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Anuário Brasileiro De Direito Internacional IV Anuário Brasileiro de Direito Internacional VOLUME 1 Brazilian Yearbook of International Law Annuaire Brésilien de Droit International 2009 Abertura Anuario_V1.indd 3 18/06/2009 20:45:52 Copyright © 2009 by Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant/CEDIN Todos os direitos reservados ISSN 19809484 Centro de Direito Internacional - CEDIN PRESIDÊNCIA Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant CONSELHO CONSULTIVO E EDITORIAL DO CEDIN Ademar G. Bahadian, Alain Pellet, André de Carvalho Ramos, Antônio Paulo Cachapuz de Medeiros, Antônio Remiro Brotóns, Arthur José Almeida Diniz, Bruno Simma, Celso Lafer, Eduardo Grebler, Francisco Orrego Vicuña, Francisco Rezek, Gilberto Giullaume, Ireneu Cabral Barreto, José Henrique Fischel, Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Luigi Condorelli, Thomas M. Franck, Vicente Marotta Rangel, Welber Barral. PRODUÇÃO EXECUTIVA Fernanda Mara Leite, Luciana Diniz Durães Pereira, Marcela de Castro Reis TRADUÇÃO DOS ARTIGOS EM LÍNGUA FRANCESA Fernanda Araújo Kallas TRADUÇÃO DOS ARTIGOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA Luiz Felipe Gonçalves Nasser COLABORADORES Ana Muñiz Álvarez, Daniela Rodrigues Vieira, Délber Andrade Lage, Fernanda Mara Leite, Luciana Diniz Durães Pereira, Marinana Andrade e Barros, Pedro Ivo Ribeiro Diniz, Suzana Santi Cremasco,Thiago de Andrade Neves Submissão de artigos para publicação | Articles submissions Admite-se permuta | Exchanges are accepted Data limite para entrega dos artigos | Deadline: 04/2010 E-mail | [email protected] / [email protected] PROJETO GRÁFICO E EDITORAÇÃO Alexander Oliveira Rosana Martins da Costa Diniz APOIO Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão - FUNAG (www.funag.gov.br) Fundação Konrad Adenauer - FKA (www.adenauer.com.br) Ramo brasileiro da International Law Association - ILA (www.ilabrasil.org.br) Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais A636 Anuário Brasileiro de Direito Internacional = Brazilian Yearbook of International Law = Annuaire Brésilien de Droit International / Coordenador: Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant - v.1, n.1, 2006 - Belo Horizonte: CEDIN, 2006 Semestral 1. Direito Internacional. I. Centro de Direito Internacional II. Brant, Leonardo Nemer Caldeira. III. Título: Brazilian Yearbook of International Law. IV. Título: Annuaire Brésilien de Droit International. CDU: 341. Abertura Anuario_V1.indd 4 18/06/2009 20:45:52 138 IV ANUÁRIO BRASILEIRO DE DIREITO INTERNACIONAL | V. 1 Treaty Enforcement by Brazilian Courts: Reconciling Ambivalences and Myths? CLAUDIA LIMA MARQUES 1 LUCAS LIXINSKI 2 Resumo É comum a afirmativa de que o Direito Internacional não conta com papel impor - tante no âmbito interno do Brasil, apesar de ter o país ratificado as mais importantes convenções das Nações Unidas, incluindo aquelas pertinentes ao Direito do Meio Ambiente, Direitos Humanos e Economia. Este artigo demonstra que o Direito In - ternacional tem uma função mais preponderante do que se alega. Para tal, analisa-se primeiramente a incorporação de tratados na ordem jurídica brasileira, sob uma pers - pectiva horizontal da separação dos poderes, bem como é analisada a questão a partir de uma perspectiva constitucional; sendo, posteriormente, perquirida a aplicação de provisões de tratados em cortes internas. Chega-se à conclusão de que a aplicação de tratados internacionais em cortes internas é relativamente recente, devido ao proces - so de democratização do País que há pouco se estabeleceu, e também à persistente concepção conservadora de soberania que ainda predomina nas mentes dos juízes brasileiros. Uma possível solução para fomentar a aplicação de instrumentos inter - nacionais no âmbito interno seria a elevação das normas dos Tratados de Direitos Humanos a um patamar supra-legal, colocando a proteção dos Direito Humanos no centro do ordenamento jurídico. Abstract During contemporary conflicts, civilians have been frequently focused within the hostilities, and war prisoners are commonly kept mistreated. These are not rare practices and the International Criminal Court for ex-Yugoslavia and Rwanda (ICTY and ICTR) have provided a detailed jurisprudence on the criminal nature of such activities since their establishment. Both Courts judicial decisions tend to converge, and are enriched by Special Court for Sierra Leona (SCSL) judgments. This article analyses the distinct manners in which civilians and war prisoners were 1 Chair of Private International Law, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; S.J.D., Heidelberg University, Germany; LL.M., Tübin - gen University, Germany; LL.B. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazi 2 Ph.D. Candidate, European University Institute, Italy; LL.M., Central European University, Hungary; LL.B. