Folia Horticulturae Folia Hort. 30(2), 2018, 229-248

Published by the Polish Society DOI: 10.2478/fhort-2018-0020 for Horticultural Science since 1989

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open access www.foliahort.ogr.ur.krakow.pl

Biblical – a review, characteristics and definition based on twenty years of research Zofia Włodarczyk

Department of Ornamental University of in Krakow 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland

ABSTRACT Biblical have existed in the public space for almost 80 years, and yet still up to this moment no scientific definition of this type of garden layout has been developed, nor has any detailed characterization of them been published. Multifaceted, interdisciplinary research carried out in the years 1996-2017 made it possible to gather detailed data pertaining to 63 biblical gardens all over the world, primarily including the oldest ones. The fundamental characteristics of existing sites were determined on the basis of these results, including their naming in different languages, presentation through a logo and motto, selection along with the manner of its presentation, the symbols that they employ, street and garden furniture being used and the arrangements of miniature landscapes. An in-depth analysis of the material that had been gathered made it possible to formulate a scientific definition of a biblical garden as a specific type of greenery arrangement. The specifics of biblical gardens lie in the fact that they possess significant semantic value and are an illustration of the sacred texts of the Bible, one of the greatest works of literature. Various artistic works are being used in their arrangement, in addition to modern forms of design, which highlight sensory values through referring to the senses: sight, touch, hearing, smell and taste.

Key words: Bible, biblical plants, , , terminology, thematic garden

INTRODUCTION gardens, which are enjoying a significant interest among visitors, are the journalists who often report In scientific publications on garden design and there is no scientific on their establishment and describe the function that definition of a biblical garden despite the fact they fulfil in society. Research was thus undertaken that such gardens have existed in the public with the goal of formulating a scientific definition of space for almost 80 years. They are located in a biblical garden. The author decided to determine different countries all around the world and new the fundamental characteristics of existing biblical ones are constantly being established. Attempts gardens and, using them as a basis, to formulate at defining what a biblical garden is have been generalised conclusions that can characterise this undertaken mostly by theologians, who explain undescribed type of garden. The author of the what significance such sites have to the spread of research and of this article has an educational biblical messages. Another group of people who background in , specialising in garden are attempting to define the phenomenon of biblical design, in addition to having Bachelor's and

*Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected] (Z. Włodarczyk). 230 The definition of biblical garden

Master's degrees in Theology, with a specialisation The gathering of research materials using these in Biblical studies. methods mutually intertwined numerous times The research work performed in the years during the course of the long process of obtaining 1996-2017 was multifaceted and was based on results. survey studies, correspondence with the owners or Ultimately, 63 sites had been subjected to designers of gardens, the gathering of any accessible evaluation, and the gathered source materials were materials in the form of plans, maps, plant lists judged to be sufficient in order to get to know and and biblical garden guides. The author's additional understand the concept of the biblical garden and asset is the preparation of the layout plans and the to provide a definition to an item that has not yet supervision of the execution of several designs been described in the literature on the subject of of biblical gardens and the observation of their "garden design" and "landscape architecture", as functioning. well as to determine its fundamental characteristics. The analysis of results and the formulating of final MATERIAL AND METHODS conclusions was performed on the basis of the The author has familiarised herself with the literature following criteria: on garden design, searching for appropriate chapters • The city in which a given garden is located, in essential, specialist dictionaries and in general along with the date of its founding. garden design history and landscape-shaping • The country in which a given garden is located. books. The author also searched for publications on • The name of the garden. keywords, such as "biblical garden", "bibel garden" • The motto of a garden. and "Bibelgärten" in the collections of the following • The logo of a garden. libraries: the Library of Congress, the British • Overall plant selection: biblical plants [b], Library, Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek, ornamental plants [o], plants related to Christian Academic Search Complete, Arts and Humanities symbolism [ch], plants that grow in the wild in Citation Index, Agricola, GreenFile, JSTOR Israel [w], herbs [h]. – The Arts & Web of Sciences, Collection I, II, III, • The form of the presentation of plants: plant Scopus, Web of Science, Europa Sacra, Science name in a site's local language, name in Latin Direct, Springer Link, Science Citation Index (scientific name), biblical quote, additional – Expanded, Bibliografia Zawartości Czasopism explanations, the involvement of a guide of 23.02.2018). The author also simultaneously (human), book guide (brochure), virtual queried publications on Biblical studies and Biblical presentation/QR code, photograph of a plant or flora. herbarium. In the years 1996-2016, the author carried out • Elements of symbolism: water [w], the cross [c], survey studies using the correspondence method the tree [t], the star [s], the letters Alpha and with numerous owners of biblical gardens, in Omega [ΑΩ], the menorah [m], other [o]. addition to gathering all manner of materials • Elements of street and garden furniture: pertaining to gardens: plans, maps, plant listings, miniature building [b], farm equipment [fe], guides. The author exchanged correspondence with agricultural tools [at], statues, sculptures [sc], the founders and caretakers of existing biblical benches. gardens, among them authorities in this field such • Miniature landscapes, such as: a farm field [f], as the late Nigel Hepper or Nogah Hareuveni. an [or], a desert [d], the water reservoirs The letters and survey questionnaires constitute of the Holy Land [wr]. the author's own archive. The author also performed field trips to 27 biblical gardens around RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the world (these were the gardens in: Bangor, Biblical gardens have, up until this point, not been Berlin-Lichterfelde, Berlin-Teltow, Bolestraszyce, mentioned in the garden design literature. They were Bremie, Chorzów, Cobh, Elgin, Greisinghof, not mentioned in essential specialist dictionaries, Hamburg, Jerusalem, Kehl, the Jagiellonian including, among others, The Oxford Companion University in Kraków, the Agricultural University to Gardens (2001), The Oxford Companion to in Kraków, Kraków-Łosiówka, London, Lublin, the Gardens (2006), Symes (2006), nor in any Madrid, Muszyna, Myczkowce, Neot Kedumin, publications on the general history of garden Neinburg, New York, Ostritz, Schleswig, Utrecht, design and the shaping of the landscape, including, Wołcze), gathering photographic documentation. among others, Thacker (1985), Jellicoe and Jellicoe Zofia Włodarczyk 231

