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Home , Spanish Fork (river), Walkara

Gifford Pinchot- Father of American Special Edition of the forestry and INTERMOUNTAIN first Chief of the REPORTER Forest Service. His philosophy was "conserva- tion and wise use of natural resources for the greatest ?a, good, for the greatest number United States of people over Department of the long run." Agriculture He overlaid that Forest Service basic philosophy with a strong Intermountain Region "public service Ogden, attitude." His philosophy, June/July 1991 more than any other, has shaped the

Publisbed for Forest Service multiple-use employees and retirees by tbe Public AffairsOffice.Intermoun- management of tain Region. Forest Service, C.S. DepartmentofAgricultureFederal the National Office Building, 324 2Stb Street, Ogden. ['tab 84401 Forests during

Colleen Anderson. Editor the first 100 Susan McDaniel, Design and layout Pencil drawing by Susan Sprague. a seasonal Wilderness Ranger on Wm Carson years. Ranger District of the Thiyabe National Forest.

1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 IM A GE F R OM I HE P A S T

Walkara Walkara, considered handsome and dashing by young Indian maidens, sat of the for this oil portrait Just months before his death in 1855. (Photo credit: The Yutas Utah State Historical Society. It was painted by Solomon Carrelbo.) HEN BRIGHAMYOUNG n0and the Mormons entered the Salt Lake , Valley in 1847, they found a domain firmly under the control of the Yutas. The Yutas (later shortened to "Utes") were a nomadic people loosely grouped into five or six bands controlled by local chiefs. In the 1840's and 1850's, Ute encampments could be found from to the Cedar City area. With hide tepees nearly always present, their camps resembled the Sioux and Cheyenne villages "Landofthe Yuta" on the Plains. And like their is a display at the neighbors to the east, the Territorial Statehouse in horse was the most important Fillmore, Utah, element of the Ute society featuring thelife because it enabled them to be ofWalkara. mobile and to hunt in large ex- panses of territory.

Because horses were so crucial to the Ute's way of life, it was perfectly acceptable to steal them from adversaries. From the 1820's to the mid-1850's, Walkara, a tall and handsome warrior from Spanish Fork Canyon, roamed the West stealing horses and slaves. Also known as the Hawk of the Mountains, During the winter of 1854-55, Almost 145 years later, a For- materials and help with the Walkara's raids extended as far Walkara and his band camped est Service team revisited the construction. He also will see as San Luis Obispo on the coastat what is now the town of gravesite which is within the that the display is maintained. of California. On one trip to Meadow, just south of Fill- boundaries of the Fishlake Na- the coast, the Hawk returned more. Suffering from pneumo- tional Forest. Although the By July 1990, the display was with 3,000 head of Spanish nia, the Hawk died on January goal was to interpret the finished. Built of roughcut horses. 29, 1855. Walkara was buried Hawk's feats and adventures, cedar, the exhibit has three in- in a rocky slope above it was quickly decided that a formation "boards" construct- With each raid, Walkara's Meadow within a large stone monument at the grave would ed under the purview of Phil power and prestige rose. By vault. Two of his wives and a subject it to vandalism. In- Johnson, Regional Interpretive 1850, Walkara was the most slave girl were killed and plac- stead, Matt Sheridan, Utah's Services Coordinator. It is ap- powerful warrior within the ed in the grave and a slave boy Division of Parks and Recrea- propriate that as visitors look domain now claimed by the was staked alive near Wal- tion, was contacted about plac-at the display they can look to Mormons. Understandably, kara's head. All of the Hawk's ing a display on the grounds the left and see the mountain there were misunderstandings wordly possessions, including of the Territorial Statehouse in where Walkara is buried. The and conflicts between the Mor- rifles, pistols, saddles, knives Fillmore. The Statehouse, not Chief Walkara display com- mons and the Utes which and even a letter from 4 miles from the site of Wal- memorates the life and times erupted into Walkara's War in , were laid in kara's camp, was standing and of a man who helped shape the 1853. Warfare ended less than the tomb. The vault was then operational at the time of his early pioneer . a year later when the Hawk covered with poles and rocks. death. Superintendent Sheri- and Brigham Young signed a Finally, 14 horses were led to dan not only offered a plot of Robert Leonard peace treaty on Chicken Creek various spots around the grave land on which to build the Fishlake National Forest near Levan. and killed. display but offered to provide Page 2 NATIVE AMERICANS I M (7E F R 0 T HE P A S T .41

N MAY 1987, A MOUN- adjacent to the graves suggest Forest not only share common By pressing a button, the tain Fuel's backhoe that the women were Fremont boundaries but an archeologi- visitor is able to hear a uncovered the remains Indians who died around A.D. cal heritage. The Fremonts who2-minute recorded message of two burials while 1050. lived in the canyons now from Chi' kein telling of life in installing a natural gas managed by the Park were the the canyon over 1,000 years pipeline in downtown Salina, Learning of the results, the Fre-same people who for 900 yearsago. Chi' kein's voice is that of Utah. Archeologists from mont Indian State Park in hunted, gathered and left a 17-year-old Navajo girl from Brigham Young University southcentral Utah received per-campsites all over the Window Rock. were quickly brought in to ex- mission to have one of the highlands that became a twen- hume the skeletons. Carefully skeletons sent to Sharon Long, tieth century National Forest. People claim that Chi' kein removed and packed, the re- a forensic pathologist in makes archeology come alive mains were sent to a Laramie, Wyoming. Using a Assisted by members of the for them. They can see beyond pathologist for examination. method developed to identify Central Utah Archeological the rows of pots and ar- the skeletal remains of murderSociety, a new display was rowheads to the people that According to the pathologist, and accident victims, Ms. Long designed and built by the Fre- made them so long ago! And the skeletons were of young used clay to reconstruct the mont Indian State Park with the real Chi' kein, since women who had died between cranial and facial muscles of challenge cost-share dollars. reburied in south-central Utah, the ages of 17 and 20. this 1,000-year-old woman. So Dedicated in the fall of 1990, is probably at peace knowing Although the remains of both precise is this cranial overlay the exhibit features a sculpted, that in her own small and exhibited signs of malnutritionprocess that we can assume full-sized and lifelike Indian unexpected way she is helping and severe dental problems, a that reconstruction of the face woman. Named Chi' kein to preserve the heritage of a single bruised thigh bone was is about 95 percent accurate. (Navajo for young person), she people that seemed to walk off the only direct trace of trauma. wears a tanned deerskin dress, the face of the earth nearly 8 Further examination revealed When Fremont Indian State hide moccasins, and a robe centuries ago. that the women were slender, Park received the cranial made from 80 rabbit hides. had never borne children, and overlay, the Fishlake National Standing amid a natural settingRobert W. Leonard were only between 4'10" and Forest offered to fund constuc-of cliffs, petroglyphs, pinyon Fishlake National Forest 5'0" in height. Radiocarbon tion of a new display for the and rabbitbrush, Chi' kein has dates from organic materials Park's museum. The Park and just risen from grinding corn.

