research and development yearbook

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restriktioner research and development yearbook 2010. sterf. scandinavian turfgrass and environment research foundation research environment and turfgrass scandinavian sterf. 2010. yearbook and development research 2 sTERF INTRODUCTION.

Important Events in 2010

Multifunctional golf facilities an underutilised resource

During 2010, the project ‘Nordic coope- roles to play in addition to providing ration between authorities and non- playing surfaces for golf. Considering governmental organisations for creating golf from an outsider’s perspective, golf multifunctional golf courses and healthy courses can provide a wide range of ser- ecosystems’ was carried out by STERF, vices that should be exploited, promoted with funding from the Nordic Council and developed. For example, golf cour- of Ministers. The main aim of the pro- ses can contribute to rural development, ject was to create networks and permit natural and cultural values and biologi- exchange of experiences between experts cal diversity and can provide recreation and groups in society with an interest in areas for active outdoor life. the land areas used by golf courses. A Through utilising shared Nordic exper- second aim was to produce a guide tise, we want to make the Nordic region book, which we hope will inspire multi- a leading example of multifunctional functional activities and which will be golf courses and of cooperation between published on the STERF website during different groups in society. This means March 2011. The final aim was to create that the Nordic region can become a a new R&D programme focusing on driving force for integrating sport and multifunctional golf facilities. the environment in an international The project showed that multifunctional context. golf courses are beneficial for society and for golf. Golf courses have a number of INTRODUCTION sterf 3

International symposium: Best management practice for velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina) on golf course putting greens

Velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina) is a The speakers at the seminar came not native species in northern and central only from the Nordic countries, but also Europe. The qualities of velvet bentgrass from four North-American universities: have recently been documented in vari- Dr Jim Murphy from Rutgers ous research projects in North America University, Benjamin Pease from and Scandinavia. As the project University of Wisconsin, Dr. Michelle ‘Potential for velvet bentgrass on DaCosta from University of Scandinavian putting greens’ ended in Massachusetts, and Dr. Katerina Jordan 2010 (see separate report in this year- from University of Guelph, Canada. book), STERF and the Finnish Golf Keith Duff from R&A also participated Union arranged the international sym- at the seminar, informing about R&A posium ‘Best management practice for services for golf clubs. The total number velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina) on golf of participants was 45, representing nine course putting greens’ at Hyvinkää, different countries. Finland on 16-18 June 2010. 4 sTERF SCANDINAVIAN TURFGRASS AND ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH FOUNDATION

Important Events in 2010

Golf’s Research and Development Programme Within Integrated Pest Management

In this new R&D programme, we aim that are important for integrated pest to describe the current situation and pre- management are coordinated and execu- sent the research, developments and ted and that new knowledge is delivered. communications required in order for There is a need for pure research projects Nordic golf to carry out the measures and also for demonstration trials under needed to achieve sustainable use of pes- different climate conditions in order to ticides according to EU Council gain a fundamental understanding of Directive 2009/128/EG, dated 21 the issues within integrated pest mana- October 2009. Sustainable use of pesti- gement. STERF will contribute to the cides can be achieved through e.g. decre- development of expertise within integra- asing the risks and consequences posed ted pest management through commu- by the use of pesticides for human health nicating new knowledge and tried and and the environment and through the tested experience. STERF in partnership development and introduction of inte- with consultants and good practitioners grated pest management. will take responsibility for ensuring that STERF, together with the Nordic golf a Nordic model for systematic docu- sector, universities and research institu- mentation of golf course maintenance is tions and authorities, will take responsi- developed. bility for ensuring that R&D activities SCANDINAVIAN TURFGRASS AND ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH FOUNDATION sterf 5

2nd European Turfgrass Society reduce winter damage to grasses used for researchers should be prioritised by ciently STERF together with national conference golf courses, recreational areas and pas- all organisations. golf organisations, has initiated and tures through better understanding of • STERF researchers should be invi- arranged seminars where new knowledge Five STERF projects were presented dehardening reactions and appropriate ted to speak at education and semi- and tried and tested experience are pre- and three STERF researchers partici- management in a wetter and less stable nar events arranged by greenkeepers’ sented and discussed. Examples of the- pated in the 2nd European Turfgrass winter climate. organisations. STERF has put matic areas for these seminars are winter Society conference in Angers in together a list of projects and spea- stress management, integrated pest April. The Nordic contribution to Meeting concerning R&D kers who can be used in different management, management of Poa the conference was very well recei- communication and the role of the education and seminar program- annua and multifunctional golf facili- ved. The conclusion was that STERF Greenkeepers’ Associations mes. ties. The seminars to date have been held research activities are of a high inter- • STERF projects should be regularly in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö and national standard and STERF is STERF and the national Greenkeepers’ reported on in all greenkeeping Oslo, with more than 80 participants recognised as a leading international Associations are jointly responsible for magazines. representing Nordic golf facilities at each centre of expertise in sustainable golf an effective dialogue between researchers • Representatives of greenkeepers’ seminar. The ambition is to offer the course management. and practitioners so as to identify organisations should be involved seminars twice a year. research priorities in new fields and to early in the planning and running Better turfgrass survival in a ensure that new-found knowledge and of STERF projects. Every project changing winter climate experience are transferred into practice. should have a consultative group of STERF has continued to establish a practitioners. Winter stress management is one of more continuous partnership with the • All organisations are responsible for STERF´s high priority thematic are- Nordic Greenkeepers’ Associations. The helping establish a network to sup- as. The new project ‘Better turfgrass 2010 meeting was held in Vienna on port the communication work. survival in a changing winter climate’ February 25 th. is a four-year project with 20% fun- The following strategies have been deci- Dissemination of new knowledge ding from STERF and 80% from the ded for dissemination and implementa- Norwegian research council. The tion of results: In order to make ready-to-use research project will be carried out by • Meetings comprising cross-commu- results easily accessible to end-users and Bioforsk, Norway. The aim is to nication between greenkeepers and to implement new knowledge more effi- 6 sTERF INTRODUCTION. about STERF

STERF is a research foundation that sup- key organisations in the field of turfgrass Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian Institute of John Riiber, NGA ports existing and future R&D efforts management. Agricultural and Environmental Research Håkan Blusi, SGA and delivers ‘ready-to-use research results’ Application: STERF delivers ready-to-use Hans Beurling, Danish Greenkeeper that benefit the Nordic golf sector. results allowing excellent playing quality Association Course consultants and agronomists STERF was set up in 2006 by the golf through environmentally sound mana- Maria Strandberg, STERF Kim Sintorn, SGF, coordinator federations in Sweden, Denmark, gement. Ole-Martin Lilleby, NGF Norway, Finland, Iceland and the Nordic Resources: STERF receives funding Advisory committee members Allan Brandt, DGU Greenkeepers’ Associations. from participating golf associations, Maria Strandberg, STERF director (chair) Kristiina Laukkanen, FGU which can be complemented by funding Peter Landschoot, independent interna- Peter Edman, SGF VISION from other sources. STERF is an inde- tional expert STERF is the leading international cen- pendent research foundation even when Kim Sintorn, coordinator for golf course Researchers tre of expertise in sustainable golf course funding is provided by other sources. consultants/agronomists Nilla Nilsdotter-Linde, coordinator management. Martin Nielsen, coordinator for represen- Magnus Enell, Professor, University of STERF Board tatives of Scandinavian greenkeeper Lund Principal strategies Bruno Hedlund, STERF, Chair associations Anne Mette Dahl Jensen, Senior advisor, Approach: Research financed by STERF Petri Peltoniemi, Finnish Golf Union Nilla Nilsdotter-Linde, coordinator for University of Copenhagen should be carried out at universities or Torben Kastrup Petersen, Danish Golf researchers at universities/research insti- Karin Blombäck, Researcher, Swedish research institutes (or equivalent) where Union tutes in the Nordic countries University of Agricultural Sciences most of the research capacity is concen- Pål Melbye, Norwegian Golf Federation Kåre Ringlund, Professor emeritus trated. STERF has no research capacity Hördur Thorsteinsson, Golf Union of Advisory committee sub-group Guðni Þorvaldsson, Professor, Agricultural in the form of staff or facilities. The Iceland members University of Iceland work is carried out in project form and is Gunnar Håkansson, Swedish Golf user-driven. Federation Scandinavian Greenkeepers’ Associations STERF Director Capacity: STERF strengthens research Coen Ritsema, Alterra - Soil Physics and Martin Nilsson DGA, coordinator Maria Strandberg, STERF capacity by encouraging and supporting Land Use, Wageningen University, Tuukka Mönttinen FGA networks and collaborating actively with Netherlands Bjarni Hannesson IGA INTRODUCTION sterf 7 8 sTERF BACKGROUND

Background

The Nordic golf federations have Central Scandinavia, Oslo, Stockholm ly connected to ecosystem damage and approx. 900 000 members, playing golf and Helsinki lie at the same latitude as the emission of climate changing green- on more than 900 courses that cover a the southern tip of Greenland (~60oN). house gases. Reducing resource con- total area of more than 60 000 ha. Any This gives a unique climate resulting sumption is central to this effort. It also societal activity as significant as golf from a combination of factors such as makes absolute business sense to reduce must take responsibility for building light, temperature and precipitation, unnecessary expense and waste through knowledge through research and deve- both during the playing season and espe- efficient consumption of energy and lopment (R&D). R&D is, and will con- cially during the winter season. The materials. For the golf sector this means tinue to be, a necessary and strategically Nordic climate creates conditions for continuous improvement towards ener- important investment for the Nordic plant growth and the construction and gy and resource efficiency combined golf sector in achieving economically management of golf courses that are not with improved waste management, and environmentally sustainable golf found anywhere else in the world. which maximises reuse and recycling. It facilities of high standard and in establis- Changes in climate will also have signifi- also means applying new renewable hing the credibility of golf as an environ- cant and profound implications for the energy alternatives, utilising products mentally friendly sport. Golf facilities Nordic golf business. Golf needs to plan made from recycled materials, and redu- that already are using new knowledge are for adaptation to climate change. Golf cing embodied energy through the deve- achieving cost savings, through more must also seek to play a credible part in lopment of low energy supply chains, efficient management strategies, while minimising factors affecting climate which would also promote the purchase also enhancing the golf course, heighte- change, through the adoption of greater of local products and services. ning the profile of the golf facility and resource efficiency actions, combined improving the environment. with measures to protect and enhance Few leisure activities have such an inti- ecosystems. mate interaction with the environment The golf sector relies on natural resour- as golf. Golf does not have an inherent ces and co-existence with the environ- The depletion of the earth’s natural positive or negative impact on nature ment and there are several important resources is one of the most pressing and biodiversity. The overall impact reasons why Nordic R&D is necessary. environmental concerns, which is direct- depends on the attributes of each site BACKGROUND sterf 9

