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L'arboretum Des Barres

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L'arboretum Des Barres CATALOGUE DES ESPÈCES CULTIVÉES DANS L'ARBORETUM DES BARRES Travail exécuté sous la direction de R. ROL CoNSERVATEUR DES EAUX voRrs, LIIAR(',E COURs BoTkNIQUI ORESTIERI: A L'I'ICOLE NATIONALE DEti !AUX ET ol6Ts par J. POURTET INSPEC'rl UR DES IAt N. FT FORkI S CHEF DE LA 30' s noN DE LA sTATIoN RECHFRCIIES I r i.xpbuENces FORES'fIERES ANN. FOREST. --- T. IX — FASC. 2 * DEUXIÈME PARTIE ANGIOSPERMES INTRODUCTION Nous avions envisagé de réserver cette deuxième partie aux Feuillus », c'est-a-dire aux arbres forestiers, mais aussi aux arbustes ayant par leur localisation on leur comportement un r6le important dans la biocoénose forestière. Une troisième partie aurait été consacrée aux arbustes et arbrisseaux et aux variétés horticoles dont le principal intérêt est l'ornementation. Mais au cours de la rédaction, il est apparu fort difficile de tracer une ligne de démarcation entre les catégories de végétaux ligneux ainsi définies : la classification systématique seule s'est. révélée aisément utilisable (I). Cependant parmi les très nombreuses espèces existant aux Barres, beaucoup d'arbres et surtout d'arbustes ne présentent qu'un intérêt de collection et sont simplement cités. Au contraire, les arbres utilisables pour le reboisement, les plantations d'alignement, ou l'enrichissement des parcs; les arbustes susceptibles de retenir l'attention de l'amateur de raretés ou simplement .de belles choses sont signalés par un. texte de lon,gueur variable indiquant leurs particularités essentielles. Afin de faciliter la lecture, ces différences ont été soulignées par l'emploi de caractères d'imprimerie de deux types. La rédaction du catalogue a été précédée, au cours des cinq dernières années, d'une étude critique de toutes les plantes (I) C'est la classification d'1,,ngicr et Prantl kgi,:rement modifke par Rehder que nous avons adopti_,e. 236 CATALOGUE,' DES ESPÉCES CULTIVÉES cultivées aux Barres : cette revision a présenté des difficultés beaucoup plus importantes que celles que nous avions ren- contrées pour les Conifères. En effet, le nombre considérable des espèces nécessite, pour leur détermination, l'utilisation de tous les caractères, en particu- lier de ceux des fleurs et des fruits qui n'apparaissent pas tous les ans et sont généralement fugaces : ceci entraîne de multiples visites, récoltes d'échantillons, notes, etc... D'autre part, ces espèces sont souvent très voisines les unes des autres et parfois mal définies : apparues plias tardivement que les Conifères elles se sont moins différenciées sous l'influence d'un isolement géographique beaucoup plus court. Aussi étant moins éloignées systématiquement, elles s'hybrident fréquem- ment entre elles et les sujets, issus de grailles récoltées dans les jardins botaniques sont bien loin de présenter les caractères typiques de l'espèce. Mais c'est surtout au Fruticetum Vilmorinianum que nous avons rencontré de grandes difficultés : la culture côte h côte de nombreuses espèces nécessite des soins constants et une vigi- lance éclairée : en effet, peu de plantes subsistent d la place oit on veut les confiner, elles envahissent ou disparaissent. Les espèces vigoureuses se sèment, drageonnent ou se marcottent : ces nouveaux sujets sont éliminés en grande partie par les sarclages mais réussissent se maintenir au pied même des autres espèces moins vigoureuses et s'y substituent (I). Enfin, il importait ne pas sortir de notre rôle en donnant trop de place aux variétés horticoles et hybrides : nous ne les avons pas éliminés totalement et mentionno,ns celles qui ont un intérêt ornemental; le Domaine des Barres est, en effet, un conservatoire des plantes ligneuses où amateurs et professionnels peuvent trouver de précieux matériaux. Dans ce travail de revision nous avons été impitoyables et n'avons inscrit au Catalogue que les plantes dont l'identité spécifique (sinon variétale) nous a paru incontestable. (r) Précisons en outre qu'établies sur un terrain pauvre, froid l'hiver, chaud l'été, les collections du Fruticetum se sont fortement ressenties des difficultés de tous ordres dues à. la guerre : de nombreux sujets âgés n'ont pu etre remplacés et le nombre des espèces représentées a fortement diminué. DANS L'ARBORETUM DES BARRES 237 Nous n'avons pu le mener bonne fin que grâce iâ des concours qui nous ont été précieux. Nous exprimons en premier lieu toute notre respectueuse gratitude M. le directeur Ph. Guinier, qui nous a bien souvent fourni des indications de grande valeur et surtout qui a bien voulu consacrer quelques journées à la détermination des 8alicacées si complexes. M. l'inspecteur Duchaufour nous a aidé par la rédaction de plusieurs genres (Castanea, Zelkova, Fraxinus, Platanus, M. l'inspecteur adjoint Milton a été de 1946 1948 notre indis- pensable collaborateur; enfin, M. Lemosse qui fut si longtemps jardinier aux 13arres et son successeur Géant nous ont donné de très utiles indications