conclusion ...... 17 3. Recommendations ...... 18

Table 1: 1998 water demand in the Supply Area (BGR-DWAF, 1999) ...... 7 Table 2: Summary of water demand projections for 2017/18 (BGR-DWAF, 1999) ...... 7 Table 3: The Geology and Hydrogeology of the Cuvelai Etosha Basin (Bräumle, 2005) ...... 11 Table 4: Existing boreholes characteristics ...... 13 Table 5: Generalised aquifer specifications of boreholes penetrating the KOV2 at Oshivelo (BGR- DWAF, 1999) ...... 13

Figure 1: location of the Etosha Pan relative to the main present-day drainage basins to the north of Etosha Pan as well as the location of the older Cubango Megafan (modified from Stengel 1963; Mendelsohn et al., 2002; 2004 extracted from Miller, Pickford, and Senut, 2010 ...... 6 Figure 2: Map showing the location of the different aquifers in the CEB (BGR-DWAF, 2010) ...... 12 Figure 3: Aquifer system of the CEB, arrows indicating Groundwater flow direction (BGR-DWAF, 2006)...... 15 Figure 4 Water level/production graph of NamWater borehole WW16903 at Oshivelo BGR-DWAF, 1999 ...... 16 Figure 5 Water level/production graph of NamWater borehole WW31109 at Namutoni Gate BGR- DWAF, 1999 ...... 17

2 | Page

3 | Page

1. OSHIVELO GEOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY, AND SURFACE WATER STUDY OF THE AREA

1.1. Previous Work

The first groundwater investigation project conducted at Oshivelo was in 1969/70 by the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) of the Geological Survey, this was done to determine the potential of artesian aquifer around 15-50km northwest of the area (Hugo, 1970 in BGR- DWAF, 1999). DWA drilled a number of boreholes for South African army base and for the state water supply scheme in 1970s around Oshivelo (Schumann, 1977, in BGR-DWAF, 1999).

Some boreholes were drilled for the new Oshivelo army base in 1980s (Poulter, 1983, in BGR-DWAF, 1999). In the same period such boreholes were tested insufficiently due to poor pump capacity, however test pumping results shows that the aquifer has potential (Goetze, 1985, in BGR-DWAF, 1999). The most recent study conducted in Oshivelo is the complex groundwater investigation of 1997 by Groundwater Investigation Project whereby cross sections of the geophysical survey were compiled, analysed and results interpreted (DWAF- BGR, 1999).

In 1995/96, the Directorate of Rural Water Supply investigated the possibility of groundwater supply from Oshivelo to Omutsegonime by linking that pipeline to Kunene water supply pipe line end point (BGR-DWAF, 1999). Initially it was accepted that there is a lower artesian aquifer and upper-sub artesian aquifer, however after the test pumping in 1998 evaluated in 1993, it was concluded that only one aquifer of low transmissivity exists at Oshivelo with about 30m thickness (BGR-DWAF, 1999).

BGR-DWAF (1999) indicated that “approximately 30 m thick aquifer was found to be of low transmissivity (~100 m2/day) in the upper 15 metres, while the lower 15 metres showed a very high transmissivity of 10,000 m2/day”. Furthermore, over a larger area of the KOV2 average transmissivity was estimated to be in the range of 1,000 m2/day. The Oshivelo Aquifer is approximated to have a sustainable yield of 4Mm3/annum of fresh water (BIWAC,

4 | Page

1999 in BGR-DWAF, 1999). In 1998 BGR commenced the main groundwater exploration at Oshivelo (BGR-DWAF, 1999).

1.2. Physiography

1.2.1. Climate

The precipitation in this area is 450mm per annum, 90% of rain fall is in October to March, 25-40% fall during convective thunderstorm (BGR-DWAF, 1999). The mean monthly temperature is 26.1° C in December to 17.5° C in July, the maximum averages daily temperature is 34 to 35° C in summer, while the humidity is 50 % in March to 17 % in September (BGR-DWAF, 1999).