and the attention to detail in planning, also by increasing environmental aware- with the Nordic golf sector, universities design, construction and management ness among the general public. Good and research institutions and authorities, of facilities. Golf courses include large examples of this are the new European can take responsibility for ensuring that areas of land that are not used for the pesticide, water and soil directives. R&D activities that are important for game. A multifunctional golf course Directive 2009/128/EG of the European integrated pest management are coordi- views its operations from the broad, Parliament and of the Council from 21 nated and executed and that new know- general perspective. In addition to provi- October 2009, on establishing a frame- ledge is delivered. STERF can contribu- ding a high quality arena for golf, it work for Community action on achie- te to the development of expertise supplies various services that are benefi- ving sustainable use of pesticides, con- through communicating new knowledge cial for society at large, e.g. increasing tains regulations establishing a frame- and relevant tried and tested experience biological diversity and protecting natu- work for achieving such sustainable use. in an integrated pest management per- ral and cultural environments, and is This is to be achieved through e.g. spective. STERF in partnership with available for active outdoor recreation, decreasing the risks and consequences consultants and good practitioners can without compromising safety. Continual posed by the use of pesticides for human take responsibility for ensuring that a supporting R&D is needed to develop health and the environment and Nordic model for systematic documen- and establish multifunctional golf facili- through the development and introduc- tation of golf course maintenance is ties, provide protection of the unique tion of integrated pest management. developed. Nordic ecosystems and prove that golf courses are often positive within local Only by continually supporting R&D environments, and may be comparable can we provide the golf sector with to many natural and semi-natural habi- access to information and tools based on tats in terms of animal and plant diversi- research and development for integrated ty. pest management and keep ahead of developments and influence the new The golf sector is influenced by the National and European legislation affec- requirements of public authorities and ting the golf industry. STERF, together 10 sTERF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND PRIORITY AREAS

Strategic research objectives

The Nordic golf sector’s vision with plant nutrient requirements, water and respect to golf course quality and energy use, drainage and control of the environment is: weeds and plant diseases; and • golf courses contribute to improving To promote high-quality golf courses, relationship between golf and ecosys- whilst guaranteeing that ecosystem pro- tems, natural and cultural value of the tection and enhancement are fully inte- landscape, and promote biodiversity. grated into golf facility planning, design, construction and management. Priority R&D areas

The aim of STERF is to support R&D STERF has decided to prioritise research that can help the golf sector to fulfil this and development within the following vision. The activities of STERF should thematic areas: lead to improvements in golf course qua- • Integrated pest management lity, as well as economic and environme- • Sustainable water management ntal gains. The strategic objectives for • Winter stress management STERF-funded R&D activities are that: • Multifunctional golf courses, inclu- • the design, construction, manage- ding ecosystem enhancement, biodiver- ment and administration of golf courses sity, cultural preservation and different provide optimal conditions for playing forms of outdoor leisure activities on the quality, the degree of utilisation of the golf course course, and management inputs; • the design, construction, manage- ment and administration of golf courses is economically and environmentally sustainable, for example with respect to RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND PRIORITY AREAS sterf 11

Golf’s Research and Development management are coordinated and execu- tion and tools based on research and Programme Within Integrated Pest ted and that new knowledge is delivered. development for integrated pest mana- Management STERF can contribute to the develop- gement. ment of expertise within integrated pest • Encourage more researchers to work In this new programme we aim to des- management through communicating on issues relating to integrated pest cribe the current situation and present new knowledge and tried and tested management the research, development and commu- experience. STERF in partnership with within golf in the Nordic countries. nication required in order for Nordic consultants and good practitioners can • Act as support in applications for golf to carry out the measures needed to take responsibility for ensuring that a funding for R&D, communication and achieve sustainable use of pesticides Nordic model for systematic documen- expertise development from the Nordic according to EU Council Directive tation of golf course maintenance is authorities in conjunction with imple- 2009/128/EG, dated 21 October 2009. developed. mentation of the new EU Directive on sustainable use of pesticides. With the introduction of integrated pest This R&D programme is intended to management, there is a need for equally act as data support that allows the golf More information about STERF and high expertise within the golf sector as sector to access the funding set aside by ongoing and finished projects can be within other sectors, e.g. agriculture. the authorities for R&D and communi- found on the STERF website This applies to advisory, training and cation to facilitate the implementation sterf.golf.se information activities, as well as research of integrated pest management. and development (R&D). The aims of the programme are to: STERF, together with the Nordic golf • Allow the golf sector to take responsi- sector, universities and research institu- bility for and influence the implementa- tions and authorities, can take responsi- tion of the new EU Directive on the Smörum Golf Center bility for ensuring that R&D activities sustainable use of pesticides. that are important for integrated pest • Provide golf with access to informa- 12 sTERF ongoing projects

Evaluation of turfgrass varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens

Project period: January 2007 – December 2010 Project summary and status by 1 January 2011 Due to fungicide restrictions, harsh winters and special light/temperature combina- Funding (kSEK) tions at high latitudes, turfgrass variety testing in USA, UK or central Europe has 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total limited relevance for Scandinavia. Thus, trials comparing 41 varieties of seven turf- STERF 380 380 280 300 1 340 Other sources 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 350 grass species/subspecies on USGA-greens at two sites in each of the two major clima- SUM 467.5 467.5 367.5 387.5 1 690 tic zones in Scandinavia (Fig. 1) were evaluated from 2007 to 2010. Once established, the trials were mowed at 3 mm for bentgrasses and 5 mm for chewings fescue (FRC), Principal investigator / contact person slender creeping red fescue (FRT), perennial ryegrass (LP) and rough bluegrass (PT). Trygve S. Aamlid, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Mean fertilizers rates in the evaluation years were 1.7 kg N/100 m2 to creeping bent- Research, Bioforsk Øst Landvik, N-4890 Grimstad, Norway. Tel. + 47 90528378. grass (AS) and PT and 1.0 kg N/100 m2 to the other species. As the trial at Östra E-mail: [email protected] Ljungby had to be closed in 2009, species and varieties were ranked based on overall performance (visual merit) at Landvik in zone 1 and Apelsvoll and Korpa in zone 2. Co-applicants Gudni Thorvaldsson, Agricultural University of Iceland On average for varieties within species, red fescue, especially chewings fescue (FRC), had significantly less winter damage (both biotic and abiotic damage) than perennial Talks at conferences meetings, seminars, field days, etc (2009) ryegrass and the bentgrasses in both climatic zones. The red fescues also had signifi- 15 Feb.: Head Greenkeeper Class, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden. cantly less in-season diseases (mainly Microdochium patch and Pythium) compared 14 Jun.: Norwegian Greenkeeper Association Seminar on Playing Quality, Landvik, with colonial (ACAP) and velvet bentgrass (ACAN) in zone 1 and in comparison with Norway. all bentgrass species in zone 2. On average for all sites, ACAN had higher tiller densi- 8 Sep.: Head Greenkeeper Class, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden. ty, better dormancy color and less height growth, but it also accumulated more thatch 10 Nov.:Danish Greenkeeper Association winter meeting, Ferritslev, Denmark. than any other species. On average for varieties, the ranking of species based on over- 19 Nov.: ‘A strong grass plant’ STERF / Stockholm Golf District Meeting, Stockholm, all performance was ACAN>AS>FRC>FRT> ACAP>LP>PT in zone 1 and Sweden FRC>FRT>ACAN>AS>ACAP>PT>LP in zone 2. 24 Nov.: Mendel University / Czech Greenkeeper Ass. winter meeting, Brno, Czech Republic. Cultivar differences within each species at each of the three test sites were mostly sig- . nificant, but significant interactions often suggested that different varieties should be ongoing projects sterf 13

preferred in the two climatic zones. In the following table, presented in alphabetical order, varieties indicated in bold have been added to our previously published list of recommended varieties for putting greens in the five Nordic countries: Korpa

Northern climatic zone Southern climatic zone (zone 2) (zone 1) Apelsvoll Agrostis canina Villa Greenwich, Villa

Agrostis capillaris Bardot, Jorvik, Leirin, Nor AberRoyal, Bardot, Landvik Barking, Denso, Greenspeed, Jorvik Östra Ljungby

Agrostis stolonifera CY-2, Independence, Bueno, Declaration, 1 Nordlys, Penn A-1, Independence Nordlys, Penn G-1, Penn G-2 Penncross, Penn G-1, Runner

F.rubra commutata Bargreen, Center, Greensleeves, Barswing, Blenheim, Calliope, Kiruna, Musica, Soberana Center, Greensleeves, Kiruna, Musica

F.rubra trichophylla Baroyal, Cezanne, Viktorka Barcrown, Cezanne, Finesto, Viktorka

Lolium perenne Chardin Chardin

Poa trivialis Race Horse Not recommended

The project has now been finished and we hope for at new test round to start in 2011.

Figure. 1: Division of Scandinavia into two climatic zones. Trial sites have been 2 indicated. Photo.2. Experimental green at Korpa GC, Iceland, on 20 March 2010. Photo: Gudni Thorvaldsson 14 sTERF ongoing projects

Potential for velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina) on Scandinavian putting greens

Project period: January 2006 – December 2010 Project summary and status as of 1 January 2011 Major concerns for the use of velvet bentgrass (VB) in Scandinavia are whether cur- Funding (kSEK) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total rent cultivars have sufficient winter hardiness, and whether it is possible to control the STERF 200 600 585 500 265 2 150 rapid formation of thatch in this species. The results from the four sub-projects are as Other sources 750 1 000 1 000 820 3 570 follows: SUM 200 1 350 1 585 1 500 1 085 5 720 1) As tested under controlled environments, freezing tolerance and resistance to pink Principal investigator / contact person snow mould (Microdochium nivale) did not vary among VB cultivars. Similar freezing Tatsiana Espevig, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, tolerance in VB and creeping bentgrass (CB) was associated with similar levels of sucro- Bioforsk Øst Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Tel. + 47 406 23 778. se in crown tissue of acclimated plants. VB was more susceptible to M. nivale and sho- E-mail: [email protected] wed lower crown fructan content than CB. In darkness at 0.5 - 1.0 oC, even acclimated plants of VB and CB were not able to completely withstand snow mould invasion in Co-applicants the presence of simulated snow cover. Simulated ice cover for 12 weeks caused the grea- Trygve S. Aamlid, Bioforsk Øst Landvik, Norway test damage (only 9% survival) regardless of acclimation and inoculation with M. niva- Arne Tronsmo & Anne Marte Tronsmo, Norwegian Institute of Life Sciences le. The critical duration of ice cover for plant survival was between 42 and 84 days. (umb), Norway Bingru Huang, Stacy Bonos & James A. Murphy, Rutgers University, usa 2) Percentage of organic matter (OM) in the mat layer increased with increasing N Kristiina Laukkanen, Finnish Golf Union, Finland under light topdressing, but not under heavy (Photo 1). Vertical cutting reduced OM Katerina Jordan & Eric Lyons, University of Guelph, Canada from 6.4 to 5.3% at Landvik and resulted in generally better visual quality. Spiking led to softening of the green surface, but improved infiltration by more than 50%. We con- Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2010 cluded that VB requires at least 150 kg N ha-1 yr-1 until the green is mature (1-2 years 11-14 Apr: ETS conference, Angers, France after sowing), after which the N rate should be considerably reduced. Topdressing with 16-18 June: STERF and Finnish Golf Union seminar, Hyvinkää, Finland 1.0 mm sand every second week is recommended irrespective of green age. Mechanical treatments on mature VB greens may include grooming once a week, monthly vertical cutting, and spiking once or twice a year. ongoing projects sterf 15

3) Neither rootzone composition nor irrigation regime affected mat thickness or OM irrigation. %. Light and frequent irrigation provided relatively better overall impression of young VB compared with deep and infrequent irrigation, but the visual quality on straight sand plots was significantly decreased in response to light and frequent irrigation by the end of the study (Photo 2). Green Mix (sand+20% v/v garden compost) showed clear advantages in the form of higher visual quality, less pink snow mould, longer irrigation intervals and less risk for development of soil water repellency.