Cl,! keit, (Navajo for _young person) wears a tanned deerskin dress, bide moccasins, and a robe made from 80 rabbit hides. This sculpted, full, sized and lifelike Indian woman is a 4 new display in the Fremont Indian Slate Park Museum.

... _5.1'

1 Nov From Dust to Dust ComesaBreath of the Past NATIVE AMERICANS Page 3 IM A G E F R 0 T HE P A S T

WESTWARD HO... EFORE THE "WHITES" neers. Unfortunately, this was were the first to discover and more than half of its came to the area that also long after the area had minerals in acreage went to form the is now the Uinta Na- already been overgrazed and Canyon which attracted suffi- Ashley National Forest. tional Forest, it was heavily timbered by farmers cient people to populate inhabited by the Utes, and logging companies. several thriving settlements The year 1909 brought the Piutes, and during the 1860's and 1870's. emergence of the first profes- Timpanogotzis. settled this To service the many mines, sionally trained Forest Service area in 1847. The mountains ofsawmills and a smelter, a nar- workers. Working together Uinta is an Indian word that the Uinta National Forest pro- row gauge railroad was built inwith the predominantly Mor- means "fine land" and that is vided settlers timber for shel- 1871 to move lead and silver mon population, much of the what Father Escalante found as ter and fuel for cooking and ore out of the canyon. The resource damage was turned he traveled with the Domin- heat. Mountain streams provid-railroad was relegated to around. The foothills where guez Expedition along the ed water for drinking and cropscenic tours from 1876 to settlers' sheep once sustained Strawberry River, through Dia- irrigation. Since Indians still 1878, after the mines played life on "little more than moun- mond Fork into Spanish Fork inhabited the area, there were out, and eventually was discon-tain air and scenery" once Canyon, and finally to the many encounters with the tinued and removed. again became a thriving habitat shores of Utah Lake during pioneers over land and cattle. for wildlife. The delicate September 19 to 28, 1776. Most settlers within the Uinta balance of forestry and Father Escalante was the first Excerpts from a pioneer jour- National Forest boundaries agriculture is being maintained white man to document his nal written in 1852 indicate made their livelihood from theby dedicated personnel on the findings of the area. His diary that heavy tree cutting by logging and sawmill operationsUinta National Forest. records finding plenty of pioneers was rapidly changing or from cattle and sheep graz- shelter, water, grass, wood and the way the Forest and the peo-ing. They subsisted by working (Some of this information came from an timber to support two or threeple co-existed. That year, it re- the land. articlek)Robert Kirby. Associate Editor, and printed in the March IS settlements. The exploration ofquired 20 two-day trips into issue hf The (lab Count., Journal.) Father Escalante and his party the mountains to supply a In 1906, the Uinta National led to the claims establishing family with enough firewood Forest consisted of more than Utah as part of the Mexican to get through the winter. 2 million acres. To manage this Territory. vast range there was only a July I. 1938John N. By 1860, there were 40,000 handful of "forest guards," as (dr In the 1820's, mountain men people in the area that is now Forest Service personnel were Kinney. Chief of Fire Control came to the area seeking the Uinta Forest. A disconcert- called then. Operations for the Intermountain beaver pelts which they found ing fact is that during the same Region of the Forest Service. warn- in rich abundance. To sell theirtime there were an equal num- Those early days were tough ed. "Leave your firecrackers at furs, they soon established ber of cows grazing the same for the forest guards. Not only home, chaperone your 'smokes' overland routes which opened area. Utah was so overgrazed were the regulations governing and condemn your campfire to a the West to settlers. and overcut during that time the Forest sketchy, they often watery grave as he sounded period, that massive erosion interfered with other govern- precautions for the Fourth of July The Uintah Forest Reserve was occurred and flooding washed ment agencies. Accounts weekend vacationers. He added established by President Out many of the bridges and abound of Forest Service per- that the lower grassy regions were Grover Cleveland on February roads. In 1862, Orson Hyde sonnel fighting with soldiers like a powder keg with grass and 22, 1897, just 10 days before hetold the Mormons in a con- and Indian agents. In one case, was to leave office. The Uintah ference talk that the longer there was even some "gun vegetation at risk after 2 weeks of with its 842,000 acres was onethey lived in the valleys, the play," although no injuries hot weather of 13 Forest Reserves set aside worse the habitat was were reported. in that Proclamation which becoming. took 21,279,840 acres from the In 1908, the Uinta was divided Public Domain. The Uintah wasThe men from Johnson's army the first Reserve in Utah. stationed at Fairfield, Utah,