pratiques sur les plantes qu'ils connais- sent bien. Otte tous trouvent ici l'expression de nos remercie- ments. Juillet 191.8. Jean POURTET. NOTA. --- Les principes utilises dans la première partie du Catalogue (T. IX, fasc. 1) pour désigner l'emplacement des espèces étudiées ainsi que l'âge et la dimension des arbres (mesures prises en 1945-1947) ont été maintenus dans le présent travail. Nous donnons ci-dessous la liste des abréviations utilisées; un plan du Domaine est placé in - fine. A : Arboretum Gouet â 24). : Nouvelles Pelouses (r 5o). : Arboretum :Fardé (25 â 4o). : Les Barrillons (I XX). : Champ des Vignes (1 il). P. M. : Pièce Marchand (r â 8). Ch. : Parc du Château (r â 13). F : Fruticetum (lignes I 288). : Les Fontaines (Marais) (t 3). F. C. : Four â Chaux (r 6). G : Les Georgeons â 2). : Enclos de la Plaine. B. R. : Bois du Roncean. 238 CATALOGUE DES ESPtCES curamtEs : Plantations de la route de Châtillon (I 4). A. P. : Ancienne Pépinière (1 b. 8). : Arboretum Lemosse (I b. 2o). S. P. : Sables Paillenne et Triangle des Sables Paillenne. E. P. : Enclos des Pins (1 â. 4). C. G. : Côte aux Genêts. S. N. : Sables Nanon. G. A. : Glandée d'Amérique (r et 2). S. R. : Sables Rouges (r et 2). G. : Grande IVIétairie (I b. XXXX). I. - DICOTYLÉDONES ARCHICHLAMYDEES — APÉTALES SALICACÉES Cette famille est représentée dans l'hémisphère Nord seulement et particulièrement dans les régions tempérées froides ou froides : elle ne comprend que deux genres. Les Salicacées sont des arbres ou arbustes croissance rapide ou encore des arbrisseaux parfois très petits, présentant certains caractères qui leur confèrent une place part en dendrologie : les fleurs males et femelles-Sont portées par des pieds différents; les graines sont très légères, plumeuses et ont une faculté germi- native très fugace; les rameaux, placés dans des conditions, favorables, donnent, en général, très facilement naissance des racines adventives. Il résulte de ces particularités un certain nombre de faits qui ont une grande importance pratique : to La fréquence des hybrides spontanés ou méme provoqués qui complique beaucoup l'étude systématique des Saules et des Peupliers; 20 La dissémination aisée des graines et le caractère héliophile de la plupart des espèces font des arbres et arbustes de cette famille des « occupateurs de place vide »; 30 II,a multiplication par boutures est le mode de propagation artificielle le plus employé. Genre POPULUS — Peupliers Ce genre comprend une trentaine d'espèces des régions tempé- rées et tempérées chaudes d'Eurasie et d'Amérique. Une espèce est africaine. 240 CATALOGUE DES ESPÈCES CULTIVEES Beaucoup de peupliers sont de grands arbres mais, h quelques exceptions près, ce ne sont pas des essences sociales. Ils ont une grande importance économique et ornementale. La Commission clu Peuplier de la Direction générale des Eaux et Forets a constitué aux Barres un double de la collection e'xistant n Versailles : il ne peut entrer dans le cadre de ce catalogue, d'énumérer tous les sujets de cette collection. Précisons, en outre, que les conditions édaphiques ne sont pas favorables, aux Barres, A une culture rationnelle des Peupliers. On distingue quatre sections (I) bien caractérisées : a) Section Leuce Les Peupliers blancs sont des arbres forestiers, ils se bouturent difficilement niais drageonnent avec exubérance. I. — EUROPE ET RÉGION CIRCUMMEDITERRANÈENNE POPULUS ALBA L. var. MEGALEUCE DODE. EitrOPe : aire étendue dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Europe. C'est le Peuplier de Hollande ou Ypréau : très grand arbre de belle forme. Les feuilles des rameaux vigoureux ou des dra- geons ne sont jamais profondément lobées. Les feuilles des rameaux courts perdent assez rapidement le tomentum de la face inférieure. Aux Barres, une double ligne de magnifiques Peupliers blancs orne une pelouse du Chateau (fig. I). ; CH-1 (188o : 2 M. 20 sur 25 métres). POPULUS NIVEA WILLD. P. ALBA L. var. NIVEA AIT. EitrOPe : aire étendue dans les vallées de toute l'Europe méri- dionale et orientale. P. nivea et les trois espèces suivantes sont généralement englobées dans la grande espèce P. alba L. semble utile de les distinguer. (t) Le sous-genre Turanga D originaire des régions subtropicales circumméditer- ranéennes n'a pas de représentants susceptibles de réussir sous le climat des Barres. DANS L'ARBORETUM DES BARRES 241 P . nivea, appelé Aube dans le Sud-Est de la France, est un arbre de forme assez médiocre. I,es feuilles des drageons sont profmidément lobées; le tomentum blanc de la face inférieure de toutes les feuilles est plus ou moins persistant. mais la face inférieure reste toujours blanc argenté. L'intérêt de cette espèce est ja peu près nul aux Barres. ALI, 2 (3 mètres dc hantent) et 3; P-29. POPULUS BOLLEANA LAUCILE,'. Asie : originaire du Turkestan. C'est la forme fastigiée de P. nivea : il a un assez grand intérêt oniemental. N-50; A-P-6; M-4; POPULUS HICKELIANA DoDE. Europe el Afrique : Espagne et Afrique du Nord.
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