4) Practical evaluation / large-scale demonstration trials with VB were carried out on 10 golf courses in Denmark Finland, Sweden and Norway from 2007 to 2010. Greenkeepers met regularly at reference group meetings and at the velvet bentgrass 1 workshop ‘Best management practice for velvet bentgrass putting greens’ in June 2010 (See separate report in this yearbook).

The project is now finished. Five scientific papers and a doctoral thesis are almost ready for submission. By July 2011, at least four popular articles will also be published in Scandinavian turfgrass magazines.

Photo 1. Effects of nitrogen rate and topdressing level on thatch formation (expressed as organic matter percentage) on velvet bentgrass green.

Photo 2. Effects of rootzone composition and irrigation regime on performance of vel- vet bentgrass during 2008 and 2009. The green was sown in June 2007. SS = Straight sand; GM = Green Mix; LF = Light and frequent irrigation; DI = Deep and infrequent 2 16 sTERF ongoing projects

Breeding of winter hardy turfgrass varieties for Central and Northern Scandinavia

Project period: January 2007 - December 2010 texture, of A. stolonifera ‘Nordlys’. The aim was to develop new varieties based on ‘Nordlys’ germplasm. Funding (kSEK) 2007 2008 2009 2010 total Selection started in 2007 by raising 1000 single plants from the anticipated most ori- STERF 50 60 50 50 210 ginal seed lot. The plants showed huge variation, and we suspected that some of Other sources 50 60 50 0 160 them were A. capillaris. This was confirmed by certification authorities rejecting seed SUM 100 120 100 50 370 crops due to contamination with A. capillaris. After examining lots of various genera- tions, we realised that the breeder’s seed of ‘Nordlys’ had been contaminated. As all Principal investigator / contact person creeping bentgrass plants were fine-leaved, it was A. capillaris that caused the uneven Petter Marum, Graminor AS, Bjørke Research Station, n-2322 Ridabu, Norway. texture on putting greens. This resulted in ‘Nordlys’ being withdrawn from the mar- Tel: +4790871749. petter.marum@graminor. ket. To overcome the problem, a new nursery was established in 2009. Suspicious plants Co-applicants were removed a number of times until seed harvest in 2010. This resulted in 1.4 kg of Bjørn Molteberg, Trygve S. Aamlid & Kristin Daugstad Bioforsk Øst pure seed, which will be used to establish a seed crop for the production of prebasic seed in 2011. Prospects are that proven to be ‘Nordlys’ will be back on the market by Talks at conferences, meetings, seminars, field days, etc. in 2010 2015. 19 Nov: ‘A strong grass plant’ STERF / Stockholm Golf District Meeting, Stockholm, Sweden Subproject 2 - Evaluation of breeding lines of Festuca rubra ssp. commutata and A. capillaris for putting greens in tough winter climates Project summary and status as of 1 January 2011 This subproject was conducted as an extension of the STERF variety trial at Bioforsk Both subprojects were finished by the end of 2010. Apelsvoll, 2007-2010. As F. rubra ssp. commutata is not native to northern Scandinavia, candidates of this Subproject 1 - Improving leaf texture, uniformity and playing quality of winter hardy species were mostly synthetics after crosses of winter-surviving plants originating Agrostis stolonifera elsewhere. Their overall performance was almost as good as that of ‘Musica’, and bet- This work was triggered by the outstanding winter survival, but non-uniform leaf ter than ‘Greensleeves’, which are both recommended for northern Scandinavia. ongoing projects sterf 17

Many of the candidates had significantly better performance than the check varieties in spring. It is recommended that the three most highly ranked candidates, ‘LøRc0011’, ‘LøRc0008’ and ‘LøRc0010’, be submitted to DUS testing and multipli- cation started.

Candidates of Agrostis capillaris were mostly crosses between northern and southern germplasm. The Danish check variety ‘Jorvik’, which is recommended in Northern Scandinavia, had inferior winter survival, but better dormancy colour than the can- didates. Compared with the Norwegian check variety ‘Leirin’, which is already on the market, ‘LøEk0015’ represented an improvement in tiller density, in-season colour and dormancy colour. It also tended to have finer leaves and was less prone to attack by in-season diseases. It should be subjected to DUS testing and seed multipli- cation started.

Photo: The extended STERF variety trial including Graminor breeding lines at Apelsvoll. Photo taken on 7 May by research technician Frank Enger. 18 sTERF ongoing projects

Optimal maintenance for hardening and early spring growth of golf green turfgrass

Project period: January 2005 – DECEMBER 2011 • Presentation of the project and preliminary results at a meeting with experienced golf course managers, agronomists and researchers from Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Funding (kSEK) 2006 2007 2008 2009/10 2011 total Project summary and status as of 1 January 2011 STERF 1 000 1 100 1 220 480 3 300 Other sources 500 500 500 1 500 Winter damage to turf, especially on putting greens, is a major problem on golf courses in TOTAL 500 1 500 1 600 1 220 480 5 300 Scandinavia in most years. This causes increased maintenance and reconstruction costs, as well as delaying re-opening of the golf courses in spring. Principal investigator / contact person Dr Mats Linde Department of Soil Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences The project consists of three parts: Box 7014, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden 1) Construction of new research greens Tel. + 46 (0)18 671273. E-mail: [email protected] 2) Studies of how winter hardening and early spring growth are influenced by management strategy Co-applicants 3) Information and communication. Magnus Barth, Head Greenkeeper, Fullerö Golf Club Dr Karin Blombäck, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) The first part of the project was finished in late summer 2006, when the two chipping and Dr Tom Ericsson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) research greens at Fullerö GK were opened for play and the management regime was Maria Strandberg MSc, Swedish Golf Federation (SGF) changed, from establishment of the grass to fertilisation and fungicide treatment, accor- Professor Arne Tronsmo, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) ding to the research plan. One of the greens is seeded with red fescue and one with creep- ing bent. in addition to the new test greens, an existing green with annual meadowgrass is Talks at conferences, meetings, seminars, field days, etc. in 2010 being used in the project. The research plan includes four different fertilisation regimes • Presentation of preliminary results in a course for greenkeepers in Norway (traditional, traditional with late N supply, demand-driven and demand-driven with late • Lecture about the project and preliminary results for the university course Turfgrass N), with or without fungicide and with or without early spring cover. for Golf Courses, with participants from Denmark, Norway and Sweden ongoing projects sterf 19

Two of the three winters included in the project period have ‘unfortunately’ been uncom- monly mild and gentle to the grass. On the red fescue green, visual damage was only recor- ded in the first winter, 2007/2008, and affected a mean value of 5% surface. The creeping bent turf showed mean damage of 8% in plots without fungicide in the first winter and 4% damage to the surface in the second winter. For the annual meadowgrass trial, the cor- responding values were 44% and 14%. No correlation to fertilisation regime can be seen for any of the species.

The laboratories preparing plant material for analyses and analysing carbohydrate concen- trations were both understaffed in 2010 and the backlog in this part of the project concer- ning results has not yet been cleared. However, some carbohydrate concentration data were delivered during 2010. Preliminary analysis of these data shows somewhat higher fructan concentration for the demand-driven fertilisation regime. Data concerning abo- veground biomass, which were also delivered during 2010, show a markedly higher growth rate in spring for the regime with late N fertilisation.

The external communication of projects has been delayed in 2010 due to the lack of final results. In the coming year, when more concrete results and conclusions will be produced within the project, there will be more opportunities for communication and information about the project.

Photo: Experimental facilities at Fullerö GK. 20 sTERF ongoing projects

Demonstration trials with winter cover protection

Project period: May 2007 – December 2010 Project summary and status as of 1 January 2011 In Finland the winter covers that were in accordance with the original experimental Funding (kSEK) plan were put in place on the first and ninth greens of Lepaa Golf course. The new trial 2007 2008 2009 2010 total STERF 100 45 40 185 winter covers were placed on the practice green of Lepaa Golf course. The material Other sources 100 47 76 17 240 consists of three different GreenJacket covers, GJ-Foam Insulation, GJ-AFS Insulation SUM 200 92 116 17 425 and GreenJacket Cover, and a control area. The first and the ninth green were covered on 11 December 2009 and the practice green Principal investigators/ contact persons on 10 December 2009. The winter covers were removed from the practice green and Boel Pettersson, Swedish Golf Federation, Idrottens Hus, Mullbergsvägen 11 b, the ninth green on 6 April 2010 and from the first green on 9 April 2010. se-931 37 Skellefteå. Tel. +46 70 556 04 24. E-mail; [email protected] For the first time during the winter cover experiment, the covers could be installed in Maire Rannikko, hamk University of Applied Sciences, Lepaa Unit, Lepaantie 129 close to optimal conditions in the autumn of 2009. The ground was lightly frozen, air fin-14610 Lepaa. Tel. + 358 3 646 5241. E-mail [email protected] temperature sank permanently below 0°C immediately after installation of the covers, and a fungicide application had been carried out immediately before the covers were Co-applicants installed. On the first and ninth greens, the plastic film that had been spread out on top hamk University of Applied Sciences, Lepaa Unit of three covers was not attached as tightly as in the previous year. In spite of all that, Lepaa Golf Course snow mould was widespread and turf condition was poor in the spring of 2010. Swedish Golf Federation, Agronomist Timrå Golf Course In Sweden the greens were covered between 2 November 2009 and 16 April 2010 at Bodens Golf Course Timrå GK and 4 November 2009 and 4 May 2010 at Bodens GK. In the annual report for 2009, changes from the original trial plan are described. In this winter too, some Talks and posters at conferences, meetings, seminars, field days etc. in 2010 dead areas occurred in low spots and some grass died in areas caused by leaking water. 20 Apr: Field Day for Swedish Greenkeepers, Timrå Golf Course. Only small differences in the snow mould situation were seen between sprayed and 11 May: Field Day for Swedish Greenkeepers, Bodens Golf Course non-sprayed areas at Timrå GK. ongoing projects sterf 21

Compared with ‘usual’ winter (ice and thaw periods), fairly good survival occurred in the whole trial (including no covered area) at Timrå GK. At Bodens GK, the best survival occurred in areas with impermeable cover, but the area with permeable cover also survived fairly well. At both places the winter was long and with a lot of snow but no ice. Probably due to that, the differences were small between different covering materials and between covers and no covers.