(1995), Hobhouse (2002), Turner (2005), Böhm popularity of that book, even beyond the United and Zachariasz (1997, 2000, 2005), Siewniak and Kingdom, the name "bible garden" spread across the Mitkowska (1998). whole of Europe. The publication of the book was In addition, no publications with the keywords resumed four times in the UK (Hepper, 1987, 1997, "biblical garden", "bibel garden" and "Bibelgärten" 1998), and it was translated into German, Dutch, were found in the collections of the following Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish and Danish (Hepper libraries: the Library of Congress, the British Nigel, letter June 2012). Library, Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek The word "Bibelgarten" in German was (of 4.02.2018), Academic Search Complete, Arts and mentioned for the first time on 20 April 1993 in the Humanities Citation Index, Agricola, GreenFile, Austrian newspaper "Die Presse", where an article JSTOR – The Arts & Sciences, Collection I, II, III, about the "Agrarium" recreational park including Scopus, Europa Sacra, Science Direct, Springer various themed gardens, among them one biblical Link, Science Citation Index – Expanded, nor garden, was published (Stückrath, 2012). Until the in Polish collections: Bibliografia Zawartości publishing in German of the book by Frank Nigel Czasopism (of 13.01.2018). Hepper "Der Bibel-Garten. Pflanzen der Bibel im eigenen Garten" in 1998, nothing had contributed Names of the studied biblical gardens against to the spreading of the name "Bibelgarten" across the historical background of the coining Germany. The book’s subtitle explains its contents, of the term "biblical garden" showing that the biblical garden issue in Germany From among all the names referring to the was not common in that country in those days themed garden showing biblical plants, the oldest (Stückrath, 2012). Although a garden of biblical documented name is "bible garden". It is mentioned plants had existed in the in in the title of the work by Joseph Taylor "The Hamburg since 1979, its name was: "Pflanzen der Bible garden or a familiar description of the trees Bibel". Currently, the name "Biblischer Garten" (…) mentioned in the Holy Scripture" published is used equivalently to the German "Bibelgarten". in London in 1836 (Stückrath, 2012). It concerned This term is in use in southern Germany (Saxony, a set of descriptions of plants mentioned in the Palatinate, Bavaria and Baden) for naming biblical Bible, not a real garden with plants. But the first gardens. description as "biblical garden" referring to a The Danish Biblical garden in Viborg named biblical garden as an existing one was used in a "Bibelhaven" was made in 1989, two years after the brochure about the Methodist church and the garden first edition of the book by F. N. Hepper on how to around it in Carmel, California, USA, published establish a biblical garden, while the Dutch "Bijbelse in 1940 (Simson and Farley, 1968). The garden in Tuin" in Hoorn – in 1994, in the third year after that Carmel is alternatively called the "Master's Garden" publication. Both these names are the translation of (Reeves, 1996). One year later, Eleonor King, an the English "bible garden". American biologist, used the name "bible garden" The Polish name: "ogród biblijny" was used in her book "Bible plants for American garden" for the first time in 2002 in Zofia Włodarczyk’s in reference to potential gardens with biblical doctoral thesis "Plants of biblical gardens", and later, plants. There she encouraged Americans to found in several articles by the same author (2003a, 2003b, biblical plant collections in private gardens, even 2004a, 2004b, 2005, 2006a, 2006b). This name was on terraces or near churches (King, 1975; Moldenke accepted as the translation of the English "biblical and Moldenke, 1952). The name synonymous with garden". "biblical garden" was created in that way, also The first use of the Ukrainian "biblijnyj sad" meaning a garden with biblical plants (Moldenke ("біблійний сад") in Ukrainian appeared in 2012 on and Moldenke, 1952). the map of the biblical garden designed in Wołcze. Tatham Whitehead was the first to use the term The name "biblical garden" is a classic type of "bible garden" in the European literature in English. the two-element nomination, with an identifying As early as in 1961, it appeared in his guidebook for element ("garden") and a discerning element the first Biblical garden in Bangor, UK, designed by ("biblical"). It is represented by the English "biblical himself (Whitehead, 1961). garden", the German "Bibelgarten", "Biblischer The next author to use the name "bible garden" Garten", the Dutch "Bijbelse Tuin", the Danish was Nigel Hepper, who published "Planting a Bible "Bibelhaven", the Polish "ogród biblijny" and the Garden" in 1987 in London. Because of the huge Ukrainian "біблійний сад". 232 The definition of biblical garden

From among the researched gardens, as many symbolic elements: the letters Alpha and Omega – as 44 facilities (i.e. 70%) have the name of this a symbol of Christ – inscribed into a square that type (Tab. 1). However, certain researched Bible- symbolises earthly life, while it, in turn, is inscribed themed gardens have their names representing into a circle representing the Divine sphere; wavy various nominating types. Some of them refer lines that symbolise living water are drawn as only to biblical plants, for example the German flowing out of the letters Alpha and Omega. The "Bibelpflanzengarten", "Garten der Bibelpflanzen" logo also contains the Latin phrase Veni Domine (garden of plants of the Bible), "Pflanzen der Bibel" Jesu, which is the penultimate sentence of the (plants of the Bible), the Dutch "Planten unit de Scripture (Revelation 22,21). In Myczkowce, the Bijbel" (plants from the Bible). An interesting logo is a tree with its trunk and branches in the shape name, created more as a metaphorical meaning, of a menorah, with two crown layers (symbolising was found in the Croatian garden. This is "biblijski the two Testaments: the Old and the New) against vrt mira" (biblical garden of peace); the German a background of the cross (the symbol of Caritas garden names "Paradiesgarten" () – the charity organisation of the Catholic Church). and "Bibelland" (land of the Bible) are constructed In Neot Kedumin, the logo is a stylised flower of the similarly. The other types of names of the analyzed caper bush (Capparis spinosa), which is a symbol gardens are the names with a narrower denotation, of perseverance, drive and survival (Naveh, 1989; such as the English "Master’s Garden", "Lowe Herb Hareuveni, 1996), in Oberlichtenau it is the sign Garden", "Jesse tree", the German "Christusgarten" of the fish, in Proszowice the "flaming bush", with (garden of Christ) and "Der Moses Bibelgarten" a heart symbol in its upper part, while in Wołcze (biblical garden of Moses). Two researched facilities it is a symbol of the orthodox cross with a fruit- refer in their names to more than one Holy Book bearing vine branch. (the Old and the New Testament, and the Quran). Another sign that allows us to identify a biblical These are Jardin de las Tres Culturas in Madrid garden is a motto which is a sentence or biblical and Gärten der Weltreligionen: Paradiesgarten quote. Thirteen of the studied sites were found to Christlich-Judischer Garten in Osnabrück. The have them. Nogah Hareuveni Biblical Landscape Reserve in The most popular mottos are quotes from the Israel is one of these facilities. Four gardens in Gospel of St. John, which have been chosen in four Poland have the name: "biblical plant collection", gardens: in Bruck an der Mur, Gossay, Harpstedt and one in Israel is named "the path of bible plants". and in Wołcze. Quotes from the Book of Genesis were adopted in Kraków-Łosiówka, Duisburg Mottos and logos of the investigated gardens and Ellicottville, from the Book of Psalms in A trademark or signature is very important in all Greisinghof and Myczkowce, while in Proszowice facets of life. Fifteen of the studied biblical gardens – from the Letter to the Colossians. were found to have a symbol in the form of a logo In six biblical gardens: in Bangor, Canberra, (Tab. 1). These symbols are highly varied. They Carmel, Chorzów, Ritzholf and Werlte, the motto are: in Bruck an der Mur – a hand that drops seeds is composed of sentences that are not from biblical along with a germinating plant, in Circleville – an texts. The sentence from the garden in Bangor, angel with a wind rose, blowing his horn in all although originating from a period over half the cardinal directions, in Hamburg – a branch of a century ago, constitutes a sort of a modern-style the pomegranate plant and a vine, in Harptstedt – advertisement and reads: "Some six thousand years an open book, in Hohenwestedt – a fig leaf with into sixty minutes". In the garden in Canberra, five lobes, with a letter on each of them, together which was founded in 1966, the sentence "In this life forming the word Bibel, in Kalnik – an open book Christ is the only way to real happiness" was placed with a tree growing out of it, in Korbach – a bitten on a large stone. In Carmel, it is a text borrowed apple, in Kraków-Łosiówka – an open Bible with from a stone bench, which had been located at the emanating rays that combine with an olive branch peak of the pass between Loch Long and Loch Fyne symbolising Nature. In turn, at the Agricultural in Scotland; "Rest and be thankful", in addition University in Kraków the signature is the sign of to an inscription from a solar clock: "Hours fly, a fish. In Malvern, the logo is composed of a tree flowers die – new days, new ways – love stays". In with branches, called the tree of Jesse, on which Chorzów, the sentence that is the biblical garden's there are symbols depicting selected events from advertisement are the words "In the beginning there Bible stories. The logo in Muszyna contains many was a garden", through which the authors wanted to Zofia Włodarczyk 233 [f] [d] [wr] [d], [wr] Miniature landscapes