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TIDBITS. SAWTOOTH HISTORY TRIVIA NATIONAL FOREST (Some of the answers can be found elsewhere in this issue.) PAYETTE I. Where did the Targhee National Forest get its name? The Sawtooth Forest Reserve NATIONAL FOREST 2.What Forest sent a 74-foot Englemann spruce to the White House as was created from the public domain by Theodore Roose- the 1968 national Christmas tree? One hundredYears ago, in velt's Presidential Proclama- What famous Kellogg, Idaho. native was born Julia Jean Mildred 1891, the Thomas McCall fami- tion of 1905. The term Forest Frances Turner? ly arrived at Payette Lake. Reserves was changed to Na- 4.How did the Uinta National Forest get its name? They traded a team and wagon tional Forest in 1907. Much of to Sam Devers for 160 acres of the area of the present Boise, S. The Sawtooth National Forest combined two National Forests in land, part of which is now the Challis, Salmon and Sawtooth 1953. Name those two Forests. town site of McCall, Idaho, and Forests was included in the What started the first battle between the pioneers and Indians on the the location of the Payette original Sawtooth Forest Uinta National Forest? Forest Supervisor's Office. Reserve. The first Rangers and Forest Supervisors had to furnish their own board, lodging, horses, saddle, pack outfit and camp gear. How much The original Payette Reserve was so named because much of were they paid per month? It was within the Payette River SALMON What is the connection between Tarzan and the Sawtooth National drainage. The name originated NATIONAL FOREST Recreation Area? from Francois Payette, who Idaho leads the Nation in producing what fish? was the first trapper along the lower Payette River during the The Lewis and Clark Expedi- What percent of Idaho's 54 million acres is forest covered? early 1800's. tion passed through the Lemhi What Idaho river is the longest contained within one state, outside River Valley in the Salmon area Alaska? The areas of the Payette in August 1805. Members of Reserve that were to become the expedition were the first What is the highest peak in Idaho? It is located on what National the Weiser National Forest white men known to have Forest? were established by Proclama- entered Idaho. For 3 weeks The last stagecoach robbery in the United States occurred in 1916 in tion on May 25, 1905, and the during August, the fate of the what town? Idaho National Forest was expedition hung in the In 1846. the ill-fated Donner Party took the Hastings Cutoff, a deci- established by Executive Orderbalance-depending on the sion which severely slowed them down and added to their demise in on June 26, 1908. After the ability of Lewis and Clark to the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The Hastings Cutoff crosses which Idaho Forest Was created, local get from the local Shoshoni the Ranger District? back-country settlers, living in horses they desperately need- areas that were not then Na- ed. Sacajewea made the task Gifford Pinchot's home is now a Forest Service 'Raining Center. What tional Forest, started petitions easier. She was born in Lemhi is it called? for additions to the National Valley but later was separated Forest System. They saw that from her people and, at that Aub -51 mit -vosiwitns gaiol :095-valuog time, was married to Charbon- Forest Service trail and wasoi ivuon0N 101.0linH -sumo talon '9 neau, the scout for the expedi- ail; Jo jaisiskj ia9Uv umunoley kinzi telephone line building would visarod tion. Sacajewea recognized her -gaicy ivuoltaN Iptoq be personally advantageous. 1=00N 040PluiPVPu.10.0aw5ALL 'S brother Cameahwait as the -wniiawwpm apiqml lo ummaqj,6) The current Payette National Chief of the local Shoshonis isanq no/ lumosui porn urnpui sin 0 ii u Forest was created by combin- and he helped pave the way for 1...0,N POND An .° 'PM WV 71 MUT. DUrri ing the Idaho and Weiser Na- Lewis and Clark to continue. 110.1.1IL 'II -gamy inumioN Dunn sqj z tional Forests on April 1, 1944. Upon leaving the Lemhi Valley, 'ItiaJ.dOr inogif '01 Titilu:wawa -moil .6 pup Suuuny imuniipou Jo ammusiumm I the expedition followed Indian Jacob B. Lafferty, the first trails to the north and east of 'Mitt 1.10ODOLVd Ignonu nuopal has umpui pun Japed IMIONON 41.01,11.5 .41 Jo 1.0.1-unv8 paipsonpo H 9991 Jo Mom, .1.11,P9 Weiser Forest Supervisor, the confluence of the Salmon Anurns w a2pwpPIO Ploaqt uo paipom mu Jo ssultspupappal umpui 4xuup9 wrote, "It was my opinion, and Lemhi Rivers (the present 'uoviu, Jo mono Itgriosmg aord pain e iusunuosel D sailp psalm rpmpasofsiu when most of the Reserves location of Salmon). were organized ...... the great SWANSNie majority of residents were not Interested or were noncom- mital." PUBLICATIONS He also wrote, "I went to "BERNHARD EDUARD FERNOW-A S7ORy OF NORTH AMERICAN FORESTRy" by Andrew Denny Weiser, which was made head- Rodgers III has been sent to all Region 4 Supervisor Offices and Ranger Districts. If you're interested in seeing quarters, and rented a two- a copy check around on your unit or order a copy (5499$ each, plus $2.00 postage and handling) from Duke room building. With a University Press, Box 6697 College Station, Durham, NC 27708 (phone: 949-684-2173). This biography is 623 typewriter, homemade table, pages long and its forward is written by R. Max Peterson, who was Chief of the Forest Service before Dale two chairs, some official forms Robertson and the Use Book, I began organizing the new Reserve. "THE US FOREST SERVICE: A HISTORY"by HaroldICSteen UniversityofWashington Press 1991. My salary was $1,000." The cost for this 3$6-page4 softcovered book is $14.9$ plus $500 postage and handling for each copy Order from the University of Washington Press, PO Bar 50094 Seattle WA 98145-5096 (phone: 206-543-8870). DOCUMENTARIES Page 5 IM A GE F R 0 H E P A S T

crossroad for travel routes to furs were harvested, enough Colonel Frederick W. Lander Kit Carson the far west. game remained to entice set- was commissioned to locate, tlers to the Snake River Basin. survey and build a section of Historical journals, diaries and About this time, a famous road from South Pass, "Flour" Goldnotes commemorate the first mountain man made his ap- Wyoming, to the City of white men who visited the pearance in this part of the Rocks, south of Twin Falls, Blackfoot, Portneuf, and Bear country. An entry in an early Idaho. This road became Mining River Basins and other parts diary recalls the visit of Kit known as the Lander Trail or of the Caribou area. The Carson and a companion who Lander Cut-Off and was the overland party of W. P. Hunt joined a winter camp along first road through the Caribou Surprise was apparently the first group the banks of the Portneuf Forest area for which federal of white men to venture into River while attempting to funds were appropriated. The the territory around 1810. By recover horses stolen earlier Lander Cut-Off was known as and More 1825, hunting and trapping ex- by raiding Indians. It was here the grazing route because it peditions from fur companies that Carson received his first assured ample grass for the were lured to the area by the wound in a skirmish along the emigrants' livestock. Today, ESTLED IN THE ROLL- highly prized beaver and buf- low hills of the Blackfoot parts of this road are still visi- ing hills of southeast- falo furs, and the route near River. ble and are included in the ern Idaho, where buf- and over the present Caribou Forest road system. The re- falo herds once grazed Forest became one of the first Everyday life in the West was maining road is still used as a and Indian war parties trails to be described in writ- harsh in 1843, but as adven- stock driveway. In 1990, a clashed, lie islands of forested ten detail. ture tales were retold in the group of volunteers from mountains and grasslands East, "Oregon Fever" infected Idaho and Wyoming, with known as the Caribou National Trading companies and small thousands and the westward assistance from historical Forest. Long before Congress partnerships sprang up and migration began. Emigrants preservation societies and enacted laws to set aside the competed for beaver, mink, surged through the intermoun-other interested groups and land reserves which eventually buffalo and other valuable tain area and, in 1856, Con- agencies, began to restore the became the National Forest furs to the point of depletion. gress passed an appropriation Lander Trail. Interpretation ef- System, this area was a Although most of the prized for "Pacific wagon roads." forts are now underway. Most of the early pioneers chose not to stay in the area k and moved farther west, leav- ing behind only their dead and the deep ruts of prairie schooners in the fertile valleys of the area. There are a few graves, most without any per- Peter manent marker, at isolated Wrens ted, spots on and near the Forest. Silently, they testify to the the first rugged, and often unforgiving, Forest life the emigrants endured. Supervisor of the Placer gold was discovered in the Caribou area around 1870. Pocatello As the gold rush gained Reserve is momentum, small towns of on the far 400 to 500 people were right in this established. The first gold photo of the claims were only 200 feet in length and the average "haul" Pocatello was one ounce of gold per Police Force man. Most of the "Carriboo" in 1903. He gold dust was very fine. Some was on the called it "flour gold." As Police Force placer mining ebbed around the turn of the century, many before prospectors turned to digging becoming what they thought was coal Forest throughout the Caribou Na- Supervisor tional Forest; they later and was discovered it was phosphate. Today, the Forest is credited 6'1". with having the largest known phosphate beds in the world. Cattle and horses were the first major forage consumers. Page 6 DOCUMENTARIES IMAGE FROM TH PAST WHAT'S IN NAME?