The most difficult problem with covering is to cover as late as possible, but before first snowfall. Another problem is to create enough ‘air space’ between ground and cover, which is especially important in areas with long periods of snow and/or ice.

Finally, it is very important to avoid all possibilities of watering leak under the covers.

Photo: Winter covers put in place at Timrå GK. 22 sTERF ongoing projects

Impact of mowing height and late autumn fertilisation on winter survival of golf greens in the Nordic countries

Project period: July 2008 – November 2010 (3), Norway (11), and Iceland (1) with two mowing heights, 100% and 150% of normal height at the golf course. The greens were fertilised with a balanced, soluble fertiliser Funding (kSEK) -2 2008 2009 2010 total giving 0.2 kg N 100 m when the turf had stopped growing. The experiment was STERF 150 140 90 380 repeated during the winter 2009/2010. The winter injuries were different during these Other sources 0 0 0 0 two winter seasons. The first winter was unstable, and ice cover caused severe injuries SUM 150 140 90 380 especially on annual meadowgrass (Poa annua L.) greens. The last winter was extraordi- narily stable, with permanent snow cover for 2-3 months even in Denmark. Principal investigator/contact person Different grass species were represented in the trials; creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stoloni- Agnar Kvalbein, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental fera L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina L.) and annual Research, Bioforsk Øst Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. meadowgrass. Tel. +47 406 22 916 E-mail: [email protected] Turf cover (%) in the spring and general impression of turf quality were recorded in about 50% of the trials. Some observations of diseases and turf colour were also repor- Talks at conferences meetings, seminars, field days, etc. in 2010 ted.There were no or just small effects of different mowing heights. In red fescue we Preliminary results were presented at the Danish Greenkeepers’ Association’s educa- found a positive tendency on spring performance (p=0.10) from high mowing in one tion week at Fjerritslev on 10 November 2010. out of four trials. There were no negative effects of late autumn fertilisation but significantly better Project summary and status as of 1 January 2011 spring performance in three out of four trials with red fescue. Two out of seven creep- Positive effects from late autumn fertilisation of turf grass, such as better winter colour ing bentgrass greens and one out of four velvet bentgrass greens also had significantly and improved spring performance, have been reported from several studies in the US. improved spring performance after late autumn fertilisation. The same tendency was However, applying fertiliser after growth cessation has not been common practice on observed in most of the other trials. Only two out of 20 greens with perennial grass spe- golf greens in the Nordic countries. The effects of mowing height in the autumn have cies showed no effect of late autumn fertilisation. Winter injuries were not significantly not been well documented in previous studies. Increased mowing height on golf greens affected by late autumn fertilisation, but there were tendencies for better winter survi- has been recommended by agronomists, but has not always been adopted in practice. val and less snow mould on some greens. In autumn 2008, 18 experiments were established at golf courses in Finland (3), Sweden Annual meadowgrass greens were severely injured by anoxia in 2009 and by snow ongoing projects sterf 23

moulds in 2010. The trials provided no solid data for drawing conclusions concerning Additional treatments (private experiments) made interpretation of the data difficult. annual meadowgrass greens. Finally a set of data was lost in the mailing system. However, some greenkeepers carried Due to the risk of nutrient leaching after late autumn fertilisation, further investiga- out the experiment and reported reliable data on time. tions should be done before compiling general recommendations. There are also Involving greenkeepers in a project like this makes it possible to run an extended num- reasons to conclude that enhanced applications of fertiliser throughout the autumn are ber of experiments and it creates a positive involvement, but collecting and interpreting preferable to one relatively large application of fertiliser in late autumn data became a challenging task.

Experiments on golf courses Photo 1. Greenkeeper Jukka Rauhamäki at Messilä golf course in Finland found more This project involved 16 greenkeepers as research technicians. They all started with snow mould at the non-fertilised plots of his creeping bentgrass green. 28 April 2010. high ambitions and set up the experiment according the protocol, but some lost their Photo: Agnar Kvalbein. motivation when they either found the green 100% dead in the spring, or there were no Photo 2. Landvik research station 4 May 2010. Late autumn fertilisation gave better obvious results from the experimental treatments. Five greenkeepers left their jobs colour and denser turf on this pure red fescue green. Photo: Agnar Kavlbein. during the project period. Extraordinary early snow cover left some greens untreated.

1 2 24 sTERF ongoing projects

Development of methods for non-pesticide weed control on golf fairways

Project period: February 2008 – January 2011 19 Nov: Presentation at the meeting ‘Modern banskötsel – Nya EU-direktiv kräver integreret växtskydd’ held by The Swedish Golf Federation and STERF, Stockholm, Funding (kSEK) Sweden. 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total STERF 65 125 250 440 Other sources 612 612 208 200 1.632 Project summary and status as of January 2011 SUM 677 737 458 200 2.072 The aim is to develop new strategies for pesticide-free, mechanical management of weeds, with the focus on timing and frequency in order to reduce the use of herbici- Principal investigator / contact person des. The hypothesis is that weeds can be controlled through a strategy that enhances Anne Mette Dahl Jensen, Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, grass growth and represses weeds. Weeds can probably also be reduced directly by Rolighedsvej 23 1958 Frederiksberg mechanical procedures. Tel. +45 35331706 E-mail: [email protected] Preliminary results, field experiment 2008-2009 Talks and posters at conferences, meetings, seminars, field days etc 2010 The results indicated that different mechanical treatments can have a negative effect 4-5 Feb: Presentation at Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Workshop, Uppsala, on the occurrence of weed species. These effects are only a few percent. At the Sweden moment the impression is that the methods being tested in this experiment do not 8 Apr: Visit at Värpinge golf course – discussing pesticide-free management, Sweden provide strategies that can have a serious impact on weeds. This, and the fact that the 4 May: Field day at Furesø golf course with Danish and Swedish greenkeepers, Group PhD student had to stop (illness), led to a re-evaluation of the project. The Danish ‘Miljöoptimerad banskötsel’, Denmark Golf Federation and Forest & Landscape will finance the last year in order to have the 22 Sep: Presentation at the Conference ‘Golfbanan – arena för idrott, naturvård och results evaluated and to use autumn 2010 and 2011 for a complementary pilot project allmänhet’ (presentation available on STERF website), Copenhagen, Denmark in order to find new ideas for mechanical reduction of weeds. The intention is to find 14 Oct: Meeting with Swedish greenkeepers, Group ‘Miljöoptimerad banskötsel’, at methods that can be used for differentiated weed control - control performed only in Halmstad golf course, Sweden problem areas with specific weed types. 9 Nov: Presentation at The Danish Greenkeepers’ Association education week at Slette Strand, Denmark ongoing projects sterf 25

Experiments/work in 2011 Data from the two field experiments will be analysed in detail. Calculations will be performed on the economics and energy use of the different management strategies.

Weed flaming: A project on pesticide-free management of weeds on paved areas indi- cated that grass is more resistant to flaming treatment than most broadleaved weed species. The hypothesis is that a burning intensity can be identified whereby some broadleaved weeds species are damaged but the grass lawn survives. In autumn 2010 an experimental field at Furesø golf course was established (seven different levels of flaming intensity). Flaming was performed twice, with a three week interval, during autumn 2010 and will be continued in spring 2011. The evaluation will be made two weeks after the final flaming and repeated in summer and autumn 2011.

Fertiliser: Type of fertiliser (acid/non acid) can influence the occurrence of weeds. Different types in different amounts will be tried on two golf courses in 2011 during the entire growing season. The results will be evaluated in autumn 2011 and spring 2012.

Scalping fairways: Furesø golf course is in the process of evaluating methods for fair- way renovation. During spring 2011 different methods will be tested, scalping inclu- ded. Evaluation of weed occurrence will be in summer and autumn 2011. 26 sTERF ongoing projects

Fertiliser strategies for golf turf: Implications for physiology- driven fertilisation

Project period: January 2007 – December 2010 Project summary and status as of 1 January 2011 The main objective of the project was to improve the precision of current recom- Funding (kSEK) mendations for demand-driven fertilisation. In 2007 the growth potential and the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total STERF 91 386 462 171 113 1 223 relationship between leaf nitrogen status and growth of seven commonly used turf SLU 133 133 grass species were determined in a pot experiment. The results were tested in a field SUM 224 386 462 171 113 1356 trial at Landvik, Norway, during 2008 and 2009. Principal investigator/contact person Tom Ericsson Department of Urban and Rural Development, All planned activities, including playing quality and chemical analyses of clippings, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences have been carried out during 2009 and 2010, but the work of data evaluation P.O. Box 7012, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. Tel. +4618-672534, and manuscript preparation has been delayed. According to the original plans this E-mail: [email protected] work should have been completed during 2010, but will now be carried out during spring 2011. Co-applicants Karin Blombäck, Department of Soil & Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Trygve S. Aamlid and Agnar Kvalbein, Norwegian Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research, Bioforsk Öst Landvik, Norway

Talks and posters at conferences, meetings, seminars, field days etc. in 2010 ERFA meeting at Bröndby stadium, Copenhagen, June 21. Nutrient elements and Figure: Test of ball roll on the experimental greens at Landvik with different grass fertiliser supply of sand-based greens, presentation by Agnar Kvalbein. species and fertiliser regimes ongoing projects sterf 27

Ballrull etter innspill i cm ved ulike gjødslingsnivå 700

600

500

400 40 %

300 60 % 100 % 200

100

0 F.rubra 'Center' F.rubra 'Cezanne A. cap 'Barking' A.can 'Legendary' 28 sTERF ongoing projects

Evaporative demands and deficit irrigation on golf courses and other turfgrass areas