[b] [b] [b] [at] [at] [fe] [sc] [sc] of street [at], [fe] furniture Elements and garden + + + + + + + + Benches

of [t] [t] [c] [c] [w] [w] [w] [m] [m] [w], [w], [w], [w], [w], [w], [AΩ] [c], [f], [t], [m] Elements symbolism [b] [b] [b] [b] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] original selection [b] (in the assumption) Overall plant [b], [o] (now) [o] [b],

plant garden A hand A along with Logo of the a germinating An open Bible dropping seeds

the are are Motto of the garden Some six thousand years into sixty minutes "I am the vine, ye branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit: for without me ye can do nothing" (J 15,5)* In this life Christ is the only way to real happiness Thankful Rest and Be Flowers Die – and Hours Fly, – Love Ways New Days, Stays In the beginning there was a garden Name of the garden Bibelgarten Bible Garden – Bishop's Bibelland Bibelgarten der Teltow Westestätten Diakonischen Kolekcja roślin biblijnych Bibelgarten Bibelgarten der Evangelischen AB und HB Bruck Pfarrgemeinde Österreich an der Mur, The Bible Garden The Bible Garden Master's Garden Biblical Garden

Characteristics of biblical gardens City/ Country /Year when City/ Country /Year the garden was established Bad Sooden-Allendorf/ Germany 2008 Bangor/United Kingdom 1962 Berlin – Lichterfelde/ Germany 2008 Berlin – Teltow/Germany 2006 Bolestraszyce/Poland 2006 Bremen/Germany 1998 Bruck-Mur/Austria 2008 Canberra/Australia 1966 Canberra/Australia (revaluation) 2008 Carmel (California) /USA 1940 Chorzów/Poland 2013            No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Table 1. Table 234 The definition of biblical garden [f] [f] [d], [wr] Miniature landscapes

[b] [fe] [b], [fe] [b], [sc] of street furniture Elements and garden + + + + + + + + + Benches

of [c] [w] [w] [w] [w] [w] [w] [w], [w], [w]’ [c], [f] Elements symbolism [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] selection [b], [Ch] [b], [h], [Ch] Overall plant garden directions Logo of the the cardinal A wind rose, A along with an his horn in all angel blowing in itself, is the fruit of a upon the face is is Motto of the garden "And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed upon the earth: and it was so" (Genesis 1,11)* "And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which of all the earth, and every tree, in the which tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat" (Genesis 1,29)* "In the beginning was was with Word and the Word, was God" Word God, and the (John 1,1)* Name of the garden Lutheran Trinity Biblical Garden of Church Bible Garden Biblischer Garten der Evangelischen Kirchengemeinde Rumeln-Kaldenhausen Bible Garden Biblical Garden Lowe Herb Garden The Biblical Garden The Bible Garden Bibelgarten Gossau

City/ Country /Year when City/ Country /Year the garden was established Circleville (Ohio) /USA 1994 Cobh/Ireland 1995 Duisburg/Germany 1987 Dundee (Michigan) /USA 2003 Elgin/United Kingdom 1996 / York) Ellicottville (New USA 1984 /USA Fair Haven (Vermont) 1983 Garstang/United Kingdom 1999 Gossau/ Switzerland 2005          No. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Zofia Włodarczyk 235 [wr] [wr] [d], [f], [d], [wr] Miniature landscapes

[b] [sc] [sc] [sc] of street furniture Elements and garden + + + + + + + + + + + Benches

] Ω of [t] [t] [t] no [c] [c] [w] [w] [w] [w] [w] [w], [w], [w], [w], [w], [w], [A [t], [f] Elements [c], [f], [s] [c], [t], [f], symbolism [b] [b] [b] [b], [h] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [w] [b], [w] in songs selection [b], [Ch] (included religious) [b], [h], [Ch] Overall plant of it garden branches with a tree word Bibel Logo of the forming the with a letter growing out Pomegranate A bitten apple A plant and vine A fig leaf with A An open Bible An open Bible five lobes, each Motto of the garden "The Lord is my light and salvation; whom shall I fear?" (Psalm 27,1)* "I am the door …" (John 10,9)* Name of the garden Bibelweg und Bibelgarten Greisinghof Pflanzen der Bibel Christusgarten Harpstedt Bibelgarten in Hoofddorp Tuin Bijbelse Foreestenhuis Tuin Bijbelse Der Moses-Bibelgarten in Jägerwirth The Path of Bible Plants Bibelgarten Lütje Eden Biblijski vrt mira Biblischer Garten Kehl Der Bibelgarten der Markusgemeinde und Bibelpflanzengarten d. ev. kath. Kirchgemeinde Königstein

City/ Country /Year when City/ Country /Year the garden was established Greisinghof/Austria 2003 Hamburg/Germany 1979 Harpstedt/Germany 2003 Hohenvestedt/Germany 2003 Hoofddorp/The Netherlands 2000 Hoorn/The Netherlands 1998 Jägerwirth/Germany 2005 Jerusalem/Israel 1999 Jever/Germany 2004 Kalnik/Croatia 2000 Kehl/Germany 2004 Korbach/Germany 2002 Königstein/Germany 2005              No. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 236 The definition of biblical garden [f] [f] [wr] [wr] [wr] [d], [f], [or] [wr] Miniature d], [f], [or] landscapes

[b] [sc] [sc] [sc] [sc] [b], [sc] of street furniture Elements and garden [b], [at], [fe], [b], [at], [fe], + + + + + + + + + Benches

] ] Ω Ω ] Ω of [f] no [s] [o] [w] [w], [w], [w], [w], [w], [w], [A [t], [f] [c], [t] [c], [s] [s], [A Elements [m], [A [c], [t], [f], symbolism [c], [f], [s], [b] [b] [b] [b] [b] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [w] [b], [w] selection Overall plant Jesse A fish A square garden Omega menorah with rays Alpha and The letters A tree with A branches in a circle and above them Logo of the The Tree of The Tree its trunk and it, along with inscribed into the shape of a coming out of An open Bible, an olive branch Motto of the garden "And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden;… and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and keep it" (Genesis 2,8.15b)* Domine Jesu" "Veni (Revolution 22,20b)* though I walk through "Yea, (Psalm 23,4a)* the valley..." Name of the garden Ogród biblijny – Boga Kolekcja roślin biblijnych Kolekcja roślin biblijnych The Biblical Garden Kolekcja roślin biblijnych Culturas Tres Jardin de las The Jesse Tree Biblical Garden Ogrody biblijne Ogród biblijny w Myczkowcach