Where do streams, mountains or other topographic features get their names? Here's a list that F W. Lander put together for the Caribou National Forest:

ROBBERS ROOSTNamed in 1865 because of a stage holdup led by Jim Lockhart. Frank Williams. the stage driller and accomplice of Lockhart. was hanged at Malad for his part in the robbery of $60,000 in gold and for killing three passengers.

POCATELLONamed for Chief Pocatello (sometimes spelled "Pokatello") of the Bannock In- dian tribe who signed the Fort Bridger treaty with the United States on July 30. 1863.

BEAR CREEKNamed by Mike Yeoman and Thomas Hainline (first owner of the H. Hill Ranch) who killed a bear at the mouth of the creek in 1890. In 1906, Bear Creek This is Peter Wrensted, Supervisor of the Pocatello Reserve around 1907 or 1908. In was called Pyramid Creek on the the background is the second dwelling built on what is now the Caribou National original Proclamation map. Forest. It later burned down. TEX CREEKNamed for Tex Turner reportedly imported from Texas in 1892 by local cattle rustlers to kill Thousands trailed through the reservationbut stipulates "Old Dutch John." The mission area over the old Oregon Trail that only cows belonging to was supposedly accomplished and. starting in 1836. Sheep ap- residents of the City of glirCAMPER'S CREPES Turner, reportedly. was killed in peared on the scene about Pocatello shall be allowed on 1898 in Lost River for rustling Just whip up a batch of thin 1883 and, by 1896, there was the reservation." The Caribou horses. noticeable range deterioration Forest laid claim in 1945 to pancakes and cook until from overgrazing. In 1906, the having the oldest permitted golden brown. While still DELLA'S BASINNamed for a range had become a virtual sheep operation in the "shady lady" named Della who dust bed and many ranchers western United States. warm, spread with soli had a cabin there during the gold were forced out of business. It butter. sprinkle with sugar rush in 1875. was around this same time In 1938, the Forest put the that the Caribou National "Individual allotment respon- and cinnamon, and roll up JOHNSON CREEKNamed for Forest was created, placing sibility" policy into full effect jelly roll fashion. Eat them Forest Ranger James H. Johnson. first Ranger on the Georgetown rangelands under regulated with full cooperation of the while they're still warm. use. Range recovery was slow, permittees. ERA and CCC pro- Ranger District from 1907-1913. but systematic land manage- grams in the early 1930's pro- ment practiceslike deferred vided an opportunity to make SCOUT MOUNTAINIt was call- and rotation grazing, bedding substantial range im- ed "Scab Mountain" until about out systems, and the elimina- provements that included 1930 because sheep were held tion of trailingbrought im- reseeding and sage removal. there for dipping in the old provements. The first record McCammon vats to eliminate of authorized grazing on any Today, the Caribou National scabies. part of the present Caribou Forest is a vibrant, diverse National Forest is contained in Forest of over 1,000,000 acres. MALAD RIVERStansbury tells us a news item in the Pocatello It is home to Minnetonka Cave it was called "Malade Creek' 'in Tribune dated December 10, and the Curlew National 1849. Some trappers who ate 1904: "The Secretary of In- Grassland. Located along the beaver caught on that creek terior has granted permission "Yellowstone Corridor," became sick and called it for the grazing of 500 cows on visitors from all over the "Malade Creek" or French for the Pocatello forest world visit each year. "Sick Creek." From sports AfieldMay 1991 DOCUMENTARIES Page 7 A GE F R 0 T H P A S T

LVAH P. CHALLIS WAS Challis and Blackburn sold the publisher of Tbe Silver President Roosevelt signed a born in 1832 at Rose- ranch on the Salmon River andMessenger printed in Challis, Proclamation that directed dale, Indiana. When took another ranch closer to wrote in part, that on or before July 1, 1908, he was 18, he boarded Challis, on Garden Creek. the Lemhi, Sawtooth and a sailing ship and From then on, Alvah became Salmon River National Forests undertook the perilous trip more involved with happen- "Alvah Challis was be reorganized into the around Cape Horn to join ings in the Challis area, mak- a noble character, Challis, Lemhi, Salmon and thousands of miners flocking ing only occasional trips to Sawtooth National Forests. to the newly discovered the placer mine in Stanley generous to a fault, California gold fields. His Basin. and as straightfor- The name of a National Forest, vagabond nature and lust for ward and honest a a town, a stream and a reser- gold yet unappeased, Alvah In 1902, Alvah decided to voir all pay tribute to Alvah P. left California travelling to the spend Christmas with his man as I have ever Challis and the ideals he Frazier River mines in British brother and sisters in Carbon- known. The earth represented. Columbia and the mines in dale, Kansas, and then to visit Boise Basin in Idaho Territory. his old home in Indiana. While that bears him dead, Marion McDaniel In 1867, he joined the "rush" in Carbondale, Alvah was bears not a truer Forest Archeologist to Leesburg near Salmon, hospitalized and died from gentleman." Challis National Forest Idaho. stomach cancer on April 17, 1903, never having returned to In the spring of 1872, Alvah his place of birth. Five years after Alvah's death, and a partner, Samuel Blackburn, drove a herd of Upon receiving word of cattle from Salmon to Round Alvah's death, M. M. Sweet, Valley. Here they homesteaded 596 acres along the Salmon River. Their land was bordered on the north by an unnamed creek which would later bear the name Challis. Alvah and Sam hoped to profit from this ranching/farming ven- ture by selling beef to the miners beginning to pros- pect the Yankee Fork and Bayhorse regions. However, Alvah got "gold fever" again and, in 1873, teamed up with an old friend, Henry Sturkey, to prospect Stanley Basin. They ultimately located a placer mine there known as Sturkey's Placer. For the next few years, Alvah and Henry worked their mine during the summer and spent the winter at the ranch in Round Valley. In 1878, it became apparent that a town was needed to supply the many mines spring- ing up in the surrounding mountains. The local miners considered Alvah a generous "old timer" who always helped anyone trying to get started in the mining game. Perhaps it was because of that reputation his friends decided to name the new town Challis The town of Challis, Idaho, was named for this manA. P Challiswho died in 1903. It is believed that this in his honor. That same year, picture was taken at Alvab's Garden Creek ranch.

