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Th Evolution of Tl Horse RIC OF T R L HI TOR Th Evolution of tl Horse B • \i\ i Il ia n1 . • 11at th ,~ , F h . D. I pp , 1 JO Al VOL. 111 , o. I J ~y, I 0 , uid I afl t , o. < American Museum of Natural History,, Officers. President, MORRIS K. JESUP. First Vice-President, Second Vice-President, WILLIAM E. DODGE. HENRY F. OSBORN. Treasurer, Director, CHARLES LANIER. HERMON C. BUMPUS. Secretary and Assistant Treasurer, JOHN H. WINSER. Scientific Staff. Director, HERMON C. BUMPUS. Department of Public Instruction. Prof. ALBERT S. BICKMORE, Curator. Department of Geology and Invertebrate Palreontology. Prof. R. P. vVHITFIELD, Curator. EDMUND 0. HovEY, Ph.D., Associate Curator. Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology. Prof. J. A. ALLEN, Curator. FRANK M. CHAPl\IAN, Associate Curator. Department of Vertebrate Palreontology. Prof. HE RY FAIRFIELD Os BORN, Curator. W. D. MATTHEW, Ph.D., Associate Curator. 0. P. HAY, Ph.D., Assistant Curator. Del--'artment of Entomology. WILLIAM BEUTENMVLLER, Curator. Departments of ·Mineralogy and Conchology. L. P. GRATACAP, A.M., Curator. Department of Invertebrate Zoology. Prof. HERMON C. BUMPUS, Curator. GEORGE H. SHERWOOD, A.M., Assistant Curator. Department of Anthropology. Prof. FREDERIC "\V. PUTNAM, Curator. Prof. FRANZ BoAs, Curator of Ethnology. MARSHALL H. SA VILLE, Curator of Mexican and Central American Archreology. HARLAN I. SMITH, Assistant Curator of Archreology. Library. A. WOODWARD, Ph.D., Librarian. ,;;~ or A.::, E OF MAMMALS. AGE OF MAN. l~EPTILE L~ T" MATl: ; ,<): 0 Vt_,ARS E5TIMATCO AT 50,000 Yl:Al!S PLEISTOCENE MODERN Pl~1,to,tnt Horse, h.J.'H o,,, Toe on e.ieh Foot h.t'lf' C1\t.i -----------~Mod,rn Hl)f"5n One Toe or r PLIOCENE 51,)mt Pho1..tnr Hor,u hJ•t Thre,, Tou.othtrJ h4vt Oiit Tot on t.ach Foot MIOCENE P11hou•• Hor u• ·,.1_w-, Th,., Tou • tadl fQ{)lf. Th, -;,.;, Ton .u 09• l'ludl tllt 6ro••d OL(GOCENE 01,go,-,~u !oh ttO iJ 1wo Thtff THI on NtN Fl)o~ Tht 5 1It loa, l•u•~ ,.i., 6r>o·1d EOCENE Eoc.-,,.H,~.t'l'1bi..it~·ovf Toh ..,o .. f-sli•t J:' Th,• T'c-•1 tn rr., M,,id :_. RETACIC i'lm<rY!t!O,_.ln!O! • ro~,,,.is 1[~ff Pl'\/~ 1![50Hll'l'VS ~ ... 1.,,lU<'tl EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE. FEET Series on exhibition in the American Museum LLL' '[l .\'ll )l l·\" LL""l[()_" \.lo.·c, I,(' LL ~L\i\BL\L . l.- 'lllE II R .. E. BY\\. I . ;\l \TTlll:.W, Ph.I ., 'ur. r, J 'I. rtmcnt f Yert ·l rat Pabonlol uy . •\. ~ cl m ·ti ~ nimal t.h I wh · th" · m .. n an li\~ . II · v r th ,,. rl<l - · t , " · · , in ontin nt ·, in r ·m t . i ·h n l - h i c m I 1 t 1_ m I Ii tan. I u t a · a , \ i1 l · th I · at 1 t limit 1 t th 11 \\crll anl i· f h r nl> in th n '"rid r t I lain· f ·ntral .. \ ·ia Th r ar two · in ... \ ·ia, th ... \ iatic \Yild ... \ E1 w lz '11li Jill an 1 th littl kn wn Prz k · H r cz~. pr ii) w 1il in ... \frica th r ar th ... \fri 'lll \\ill ... \. · (l~. nw " n l the al · eci of Zebra (E. zebra [!.,. bu rclz lli, E. qu 1 .0 2). In th .\m ri a and ... \u ·tr lia th r ar n > ru · h 1 mu.· ang· and br f the \Y t n1 I lain an l h in - l ( m · d animal.. run wil 1 an 1 . h ht Y r fr m Eur l 1 : th •'trly W"h fir t . · p 1 r · 1 h ntin nt. rI h In fo n · 1f · · · th m and at fir r ard 1 th . h ,,. r l with , on<l r an >r, h · n t R man \\ h n I yrr h u an 1 hi ( 1 r k 1 nt _ .. th 'r h- ·haki·1u l 'L t, - > fi rh , 11 > h r an i m · · li i 1 1 t f L · I -.