1.2.2. Topography

In the south of the area is the foothill of the Otavi mountain land, in the north and northeast is the Ohangwena Region and Mangeti duneveld (BGR-DWAF, 1999). In the west of the study area is the Etosha Pan which is the lowest point of the Cuvelai-Etosha Basin (BGR-DWAF, 1999). Adjacent to Etosha Pan is Omutsegonime and King Kauluma which is largely Kalahari sand (BGR-DWAF, 1999). Calcrete outcrops are found at Oshivelo and Lake Otjikoto (BGR-DWAF, 1999).

1.3. Drainage and Surface Water Hydrology

The area is within the Cuvelai drainage system which flow from Angola highland area, predominantly from Changongo, in Angola's southern Cunene province and through areas downstream to lake Oponono and Ekuma River and eventually to Etosha Pan through ephemeral channels (Iishana) originating from Angola (BGR-DWAF, 1999). In the basin flood events do frequently occur and some water flow to the north central areas and to the east of the basin. The basin was named Cuvelai Etosha Basin due to the flow system.

In terms of subsurface flow from Angola to Namibia, the flow patterns are in two fold, namely: the Cunene mega fan which supports subsurface flow from Cunene River on the north western areas of the country while the Cubango mega fan supports the subsurface flow in the north eastern areas of the country see figure 1. Oshivelo is surrounded by a number of

5 | Page ephemeral rivers which include the Omuramba Akazulu, Owambo, and Omuthiya, this channels are supported by the subsurface flow of western Kavango and Mangeti duneveld (BGR-DWAF, 1999).

1.4. Water Demand in the Area

Water is mainly required for domestic, schools, clinics and livestock watering as illustrated on Table 1 below on the following page while the four basic water requirements have been projected on Table 2.

6 | Page

Table 1: 1998 water demand in the Supply Area (BGR-DWAF, 1999)

Consumer No Unit Demand Consumption

l/day m3/hour m3/day m3/month m3/annum

Domestic 39,409 25 41.0 985 29,967 359,607

Schools 8,729 15 5.5 131 3,983 47,791

Clinics 43 30 0.054 1.3 38.9 466

Livestock 25,360 45 47.5 1,141 34,712 416,538

Total 94 2,258 60,701 824,402

Table 2: Summary of water demand projections for 2017/18 (BGR-DWAF, 1999) Consumer Demand

Upper Likely Expected Lower Likely

m3/day m3/annum m3/day m3/annum m3/day m3/annum

Domestic 2,848 1,039,520 2,290 835,850 2,112 770,880

Schools 547 199,655 440 160,600 405 147,825

Clinics 31 11,315 24 8,760 24 8,760

Livestock 1,141 416,465 1,141 416,465 1,141 416,465

Total 4,567 1,666,955 3,894 1,421,310 3,683 1,344,295

7 | Page

1.4 Geology and Hydrogeology

1.4.1. Geology

Figure 3 below interprets the stratigraphic and lithology succession of the Cuvelai-Etosha Basin.

Figure 3: Stratigraphy of the Owambo Basin, a presentation by MAWRD (2003)

a) Kalahari Sequence

This sequence is explained below and comprised of the formations mentioned below:

During tertiary period a large inland lake developed over the western part of southern Africa called Kalahari Basin. Large amounts of sediment deposits were eroded into the basin that resulted in alternating deposits of clay, sand, and gravel (BGR-DWAF, 1999). The remnant of this is the Etosha Pan in Namibia and Kavango Swamp in Botswana, the basin includes northern and eastern parts of Namibia (BGR-DWAF, 1999).

The upper most formation in Kalahari is the Andoni Formation which consists of semi-consolidated sand that overlies the Olukonda Formation characterised by a green to beige-white and brown colours (BGR-DWAF, 1999).

8 | Page

Below Olukonda Formation is the Beiseb Formation of Eocene age, which consists of brown and grey stone and/or mud that reaches the maximum thickness of 30m (BGR-DWAF, 1999). The bottom most formation is the Ombalantu Formation which consists of red beds i.e. conglomerate, shale, and sand stones.

The surface limestones southern and western margin of the CEB are sedimentary- evaporitic limestones also known as Etosha Limestone Member (Dierkies, 1996 in BGR-DWAF, 1999).

According to DWAF-BGR, (1999), Kalahari Basin is subdivided in four main Basins namely: Zambezi Kwando Linyandi; Cuvelai-Etosha; Eiseb-Epukiro; Kavango- Omatako.