A NOBLE CHARACTER AND HIS GOLD FEVER

Page 8 MINING MA GE F R 0 T HE P A S T

On the Trail Again

N THE EARLY DAYS OF City, Utah, Marian found a Fork, Utah. The original box Utah. Recently, Forest Super- the Forest Service, wagon and was reminded of was so rotten it could only be visor Hugh Thompson spent a before paved roads its historical significance. The used as a pattern for a new day there and took a chariot and the "Green Rigs," wagon was sitting in the yard one. Ralph Rawlinson, Recrea- tour of the town with Marv. Rangers got around awaiting the time when moneytion Staff Officer, contacted their Districts on "foot or would be available for restora-the Industrial Art Department Marian Jacklin and Ralph horseback" OR used wagons tion. After talking with at Southern Utah University to Rawlinson sandblasted the to do their jobs. Curator Ken Holford and Roy see if a student could help metal parts and constructed a Birrell, Director of the build the box and seats from trailer to haul the wagon so it Wagons were important to the Southwest Region of the Utah rough cut ash and maple. could be in Teasdale by the early development of south- Division of State Parks and Terry Avery, a Senior, took the end of May for the final train- western Utah and the Dixie Recreation, an agreement was job, using the broken parts ing of the horses. The first National Forest. Where roads made to loan the 1890 and photographs of the wagon public showing of the wagon existed, hauling went on Brewster spring box wagon to as it was being taken apart. was at the July 4 Parade in St. timber for bridges and rock the Forest Service for restora- Most of the wagon is original; George, Utah. It was also in- for dam construction. A tion as a time period piece, only the box, seats and several cluded as part of the Forest wagon was even used as a using as much of the original small parts have been Service entry in the Days of camp trailer for a Ranger wagon as possible. replicated. 47 Parade in . studying range allotments on the East Fork of the Sevier The wagon was taken to the Teasdale District Ranger Mary "This project," according to River. Forest Shop where it was Turner, a longtime chariot Jacklin, "has been a labor of taken apart and cleaned. Then racer, is the horse trainer for love and will represent, for at Marian Jacklin, Dixie Forest needed repairs began. The this project. Two Forest least another hundred years, Archeologist, wanted to do a repairs included resetting the horses, too old for heavy trail the commitment of the Dixie Centennial project that would wheels and replacing iron work, are being trained to pull National Forest to preserving show the public a link be- rims with rubber rims for use the wagon for parades. All significant items of history tween the past and conserva- on paved roads. This was com- winter, the horses have pulled and keeping alive traditions of tion. During a visit to the Iron pleted by Steve Pratt of Pratt Mary and his chariot up and our agency." Mission State Park in Cedar Wagon Works in American down the streets of Teasdale.

TRAILS AND ROADS Page 9 AG FR OM THE PAST

died in November of 1881. rvg There were many obstacles to overcome but, after building long stretches of corduroy road (poles laid side by side to form a road base over marshes) and removing boulders and timber, the road was usable. The road was finished by the military after Judge Carter's death.

CARTER

MILITARY

Tom Freestone (left) and leon Judge William A. Carter. Chamberlain install the first bronze marker of the Carter Military Road (Credit line: Wyoming State Museum) near Kaler Hollow in August 1989. Cedar posts belp archaeologists deter- mine where the road was. The cedar posts had one side shared flat. Builders TRAIL HE HISTORIC CART- living for himself at the same of the telegraph line used the flat sur- r"--1 face to attach the tall pine poles needed er Military Road was time. As he remained at Fort to bang the wires. built in 1881 to Bridger, he extended his ac- transport supplies tivities and influence and was Fort Bridger, This shows the top of the marker which Lidfrom a merchant, rancher, probate bare been posted along the trail by Wyoming, over the Uinta judge, justice of the peace and volunteers from the Hintah Basin Ar- Mountains to a military post at general entrepreneur." chaeological Group. Fort Thornburgh on Ashley Creek in Vernal, Utah. This In 1878, Judge Carter made a TA famous old mountain road was trip to Washington to ask Con- very important to the military gress to regarrison Fort .01 troops stationed at Fort Thorn-Bridger after Indian trouble ac. burgh, as it was the only con- had made the safety of the set- nection to Wyoming, the tlers precarious. He also source of their supplies. sought a contract to build a road over the mountains to The road was named after Fort Thornburgh as there was Judge William Alexander no direct route there for ob- Carter who, according to taining supplies. Judge Carter former Uintah contended that the military Historian Mike Brown, route would be expeditious . was born and raised in for transporting supplies and Virginia and was the very im- also for providing protection age of the Southern for the settlers. gentleman. He came out West lexemed grooves to Fort Bridger, Wyoming, in Work on the road was much cut alter cos/tog 1857 with Johnston's Army. He more difficult than Judge accompanied the army in the Carter had anticipated. He capacity of settler supplying became ill with pneumonia sno the troops and making a good during its construction and

Page 10 TRAILS AND ROADS I \I A GE F R OM T HE P A S T

A. R. Standing states in Utah Historical Quarterly, -Willie Carter, the Judge's son, came home from Cornell University to take charge of the Carter in- terests ... and early in the spring of '82 the freighting started." After many problems with mule teams and heavy freight wagons, Willie pur- chased a number of ox teams. They were able to pull loads the mule teams couldn't. A. R. Standing continues, "Impracticableand nearly impassibleas the road was. the ranchers in western Dag- gett County were grateful for it. While they couldn't use it to haul heavy loads, they could at least get over the mountains to Ashley Valley in Gene Campbell in cut made through rock by Carter Military Road below Browne Lake. a buckboard to get honey and (Credit line: Phil Jobnson) apples, or to take a sack or so of grain to the grist mill to be physical evidence. Physical efforts it took to build this The Carter Military Road has ground into flour." evidence included ruts, connection over the mountains long ceased to be used for dugways, corduroy roads between Fort Bridger and Fort travel but this year there was a Through the cooperative ef- through stretches of swamp Thornburgh, as well as the trail ride over the road on forts of the Uintah Basin and marshy meadows, posts change that it brought to the June 22. The ride began at Chapter of the Utah State and remnants of tools; ar- little valleys involved. William noon, at Summit Park. It Archaeological Society and thetifacts were found which also A. Carter, Jr. said, "To the followed the road about six Ashley National Forest, traces offered conclusive proof of traveller who comes upon this miles to Trout Creek Guard of this historic road have been the old thoroughfare. Among road at any part of its course Station, where everyone en- studied and markers have those were 45.70 casings, through the Uinta Range, it joyed a dutch oven dinner to been erected to guide visitors lead-soldered cans, an ox seems to present an unusual celebrate the Centennial of the along its route. An article in shoe, a mule shoe, glass and example of wasted effort and Forest Reserves and the the Utah State Archaeological leather objects such as shoes money but, like many other of continuing conservation ef- Society Newsletter (September and pieces of harness." the works of man, it served its forts of the Forest Service. 1989) states, "Research purpose, and gave way to verified the presence of a It is exciting to find signs of changes in the development of Diane Augustus number of artifacts and the old road and reflect on the the country." Ashley National Forest ?6,

de

ra4 d 1! % ild*I" Oneof(be few female freigbters. a South Dakotan known as Madame Can utson 'r rose from herder and bullwhacker to ox team owner in the 1880's. (Credit line: Wyoming State Museum)