Project period: July 2008 – December 2012 21 Sep: Head Greenkeeper Class, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden 10 Nov:Danish Greenkeeper Association winter meeting, Ferritslev, Denmark. Funding (kSEK) 24 Nov: Mendel University / Czech Greenkeeper Association winter meeting, Brno, 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total STERF 400 400 400 300 1 500 Czech Republic. Other sources 90 350 441 441 339 1 661 SUM 90 750 841 841 639 3 161 Project summary and status as of 1 January 2011 The goal of this project is to save water and promote turf quality through better Principal investigator / contact person irrigation practices. The project is divided into four subprojects (SP1-4). In SP1, the Trygve S. Aamlid, The Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental objective is to determine crop coefficients (Kc), i.e. the ratio between actual and refe- Research, Bioforsk Øst Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. rence evapotranspiration, of various turfgrass species on greens and fairways. Turfgrass Tel. + 47 90 52 83 78. E-mail: [email protected] water use is determined by daily pulling out and weighing metal cylinders (10 cm dia- meter, 30 cm deep, sealed bottom) that have been installed on greens and fairways at Co-applicants Landvik. Jan Stavås, Rainbird Irrigation Company, Sweden During 2009 and 2010, the cylinders were weighed during six periods of 5-12 days Jerry Knox, Cranfield University, UK without rainfall. After each weighing, half the cylinders were hand-irrigated to field Agnar Kvalbein, Bioforsk, Norway capacity (as much water as the soil could hold), while the others remained unirriga- Hugh Riley, Bioforsk, Norway ted. Kc at green mowing height (5 mm in Festuca spp. and 3 mm in Agrostis spp.) increased in the order A. canina < A. stolonifera < Festuca rubra ssp. commutata = Talks and posters at conferences, meetings, seminars, field days etc. 2010 F. rubra ssp. trichophylla < A. capillaris. 11 Jan: Norwegian Greenkeeper Association Winter Course, Belek, Turkey We hypothesise that the surprisingly high Kc from the open and sandy red fescue 4 Feb: Nordic Distance Course ‘Gräs för golfbanor’, ‘Ultuna, Sweden greens was due to higher surface temperatures and more exposure to wind than on the 15 Feb: Head Greenkeeper Class, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden dense and low-cut velvet and creeping bentgrass greens. This will be investigated 16 Sep: STERF Irrigation Project Reference Group Meeting, Landvik, Norway further in 2011. SCANDINAVIAN TURFGRASS AND ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH FOUNDATION sterf 29

Another finding not previously reported was that the Kc values were much higher (1.5-2.5) on the first day after irrigation to field capacity than on subsequent days (0.8- 1.1). This implies that frequent irrigation to field capacity will greatly increase water use compared with deficit or wilt-based irrigation.

The objective of SP2 is to develop deficit irrigation strategies. In 2010, a trial was con- ducted under a mobile rain-out shelter on a creeping bentgrass green and on a fairway dominated by red fescue. In the green trial, deficit irrigation to approx. 50% of field capacity twice or six times per week produced equal turf quality with significantly less use of water compared with irrigation to 100% of field capacity once, twice or six times per week. The mean soil water content in the deficit treatments was 9.0-9.3 % (v/v) and total water use approx. 2/3 of reference ET.

The objective of SP3 is to implement the findings from SP1 and SP2 in large-scale demonstration trials on golf courses. The first demonstration with deficit irrigation twice per week was initiated on a creeping bentgrass green at Fullerö GC, Sweden, in late June 2010. An official audit showed that the irrigation system had an acceptable distribution uniformity of 80%. Unfortunately, the results with deficit irrigation under the rain-out shelter at Landvik could not be verified due to ample rainfall in July and August. SP3 will be extended with more demonstration trials in 2010.

The objective of SP4 is to publish two scientific papers and a ‘Scandinavian Turfgrass Irrigation Handbook’. This will be accomplished in the last project year 2012. 30 sTERF SongoingCANDINAVIAN project TURFGRAs SS AND ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH FOUNDATION

Impact of Primo MAXX® and fungicides on turfgrass winter survival on Nordic golf greens

Project period: August 2010 – July 2011 One of the main findings in the STERF project was that regular use of Primo MAXX® during the growing season would reduce snow mould infection during the Funding (kSEK) 2010 2011 Total subsequent winter and lead to faster green-up of greens and fairways in the next STERF 0 0 0 spring. One explanation for this observation may be that the growth regulator gives Other sources 120 145 265 rise to stronger plants with larger pools of storage carbohydrates before the winter. If SUM 120 145 265 this is true, Primo MAXX® may become an important part of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme on golf courses. Thus, the main objectives of the Principal investigator / contact person present project are (1) to further elucidate the effects of Primo MAXX® on disease Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, susceptibility of the turf, and (2) to determine whether fungicide programmes can be Bioforsk Øst Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. reduced or improved with the inclusion of Primo MAXX® . Tel. + 47 90 52 83 78. E-mail: [email protected] Trials were initiated on three golf greens in August 2010; one creeping bentgrass Co-applicants (Agrostis stolonifera) green at Ypäjä GC, Finland, one pure red fescue (Festuca rubra) Oiva Niemelainen, Agricultural Research Centre (MTT), Jokioinen, Finland green at Fullerö GC, Sweden and one annual meadowgrass (Poa annua) green at Magnus Barth, Fullerö GK, Västerås, Sverige Bioforsk Landvik, Norway. From about 1 August until about 1 Oct., Primo MAXX® Paula Persson, Agricultural University of Sweden, Ultuna was applied every second week at the recommended rate of 0.3 L/ha to one half of the experimental area (three main plots) at Ypäjä and Fullerö. In mid October, each main Project summary and status as of 1 January 2011 plot was split into several subplots allowing various fungicide combinations and app- Based on documentation provided by the project ‘Evaluation of plant growth regula- lication dates. The last applications were made shortly before snow covered the greens tor trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX® on Nordic golf courses’ (STERF / Syngenta in November. Because grow-in of the annual meadowgrass green was only completed 2007-2009), applications have been submitted for approval of Primo MAXX® on golf by the end of the growing season, experimentation at Landvik in this first evaluation courses in Finland, Sweden and Norway. The growth regulator is already approved for year only included fungicides, not Primo MAXX® . turfgrass use in Iceland. ongoing projects sterf 31

Among the preliminary observations in 2010 were that Primo MAXX® reduced clip- The project is funded 100% by Syngenta and carried out according to the Contract ping yield by 27% and increased turfgrass ball distance by about 3% on the red fescue Service Evaluation Agreement between STERF and Syngenta. green at Fullerö. None of the trials had any visual symptoms of disease before the win- ter. The main observations will be made after snow melt in spring 2010. Photo: Fungicide application in the trial at Ypäjä GC, Finland, 2 Nov. 2010. Photo Oiva Niemelainen. 32 sTERF ongoing projects

Multifunctional golf courses with unique natural and cultural values

Project period: January 2009 - December 2010 Project summary and status as of 1 January 2011 In addition to serving as important recreation areas for golfers and outdoor leisure Funding (kSEK) activities, many golf courses possess high natural and cultural values. Kristianstads 2009 2010 Total STERF 125 125 250 Golf Club has been working together with the Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Other sources 125 125 250 Office towards achieving environmental certification for the golf club’s courses and SUM 250 250 500 its operations in general.

Principal investigator / contact person This project is a part of the work of promoting the multifunctional utilisation of the golf courses and preserving and developing the natural and cultural values by means Carina Wettemark, Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve, of a number of demonstrations and pilot schemes on and adjacent to the golf course. Kristianstads kommun, SE 291 80 Kristianstad The purpose of the project includes the creation of a multifunctional golf course Tel: +46 (0)44136486, where a greater awareness of the use of pesticides and watering, etc. will lead to their E-mail: [email protected] more economical use.

Co-applicants Work has been done to make the golf course more accessible for other forms of out- Kristianstads Golfklubb, Åhus door leisure activities through the use of paths. During 2010 a path with information boards on nature and demonstration plots and culture values was inaugurated on Talks and posters at conferences, meetings, seminars, field days etc. in 2010 Botanical Day, 14 June. Botanical Day was arranged to inform golf club members 14 June: De vilda blommornas dag, Botanical day. Kristianstads Golfklubb Åhus and public about the high botanical values on the course and its surroundings. 22-23 Sept: Presentation of the project at the seminar ‘Golfbanen -Et areal til idreat, natur og friluftsliv’, Copenhagen A new machine has been bought to increase the biodiversity on the course, e.g. 12 Oct: Länsnaturträff in Kristianstad at the County Administration Board in Skåne. mowing of roughs after flowering and removal of grass. These are measures that will benefit the flora and endangered insects, as well as making the roughs better for golf ongoing projects sterf 33

players. In demonstration plots, on roughs and in the surroundings, various measures have been taken to create bare sand in order to promote biodiversity. These plots will be examined within the project and during the following years.

A management plan for nature and cultural values has been produced during the last year. This plan was drawn up by the board of the golf club. Botanical values in the demonstration plots have also been documented during the year.

During 2010 we took part in the Nordic project for multifunctional golf courses, where STERF is the co-ordinating organisation. The Nordic project has become part of our project in some areas.

The project ‘Multifunctional golf courses with unique natural and cultural values’ is scheduled for completion in December 2010. 34 sTERF ongoing projects

PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPES AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ELEMENTS ON GOLF COURSES

Project period: January 2009 - December 2011 landscapes and cultural heritage elements. In agreement with STERF, the project has been expanded in 2010 to include a study on public access on golf courses. Funding (kSEK) 2009 2010 2011 total STERF 300 300 300 900 The methods applied are a combination of case studies and literature studies. The stu- Other sources 165 165 165 495 dy provides an assessment of how planning processes and environmental impact SUM 465 465 465 1 395 assessments (EIA) related to golf courses differ in New Zealand, UK and Scandinavia. The study also explores the different scientific methods being applied in these Principal investigator / contact person countries, as well as possibilities for mutual method development using the methods Ole R. Sandberg, Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, for analysis of visual landscape character and heritage values applied in the project. Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O.Box 5003,N-1432 Aas, Norway. Tel: +476496 5300 (5357 direct) or +47 92202011, E-mail: [email protected] Work in 2010 has consisted of categorising types of golf courses and studying their visual impact on surrounding landscapes. A method for evaluating cultural heritage Co-applicants elements on golf courses has been established and a method for measuring the degree Mari S. Tveit, Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, of public access is being developed. Norwegian University of Life Sciences Preparations have been made for further case studies in Scandinavia (2011) on the Talks and posters at conferences, meetings, seminars, field days etc. in 2010 three themes mentioned. Scientific articles have been prepared for publication in 22-23 Sep: STERF-conference, Multifunctional golf courses 2011.