City/ Country /Year when City/ Country /Year the garden was established Kraków (Łosiówka) /Poland 2016 Kraków (Jagiellonian University)/Poland 2000 Kraków (Agriculture University)/Poland 2000 London/United Kingdom 1980 Lublin/Poland 2003 Madrid/Spain 1990 Malvern/United Kingdom 2008 Mt. Pleasant (South Carolina) /USA 1984 Muszyna/Poland 2015 Myczkowce/Poland 2010           No. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. Zofia Włodarczyk 237 [or] [wr] [wr] [wr] [wr] [wr] [d], [f], [d], [f], [d], [f], Miniature d], [f], [or] landscapes

[b] [fe] [sc] [sc] [sc] [sc] [b], [at] of street [at], [sc] furniture Elements and garden [b], [at], [fe] [b], [at], [fe] + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Benches

] Ω of [t] [t] [t] [t] [c] [c] [c] [o] [w] [w] [w] [w] [w], [w], [w], [w], [w], [w], [w], [w], [w], [A [c], [f] [c], [s] [c], [m], Elements symbolism [b] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [h] [b], [w] [b], [w] selection [b], [h], [Ch] Overall plant

A fish A flower stylised garden A caper bush Logo of the bush" with a "The burning the upper part heart symbol in Motto of the garden "And whatsoever ye do, do it heartily…" (Colossians 3,23a)* Biblical stories engage Name of the garden The Biblical Landscape Reserve of memory Nogah Hareuveni Bibelgarten der Kreuzkirchen- Gemeinde Biblical Garden Bibelgarten Biblical Garden of Ojai Weltreligionen: Gärten der Paradiesgarten Christlich-Judischer Garten Garten der Bibelpflanzen St. Marienthal Bibelgarten Ottendorf Bibel und Paradiesgarten Rodef Shalom Biblical Botanical Garden Ogród Biblijny Biblischer Garten Bibelgarten Ritzlhof, Bibelschen Erzahlungen nachgehen Bibelgarten St. Johannistklastor Bibelgarten St. Lorenz Schöningen

City/ Country /Year when City/ Country /Year the garden was established Neot Kedumim/Israel 1968 Nienburg/Germany 2000 /USA New York 1973 Oberlichtenau/Germany 2002 Ojai (California) /USA 1957 Osnabrück/Germany 2005 Ostritz/Germany 1999 Ottendorf/Germany 2003 Oyten/Germany 2002 (Pennsylvania)/ Pittsburg USA 1986 Proszowice/Poland 2008 Rheinfelden Beuggen/ Germany 2008 Ritzlhof/Austria 2011 Schleswig/Germany 1996 Schöningen/Germany 1996                No. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 238 The definition of biblical garden

point out that the beginning of biblical descriptions has its source in the garden – the garden of paradise. [d]

[d], [f], The creators of the garden in Ritzlhof wrote the Miniature landscapes following sentence: "Bibelschen Erzahlungen

nachgehen" (biblical stories engage), while in the garden in Werlte "Wer biblischen Pflanzen [at] of street furniture

Elements begegnet, begegnet dem Leben der Menschen Und and garden begegnet Gott" (who meets biblical plants, meets another man and God).

+ + + + + A logo and motto occur jointly in six of the

Benches studied sites: in Bruck an der Mur, Harpstedt, Muszyna, Myczkowce, Proszowice and Wołcze. of [t] no no [s]

[w], [w], Overall plant selection of biblical gardens [AΩ] [c], [m], Elements symbolism The essence of biblical gardens is that biblical plants are cultivated there, plants which are mentioned in the texts of the Scripture. The latest index of [b]

[b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [o] [b], [h] these plant species can be found in publications selection

Overall plant by Włodarczyk (2007, 2011). Nearly 1/4 (24%) of the owners of the gardens covered by the study had gathered in their collections solely the plants mentioned in the Bible (Tab. 1). In six gardens, garden

Logo of the apart from biblical plants, species that grow in An open Bible the wild in Israel were used as the material for the arrangement of miniature landscapes of the Holy Land. Such a measure on behalf of the designers is typical of gardens in Israel and sites in Poland, as well as of the garden in Hamburg. This manner of plant selection appears to be highly beneficial and compliant with the concept of biblical gardens, as the use of plants of Israeli origin creates a substitute for the natural landscapes of the Holy Land. It was Motto of the garden Who meets biblical plants, meets another man and God "And this is his commandment, That we should believe on the name of his Son Jesus Christ, and as he gave us love one another, commandment" (1 John 3,23)* used in the youngest biblical gardens, in which their designers arranged miniature landscapes featuring deserts, farm fields, water reservoirs and . We can thus assume that 1/3 (33%) of biblical gardens are composed of original plants that were indicated by the first designers of biblical gardens, with this principle being fiercely defended by them (Moldenke and Moldenke, 1952; Whitehead, 1961). The majority of the garden owners (67%), apart from the aforementioned Name of the garden Tübingen Eberhardskirche Bibelgarten Planten uit de Bijbel, Botanic Garden University Utrecht Bibelhaven Bibelgarten Biblijnyj sad species, also planted other ones, mostly due to

ornamental considerations. The owners of two of the oldest surviving biblical gardens, those in Carmel (from the year 1940) and Ojai (from the year 1957), located in California, where the natural and climatic conditions are conducive to the development of plants from the Near East and the Mediterranean, have been able