The Cuvelai Etosha Basin where the study area is located is subdivided into four sub- basins which are the Olushandja, Niipele, Iishana, and Tsumeb.

b) Karoo Sequence

This sequence is comprised of the following formations:

Dwyka Formation: this is considered to be of late Carboniferous to early Premian in age by lacustrine deposit of Ecca Group, consisting of grey to green shale, mudstone, limestone, sandstone and coal bearing shale of Prince Albert Formation (Tordif, 2012). Between Karasberg and Noordewer are the outcrops of Dwyka Formation together with a complete succession of the Ecca Group which ranges from the Prince Albert Formation, the Whitehill Formation and Amibberg Formation with prominent intrusions of delorite sills along contacts with Whitehill formation (Tordif, 2012).

Other out crops of Karoo are found in the Omingonde Formation comprising of red mud stone, silt stone, grit, and conglomerates north of Okakarara from the main road. Etjo Formation consists of aelian sandstones at Mount Etjo and on top of Omatako hill (Tordif, 2012). On the way to Rehoboth and Mariental are the out crops of amygdaloidal basal and subordinate sandstone belonging to Kalkrand Formation (Tordif, 2012).

9 | Page c) Damara Sequence

This sequence is comprised of the following formations:

This sequence falls under Neoproterozoic age and range from the Namibian (N) to early Cambrian (Tordif, 2012). A large area of the north-western and central Namibia is underlined by a variety of carbonate and metasedimentary rocks of Damara Sequence (Tordif, 2012). Damara Sequence is categorised into a group called Mulden Group (NM) also called North Facies consisting of phyllite, quartzite, schist, and conglomerates (Tordif, 2012). This types of rocks are also found in the Otavi mountain land. d) Grootfontein Basement Complex

This sequence is comprised of the following formations:

These rocks belongs to Vaalian (V) and Mokolian (M) ages and are the oldest rocks in the Namibia (Christelis and Struckmeier, 2011). These rocks are of Precambrian of age ranging from Archaean to Proterozoic (Tordif, 2009). The Basement Complex rocks are found in the extreme northwest of the country and consists of para-gneiss and meta-sedimentary rocks of Epupa Complex (Ve) as well as anorthosite and mafic igneous rocks of the Kunene Complex (Vk) (Tordif, 2009).

The Grootfontein Complex (Mgr) belongs to the Basement Rocks (Christelis and Struckmeier, 2011). The volcanic-sedimentary rock types of Khoabendus Group (Mk) are found in Kunene at Kamanjab and Orupembe as well as in Rehoboth Sequence (Mm, Mvy) (Tordif, 2009).

10 | Page

1.4.2. Aquifer Distribution

Aquifers around the project area are classified in the following table:

Table 3: The Geology and Hydrogeology of the Cuvelai Etosha Basin (Bräumle, 2005)

11 | Page

Aquifers in the study area are further illustrated in the following map and described in the section below:

Figure 2: Map showing the location of the different aquifers in the CEB (BGR-DWAF, 2010)

a) Main Shallow Aquifer (KOS1)

The main shallow aquifer is unconfined, continuous multi-aquifer system consisting of thick sequence of layered sediments in which competent fractured sandstone aquifers are separated by less permeable aquitards consisting of clay and siltstones recharged by floods from Angola (DWAF-BGR, 1999).

b) Main Deep Aquifer (KOH1)

This aquifer is found between the northern boundary of Oshivelo and Angolan border (BGR- DWAF, 1999). Freshwater of this aquifer was discovered at 60-160m in Eenhana and

12 | Page towards the south, the water quality deteriorates due to high fluoride content and this water is classified as class D (BGR-DWAF, 1999), not suitable for human consumption.

c) Very Deep Aquifer (KOH2)

This was also discovered between the project area and the Angolan-Namibia boundary at a depth of 130-380m (BGR-DWAF, 1999). KOH2 is within Olukonda formation below the Andoni Formation and is recharged from Angola with poor water quality from north to south (BGR-DWAF, 1999).

d) Oshivelo Artesian Aquifer (KOV2)

Oshivelo Artesian Aquifer is found at 50-200m in the north western direction, greater intersections are at Okashana and King Kauluma areas (BGR-DWAF, 1999). The aquifer is

assumed to extend as far as Tsintsabis, and Omuramba Akazulu, it underlies the UKAAN in Mangeti duneveld (BGR-DWAF, 1999). It consists of sandstones, gravel, and sand partly lime cemented and calcritised, separated from the upper aquifers by an aquitard consisting of brown-green clay, calcrete and clayey sand. Onguma Game Ranch where irrigation is proposed is within the study area and consists of the following boreholes in Table 4, while Table 5 provides the general specifications for boreholes in the entire study area.