Project summary and status as of 1 January 2011 The aim of the study is to produce tools which can be used by golf course architects, greenkeepers and authorities, and to assess the impact of golf courses on cultural ongoing projects sterf 35

North Berwick, Scottland 36 sTERF ongoing projects

Nordic cooperation between authorities and non-governmental organisations for creating multifunctional golf courses and healthy ecosystems

Project period: March 2010 - April 2011 Denmark Christina Boje, Environmental Board, Denmark, Funding (kSEK) Maria Kock-Jensen, The Danish Outdoor Council, 2010 2011 2012 Total Torben Kastrup Petersen, STERF and Danish Golf Union STERF Thomas Roland Nordic Council of Ministers 240 200 440 , Heritage Agency of Denmark Golf sector 230 200 430 Iceland SUM 470 400 870 Hildur Vesteinsdottir, Umhverfisstofnun, Environment Agency of Iceland Principal investigator / contact person Hördur Thorsteinsson, STERF and Icelandic Golf Association Maria Strandberg, STERF, P.O. Box 84, SE-182 11 Danderyd, Sweden, Sweden Tel: + 46 8 622 1527, + 46 70 620 17 87, E-mail: [email protected] Mårten Wallberg, Swedish Society for Nature Conservation - Stockholm Branch Bette Malmros, Regional Planning Office, Stockholm County Administration Board Project group Carina Wettemark, Biosphere Office, Kristianstad Vattenrike, Biosphere Reserve Norway Maria Strandberg and Karin Schmidt, STERF Ole Römer Sandberg, Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Finland Norwegian University of Life Sciences Kristiina Laukkanen, Finnish Golf Union Bård Andresen, Vestfold Fylkeskommune Svein Tveitdal, UNEP and Arendal & Tvedestrand kommun Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2010 Pål Melbye, STERF and Norwegian Golf Association September 22-23 2010: ‘Golfbanan arena för idrott, naturvård och allmänhet’ ongoing projects sterf 37

Project summary and status as of 1 January 2010 Multifunctional golf courses are beneficial for society and for golf. Golf courses have a number of roles to play in addition to providing playing surfaces for golf. Considering golf from an outsider’s perspective, golf courses can provide a wide range of services that should be exploited, promoted and developed. For example, golf courses can contribute to rural development, natural and cultural values and biological diversity, and can provide recreation areas for active outdoor life. For golf courses the multifunctional approach is profitable. It provides opportunities for additional streams of income, deeper roots in society through work on sustainable development, better collaboration with the authorities, environmental and recreation organisations and other sports clubs and a better public image and greater political support. The authorities in the Nordic countries are demanding establishment of multifunctional golf courses, which can help to achieve the national environmental quality objectives regarding biological diversity and natural and cultural environ- ments. Multifunctional golf facilities can also help to improve public health and quality of life, by providing facilities for active outdoor recreation, particularly in are- as around towns and cities where a large number of golf courses are located.

Through utilising shared Nordic expertise, we want to make the Nordic region a leading example of multifunctional golf courses and of cooperation between different groups in society. This means that the Nordic region can become a driving force for integrating sport and the environment in an international context.

Outcomes of the project are: • A guide for creating multifunctional golf courses. • A conference focusing on cooperation between authorities and non-governmental organisations for creating multifunctional golf courses and healthy ecosystems. • A revised research programme based on experiences and knowledge from the project. • International recognition of the project. 38 sTERF ongoing projects

International symposium: Best management practice for velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina) on golf course putting greens

Project period: January 2010 – December 2010 Project summary and status as of 1 January 2011 As the project ‘Potential for velvet bentgrass on Scandinavian putting greens’ had its Funding (kSEK) last year in 2010 (see separate report in this yearbook), STERF and the Finnish Golf 2010 total Union hosted the international seminar ‘Best management practice for velvet bent- STERF 100 100 Other sources 50 50 grass (Agrostis canina) on golf course putting greens’ at Hyvinkää, Finland on 16-18 June SUM 150 150 2010.

Principal investigator / contact person Speakers were James Murphy from Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA; Benjamin Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research , Pease from University of Wisconsin, USA; Michelle DaCosta from University of Bioforsk Øst Landvik, N-4886 Grimstad, Norway. Massachusetts, USA; Katerina Jordan from University of Guelph, Canada; Keith Duff Tel. + 47 90528378. E-mail: [email protected] from the R&A, Scotland; Arne Tronsmo from the Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Håkan Blusi from Timrå GC, Sweden; Henrik Norén from Bro Bålsta GC, Co-applicants Sweden; Flemming Andreassen from Dronninglund GC, Denmark; Hans Beurling Kristiina Laukkanen, Finnish Golf Union, Finland from Furesø GC, Denmark; Kristiina Laukkanen from the Finnish Golf Union; and Tatsiana Espevig, Bioforsk Øst Landvik, Norway Tatsiana Espevig and Trygve S. Aamlid from Bioforsk Øst, Norway. The total number of participants was 45, representing nine different countries. Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2010 16-18 June: STERF and Finnish Golf Union seminar, Hyvinkää, Finland ongoing projects sterf 39

Besides presentations and discussions, the participants visited Kytäjä and Peuramaa, two beautiful Finnish golf courses with velvet bentgrass putting greens. The main conclusions from the four-year STERF project are summarised elsewhere in this yearbook. Other findings presented at the seminar were:

• Differences between the current velvet bentgrass cultivars Avalon = SR 7200, Greenwich, Legendary, Villa and Vesper are mostly small, but Villa had the leading edge in both American (NTEP) and Scandinavian (STERF) variety testing. Vesper is darker green than the other cultivars and outperformed Avalon in Wisconsin trials. • Major objectives in the Rutgers University velvet bentgrass breeding programme are a more stoloniferous growth habit, resistance to root Pythium, copper spot and anthracnose, improved seed yield and improved salt tolerance. The seminar recommended that breeders focus more on snow mould resistance and cultivars with slightly lower tiller density. • Velvet bentgrass has a lower growth rate than any other turfgrass species, especially at decreasing daylengths in the autumn. Mowing every second day is often sufficient. • Velvet bentgrass putting surfaces often have higher green speed, but the surfaces are often soft. • The wear tolerance of velvet bentgrass is equal to or better than that of creeping bentgrass, but the time needed to recover from damage is often longer due to its less stoloniferous growth habit • VBG has lower evapotranspiration (ET) values and higher water use efficiency than other C-4 turfgrass species. • Danish and Canadian experiences show promising results with a seed mixture of 10% VBG and 90% red fescue for putting greens. As red fescue and VBG seem to have much of the same ecological adaptation, this combination warrants further investigation.

Photo: Participants at STERF / FGU on one of the velvet bentgrass greens at Kytäjä GC. Photo: Trygve S. Aamlid. 40 sTERF ongoing projects

WATEURF – Water And Turf – Efficiency and Use Reduction for the Future. An international initiative on sustainable use of water in turfgrass management

Project period: November 2009 - Talks at conferences, seminars, meetings etc. in 2010 11-14 Apr: ETS conference, Angers, France Funding (kSEK) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total STERF 20 80 100 Project summary and status as of 1 January 2010 Other sources WATEURF - Water And Turf Efficiency and Use Reduction for the Future – is led by SUM 20 80 100 the Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation (STERF) in coo- peration with Bioforsk, Aquatrols, Alterra, Wageningen University and Cranfield Principal investigator / contact person University. Maria Strandberg, STERF, P.O. Box 84, SE-182 11 Danderyd, Sweden, Tel: + 46 8 622 1527, + 46 70 620 17 87, E-mail: [email protected] The network was initiated to bring stakeholders and researchers together around the issues of water and turf, and to define a strategic research agenda related to sustainable Co-applicants use of water in the maintenance of turfgrass. Managed turfgrass areas such as golf T. Aamlid, Bioforsk, Norway courses, sport fields and public parks are valuable social, environmental and economic D. Moore, 3Aquatrols Corporation of America/Aquatrols Europe, USA/UK and resources, but they require substantial quantities of water and often border or contain Wageningen University – Land Degradation and Development, the Netherlands bodies of water. Consequently, managed turfgrass is being increasingly scrutinised C.J. Ritsema , Alterra – Soil Physics and Land Use, Wageningen University, the regarding consumption of, and impact on, water resources. Netherlands and Wageningen University – Land Degradation and Development, the Netherlands WATEURF’s goal is to provide science-based information on integrated management J. Knox, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, United Kingdom practices, based on existing knowledge and new research results, to reduce water ongoing projects sterf 41

consumption, protect water quality and document the effects of well-managed turfgrass areas on water resources. Based on STERF´s model of bringing stakeholders and researchers together, and defining and implementing a strategic research agenda, WATEURF will develop opportunities for direct involvement by golf and other turf- grass sectors. The information generated will be used with various measures for train- ing and education.

A wide array of stakeholders are being contacted to introduce WATEURF and request input for the ‘Water and golf in Europe’ paper. Stakeholders will also be invited to become part of the open network. While the primary project at present is preparation of the foundation paper, other activities are anticipated, for example collection and dissemination of existing scientifically based information on management practices that can increase the efficiency of water use on golf and other turf areas and the impacts of golf courses on water quality – both positive and problematic. 42 sTERF completed projects

Completed projects

The projects listed below were funded by STERF 6. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca varieties (Nordisk 12. Improved strategy for control of Microdochium nivale during the period 2001-2010. More information about sortguide). Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian Institute for on golf courses. Anne Marte Tronsmo, Department of the projects can be found on the STERF website Agricultural and Environmental Research (2007). Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian sterf.golf.se University of Life Sciences (2006-2008).

1. Nitrogen utilisation efficiency in different golf green 7. Evaluation of biodiversity and nature conservation on 13. The influence of golf on nature and environment constructions of Creeping Bentgrass golf greens. golf courses in Scandinavia. – analyses and evaluation of the environmental Karin Blombäck, Swedish University of Agricultural Bente Mortensen, GreenProject (2006-2007). performance in Scandinavia. Sciences (2001-2004). Bente Mortensen, GreenProject (2006-2008). 8. Effects of organic amendments and surfactants on 2. Effects of demand-driven fertilisation on growth, appea- hydrophobicity and fungicide leaching from ageing golf 14. Evaluation of the plant growth regulator rance and nitrogen use efficiency of turfgrass. greens. Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian Institute for trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX®) on Nordic golf courses. Tom Ericsson, Swedish University of Agricultural Agricultural and Environmental Research (2006-2007). Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural Sciences (2003-2004). and Environmental Research (2007-2009). 9. The role of golf course management in the support of 3. Leaching of fungicides from golf greens: Quantification wetland-associated organisms in greater metropolitan 15. Development, evaluation and implementation of playing and risk assessment. Nicholas Jarvis, Swedish Stockholm. Johan Colding, Beijer Institute of Ecological quality parameters in a continuous golf course evaluation University of Agricultural Sciences (2004-2005). Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Science (2006- concept – user survey. 2008). Anne Mette Dahl Jensen, Forest & Landscape, 4. Benefits and environmental risks of fungicide use on University of Copenhagen (2007-2009). Scandinavian golf greens. Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian 10. Ageing of a sand-based rootzone. Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research Karin Blombäck, Swedish University of Agricultural 16. Re-establishment of green turfgrass after winter (2004-2005). Sciences (2006-2008). damage, spring 2009. Agnar Kvalbein, Norwegian Greenkeepers’ Associaton (2008-2009). 5. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca varieties for use on 11. Turfgrass demonstration trials in Dalarna. Scandinavian golf greens. Trygve S. Aamlid, Norwegian Erik Svärd, Swedish Golf Federation (2006-2008). Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (2004- 2007). completed projects sterf 43 44 sTERF economic overview

