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Drug-Motivated Behavior: the Effect of Morning Glory Seeds on Motor Activity of Chicks

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Drug-Motivated Behavior: the Effect of Morning Glory Seeds on Motor Activity of Chicks Drug-motivated behavior: The effect of morning glory seeds on motor activity of chicks DOUGrAS W. M:l TIIFSON, ill/h'crsit)" of APPARATUS Table 1 the Pacific, Stockton, Calif 95204 and The activity testing apparatus was an Mean Number of Rectangles Crossed per Day Each Mean is for N 5 Chicks JUUf: THOMAS, University of Suuthern open-field maze consisting of an enclosed 1 Califurnio, r os A ngc:les, Calif 90007 rectangular cardboard box Day (34.7 x 44.5 x 30.5 cm) which was marked 3 4 5 6 Chicks exhibited a higher rate of motor off into eight nearly square 13.8 x 14.8 cm 1.6 3.0 4.0 11.4 activity in an open-field sitllQtio/l after rectangles. Motor activity was measured by Group 2 ingesting morning glory seeds than did a counting the number of rectangles crossed in 1.8 9.4 11.4 34.0 control group that did not receive the seeds. a 3-min period. The chicks had to It is felt the increased activity is due to the completely cross a line in order to get one psychomimetic compoWlds cun tained in activity count. was significant [F(I,24) = 9.24, p<.OIJ, morning glory seeds. PROCEDURE which suggested that Group 2's activity The 10 chicks were randomly assigned to increased Significantly faster than Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) two groups of five each, Group 1 serving as a Group I's. That is, the two linear compo­ does not occur in nature but is prepared by control for Group 2. The two groups were nents differ Significantly. A t test between semi-synthesis. The drug affects behavior in separated in their home box by a partition activity measures of the two groups for two basic ways. First, it acts as a and were provided with the same quantity of Day 3 was not Significant indicating that predominant sympathetic nervous system feed each day. Each chick was handled for both groups' activity levels were initially the stimulant and secondly, to a lesser extent, 30 min on Day 1 and 10 min per day on 5 same. The mean number of rectangles there is ~ .:entral and peripheral depression. subsequent days (Days 2-6). Activity testing crossed by each group for Days 3, 4, 5, and 6 Morning glory seeds (Ipomoea) are known began on the third day of handling (Day 3). are shown in Table 1. to contain certain alkaloids which are Each group was food deprived for 5 h. At Although the control group (Group I) chemically similar to LSD-25 (Claus & the end of the 5-h period both groups were did show a significant increase in activity Tyler, 1965), the major one being d-Iysergic given access to food for ~ h and then were over days, the rate of change was not as large acid amide (Rice & Genst, 1965). Another deprived of food for 2 additional hours. At as for Group 2. The increase in activity alkaloid found in morning glory seeds is the end of the 2-h period, each chick was shown by Group I may be attributed to ergometrine, a known central nervous placed individually in the open field testing adaptation or to novel stimuli in the system stimulant. The ingestion of morning apparatus where its spontaneous activity experimental apparatus (Montgomery, glory seeds facilitates a behavioral reaction was measured by counting the number of 1954). That is, as the animals moved about very similar to that caused by LSD-25, and rectangles traversed for 3 min. The place­ in the open field, they came into commerce they have been used by both teenagers and ment of the chick in the testing apparatus with novel stimuli which elicited increased adults to create visual hallucinations. One for 3 min was defined as a trial and all chicks exploratory behavior. young woman who had taken 250 seeds felt received one trial. On'Day 4, the chicks were The rate of activity of Group 2, being very hyperactive, anxious, experienced an placed on the same deprivation schedule as significantly greater than that of Group I, is increased awareness of colors, and had a Day 3. The procedure was the same except attributed to ilie presence of alkaloids found profound fear of losing her "mind." While that during the ~-h feeding period each in the seeds of the Heavenly Blue morning under the influence of the seeds the woman chick in Group 2 received 0.123 g of mashed glory. Some of the components apparently had a rapid pulse and an accelerated "Heavenly Blue" morning glory seed which can cause an increase in motor activity at a respiration rate (Ingram, 1964). Rice & was uniformly mixed with 2 g of their rate Significantly greater than