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PIP TRAILS AND ROADS Page 11 IM AGES F R 0 M T H E P A S ..."="V40-9V=4A-'".. TATTLETALE EVIDENCE OF MILITARY LIFE

HE SITE OF DUST curling up behind long lines of camou- flaged U.S. Army - trucks bound for bat- tle 'exercises is common today 77.T __,- but for the men of the 16th -4.041/*A.--...... -...... , ,tr'e b and 21st Infantry, 5th Artillery, ....4V4417*.i-1-111WIPILe".0...... : 0'i 4- 7-,..'441,4,...-...4.,.., ,,,,0, M.,: ...,..01 and 9th Cavalry Regiments, in- . tensive training was unknown .1-.--°-'7"'-'-,,,--',...;._-. __.----;:bib,...-.-0 until 1888. During 4 weeks in , ...-... ., .... July and August of that year, 4 .§,4, - .1., ,' - ,,- 650 soldiers from Forts cis IF. ..,'`f ' ''' -0 ..- r .1.. ''',:, o. _... 1.. .,'_ - Douglas and Duchesne in Utah ,,,z_ ,-1,,,..., _ r't 77.c ..----4:k--- - - and Fort Bridger in Wyoming 3-- ,,.....J1.!'7., V:T-s, r.:..'t,A.,.....4- 'N'*" 4 gathered in Strawberry Valley, *' - .''c..,-.:,',.. :"-nc. 4,.....1..:',' '':a....:t: - - ,stt ' Utah, for only the second ',. c,.. 1.- ..,._.. , - , . . _.rt...... , large-scale mock battle exer- 4k-....-..:9 ' :4 _ cises held by the U.S. Army in .4 ,,..-. . , the western United States. ..ro-".

The U.S. Army's perception of 40,7.41 itself was changing rapidly in _ the late 1800's. First, the hard- qir rie' .., fought campaigns against the -S 7,_ I

Indians of the West had taught .-,' ...44. ., . ea7:1 ' .* ottr rt: '-"- -'...... IL. , ... L'ci"...,1' ,,,,,i,,t-!.. ',..,,, . .i..... ,,1 r - - .. . - - the Army a tough lesson. The 2. , '2 ' ,- r -1- .. , . " -7-` ..:-1--'... A,. c -...,....k b,...; 40.... .,.\-, ,_....,_:144 akiw .,-,,-,..-...... -V,Ia.:4'. _ _.,, : v standard 2 to 4-week training 7,1".0.1;,-. '7, r/.....t. 1- _ct.. te%ng '..1., 7-:._ -/p.,..4.., k,,,. ,.,,, .',.7 ...Abb.:01Zr'14.; A. given enlisted men and the 4 I- '- _ ' ,1-',1 .-e_ ! w".. ..'''' ..F10 4., !,''' European-inspired battle strategies taught officers at West Point had not always prepared the soldiers for the kind of fighting they actually faced. Secondly, since most In- dians had been forced onto reservations, the Army had more time to devote to its own educational, physical, and military fitness. There was a growing sense of professionalism and pride 7 .7,,r...7"A. n:p-

among enlisted men and of- _ ficers. They had an important A-- career and they wanted the skills to'do the job well. -

4:1919.j4,"4 frit " These changing attitudesand ir . .17 - e-A1-5 the men involvedare coming 6,1r:U - _ to life in the Uinta National

Forest, just north of Straw- _.901:71-*7.",;j::;:;06 berry Reservoir in Strawberry Valley. This is possible to a , rt.:A large extent because the 1888 Sol maneuvers were recorded in a series of photographs found in the Charles W. Carter Collec- tion at the LDS Church Ar-

chives in Salt Lake City. These ,I IS remarkable photos show the n precise locations of carnwand maneuver activities and have

Page 12 CULTURE IM A GE F R OM T HE P A S T led to some unique ar- cheological work at the site. This work began in 1990 as part of a new Forest Service outdoor recreation program that is also unique. "Passport in Time" invites volunteers Nationwide to par- ticipate in Forest archeological and historic research projects. It offers folks across the coun- try a chance to travel to pro- ject sitesand to travel back in time. Our volunteers on this particular project entered a period when officers and enlisted men led very separate lives, even in the close con- fines of an isolated encamp- ment. Volunteers Marna Wentz from Nashotah, Wisconsin; Jill Schaefer from Washington, D.C.; and Richard L. Hansen of Pleasant Grove, Utah, learned this using the historic photos from the Carter Collection to locate where particular tents had been and then identifying artifacts around them. Working in partnership with Forest Archeologist Charmaine Thompson, the volunteers identified the officers' mess tent, complete with a scatter of broken champagne bottles and fruit cans extending beyond its back door. No such Latrines were often used for as a group of well-trained artifacts were found scattered trash disposal, but very little soldiers ready for any new around the front door of trash was found here. Only a conflict. A readiness challenge lirIN ONE OF HIS MANY another large tent, this one beer bottle and portion of a came in 1989 with the out- DISCOURSES, BRIGHAM located near the enlisted fairly new-looking Cavalry break of the Spanish American YOUNG EXHORTED MEMBERS War. Army soldiers proved to men's quarters. Beer and med- camp or walking boot were OF THE MORMON FAITH TO icine bottle fragments and fish found in the trench. be better trained to fight than cans were found outside that any body of American soldiers CAMP OUT HE SAID THE front door. This suggested thatThis summer, another group up to that point in history. PEACEFUL MOUNTAIN AIR the tent belonged to the camp of "Passport in Time" par- WAS GOOD FOR THOSE WHO sutler, or shopkeeper, who ticipants will return to the "Passport in Time" provides PARTOOK OF IT the opportunity for many was commissioned by the Valley, this time focusing at- PARTICULARLY IF THEY LEFT Army to sell items to supple- tention on the types of rifle partnerships between the ment the Army's rather and artillery training con- Forest Service and the THEIR NOISY CHILDREN meager rations to enlisted ducted at the camp. They not American people. Together BEHIND. men. only will look for the loca- they can explore, experience, tions of these activities, but and preserve pieces of our na- MORE THAN A 100 YEARS In addition, a test trench was also for evidence of the types tional heritage. "Passport in excavated across an enlisted of rifles and artillery ord- Time" opens windowsand LATER. THE FOREST SERVICE IS men's latrine to identify nance that were used. The new understandingsbetween CELEBRATING ITS CENTEN- materials the men brought overall research strategy re- our present and our past, and NIAL AND ASKING ENTIRE with them on maneuvers. mains focused on how these between the Forest Service FAMILIES TO HEAD FOR THE maneuvers contributed to and the people it serves. WOODS BOTH PHYSICALLY training fitness at Fort Douglas and other posts, and Charmaine Thompson AND SPIRMJALLY. how this reflected the Army's Archeologist growing sense of itself Uinta National Forest

Photos are from the Charles W. Carter Collection in the Archives of the Latter- Day-Saint Church in Salt Labe City.