Table 4: Existing boreholes characteristics Yield Borehole No. Latitude Longitude Depth (m) RWL (m) (m3/h) WW38296 18.38296 17.08986 80 9 80 WW38222 18.38222 17.09068 100 5 90 WW37803 18.37803 17.09003 120 1 130

Table 5: Generalised aquifer specifications of boreholes penetrating the KOV2 at Oshivelo (BGR-DWAF, 1999)

Aquifer Water Depth Thickness Lithology Aquifer /Aquitard Quality [m] [m] fresh to 0 – 40 40 sand; white – green, calcareous, clayey KOV1, KOS1 brackish 40 – 13 clay; seprolite; brown-green, sandy aquitard ------

13 | Page

53 53 – upper section of 67 14 silcrete and quartz sand; light brown KOV2 fresh 67 – sand, sandstone, gravel; white, light lower section of 81 14 green KOV2 fresh

e) Unconfined Kalahari Aquifer (KOV1)

This aquifer covers most of the southern and central areas of the project to the north towards Omuramba Akazulu and in the north east direction towards Kavango River characterised by a lithology comprised of calcrete, intersected layer of sand, loam and clay with a thickness of

140m (Hoad, 1992 and Dierkies, 1996 in BGR, 1999). The water level in the KOV1 is few meters to 25m.b.g.l (BGR-DWAF, 1999).

1.5. Water Quality

MSAAN is generally brackish to saline to saline with TDS >30000mg/l and is classified as class D not suitable for human consumption (BGR-DWAF, 1999). KOV1 have good quality water however, the gradient is low that lead to high evaporation, and consequently high salinity, however the natural status of this water is classified as A-B, is TDS<500mg/l. KOV2 is classified as class B, TDS is equal to 960mg/l but deteriorate towards northwest (BGR- DWAF, 1999).

1.6. Recharge and Groundwater Flow

Groundwater in the study area flow to Etosha Pan, recharge take place in fractured dolomites of the Otavi mountain land of Damara Sequence (BGR-DWAF, 1999). Some groundwater flow northward and recharge the overlying unconfined and confined Kalahari aquifers via faults (BGR-DWAF, 1999). Groundwater through flow is estimated to be about 8Mm3 /annum (BIWAC, 1999 in BGR, 1999). KOS1 is recharged regularly by flood events of Oshana drainage system (BGR-DWAF, 1999).

14 | Page

KOH1 recharge lateral through flow from unconfined Kalahari aquifer in the southern

Angola (BGR-DWAF, 1999). The north eastern part of KOV1 is bound by a northeast trending structure or channel, which could be controlled by a fault system (BGR-DWAF, 1999). In the KOV1and KOH1 groundwater flow towards the Kavango West Region (BGR- DWAF, 1999). Groundwater flow pattern is shown on figure 4 below.

Figure 3: Aquifer system of the CEB, arrows indicating Groundwater flow direction (BGR-DWAF, 2006).

15 | Page

1.7. Aquifer Potential of the KOV2

o Have high groundwater potential in terms of groundwater resource sustainability and cost; o Have been planned to supply King Kauluma, Okankolo, and Omutsegonime respectively; o Is a primary/porous aquifer which is easy to site boreholes; o Average transmissivity value is 1,000m2/day (Bardenhagon, 1999 in BGR-DWAF, 1999); o Storativity is 10-5 to 10-4 which is substantial; o The estimated through flow is 8Mm3/annum (Hoad, 1992 and BIWAC, 1999); o The existing boreholes in Onguma Game Ranch have significant yields i.e. WW38296= 80m3/h, WW38222=90m3/h, and WW37803=130m3/h respectively.