City/ Country /Year when City/ Country /Year the garden was established Tübingen/Germany 1998 Utrecht/The Netherlands 1999 Viborg/Denmark 1989 Werlte/Germany 2003 Wołcze/Ukraine 2012 to effortlessly cultivate original biblical plants      in the soil. The biblical garden in Bangor (1962) No. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. *Bible quotes come from: The Holy Bible, King James Version The Holy Bible, King James *Bible quotes come from: located at a northern latitude of 51°, does not have Zofia Włodarczyk 239 such suitable climatic conditions, and despite this Königstein and Ostritz. Examples of these plants the plants that were cultivated there were original include: the black hellebore, called the Christmas biblical species and the author of the design stressed rose (Helleborus niger), the angular Solomon's seal appropriate plant selection – compliant with the (Polygonatum sp.), rosemary (Rosmarinus sp.) and latest discoveries on biblical flora at the time – in his the lady's mantle (Alchemilla sp.). self-authored guide numerous times (Whitehead, Similar research results were produced by 1961). Strückarth (2012) and Brocks and Weidenweber On the other hand, Gerald Hercules Robinson, (2016), who concluded that the designers of the when designing the biblical garden in Canberra, biblical gardens they investigated had used different which was modelled after Whitehead's guidelines plant selection criteria in them. Some plant solely (Nelson Jessica, letter March 2010), had travelled to the plants mentioned in the Bible (e.g. in the garden Israel and procured seeds and young plants for his in Kiel), others add to them other plants that garden there. It needs to be stressed that 1988 saw grow in Israel, or those associated with Christian an intense development of the first biblical garden symbolism. in Germany in the Botanical Garden in Hamburg, In order to preserve the original idea of the founded in 1979, when – as part of a collaboration construing of biblical gardens, we would have to with the Botanical Garden in Jerusalem – the return to perceiving this basic principle that was the number of splendid specimens of biblical plants use of only those plants that are mentioned in the was increased. It is a garden whose decoration, pages of the Bible, with only a small addition of both in botanical and theological terms, is highly wild-growing plants that are native to Israel in order meticulous to this day and contains not only biblical to show the natural landscapes of the Holy Land. quotes, but also theological commentaries and plant drawings (Struss, not dated). This garden can thus The form of the presentation of plants be considered a model one. Unlike in the majority of gardens, the plants of In contemporary biblical gardens, less and less biblical gardens are conveyors of a message, and this stress is being placed on the exclusive use of biblical is their primary role. This is why the plants planted plant species. Bushes with ornamental leaves and within them are accompanied by descriptions flowers are planted there, in addition to numerous that make it easier to identify them and associate fully blooming plants, although they come from them with appropriate passages from biblical completely different areas of the world than those texts (Tab. 2). They are placed not only on various described in the Bible. This has even happened in forms of plaques, but also constitute the content the oldest biblical garden in Carmel, in which only of guidebooks or brochures that aid the visitors to a number of biblical species remain: the European a particular site. olive (Olea europea), the Lebanon cedar (Cedrus In as many as 60 gardens (95%), the plants libani), the cypress (Cupressus sp.), the pine (Pinus were found to be annotated using names in the sp.), the common fig Ficus ( carica), the citron (Citrus medica), the aloe plant (Aloes sp.) and linen local national language, while in 44 gardens (Linum sp.). The remaining 53 plant species that (70%) with the addition in the form of Latin grow in this garden, listed by Gary Girard, are names – their scientific plant names (Tab. 2). In a plants that are not associated with a biblical text and couple of gardens, apart from names in the local have been planted solely for decorative purposes language, names in the languages of neighbouring (Gleason Karol, letter November 2011). countries were also listed. And thus, for instance, Some biblical gardens feature the introduction of in Germany, in the garden in Ostritz, which is collections of herbs which do not belong to biblical located near the borders with Poland and the Czech flora, but are a reference to monastic, medieval Republic, the Polish and Czech languages were also European gardens. Such solutions were adopted in used to describe the plants, while in the garden in five gardens: in Harpstedt, Hohenwestedt, Ostritz, Hamburg the names of plants were also provided Schöningen and Werlte. Furthermore, plants in Hebrew. In Kehl, located near the border with associated with the wider Christian tradition were France, the additional language was French, while found to have been planted in five gardens, including in Königstein it was the Czech and the English those that are mentioned in the lyrics of religious language. In the biblical garden in London, apart songs or are present in legends. Such is the case with from English names, there were also plant names the biblical gardens in Cobh, Duisburg, Harpstedt, in Hebrew. In the Biblical garden in Kraków- 240 The definition of biblical garden sites in Israel landscapes and Photographs of plants from natural + Virtual Virtual QR code presentation/ + + + + + + + or brochures Printed guides + + + + + + + a guide Human guide also children as + Additional explanations + + + + + + + + + + Biblical quotes + + + + + + + + + + + + Latin names + + + + + + + + + + + + + + names language Local national /Year when the garden /Year The form of the presentation plants in biblical gardens City/Country was established Bad Sooden-Allendorf/Germany 2008 Bangor/United Kingdom 1962 Berlin – Lichterfelde/Germany 2008 Berlin – Teltow/Germany 2006 Bolestraszyce/Poland 2006 Bremen/Germany 1998 Bruck/Mur/Austria 2008 Canberra/Australia 1966 Canberra/Australia (revaluation) 2008 Carmel (California)/USA 1940 Chorzów/Poland 2013 Circleville (Ohio)/USA 1994 Cobh/Ireland 1995 Duisburg/Germany 1987 Dundee (Michigan)/USA 2003                No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Table 2. Table Zofia Włodarczyk 241

+ + + of plants and herbaria sites in Israel and drawings landscapes and Photographs of plants from natural + Virtual Virtual QR code presentation/ + + + + + + or brochures Printed guides + + + Human guide + + + Additional explanations + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Biblical quotes + + + + + + + + + + + Latin names + + + + + + + + + + + + + + names language and French and Hebrew Local national /Year when the garden /Year City/Country was established Elgin/United Kingdom 1996 /USA York Ellicottville (New 1984 /USA Fair Haven (Vermont) 1983 Garstang/United Kingdom 1999 Gossau/ Switzerland 2005 Greisinghof/Austria 2003 Hamburg/Germany 1979 Harpstedt/Germany 2003 Hohenvestedt/Germany 2003 Hoofddorp/The Netherlands 2000 Hoorn/The Netherlands 1998 Jägerwirth/Germany 2005 Jerusalem/Israel 1999 Jever/Germany 2004 Kalnik/Croatia 2000 Kehl/Germany 2004 Korbach/Germany 2002                  No. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 242 The definition of biblical garden + + + and herbaria sites in Israel landscapes and Photographs of plants from natural + + Virtual Virtual QR code presentation/ + + + + + or brochures Printed guides + + + + + + + + + + Human guide + + Additional explanations + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Biblical quotes + + + + + + + + + + + Latin names + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + names English language and English and Hebrew Local national and Czech /Year when the garden /Year City/Country was established Königstein/Germany 2005 Kraków (Łosiówka)/Poland 2016 Kraków (Jagiellonian University)/ Poland 2000 Kraków (Agriculture University)/ Poland 2000 London/United Kingdom 1980 Lublin/Poland 2003 Madrid/Spain 1990 Malvern/United Kingdom 2008 Mt. Pleasant (South Carolina)/USA 1984 Muszyna/Poland 2015 Myczkowce/Poland 2010 Neot Kedumim/Israel 1968 Nienburg/Germany 2000 New York/USA 1973 Oberlichtenau/Germany 2002 Ojai (California)/USA 1957                 No. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. Zofia Włodarczyk 243 7 + 11 sites in Israel landscapes and Photographs of plants from natural 4 6 Virtual Virtual QR code presentation/ + + + + + + + + 26 41 or brochures Printed guides + + + + + + + + 28 44 Human guide 9 + + + 14 Additional explanations + + + + + + + + + + + + 50 79 Biblical quotes + + + + + + + + + + 44 70 Latin names + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 60 95 Polish names language Local national and Czech /Year when the garden /Year City/Country was established Osnabrück/Germany 2005 Ostritz/Germany 1999 Ottendorf/Germany 2003 Oyten/Germany 2002 (Pennsylvania)/USA Pittsburg 1986 Proszowice/Poland 2008 Rheinfelden Beuggen/Germany 2008 Ritzlhof/Austria 2011 Schleswig/Germany 1996 Schöningen/Germany 1996 Tübingen/Germany 1998 Utrecht/The Netherlands 1999 Viborg/Denmark 1989 Werlte/Germany 2003 Wołcze/Ukraine 2012 amount (number) Total amount (%) Total                No. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 244 The definition of biblical garden