activity Genest (1965) reported observing both regular feed. All chicks consumed 'the attributed to adaptation and novel stimuli motor dysfunction and death in mice given mixture within the ~-h period. Group 2 was alone. The results indicate that the drugs heavy doses of morning glory seed alkaloids. given the same amount (2.123 g) of their may have a cumulative effect on behavior. The present experiment studied the regular feed without the seeds. The The agent or agents which facilitate the effects of morning glory seed ingestion on procedure for Days 5 and 6 was the same as activity might be stored in the organism and general sympathetic activity in chicks by for Day 4. The deprivation schedule began could have a residual effect on subsequent measuring motor activity under controlled at the same time of day for Days 3-6. At the days. Although there is no data for conditions. It was predicted that motor end of a trial each chick was placed in a additional days, one might predict that the activity of chicks would increase with the temporary box until all chicks in that group animals would have continued to increase ingestion of morning glory seeds when were tested. The chicks were then given food their activity until severe motor dysfunction activity was measured in an open-field ad lib until the deprivation schedule started or death occurred. situation. the next day. In summary, morning glory seeds were SUBJECTS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION found to increase motor behavior of chicks Ten 3-day-old Leghorn rooster chicks An analysis of the variance showed that in an open-field situation. The increase in (English strain), weiglling 3840 g each, were Group 2's activity was significantly differ­ activity is in addition to activity attributed used in the experiment. All chicks were ent from Group I's over days to adaptation or to novel stimuli. It also housed in a 30.5 x 30.5 cm box which was [F( 1,8) = 7.095, p < .01). The analysis appears that the drug components in the kept in a warm, well Iigllted room. They revealed that the activity of both groups seeds might have a cumulative effect on were fed AII-Age-Mash and given ad lib water changed over days. In addition, the linear activity which could have a deleterious in their home box. component of the Group by Day interaction effect. Psychon. Sci., 1969, Vol. 15 (1) 39 REFERENCES MONTGOm'RY. 1\.. C. Ihl' rolc of the ,Higlilal training tH 'llit "f I 0 Lllrr~ct CLAUS, E. p., & TYLER, V. F.. JR. exploratory drive in learning. Journal of responses). Pharmacognosy. (5th ed.) Philadelphia: Lea & Comparative & Physiological Psy chology, 1954, Febiger, 1965. 47,60. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION INGRAM, A. L. Morning glory seed reaction. RICE, W. B., & GENEST, K. Al'ute toxicity of Shock level had no effect on number of Journal of the American Medical Association, extracts of morning.gtory seeds in mice. Nature, trials to original training criterion (t = 1.0 I, 1964,190,1133-1134. 1965,207, 302. df= 18). The means for the high· and low-shock groups were 58,4 and 52.6, respectively. An analysis of trials to reversal criterion data indicated no significant effects due to training or shock level, nor was the Shock by Training interaction significant [F(I ,16) < I; F(l ,16) < I; F(l,16) = 2.34]. The treatment means were: high-shock, overtrained, 85.80; high­ shock, reversal, 70.40; low-shock, over­ trained, 64.20; low-shock, reversal, 83.80. Analysis ofperseverative error data(number of consecutive incorrect choices after cue reversal) indicated a significant effect due to Aversive stimulation and reversal training [F( 1,16) = L0.49, p < .0 I (X = 7.3 for overtrained Ss; X = 2.3 for immediate­ learning reversal Ss)]. The effects of shock and the Shock by Training interaction were nonsig­ nificant IF(J.l6) < I; F(J,16) < II. JOHN J. O'ftfALLEr1 and JAMES L. experiment. The apparatus was aT-maze, The tendency to respond positionally BRUNING, Ohio Unil'ersit)'. Athens, Ohio with a start box I ~ in. long, a 24-in. stem, during the first ~4 reversal trials was also 45701 and arms 14 in. long. The height and width analyzed. A factorial analysis of number of of the apparatus were () in. and 4 in. responses to the preferred position indicated Albino rats were initially trained to make Guillotine doors were manually operated to a significant training effect IF( Lib) = 4.80, a black-white discrimination to escape from separate the start box and the arms from the P. < .05 (X = 14.5 for overtrained Ss: high (.8 iliA) or low shock (.3 iliA). Reversal stem. The stem of the apparatus was painted X = 17.3 for inunediate-reversal Ss) I.
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