Figure 4 Water level/production graph of NamWater borehole WW16903 at Oshivelo BGR- DWAF, 1999

16 | Page

Figure 5 Water level/production graph of NamWater borehole WW31109 at Namutoni Gate BGR-DWAF, 1999

2. CONCLUSION

The following conclusions followed by recommendations should be taken into consideration:

o The recommended sustainable of 4Mm3/annum

o In 1999 water demand for Oshivelo community stood at 824,402m3/a, and it was estimated that due to community growth, the water demand was projected to be about 1,344,295m3/a by 2017/2018.

o Oshivelo irrigation currently irrigate 68Ha of land with an estimated uptake of +/- 800,000m3/a.

o The client intend to expand the cultivation with 26 Ha + the current 68 Ha = 94Ha which will require total volumes of 1,500,000m3/a.

o Therefore, the total water demand for the Oshivelo Community = 1,344,295 m3/a + 800,000m3/a Oshivelo Irrigation = 2.8 Mm3/a.

o As prescribed in the (BGR-DWAF, 1999), the oshivelo aquifer is estimated to have a sustainable yield of 4Mm3/annum – 2.8 Mm3/a. = 1.2 Mm3/a.

o This implies that with the granting of a permit for 1,500,000m3/a, there is still a balance of 1.2Mm3/annum available for other uses.

17 | Page

3. RECOMMENDATIONS

o The projected abstraction demand of 1,500,000m3/a is within the recommended sustainable yield and will not harm the aquifer, and hence a water abstraction permit of 1,500,000m3/a is recommended.

o Drilling of new boreholes will be required to meet the projected abstraction demand of 1,500,000m3/a.

o The Department of Water Affairs as the sole custodian of all water resources in Namibia must review the water budget and volumes available for abstraction for Oshivelo aquifer.

o As prescribed by the Water Resources Management Act 11 of 2013, Drilling of monitoring boreholes will be required to monitor the groundwater table on daily basis. Production boreholes if installed correctly can also be used as monitoring boreholes on weekly basis provided that the pump is switched off 12hours before recording. Monitoring frequency should be done on daily basis, monitoring design and layout should be provided to MAWF.

o The proponent should conduct a geophysical investigation in order to site and drill additional production and monitoring boreholes.

o Hydraulic test of boreholes and aquifer should be conducted in order to determine the present aquifer response to groundwater abstraction in comparison to the proposed abstraction rate and taking consideration the annual average recharge on farm Onguma.

o The hydraulic parameters namely: Sustainable Yield, Transmissivity or Hydraulic Conductivity, Specific Storage or Storativity should be evaluated from collected historical data and the hydraulic test data.

o The proponent should project the drawdown of the groundwater levels at different abstraction rates, this would include the current average abstraction rate of +/- 800,000m3/a and the envisaged 1,500,000m3/a.

o The hydraulic evaluation should be conducted also to determine critical water levels based on available drawdown or on historical water levels and contingency plan should be formulated in order to deal with the abstraction strategy when the water levels approach such critical levels in the aquifer.

18 | Page

Reference

BGR-DWAF. (2006). Desk Study Report, Cuvelai-Etosha Groundwater Investigation, Version 1.1. Windhoek, Namibia

BGR-DWAF. (2010). Multi-Layered Aquifers in the Central-North of Namibia and their Potential Use for Water Supply. Windhoek, Namibia

Bräumle R. (2005).The Geology and Hydrogeology of the Cuvelai Etosha Basin. Windhoek, Namibia

Christelis G. and Struckmeier W. (2015). Groundwater in Namibia, an explanation to the Hydrogeological Map. Windhoek, Namibia

Hamutoko J. T. (2013). Estimation of Groundwater Vulnerability to Pollution based on DRASTIC and BTU method in the upper Cuvelai-Etosha basin. Windhoek, Namibia

MAWRD. (2003). Groundwater Situation in the Cuvelai-Etosha Basin. Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development. Windhoek, Namibia

Miller, R. McG. (2010). The Geology, Palaeontology and Evolution of the Etosha Pan, Namibia: Implications for Terminal Kalahari Deposition. Windhoek, Namibia

Tordif E. (2009). Notes on Hydrogeology Training for Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Windhoek, Namibia

19 | Page