Łosiówka, the English language was also used biblical water plants (garden plan sent by Wilson beside Polish in all descriptions. Ginger, letter June 1999). In the biblical garden An additional supplementation of plant in Bangor, water was used to arrange a biblical presentation are biblical quotes in which the names image showing Jesus with the Samaritan Woman of particular plants are mentioned, and these were near Jacob's well. The well and stone bench beside introduced in 50 gardens, which constitutes 79% of it still dominate this arrangement, which was the studied sites (Tab. 2). At times, instead of entire supplemented with a plaque with an appropriate quotes, there were only references to appropriate passage from the Gospel of St. John (John 4,7-15). passages of the Bible, in the form of the so- In Hamburg, water was used to create a place for called sigla, which contain the name of the book, the cultivation of biblical water plants, but also the number of the chapter and the number of the simultaneously to depict the biblical scene tied to verse. The creators of 26 gardens (41%) prepared the discovery of little Moses in a papyrus basket and printed guides or brochures describing the among the reeds of the waters of the Nile (Exodus garden and the plants that it contained, while a 2,3). A water reservoir was also an element of the human guide was employed at 28 sites (44%) in decoration of the Biblical garden in Canberra, the order to help visitors to get to know the plants first to be established on Australian soil. and the idea behind the entire garden. Additional The cross is an often-used symbolic sign. This reference materials in the form of photographs symbol was present in 20 of the gardens being of the landscapes and plants from natural sites in studied, which constitutes 32% of these sites. In Israel were used sporadically and could be found the biblical gardens that had been modelled after in the gardens in Elgin, Fair Haven, Myczkowce, the cloister garths typical of medieval monastic Proszowice, Mt. Pleasant and Schleswig. Drawings gardens, the layout of paths has the shape of a cross. depicting biblical plants along with bible quotes The standing cross, like, for instance, in Carmel and and explanations regarding the use of these plants Canberra, as a plant ornament, or horizontally laid in biblical times were presented in the garden in out from stone has been present since the beginnings Hamburg (Strauss, not dated; Stückrath, 2012), of the history of biblical gardens. The oldest ones while in Myczkowce (Włodarczyk, 2014) and come from the gardens in Carmel, Cobh, Elgin and Proszowice there were drawings showing farm Schöningen, but some have also been placed in the work during biblical times with sizeable passages newest gardens in: Kraków-Łosiówka, Muszyna, from the Bible, along with explanations. Myczkowce and Proszowice. It is interesting that Stückrath (2012), Brocks and Weidenweber in the Berlin Botanical Garden there stands a large (2016) and Bielo (2018) generally point to the fact timber cross, placed in the collection of biblical that the biblical gardens that they studied presented plants in 2003 – the year that was celebrated as the plants along with their names, at least one Bible Year of the Bible. Symbolic elements other than quote, as well as with the help of printed guides or water and the cross started to be introduced in electronic devices. gardens established in the 1990's. The tree, most The main symbolic elements of biblical gardens often in the form of an apple tree, which symbolises A water source, playing the role of a symbol, has the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, became been appearing in the arrangements of biblical a common symbol. This symbolic element was gardens from the very start. After analysing the present in 16 gardens (25%). In ten gardens, which plans and descriptions of the 63 gardens that were constitute 16% of the studied sites, the sign of the studied, it was concluded that water features were fish as a symbol of Christianity was used, while arranged at 51 sites, which constituted 81% of the in 10% two other biblical symbols were used: the total (Tab. 1). menorah and the star of David. The symbol of In the oldest biblical garden, near the church in the menorah has been used since 2006 and it is Carmel, there is currently a fountain, but initially characteristic mainly of Polish biblical gardens. A there was a pond with reeds, a bathing spot and new symbol has appeared in recent years, being the a drinking trough for birds, all of it guarded by two letters of the Greek alphabet, Α and Ω, taken a statue of St. Francis of Assisi (Reeves, 1996). from the Apocalypse of St. John, symbolising Jesus Near the church in Ojai there is a small fountain Christ. It was found to have been featured at 7 sites and a modest water cascade, in addition to a water (11%). It was used for the first time in 2002 in the reservoir which is a place of the cultivation of garden in Korbach, with additional uses in the years Zofia Włodarczyk 245