ECONOMIC OVERVIEW

INCOME STATEMENT 01/01/2010 01/01/2009 12/31/2010 12/31/2009 Revenue Net revenue 4 460 108 3 447 438 4 460 108 3 447 438 Expenses Other external expenses -1 325 -1 216 -1 325 -1 216 4 458 783 3 446 222 Income from financial items Interest 5 128 6 589 Surplus 4 463 911 3 452 811

BALANCE SHEET 12/31/2010 12/31/2009 Other receivable 121 500 0 Cash and bank balances 2 817 693 1 209 043 Total assets 2 939 193 1 209 043

Liabilities and equity Equity Restricted reserves 255 365 255 109 Non restricted reserves 2 511 255 933 934 Total equity 2 766 620 1 189 043

Current liabilities Other current liabilities 172 573 20 000 Total current liabilities 172 573 20 000

Total liabilities and equity 2 939 193 1 209 043 publications sterf 45

List of publications

Aamlid, T.S. 2003. Kraftig satsing på golfgras i Planteforsk. Råd til norske golfklubber før vinteren. NGF nyhetsbrev, Nov. Junnila, T. Espevig & Å. Susort 2008. Evaluation of the plant Gressforum 2003 (3)2, 24-25. 2006. growth regulator Primo MAXX® (trinexapac-ethyl) on Nordic Aamlid, T.S. 2003. Prøving av kvein- og rødsvingelsorter på Aamlid, T.S., M. Larsbo & N. Jarvis 2007. Effects of a sur- golf courses. Bioforsk Report 3(1): 1-30. golfgreen. Park & anlegg 2(4): 14-16. factant on turfgrass quality, hydrophobicity and fungicide Aamlid, T.S. 2009. Når graset våkner om våren. Gressforum Aamlid, T.S. 2004. Nye forsøksgreener på Landvik. Park & leaching from a USGA green established with and without 2009 (2): 26-27. anlegg 3 (7): 14-17. organic matter to the sand-based rootzone. In: Adjuvants on Aamlid, T.S., and T. Espevig, T. 2009. Hundekvein på golf- Aamlid, T.S., B. Molteberg, M.E. Engelsjord & K.O. Larsen our World. Eighth International Symposium on Adjuvants for greener i Norden. Gressforum 2009 (3): 20-22. 2003. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca varieties for use Agrochemicals. Abstracts. p. 24. Aamlid, T.S, T. Espevig, B. Molteberg, A. Tronsmo, O.M. Eklo, on Scandinavian golf greens. Results from the sowing Aamlid T.S. 2007. Bedre gresskvalitet og mindre klipping I.S. Hofgaard, G.H. Ludvigsen & M. Almvik 2009. Disease year 2003. Report to the Scandinavian Turfgrass Research med vekstregulering på norske golfbaner ? NGFs nyhetsbrev control and leaching potential of fungicides on golf greens Foundation. 19 pp. mai 2007. with and without organic amendment to the sand-based root Aamlid, T.S. & B. Molteberg 2004a. Evaluation of Agrostis Aamlid, T.S., M. Larsbo & N. Jarvis 2008. Effects of wet- zone. International Turfgrass Research Journal 11: 903-917. and Festuca varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens. ting agent on turfgrass quality, hydrophobicity, and fungi- Aamlid, T.S. 2009. Primo MAXX® anbefalt godkjent på golf- Results from the sowing year 2003 and first green year 2004. cide leaching from a USGA green with and without organic baner i Norden. Gressforum 2009 (1) 24-26. Report to the Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment amendment to the sand-based root zone. In: S. Magni (ed.): Aamlid, T.S. & O. Niemalainen 2009. Evaluation of the plant Research Foundation. Sterf.golf.se 24 pp. Proceedings, 1st European Turfgrass Society Conference, growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX®) on Nordic Aamlid, T.S. & B. Molteberg 2004b. Utprøving av grasarter 19th-20th May 2008, Pisa, Italy. pp. 39-40. golf course greens and fairways. International Turfgrass og –sorter på golfgreener. Resultater fra green-forsøka på Aamlid, T.S., M. Larsbo & N. Jarvis 2008. Virkning av væte- Society Research Journal 11: 70. (Annexe) Landvik og Apelsvoll i såingsåret 2003. Gressforum 1/2004: midler på greenkvalitet, sjukdomsangrep og utlekking av Aamlid, T.S., O. Niemelainen, M. Rannikko, O. Noteng, M. 18-21. soppmidler fra sandbaserte golfgreener. Gressforum 2008 Waldner, T. Haugen, S. Junnila, T. Pettersen & T. Espevig Aamlid, T.S., B. Molteberg & A. Tronsmo 2004. Norske gras- (2): 22-25. 2009. Evaluation of the plant growth regulator Primo MAXX® sorter på norske golfbaner. Gressforum 2/2004: 20-23. Aamlid, T.S., G.H. Ludvigsen, B. Molteberg, I.S.Hofgaard, & (trinexapac-ethyl) on Nordic golf courses. Results from Aamlid, T.S. & B. Molteberg 2005. Klare forskjeller i over- A. Tronsmo 2008. Nytteeffekt og utvaskingsfare ved sprøyting the second evaluation year 2008 and recommendations. vintring og tidspunkt for vekststart på Planteforsks forsøks- med soppmidler på greener. Gressforum 2008 (3): 28-31. Bioforsk Report 4(4): 1-28. greener. Gressforum 2/2005: 18-21. Aamlid, T.S. & B. Molteberg 2008. Hvilken grasart har best Aamlid, T.S., A. Kvalbein & T.O. Pettersen 2010. Hvor mye Aamlid, T.S., B. Molteberg, F. Enger, Å. Susort, Å. & A.A. overvintringsevne: Rødsvingel, engkvein eller krypkvein? vann bruker graset ? Gressforum 2010 (1): 10-14. Steensohn 2005a. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca Gressforum 2008 (4): 28-29. Aamlid, T.S., A. Kvalbein, T.O. Pettersen & A. Nyholt 2010. varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens. International Aamlid, T.S. 2008. Vatningsstrategi på golfbaner. Hvor meget vand bruger græsset? Greenkeeperen 24 (2): Turfgrass Society Research Journal 10: 52-53. Gressforum 2008 (1): 12-15. 10-14. Aamlid, T.S., B. Molteberg, A.A. Steensohn, Å. Susort & F. Aamlid, T.S. & M. Frisk 2008. Bevattningsstrategi på golf- Aamlid, T.S., A. Kvalbein, T.O. Pettersen & B. Petterson Enger 2005b. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca varieties banor. Greenbladet 25 (2): 62-65. 2010. Nytt från STERFs bevattningsprojekt: Hur mycket vat- for use on Scandinavian golf greens. Results from the sowing Aamlid, T.S. & A. Nyholt 2008. Vandingsstrategi – under- ten använder gräset? Greenbladet 27 (2): 66-69. year 2003 and the first two green years 2004 and 2005. skudsvanding på greens. Greenkeeperen 22 (3): 28-31. Aamlid, T.S., F. Enger, G. Thorvaldsson, J. Tangsveen, T. Report to the Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Aamlid, T.S. & M. Frisk 2008. Bevattningsstrategi på golf- Pettersen & A.A. Steensohn 2011. Evaluation of turfgrass Research Foundation. Sterf.golf.se 21 pp. banor. Greenbladet 25 (2): 62-65. varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens, 2007-2010. Aamlid, T.S. 2006. Vilka svampmedel är effektivast och Aamlid, T.S. & A. Nyholt 2008. Vandingsstrategi – under- Final results from the four year testing period. Bioforsk Report samtidig mest miljovänliga ? Greenbladet 23(5), 58-59. skudsvanding på greens. Greenkeeperen 22 (3): 28-31. 6 (1): 49 pp. Aamlid, T.S. 2006. Seks råd for bedre vinteroverlevelse: Aamlid, T.S., O. Niemelainen, M. Rannikko, T. Haugen, S. 46 sTERF PUBLICATIONS