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We are highly indebted to Fabio Morosini for leading the efforts of the researchers and alumni from the research group CNPq Mercosur and Consumer Law in collecting the relevant case law. These researchers, to whom we are also indebted, are: Ana Blanco de Britto Velho, Ana Gerdau de Borja, Andressa Michel, Carolina Moreira, Carolina Paranhos Coelho, Christian Augusto Slomp de Oliveira Perrone, Daniel Caye, Daniel Vieira, Denise Dias de Castro Bins, Diego Fraga Lerner, Ernesto Nunes, Felipe Rocha dos Santos, Fernanda Scaletscky, Fernando Concílio, Fernando Lusa Bordin, Filipe Scherer Oliveira, Ioulia Dolganova, Iris Russowsky, Joana Zanon, João Francisco Guarisse, Laura Delaloye, Luana Iserhard, Luciana Goulart Quinto, Luis Gustavo Meira Moser, Maitê Schmitz, Maria Luiza Jobim, Marilia Zanchet, Martha Giugno Termignoni, Rafael Pellegrini Ribeiro, Raquel Thais Hunsche, and Tâmara Joana Biolo Soares. All errors remain the authors’. Claudia Lima.indd 138 18/06/2009 20:46:47 Treaty Enforcement by Brazilian Courts: Reconciling Ambivalences and Myths? 139 mistreated and identifies the means by which these violence perpetrators must be individually taken as responsible in the light of International Criminal Law. Specifi - cally, it proposes a legal and factual discussion on the violence suffered by civilians and detainees – deportation, forced dislocation, torture and rape – as well on the civilians situation during a combat – trench diggers, human shields and children acting as soldiers. Introduction Some myths are difficult to fight against. It is common to assume that Brazil does not ratify many international treaties, and if it does, that they are only “law on the books”, not “law in action”, a sort of “symbolic law” 3 with little or no enforceability. Also one of the general assumptions amongst Brazilian litigation lawyers is that international law as a rule does not affect their practice. 4 In other words, there is a feeling abroad that Brazil is not a friendly country for international law and a feeling in Brazil that international law is of no great importance for national litigation. 3 The fact is that Brazil since 1992 has ratified 25 OAS Conventions 4 (including 15 Inter-American Conventions on Private International Law), 5 the 27 Conventions of MERCOSUR 6 (the “Southern Common Market-MERCOSUR”, 7 an imperfect Cus - toms Union between Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay, and in the near future Venezuela, with associates, like Chile and Bolivia), 8 58 Treaties in Environmental Law 9 and all important recent UN Conventions, especially in human rights 10 and in economic areas. 11 3 For critics to this ‘ symbolic use’ of the law in Latin America, see Marcelo Neves, La force symbolique des droits de l’ homme, 599 DROIT ET SOCIETÉ 58 (2004). 4 See JOSÉ CARLOS DE MAGALHÃES, O SUPREMO TRIBUNAL FEDERAL E O DIREITO INTERNACIONAL – UMA ANÁLISE CRÍTICA 13 (Livraria do Advogado Publishing, 2000). 3 On the Brazilian position regarding the non-ratification of the 1964 Hague Convention and the 1980 United Nations’ Vienna Convention on International Sales of Goods, see Monica Egbrari Goular, A Convenção de Viena e os Incoterms , 856 REVISTA DOS TRIBUNAIS , 67, 70 (2007). Favoring the ratification of these instruments, see Eduardo Grebler, Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre Contratos de Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias , 88 REVISTA DE DIREITO M ERCANTIL , INDUSTRIAL , ECONÔMICO E F INANCEIRO 45 (1992) and more recently, Eduardo Grebler, A Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre Contratos de Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias e o Comércio Internacional Brtasileiro, BRAZILIAN YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, 94 (vol. 1, III, 2008) . 4 See CONVENÇÕES E P ROTOCOLOS DA OEA , available at www.mre.gov.br (last accessed December 2, 2008). About the Conventions in civil procedure and cooperation, see Claudia Lima Marques, Procédure civile internationale et MERCOSUR : pour un dialogue des règles universelles et régionales , 8 REVUE DU DROIT UNIFORME/UNIFORM LAW R EVIEW – UNIDROIT, «H ARMONISATION M ONDIALE DU DROIT P RIVÉ ET INTEGRATION ÉCONOMIQUE RÉGIONALE » 465 (2003). 5 See INTEGRAÇÃO J URÍDICA INTERAMERICANA – AS CONVENÇÕES INTERAMERICANAS DE DIREITO INTERNACIONAL P RIVADO (CIDIPS) E O DIREITO BRASIL - EIRO 12 (Paulo Borba Casella and Nadia de Araujo eds.) (1998). 6 See MINISTÉRIO DA J USTIÇA – COOPERAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL – M ERCOSUL , available at www.mj.gov.br (last accessed December 2, 2008). 7 See Treaty of Asunción and Thomas A. O’Keefe, Latin American Trade Agreements A5-1 to A5-15, 30 I.L.M. 1041-1063 (1991). 8 In 2006 Bolivia and Chile became associated MERCOSUR Members. On the Complementary Free Trade Agreements (“ Acuerdos de Com- plementación Económica ”) between MERCOSUR and Chile and MERCOSUR and Bolivia, see MARIA BLANCA NOODT TAQUELA . EL ARBI - TRAGE EN ARGENTINA :
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