CULTURE Page 13 I M A G E R 0 M T H E P AST

her letters asking what the Women's DAR might do for conservation.

Rosalie Mabel Edge of New Clubs and York City was also, like many of the women leaders in con- servation, active in the suff- Conservation rage movement. An active member of the National Audubon Society in the 1920 and 30's, she sponsored several reforms in game laws (This is mini- and started the Hawk Moun- history II in tain Sanctuary of the on-going Pennsylvania. series pre- pared by the Washington Mrs. Lovell White helped Office History found the Save the Redwoods NATIONAL Unit to launch League (1918) and was active in the 1991 FORESTS Centennial.) the California Federation of 18 91-19 91 Women's Clubs. The latter group led a successful effort to have a forestry school established at the University of California, Berkeley. HE LACK OF FRAN- richise before 1920 did Gifford Pinchot paid not exclude women in homage to the Federa- the United States from tion of Women's Clubs, being politically ac- writing that without the - tive. They were influential in Club's support the creation shaping public policy between of the Minnesota Forest Re- 1890 and 1920 which is knownserve "would have been im- as the progressive conserva- possible." He claimed that this Society were women; in 1929, tion era and the era of "club 1902 effort led to the first the National Parks Association house politics." With many reserve by congressional ac- had more female members During the 19th men exclusively pursuing com-tion rather than Presidential than male. modity production, it was left Proclamation (Pinchot Century, many to the women to concern 1947:205). Occupational and leadership themselves with social and en- roles created another faultline members of the vironmental consequences thatIn an impromptu address at between the genders. This was extended from the plight of ur-the American Forest Congress apparent at the Fifth National "male elite" in ban sweatshops to rural streamin Washington, D.C., in 1905, Conservation Congress in pollution. The most effective Mrs. Lydia Phillips, Chair of 1913. Despite the presence of the U.S. pro- efforts came from women's the Forestry Committee for women participants, only men moted com- clubs that had been organized the General Federation of were featured in the coverage into state and national federa- Women's Clubs (GFWC), by the magazine, "American modity produc- tions. The linkage of women's described the work of the Forestry." This neglect is at- clubs with the conservation Federation as promoting tree tributed to "the arrival of con- tion. Often, crusade at the turn of the 20th planting, forest preservation servation and forestry as century is illustrated in the and irrigation. The GFWC had technical professions. Women women led following accounts. 800,000 members in 1905 and were excluded." (Ranney its own magazine, "Century." 1990:46.) movements to Mary Eno Pinchotmother of The partnership of women in alert their Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the forestry and conservation In the Forest Service, women Forest Service in 1905headedbegan to fade shortly after thisplayed a role in the field of fellow citizens the 100-member Conservation event. The 1910 dispute over public conservation education. Committee of the Daughters ofthe construction of the Hetch Mrs. D. Priscilla Edgerton to the en- the American Revolution (DAR)Hetchy Dam split earlier allies who retired in 1938began with its 77,000 members. DAR into two camps: the Sierra work at the Washington Office vironmental causes included protecting Club and preservationists ver- in 1909 as an editor and, in Niagara Falls and watersheds insus the Forest Service and con- 1930, wrote "The Forest, a consequences the Appalachian Mountains. A servationists. Many women Handbook for Teachers," an of that former DAR member reported felt more akin to the preserva- Agency bestseller. that she was often told to, tionist values and joined those production. "mind the children," when movements. By 1915, over half Perhaps the most famous state governors replied to the members of the Audubon Forest Service educator at that

Page 14 CULTURE M A G ES F R OM T HE P A S T

D.A.R.FOREST ify GOLDEN SPIkECHAPTER BLUESPRUCE AND DOUGLASFIR FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS PLANTED 1940

time, however, was Margaret focusing on promoting tree It also mentions the goal of when she, too, transferred to March-Mount. She began work planting. The success of her the General Federation of the Washington Office. in 1923 on the Bighorn Na- "Penny Pines" Children's Con- Women's Clubs to establish a tional Forest but soon moved servation Crusade led to her Federation forest in every The linkage of the Forest Serv- to the Shoshone where, apart transfer to the Washington Of- state. ice with women's clubs and from her regular job, she did fice to continue the effort Na- their conservation programs the publicity for the Cody Clubtionwide. Penny Pines Relying on a cursory review ofhas faded over the years, just (a private society to revive the solicited student donations to organizational directories, it as the cutting edge of en- history of Buffalo Bill). This fund pine plantings in the Na- appears that the Intermoun- vironmental activism has pass- latter experience and her tional Forests (the Forest Serv- tain Region has had only two ed to other, often newer, desire to nurse nature back to ice would plant 1,000 seed- Regional Coordinators of organizations. AL, health took her to the lings for every $4 received). Women's Activities(1) Helen Milwaukee Regional Office andAn article in the 1942 Payne Christensen who filled Reference "Women and the History of American Consercalion,' by Sally Ann a job which involved conserva-"Washington Post" credits that assignment between 1948 Gumaer Ranney. Marc!, 1990. Vol. 11. tion education activities and Margaret March-Mount with and 1956 when she transfer- No. 3. Women in Natural Resources. women's clubs. Her work took motivating the national DAR tored to the Washington Office Pages 4450. UnirersiiyofMob°. her on speaking tours before promote the planting of 5 and (2) Virginia Benson who Moscow. garden clubs, school kids, and million seedlings in 36 states had those responsibilities be- other civic groupsalways and the District of Columbia. tween 1964 and 1973 (or 1974)

To waste, to destroy, our natural resources, to skin and exhaust the land instead of us- ing it so as to increase its usefulness, will result in undermining in the days of our children the very prosperity which we ought by right to hand down to them....

THEODORE ROOSEVELT ADDRESS TO THE U.S CONCRESS. 1907 PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT 0858-19191 PUSHED THROUGH A NUMBER OF PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATION MEASURES IN- CLUDING WILDLIFE REFLIGf. NATIONAL FORESTS. N11770NAL MONUMENTS AND THE RECLAMATION SERVICE. 7D LIST A FEW.

77X--" CULTURE Page 15 IM A GE S F R OM T HE P A S T

Suspenders and bats are the dress of the day as students pose in front of the Custer School sometime in the early 1900's.