List of publications

Aamlid, T.S. 2010. Best management practises for velvet alternativ til ukrudt bekæmpelse, Greenkeeperen 4: 62-64. p.72-75. In M. Volterrani (ed.) Proc. Eur. Turfgrass Soc. Conf., bentgrass (Agrostis canina L. ) on golf course putting greens. Dahl Jensen, A-M. & K. Sintorn 2010. Møde mellem svenske 2nd, Angers, France. 11-14 April 2010. Angers. Report from an international seminar held in Finland 16-18 og danske greenkeepere – erfaringsudveksling om pesticidfri Hedlund, A. 2002. Vart tar kvävet vägen. Greenbladet 19 June 2010 International Turfgrass Newletter, October 2010, pleje, Greenkeeperen 3: 12-15. (4). pp. 4-5. Dahl Jensen, A-M. & T. Kastrup Petersen 2010. EU får betyd- Espevig, T., T.O. Pettersen & T.S. Aamlid 2010. Blombäck, K. 2008. En greens åldrande: Förändringar av ning for de danske golfbaner – EU direktiv om bæredygtig Vinteroverlevelse 2009-10 i forsøksfeltene på Landvik växtbäddens biologiska, fysikaliska och kemiska egenskaper anvendelse af pesticider vil sætte standarden på de danske Gressforum 2: 6-9. under en sexårsperiod. Emergo 2008:1. Sveriges lantbruksu- golfbaner, Greenkeeperen 1: 72-74. Hedlund, A. & M. Strandberg 2005. Gräsets tillväxt och kvä- niversitet. Avdelningen för biogeofysik och vattenvård. Dahl Jensen A-M. & K. Sintorn 2010. Svensk/dansk green- vegödsling i Skandinavien. Greenbladet 22 (2), 30-31. Blombäck, K. 2008: First year report: Fertilizer strategies for keeper-utbyte om pesticidfri skötsel, Greenbladet 4: 44-45. Hedlund, A., K. Blombäck & M. Strandberg 2003. Nitrogen golf turf: Implications for physiology-driven fertilization, Report Dahl Jensen A-M. & K. Sintorn 2010. Får – ett miljövänligt use in a golf green during one season in the Mälar region in to the Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment Research alternativ som ogräsbekämpning, Greenbladet 4: 56-57. Sweden. 1st International Conference. Turfgrass Management Foundation sterf.golf.se Ericsson, T. 2005. Inverkan av behovsanpassad gödsling på & Science for Sport Fields. Athens, Greece, 2-7 June 2003. Blombäck, K., Eckersten, H. and Sindhøj, E., 2009. Growth of golfgräs tillväxt, utseende, och kväveutnyttjande. Hedlund, A., K. Blombäck & M. Strandberg 2005. Nitrogen golf turf as a function of light and temperature under Swedish Report to the Scandinavian Turfgrass and Environment flows and use efficiency in a golf green during three seasons conditions – a simulation study. Technical paper. Appendix. Research Foundation, sterf.golf.se in central Sweden. International Turfgrass Society Annexe - International Turfgrass Research Conference, Santiago, Chile, Ericsson, T. 2006. Behovsanpassad gödsling. Greenbladet Technical Papers 10: 11-12. July 2009. 23 (2): 74-76. Johansson, F. 2009. Här görs gräset grönare – och tåligare. Blombäck, K. Hedlund, A. Strandberg, M. 2009. Changes Espevig, T., T.S. Aamlid, A. Tronsmo, K.G. Jensen, B. UNT 2009-04-01, 32–33. over a six-year period in soil biological and physical para- Molteberg, L. Hjeljord, A.M. Tronsmo, Å. Susort & F. Enger Kvalbein, A. 2009. Nordlys er ikke bare Nordlys. Gressforum meters in golf green rootzones with different organic matter 2008. Winter hardiness and management of velvet bentgrass 2009 (2): 36-37. content and quality. Technical paper. Appendix. International (Agrostis canina) on putting greens on northern environments. Kvalbein, A. & T. Ericsson 2010. Bedarfsgerechte Düngung Turfgrass Research Conference, Santiago, Chile, July 2009. Bioforsk Rapport 3 (30): 33 p. von Golfgreens – Greenkeepers Journal 41 (1): 25-28. Colding, J. & S. Lundberg 2009. Golfbanan som våtmarks- Espevig, T., T.S. Aamlid, A. Tronsmo, B. Molteberg, L. Hjeljord, Lagerstam, M. 2008. Utvärdering av lokalt greengräsförsök resurs, Manual för att främja biologisk mångfald i dammar A.M. Tronsmo, T. Pettersen, and F. Enger 2009. Winter hardi- i Dalarna 2006-2008. Report to Scandinavian Turfgrass and och småvatten på golfbanan. Report to the Scandinavian ness and management of velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina) Environment Research Foundation. Sterf.golf.se 36 pp. Turfgrass and Environment Research Foundation – sterf.golf. on putting greens on northern environments. Report from the Larsbo, M., N. Jarvis & T.S. Aamlid 2007. Organisk material se second experimental year 2008. Bioforsk Rapport 4 (100): och vätmiddel minskar utlakning. Greenbladet (Sverige) 24 Dahl Jensen, A.M. & K.S. Krogholm 2008. Pesticidfri pleje af 54 p, (5): 40-42. fairways. Greenkeeperen 2008 (3): 10-13. Espevig T., Pettersen T.O., Aamlid T.S., Tronsmo A., and Larsbo, M., T.S. Aamlid, L. Persson, & N. Jarvis 2008. Dahl Jensen, A.M. & K.S. Krogholm 2008. Pesticidfri sköt- Tronsmo A.M. 2009. Effect of acclimation conditions on free- Fungicide leaching from golf greens: Effects of root zone com- sel av fairways – nystartat forskningsprojekt i Danmatk. zing survival of Agrostis spp. p. 26. In Abstract book. Plant and position and surfactant use. Journal of Environmental Quality Greenbladet 25 (5): 56-58. Microbe Adaptation to the Cold. 4-8 Dec. 2009. Ås, Norway 37:1527-1535. Dahl Jensen, A.M. 2009. Golf og miljø – faktaark om Espevig, T., A. Tronsmo, T.S. Aamlid, B. Molteberg & A.M. Lehmuskoski, P. 2009. Viheriöiden talvisuojauskokeen miljømæsige udfordringer I relation til græspleje. Faktablad Tronsmo 2009. Hva sier forsøksresultatene om overvintring av havaintoja, osa II. Bunkkeri-Uutiset 3/09: 6–7. Dansk Golfunion. pp. 1-11. hundekvein. Gressforum 2009 (3): 23. Liljebäck, L.-E. 2008. Ny chans att lära gräs för golfbanor. Dahl Jensen, A-M. 2010. Får – et miljøvenligt alternativ til Espevig T., M. Dacosta, T.S. Aamlid, A.M. Tronsmo, B.B. Agrifack. May. bekæmpelse af ukrudt på golfbanen, Videnblad, 5-06-44. Clarke & B. Huang. 2010. Effects of cold acclimation on free- Linde, N. & M. Strandberg 2006. Tre av fyra drabbas av ska- Dahl Jensen, A-M. & K. Sintorn 2010. Får et miljøvenligt zing tolerance and carbohydrate changes in Agrostis spp. dor. Greenbladet 23 (4): 37-38. SCANDINAVIAN TURFGRASS AND ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH FOUNDATION sterf 47

Molteberg, B. & T.S. Aamlid 2005. Utprøving av grasarter og – överlevnad och kvalité på våren? Greenbladet 25 (4): 34-36 Tronsmo A., T. Espevig., K.G Jensen, L. Hjeljord & T.S. Aamlid sorter på golfgreener. Greenbladet 22 (2): 24-28. Pettersson, B. 2008. Kan vinterdekking være nøkkelen til 2008. Potential for Agrostis canina on Scandinavian Putting Molteberg, B. & T.S. Aamlid 2006. Grasarter og sorter til golf- bedre overlevelse og greenkvalitet om våren? Gress Forum Greens as tested under controlled conditions. p. 185-186. In greener. Bioforsk Tema 1 (25): 1-5. 2008 (4): 12-14 Simone Magni (ed.) Proc. 1st, Eur. Turfgrass Soc. Conf., Pisa, Molteberg, B. & T.S. Aamlid 2007. Nordisk sortsguide for gras Pettersson, B. 2009. Vintertäckning av greener – något som Italy. 19-20 May 2008. Stamperia Editoriale Pisana. til grøntanlegg, 2007. fler klubbar borde satsa på! Greenbladet 3/09: 80-81 Wernersson, L. 2009. Kulturhistorisk analys av Kristianstads Anbefalte sorter til green, fairway/tee, plen, fotballbane og Rannikko, M., P. Lehmuskoski & J. Englund 2008. Viheriöiden Golfklubbs golfbanor i Åhus. Biosfärkontoret Kristianstads ekstensiv grasbakke basert på talvisuojauskokeen havaintoja. Bunkkeri-Uutiset 3/08: 6–10 . Vattenrike. Vattenriket i fokus 2009:04. 33 p. forsøksresultater 1985-2006. Bioforsk Fokus 2 (18): 125 pp. Rannikko, M. & Pettersson, B. 2008. Demonstration trials with Molteberg, B., T.S. Aamlid, G. Thorvaldsson, A. Hammarlund, F. winter cover protection. Result from the first winter demonstra- Enger, T. Espevig, Å. Susort & D. Nord. 2007. Evaluation of turf- tion year 2007-2008. sterf.golf.se grass varieties for use on Scandinavian putting greens. Results Rannikko, M. & Pettersson, B. 2009. Demonstration trials with from the sowing year 2007. Bioforsk Report 2 (159): 26 pp. winter cover protection. Annual report winter 2008-2009. sterf. Molteberg, B., T.S. Aamlid, F. Enger, A.A. Steensohn, & golf.se Å. Susort 2008. Evaluation of Agrostis and Festuca varie- Rannikko, M. & J. Lampela 2010. Viheriöiden talvisuojausko- ties for use on Scandinavian golf greens. In: S. Magni (ed.): keen havaintoja, osa III. Bunkkeri-Uutiset 3: 6-9. Proceedings, 1st European Turfgrass Society Conference, 19th- Sörensson M. 2010. Solitärbin och andra insekter på 20th May 2008, Pisa, Italy. pp. 137-138. Kristianstads Golfklubbs golfbanor i Åhus - inventering och för- Molteberg, B., T.S. Aamlid, G. Thorvaldsson, A. Hammarlund, slag på riktiade skötselåtgärder. Vattenriket i fokus 2010:03. 47 F. Enger, T. Pettersen & D. Nord 2008. Evaluation of turfgrass pp. varieties for use on Scandinavian golf greens, 2007-2010. Strandberg, M: 2009. Gräs för golfbanor – ny kunskap och Results from the sowing year 2007 and first green year 2008. beprövad erfarenhet. Greenbladet 5, 82. Bioforsk Report 3 (170): 40 pp. Strandberg, M., A-M. Dahl Jensen, A-M. Dock Gustavsson, A. Molteberg, B., T.S. Aamlid, G. Thorvaldsson, F. Enger & T. Tronsmo & P. Persson 2010. Golf´s research and development Pettersen 2010. Evaluation of turfgrass varieties for use on programme within integrated pest management. sterf.golf.se: Scandinavian golf greens, 2007-2010. Results from the sowing 19 p. year 2007 and the two first green year 2008 and 2009. Bioforsk Strandberg, M., T. Aamlid, D. Moore, C.J. Ritsema & J. Report 5 (5): 38 pp. Knox 2010. WATEURF – Water And Turf – Efficiency and Use Nilsdotter-Linde, N. 2008. Gräs för golfbanor. Nordisk distans- Reduction for the Future - An international initiative on sustaina- kurs oktober 2008 – februari 2009. Greenbladet 2, 86. ble use of water in turfgrass management. P x-x. In M. Volterrani Nilsdotter-Linde, N. 2009. Gräs för golfbanor. Nordisk distans- (ed.) Proc. Eur. Turfgrass Soc. Conf., 2nd, Angers, France. 11-14 kurs oktober 2009 – februari 2010. Greenbladet 2, 85. April 2010 . Angers. Petersen, T.K. 2008. Forskning skal sikre fremtidens baner. Strandberg, M. 2010. Three extended Scandinavian R&D Dansk Golf 2008 (4): 136 programs. International Turfgrass Newletter, October 2010, pp. Petersen, T.K. 2008. Greens og fairways til eksamen. 11-13. Greenkeeperen 2008 (3): 54. Strömqvist, J. & N.J. Jarvis 2005. Sorption, degradation Pettersson. B. 2007. Vintertäckning – möjlighet till bättre and leaching of the fungicide Iprodione in a golf green under greenkvalitet tidigare på säsongen.Greenbladet 24 (4): 74-75. Scandinavian conditions: Measurements, modelling and risk Pettersson, B. 2008. Kan vintertäckning vara nyckeln till bättre assessment. Pest Management Science 61: 1168-1178. : K arin s chmidt BJÖRN ANDER SS ON L ayout ART DIRECTOR: ART

Address P.O.Box 84, SE-182 11 Danderyd, SWEDEN Visiting address Kevingestrand 20 PHONE +46 8 622 15 00 E-MAIL [email protected] Internet STERF.golf.se