2006-2015. Only four gardens had no symbolic Review of terms used to describe a biblical garden element whatsoever. A concise characterisation of a biblical garden, Elements of street and garden furniture provided by a journalist, was referenced by Hermann Scheuer. It states that a biblical garden Individual elements of street and garden furniture were already used in the first biblical garden is an exhibition of plants and structures in an open arrangements: in Carmel, Bangor, Ojai and space that references biblical times. It is a visual Canberra. Over the years, the number of various instrument of conveying a biblical message in an elements of street and garden furniture had risen. enclosed space (Scheuer, 2008). This author also From among the investigated gardens, slightly over stated that "biblical gardens were a niche offering a half (54%) had at least one object that could be a positive space of resistance against the constant counted as street or garden furniture associated increasing of efficiency, the absolute power of the with the biblical content presented at a given site media and the vertiginous pace of life". He also (Tab. 1). Various sculptures and statues were set up concluded that the biblical garden that, in the twenty- in ¼ of the gardens, while a slightly lower number first century, is becoming a conveyor of biblical of gardens – 24% – had structures of various types. history, can serve people as a key to understanding Farming tools were found to be exhibited quite and accepting God's message contained in Scripture. often – at 16% of the sites, with agricultural devices Especially in contemporary times, during which being exhibited at 14% of them. man is being pushed into the role of a consumer, Arrangements depicting miniature landscapes: religious roots can give him strength in the search deserts, farm fields, orchards and plant groupings for the meaning of life (Scheuer, 2008). associated with marsh sites are being more and more Slightly different aspects, resulting from the fact boldly created in biblical gardens in the twenty- of establishing a biblical garden, were pointed at by first century. Such compositional measures make it Henning Adam König (2004), which he expressed possible to plant the message of biblical quotes in a in the following definition: "A biblical garden is landscape typical of the Holy Land more firmly so a place in which man is close to God, here he thinks, that – in combination with a presentation of farming here he experiences the Divine precept to shape the tools and devices – the visitor can be brought to an earth and protect it". He thus references God's order ancient time and the realities of a farming economy, contained in the Book of Genesis: "The Lord God when a given biblical text was being written. took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to Miniature landscapes were established in 38% of the work it and take care of it" (Genesis 2,15). Within a investigated gardens. The arranging of marsh plants biblical garden, man "senses Divine omnipotence, was the most common, with these being featured in which manifests itself in things grand and small, for 24% of the investigated gardens. Deserts and farm the garden is a place of reflection, it teaches respect, fields were located in 21% of the investigated sites. humility, gratitude and joy", and through this it and olive orchards were presented in only encourages man to make his everyday decisions in 6% of biblical gardens. accordance with not only the order to shape, but also The use of these diverse measures allows us to protect this "garden" that has been given to him to arrange gardens with narrative properties that (König, 2004). This author also defined the biblical speak of the "history of salvation" and with sensory garden as "an internal page of the soul of a man (...), qualities that make it easier to receive the content a centre which connects the world with God", in contained in the gardens that are being created. addition to concluding that a biblical garden is an Benches are an inseparable element of biblical "aid in faith" (König, 2004). He perceived the garden gardens, which indicates the manner of their use as a suitable space to remind man of the necessity to – people stay longer in these gardens, as they are rich convert and improve his behaviour. This is meant to in semantic value, while they can become a place of be achieved by observing one's surroundings. Man, contemplation due to the content being presented. when looking upon the failures associated with Benches were placed in 90% of the investigated caring for a biblical garden, sees that nature, when sites, with their number ranging from several to left to its own designs, "heals itself", it repairs prior over twenty, depending on the site in question errors. A similar process can take place inside a (Tab. 1). Bielo (2018), while characterising the man, who, after realising his mistakes, provided he sites under investigation, also pointed to this has a positive attitude, can soon be ready to undergo characteristic quality of biblical gardens. an internal transformation, which will constitute 246 The definition of biblical garden proof of his maturity and can lead to his success one to experience the world of plants through many and contentment (König, 2004). senses, which facilitates a better understanding of Sebastian Kijas, in turn, concluded that the Bible. "a biblical garden is a mysticism of the open eyes, The thematic and learning concepts of the a type of practical lesson on religion, a foreboding of biblical garden can be described as "Through the future world and a longing for paradise" (Kijas the senses to sense", which means that the path 2004). According to Niklaus Popp: "A biblical to knowledge about the word of the Bible leads garden is a place of contemplation and meetings, through the medium of plants (Mendl et al., 2008). a place where heaven and the earth touch, of their Anette Lukesch (2009), as a , expressed mutual communication and dialogue", just as John the opinion that biblical gardens are a type of the Evangelist told us: "In the beginning was the garden that stands out because it conveys a specific Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word message and shows the Bible in a new manner. was God. He was with God in the beginning" (John This highlights the similarity in the functioning 1,1-2). These words, as the author concluded, indicate of biblical gardens with the cloister garths of that one of the qualities of God is a living connection monasteries, which is based on the fact that both with creation. Creation in and of itself is limited and gardens are an isolated space that facilitates focus impermanent, only through the word (dialogue) does and contemplation. It also shows the function of the it gain its God-given perfection (Popp, 2006). tree in these gardens as a symbol of wisdom, which Dieter Andresen (2003) pointed to a different is at the same time a symbol of earthly and heavenly aspect of biblical gardens – their thematic character paradise. In turn, water and stone, so widely present – on the example of "Propheten im Garten" in biblical gardens, are considered a demonstration in Schleswig, showing that this garden, and of the opposites of evanescence and lasting, which particularly the subject of the teachings of biblical symbolise earthly and eternal life (Lukesch, 2009). prophets that it features, is what causes "a concern Bielo (2018) cites, after the creators of the Biblical with the word, which becomes alien, but at the same garden in Paradise Valley, that a biblical garden is time tempts us, inspires interest and agitates. It "a sacred place of healing and beauty", "a place of allows one to see the present, but in a manner that is [God's] presence", a place "for a quiet stroll, a time different than usual: one that is clearer, more precise, of meditation or a picnic" and "a place of prayer, sober, but also with greater comfort". According to healing, and celebration", in addition to citing words him, a biblical garden forces the modern man to ask from the Greenville garden: "to bring the Bible himself many fundamental questions about truth, its to life through God's green and growing things". sense, source and the price that the biblical prophets However, he himself defines a biblical garden paid for it. He also calls for life in truth, which leads as "a complex kind of religious attraction with to man becoming truly free. a hybrid quality, mixing elements and influences Hans Eidenberger (2008), in turn, considered from monastic gardens, public botanical gardens, the biblical garden as a "space of spiritual rest, Holy Land re-creations, interactive museums, and similar to an imagining of paradise". It is meant to immersive theme parks". encourage man to involve "all of creation" in his existence, whose representatives are all the plants The author's own definition of a biblical garden on Earth, the "garden of God", with the biblical based on original research garden representing them. Biblical gardens are a certain specific illustration Ingrid Penner, Franz Kogler and Friedrich of the Bible. They have turned out to be one of the Schwarz from the Botanical Garden and interesting methods of a deeper and more precise Naturkundliche Station of Linz defined the biblical reading of biblical texts by modern man in different garden in a similar manner. They stated that corners of the world. The creators of biblical gardens a biblical garden provides an opportunity to better use various scientific and cultural achievements in understand the flora of the Near East, where biblical order to create interesting spaces, rich in numerous events had happened, and gives us the ability to symbolic and sensory elements, serving modern better understand the significance of a biblical text man, transporting him into the environmental, written in another culture and in different living economic and cultural reality of the period during conditions. Especially to people from cities, such which the Bible was written. a garden is like an "oasis in the desert" (Penner et al., Based on the interdisciplinary research of the 2007). According to them, a biblical garden allows subject of gardens that has been conducted for Zofia Włodarczyk 247

20 years, the author of this article states that she % feature them along with additional information has grounds to generalise and formulate a scientific plaques, photographs, or virtual presentations. In definition of a biblical garden for the first time, the close to a half of the gardens (44%), visitors can definition being: use the services of a guide. A biblical garden is an arranged area of greenery, 3. The most often used symbolic element – used in which, with the help of various means of in 81% of the gardens – are water features, expression, a scenery reflecting the environmental something that already characterised the first and economic reality of the Holy Land is created such sites in history. The next element in order in order to facilitate the reading of a biblical can be the cross (32% of sites), the tree of the text, and through this a deeper and more precise knowledge of good and evil (25%), the fish (16%), understanding and knowledge thereof. the letters Alpha and Omega (11%), as well as the The material of a biblical garden is mainly star of David and the menorah (10% each). composed of the plants mentioned in Scripture. 4. Slightly over a half of the gardens (54%) They are placed in the garden along with their feature elements of street and garden furniture names and Bible quotes in which the said plants associated with the conveyed biblical message are mentioned. To highlight the symbolic message being presented at a given site, while from among conveyed by a biblical text, compositional layouts these the most common to be set up are statues or referencing religious symbols are used, while sculptures (in 25% of the sites), structures (24%), miniature landscapes and structures that occur in as well as farming tools and devices. In 38% of the Holy Land are used in order to illustrate the the gardens miniature landscapes depicting the environmental and economic background. Paintings, Holy Land were set up. works of sculpture, music and garden design are 5. Based on the author's research, the first scientific used in the presentation of selected biblical events. definition of a biblical garden, constituting A biblical garden often becomes a narrative garden, a significant supplementation of subject literature, as it "narrates" the history of salvation, as well as has been formulated. a sensory one, as it refers to the senses: sight, touch, hearing, smell and taste. By presenting the FUNDING plants of the Near East, it constitutes an example of a thematic garden in the understanding of a natural This research was supported by the Ministry of domain, while through the fact of illustrating a text Science and Higher Education of Poland (project of the Bible it constitutes an example of a thematic number DS-3500/KRO/2018). garden in the literary sense. CONFLICT OF INTEREST CONCLUSIONS Author declares no conflict of interest. 1. In 24% of the investigated gardens, biblical plants were the only ones to be cultivated, while REFERENCES successive gardens (9%) featured the addition Andresen D., 2003. Sagen, was ist. In: Propheten im of species native to Israel in order to create Garten. Bilder und Texte zu den Skulpturen im a biblical landscape. This composition of flora Bibelgarten des Johannisklosters Schleswig. Dreisatz was recommended by the first creators of such GmbH, Schleswig, 8-9. gardens. In over a half of biblical gardens (54%), Bielo J.S., 2018. Biblical gardens and the sensuality of religious pedagogy. Material Religion 14(1), 30-54. ornamental plants were used for decorative Böhm A., Zachariasz A., 1997. Architektura krajobrazu purposes along with biblical species, while i sztuka ogrodowa. Ilustrowany słownik angielsko- a couple also saw the planting of herbs or plants polski tom I a-d. Ośrodek Ochrony Zabytkowego associated with the Christian tradition. Krajobrazu, Narodowa Instytucja Kultury, Warszawa. 2. Biblical plants are presented in gardens in such Böhm A., Zachariasz A., 2000. Architektura krajobrazu a way as to show their characteristics, significance i sztuka ogrodowa. Ilustrowany słownik angielsko- polski tom II e-j. Ośrodek Ochrony Zabytkowego and place in biblical texts to the fullest extent: Krajobrazu, Narodowa Instytucja Kultury, Warszawa. 95% of such sites feature plant names in the local Böhm A., Zachariasz A., 2005. Architektura krajobrazu national language, 70% – in Latin, 79% – along i sztuka ogrodowa. Ilustrowany słownik angielsko- with a quote, 41% – along with a description in polski tom III k-q. Krajowy Ośrodek Badań i a guidebook, while from several to over a dozen Dokumentacji Zabytków, Warszawa. 248 The definition of biblical garden