USTER CITY, THE fire the following year Reading, younger sister to destroyed much of what was Bonanza City, was left of Bonanza. established in 1879 to provide services to theWith most of the school-aged General Custer Mine and otherchildren now residing in mines in the Yankee Fork Min- Custer, the citizens and school ing District. Bonanza was board decided to build a Writin established in 1877 and school there. On September gradually assumed the role of 4, 1900, a contract was award- economic and social center for ed to J. F. Davis of Custer to the District. It was in Bonanza build a 24'x36' frame, one- that the first school was room schoolhouse. On established. In 1889, a September 18, 1902, a cast- disastrous fire destroyed much iron bell was purchased and and of the town and surviving installed in the belfry. merchants and businesses relocated in Custer. With this In 1911, the Lucky Boy Mine, shift of people, the need to the last major mine in Yankee move the school also became Fork, closed and Custer apparent. A new log became another of the many schoolhouse was constructed ghost towns appearing Artifacts about halfway between the throughout the West. The two towns at Puzzler Gulch. miners and their families By 1896, the population of departed leaving empty the Custer exceeded that of schoolhouse and the homes Bonanza even before another and businesses of Custer.

Page 16 CULTURE IMAGE FRO THE PAST

Arthur 'Tuff' McGown, Jr., the floor joists and founda- replicated the native stone and sanded, primed and painted was raised in Custer during tion. The building was slowly mortar of the original, addi- "Sierra" beige with white the late 1890's and early "racking" off the foundation tional floor joists, reinforce- trim. 1900's and attended school yet there still wasn't funding ment of roof trusses, new there. After Tuff married Edna for these basic repairs and metal roofing and installation By mid-August 1990, the Neice in 1924, they spent stabilization. of new door and window cas- Custer schoolhouse was open much of their time in the old ings and two new doors. The once again and will continue town, especially during the In 1988, the Forest funded ar- original belfry and entrance to serve for many years as the summer. The couple enjoyed chitectural stabilization/ steps were also replicated and focal point for visitors to the poking around in Custer's restoration plans for the Installed. The original school "Land of the Yankee Fork." deserted houses and schoolhouse and the project bell was installed in the businesses collecting was finally underway. Ron restored belfry. Restoration The Custer schoolhouse historical articles. After Tuff Thurber of Architectural Plan- was based on historic restoration project was award- retired, he and Edna started a ning and Design Group was photographs and archeologicaled an "Orchid" at the 1991 museum in the old awarded the contract to evidence. Idaho Historic Preservation schoolhouse and it was the prepare the plans and the Council's "Orchids and highlight for the many visitors State Historic Preservation Of- It appeared that the building Onions" award banquet. to the Yankee Fork area and ficer gave approval to pro- had only been painted once, the ghost town of Custer. ceed. Funding for the actual when it was new, and most of Marion McDaniel restoration was made available that paint had long since Forest Archeologist As the years slipped by, the In 1989; but, since there was weathered off. Paint chips Challis National Forest self-appointed task of being only enough money to initiate from under the eaves and in the caretaker of the old town the work, the Forest decided cracks were analyzed and pro- site and operating the to await additional funding. vided a basis for replicating schoolhouse museum became Finally, in 1990, the Forest hadthe original paint scheme and too much for Tuff and Edna. In $46,700 to begin the colors. After restoring damag- 1966, they sold the school and restoration. ed siding, the exterior was the many artifacts they had collected to the Challis Na- The restoration contract that tional Forest. was awarded to Sherman and Sims of Salmon, Idaho, provid- Although the schoolhouse was ed for a new foundation which in fair condition when the Forest took possession, many structural items needed atten- tion. The belfry and front steps had long since disap- peared; however, Tuff had re- tained the original school bell. The old native stone and mor- tar foundation was deteriorating, the shiplap siding was weathered and splitting, the floor sagged and the roof had started to leak. The Forest continued to operate the schoolhouse as a museum by employing seasonal interpretive person- nel during the late 1960's and through the 1970's. In 1972, the town site of Custer was added to the National Register of Historic Places but, even though the Forest pursued the interpretive potential of the old town, no funding was available for stabilization or restoration. In 1982, studies confirmed that the school needed immediate attention to .4s a museum. the old CusterSchool has correct several basic structural welcomed many tourists since its deficiencies. The most serious restoration was completed the summer were reinforcement of the of1990. roof trusses and strengthening

CULTURE Page 17 IM A GE S F R OM T HE P A S T

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Page 18 IMAGES FROM THE PAST M A G ES F R OM T HE P A S T

IMAGES FROM THE PAST Page 19 A G E S F R OM T H E P AS T Diary ofaSawtooth °anger

ILL HORTON WAS A forcement of game laws. He typical earlylyRanger rode sheep trails over Galena who servedon to keep bands from tangling. 11 Sawtooth National He advised resident ranchers Forest for 22 years. He about putting up hay. He gave built Pole Creek Ranger Stationfirst aid to the injured and in- in 1909, the oldest Forest formed sportsmen where and Service-constructed building how to fish. And he visited Ranger Bill Horton. on the Sawtooth National miners in remote canyons, Forest. Living history is keeping them in touch with the planned there this summer. world. The book, "Sawtooth Tales," In a few excerpts from one of states that Bill Horton, Ranger his existing diaries, Bill de- on the Pole Creek District scribes his routine as a Ranger from 1908 to 1929, was one of in central Idaho in 1915: the first men in Idaho to pass I the Civil Service exam for 4PREDATOR CONTROL WAS Forest Service employment. A CONTINUING PART OF HIS WINTER WORK. Like all early Rangers, Bill per- "Carey. Jan 19-1915. Went formed many practical tasks. around traps. Caught 1 coyote Ifoet.r He marked boundaries for @ 1 big bob cat. Biggest cat I various sheep outfits. He built ever caught in the hills. Ext. fence. He marked logs for Pred. Animals. 8 H." lumbermen and cabin builders. He trapped bear. He "Carey. Jan 21-1915. Went helped plant fish in around traps. Same old thing. lakes and aided Nothing much doing. Shot wardens in en- some rabbits @ relocated 3 sets. 8 below zero. Ext. Pred. Animals 8 H."

4EARLY COMMUNICATION OVER FOREST SERVICE TELEPHONE SYSTEM. "Halley. Feb 19 1915. Came up from Carey to office to see the Supervisor about making out is an estimate for the telephone line on Salmon River on my District. Supervision. Job to Job 4 H. Headquarters 4 H."

"Carey. Feb 20 1915. Made out estimates on telephone lines from Pierson to Lake Creek @ Alturas Lake @ the Red Fish Lake. Came down from Halley on the afternoon train. Super- . ry 4it vision. Job to Job 4 H. Head- quarters 4 H."

<$411HEADING TOWARD HIGH COUNTRY AND STARTING SPRING WORK AS SNOW ir* hr.; s: RETREATS. "Flowers R.S. April 19/15. /wit, - - .1;taCIP Rode up to Ed Fleming's saw A a mill and marked up 370 trees on his sale with Ranger !vie. Timber Sales 11 H." .:" 439V A

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1*-11.ti d PROFESSIONALISM Alt ,