- ·11 1 • ' 4 EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE bones, one on each side, called splint-bones. These represent the second and fourth digits of other animals, but they do not show on the surface, and there is nothing like a separate toe. So that the horse may be said to be an animal that walks on its middle finger-nail, all the other fingers having disappeared. The teeth of the horse are almost equally peculiar. The molars are long, square prisms which grow up from the gums as fast as they wear off on the crowns. Their grinding surface exhibits a peculiar and complicated pattern of edges of hard enamel between which are softer spaces composed of dentine and of a material called '' cement,'' much like the dentine in quality but formed in a different way. The dentine is formed on the in­ side surfaces of the enamel while the tooth is still within the jaw­ bone; the cement is deposited on the outside surfaces of the enamel after the tooth has broken through the jaw-bone and before it appears above the gums. Various other peculiarities distinguish the Horse from most other animals ; some of these are shared by other hoofed animals. The two long bones of the fore-arm (radius and ulna) are separ.a te in the greater number of animals, but in the Horse, and in many other hoofed animals they are consolidated into a single bone. The same consolidation is seen in the bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula). The lengthening of the foot and stepping on the end of the toe raises the heel in the Horse, as in many other animals, to a considerable height above the ground, where it forms the hock joint, bending backward, as the knee bends forward. In these as in various other ways the legs of the horse are especially fitted for swift running over hard and level ground, just as its teeth are for grinding the wiry grasses which grow on the open plain. The Zebra and the Ass have the same peculiar structure of teeth and feet as the Domestic Horse, and differ only in the color of the skin, proportions of various parts of the body etc. FOSSIL HORSES OF THE AGE OF MAN. The Age of Man, or Quaternary Period, is the last and by far the shortest of the great divisions of geological time. It includes the Great Ice Age or Glacial epoch (Pleistocene), when heavy en ~ r -I 0 z 0 : 0 C C ::: c.o 0 0 - -i ::.. j - - ::0 ., 0 - ~ -· :I: r - 0 f ~ :::0 - ,, ~ 0 0 z 0 -I X > EVOLUTION OF THE HOR E 7 ~ ntin nt 1 ~la 1 rs l1l rth rn part ul I., un >p · and . ·, 1·th .\m ri \1.: n l th Pc· nt l'..pu ·h. of rn<>r · m ,d rat· lima ' lurin~ whi ·h '1\·ifonti m ha: aris n. I 1 h · rl_· part f th (juat rnar~ P ·ric l \\ ild s1 II 1 •• w · t l f nm l m '\" ry 'L ntin nt .· · ·1 .\u ralia. I ·m~ in f th ·c tru nati\· \ h )fS · ktY b · ·n foun 1 1 uri cl in f thi ~lg in~ 11 I art· f th Cnit cl 'tat·· in .\h ka, in 1 in I~cu~ l r, I nzil an l .\ r<r n ina a· \\' ·11 a· in Lurop , n , .\ ·ri ~. .\11 the h r w r mu h lik th· li\ ina 1 - i · · ~ n l ml . t c. f th ff! ·tr - in lull cl in th g nu· li-q1ut ,. •\ mpl k 1 t n f n f th m (Eqzw scotti) f uncl 1 ) th • \. 11 ri ~ n ~Ill um . r p cl i ti n f I 9 111 ,. rt h rn ] \.. a ' i m u 1t l in th le. rg ,Yall- a . Th cliff r n tw n it ·m l th me ti H r ( fram d iagram f m cl rn hor -· :k l- 1 i.· hi fly in pr p rti n , th kull h rt r, ith cl 1 r jrnv·, ·h leg.~ rath r hnrt and f ct mall in prop rti n t th 1 cl> . I 1 h · hara t r thi f il hor r mbl an \ rgr wn z ra r· th r the. n a l m ti h r . "\\~ kn ,\ n thing f it 1 ring. It mnY haY l n trip 1, and in thi ca· w ul l haY · l n r_ · z l ra-lik ; ut th r ar om rca on f r b li ving h wa n t r min ntly trip 1 h b n , r trifi l, n h a,·y, th animal matt r f th b n haY·ing ntir l_ y l ha,·in n partl1 r plac 1 1 > min ral m·1 t r. r no mu h chc. in c 1 r h w v r an - ha th k alm t 1i 1 n . f th nati, 1 · 1 ha m · n p trifie 1 m · l n l u ri e l f r 1n--t11) th . ly ·I , h m f r h. a f f 8 EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE locality is on the io brara river in ebraska, another in central Oregon.
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