Brocks J., Weidenweber C., 2016. Biblische Gärten Siewniak M., Mitkowska A., 1998. Tezaurus sztuki und ihre Pflanzen. Cadmos Verlag, Schwarzenbek. ogrodowej. Oficyna Wydawnicza Rytm, Warszawa. Eidenberger H., 2008. Bibelgarten Greisinghof, Simson E., Farley M., 1968. The Master’s Garden of the Biblische Vegetation. Churchof the Wayfarer. Carmel-by-the-Sea (CA). Hareuveni N., 1996. Nature in Our Biblical Heritage. Struss V., not dated. Under Bibelgarten. Botanischer Kiryat Ono, Neot Kedumim. Garten der Universität, Hamburg. Hepper F.N., 1987. Planting a Bible Garden. A practical Stückrath K., 2012. Bibelgärten. Entstehung, Gestalt, reference guide for the home gardener, schools, Bedeutung, Funktion und interdiszipplinäre colleges and churches in all climates of the world. Perspektiven. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen. HMSO Publications Centre, London, UK. Symes M., 2006. A Glossary of Garden History. Shire Hepper F.N., 1997. Planting a Bible Garden. A practical Publications, London (3rd edition). reference guide for the home gardener, schools, Thacker Ch., 1985. The History of Gardens. University colleges and churches in all climates of the world. of California Press, USA. Cornell: F.H. Revell. The Holy Bible, King James Version, www.biblia.net.pl/ Hepper F.N., 1998. Planting a Bible Garden. A practical template.php?tpl=index. reference guide for the home gardener, schools, The Oxford Companion to Gardens, 2001. P. Goode, colleges and churches in all climates of the world. M. Lancaster, S. Jellicoe, G. Jellicoe (Eds), Oxford Cumbria: Candle Books, Carlisle. University Press. Hobhouse P., 2002. The story of gardening. Dorling The Oxford Companion to the Gardens, 2006. Kindersley Ltd., London. P. Taylor (Ed.), Oxford University Press. Jellicoe G.A., Jellicoe S., 1995. The Landscape of Turner T., 2005. Garden History. Philosophy and design Man: Shaping the Environment from Prehistory to 2000 BC-2000 AD. Spon Press, Abington. the Present Day. Thames and Hudson, London (third Whitehead T., 1961. Bibel garden. Ellis Jones, Bangor. edition, expanded and updated edition). Włodarczyk Z., 2003a. Rośliny starożytności odkrywane Kijas S., 2004. Biblischer Garten. Zur Landesgartenschau na nowo w ogrodach biblijnych świata. Zesz. Probl. Kehl-Strasbourg, Khel. Post. Nauk Roln. 491, 363-372. King E.A., 1975. Bible Plants for American Gardens. Włodarczyk Z., 2003b. Rośliny ogrodów biblijnych. Dover, New York, USA (originally published by In: Ogrody przyświątynne i klasztorne: rekonstrukcja, MacMillan, 1941). rewaloryzacja, pielęgnacja. F. Gospodarczyk (Ed.). König H.A., 2004. Der Bibelgarten der Markusgemeinde. Stowarzyszenie "Ogrody Dolnośląskie", Wrocław, Evangelische Markusgemeinde. Düsseldorfer. 73-80. Lukesch A., 2009. Pflanzenwelt und Christentum. Włodarczyk Z., 2004a. Ogrody biblijne. Peregrinus Klatschmohn Verlag, Germany. Cracoviensis 15, 31-64. Mendl H., Scheuer H., Huber H., 2008. Das Konzept: Włodarczyk Z., 2004b. Biblical Gardens in theologisch – botanisch – Künstlerisch – pädagogisch. dissemination of ideas of the Holy Scripture. Folia In: Der Moses-Bibelgarten in Jägerwirth, Kultur im Hort. 16(2), 141-147. Landkreis Passau. H. Mendl (Ed.), Landkreis Passau Włodarczyk Z., 2005. Struktura gatunkowa roślin w Kulturreferat, Salzweg, 15-34. ogrodach biblijnych. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln. Moldenke N.H., Moldenke, A.L., 1952. Plants of the 504, 725-736. Bible. Chronica Botanica Company, Massachusetts. Włodarczyk Z., 2006a. Ogrody biblijne w Europie – cel Naveh Z., 1989. Neot Kedumim. The University of powstania i pełnione funkcje. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Wisconsin Press for the University of Wisconsin Roln. 510(2), 707-716. 7(1), 1-4. Włodarczyk Z., 2006b. Woda – nieodłączny element Penner I., Kogler F., Schwarz F., 2007. Pflanzen der kompozycji ogrodów biblijnych. Teka Komisji Bibel. ÖKO·L 29 (2), 2-15. Urbanistyki i Architektury 36-37, 137-146. Popp N., 2006. Zum Geleit. In: Bibelgarten Gossau. Włodarczyk Z., 2007. Review of plant species cited in A. Schaller, U. Tinner, U. Weber-Böni (Eds), the Bible. Folia Hort. 19(1), 67-85. Herausgeberin und Bezug: Katholische Kirchgemeinde Włodarczyk Z., 2011. Rośliny biblijne. Leksykon. Gossau, Gossau, 3. Instytut Botaniki im. W. Szafera Polskiej Akademii Reeves G., 1996. The master's garden of the Church of the Nauk, Kraków. Wayfarer. Carmel-by-the-Sea (CA). Włodarczyk Z., 2014. Biblical Garden in Myczkowce. Scheuer H., 2008. Religion und Gartenkunst im Dialog. Even were I to walk in a ravine as dark as death … In: Der Moses-Bibelgarten in Jägerwirth, Kultur im Bonus Liber sp. z o. o, Rzeszów. Landkreis Passau. H. Mendl (Ed.), Landkreis Passau Kulturreferat, Salzweg, 35-40. Received March 8, 2018; accepted April 4, 2018