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9781786071040 the Fight for Beauty THE FIGHT FOR BEAUTY OUR PATH TO A BETTER FUTURE FIONA REYNOLDS 99781786071040781786071040 TheThe FightFight ForFor BeautyBeauty (568i)(568i) - 2nd2nd pass.inddpass.indd iiiiii 003/02/20173/02/2017 110:29:100:29:10 A Oneworld Book First published in North America, Great Britain and Australia by Oneworld Publications, 2016 - is paperback edition published 2017 Copyright © Fiona Reynolds 2016 - e moral right of Fiona Reynolds to be identi/ ed as the Author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved Copyright under Berne Convention A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78607-104-0 eISBN 978-1-78074-876-4 Excerpt from ‘Slough’ by John Betjeman, Collected Poems, 2006 © - e Estate of John Betjeman, is reproduced by permisson of John Murray, an imprint of Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. Excerpt from ‘Going, Going’ by Philip Larkin is reproduced in the US courtesy of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, and reproduced in the rest of the world by permission of Faber & Faber Ltd. Every e2 ort has been made to trace copyright holders for the use of materials in this book. - e publisher apologises for any errors or omissions herein and would be grateful if they were noti/ ed of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. Typeset by Hewer Text UK Ltd, Edinburgh Printed and bound by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Oneworld Publications 10 Bloomsbury Street London WC1B 3SR England Stay up to date with the latest books, special offers, and exclusive content from Oneworld with our monthly newsletter Sign up on our website oneworld-publications.com 99781786071040781786071040 TheThe FightFight ForFor BeautyBeauty (568i)(568i) - 2nd2nd pass.inddpass.indd iviv 003/02/20173/02/2017 110:29:100:29:10 To my father, Je2 Reynolds 99781786071040781786071040 TheThe FightFight ForFor BeautyBeauty (568i)(568i) - 2nd2nd pass.inddpass.indd v 003/02/20173/02/2017 110:29:100:29:10 99781786071040781786071040 TheThe FightFight ForFor BeautyBeauty (568i)(568i) - 2nd2nd pass.inddpass.indd vivi 003/02/20173/02/2017 110:29:100:29:10 ‘not blind opposition to progress, but opposition to blind progress’ (John Muir, 1838–1914) 99781786071040781786071040 TheThe FightFight ForFor BeautyBeauty (568i)(568i) - 2nd2nd pass.inddpass.indd viivii 003/02/20173/02/2017 110:29:100:29:10 99781786071040781786071040 TheThe FightFight ForFor BeautyBeauty (568i)(568i) - 2nd2nd pass.inddpass.indd viiiviii 003/02/20173/02/2017 110:29:100:29:10 Contents Preface xi 1 From admiration to defence 1 2 - e calls and claims of natural beauty 30 3 National Parks – a nobler vision for a be' er world 66 4 How nature and the wider countryside lost out 95 5 How farming made and destroyed beauty 122 6 - e curious case of trees 160 7 - e coast – a success story 193 8 Cultural heritage – how caring for the past creates a be' er future 229 9 Urbanisation and why good planning ma' ers 261 10 - e case for beauty 305 Acknowledgements 319 Bibliography 321 Index 329 ix 99781786071040781786071040 TheThe FightFight ForFor BeautyBeauty (568i)(568i) - 2nd2nd pass.inddpass.indd ixix 003/02/20173/02/2017 110:29:100:29:10 99781786071040781786071040 TheThe FightFight ForFor BeautyBeauty (568i)(568i) - 2nd2nd pass.inddpass.indd x 003/02/20173/02/2017 110:29:100:29:10 Preface Beauty. It is a word full of resonance. We use it with ease in every- day conversation but it is, nevertheless, the kind of word that can make us stop and think. Beauty can stop us in our tracks in wonder, create enduring memories and raise our expectations of ourselves and each other. When we say ‘how beautiful’, whether of a build- ing, painting, view or bu' erN y, we are caught in a moment of admiration. Beauty is capable of liO ing our spirits and touching emotions that lie deeper and are more meaningful to us than almost anything else in life. Yet you would have to search hard to / nd the word beauty in any o1 cial document. Indeed, in formal dialogue we seem to be deeply uneasy talking about something that feels so personal and emotional. With so few exceptions that they can be counted on the / ngers of one hand, no politician today gives speeches about beauty. And it’s become a no-go zone in legislation too. But it wasn’t always like that. Beauty was a word and a concept that people in previous centuries used freely and con/ dently, and Acts of Parliament were passed whose aims were simply and clearly to protect the beauty of Britain’s countryside, wildlife and history. Today we have fallen into bureaucratic habits and we use instead words like biodiversity, ecosystem services, natural capital and sustainable development. Perhaps as a result, that clear-sighted commitment to protect beauty has been lost. And beauty has been lost too. In the second xi 99781786071040781786071040 TheThe FightFight ForFor BeautyBeauty (568i)(568i) - 2nd2nd pass.inddpass.indd xixi 003/02/20173/02/2017 110:29:100:29:10 THE FIGHT FOR BEAUTY half of the twentieth century we became obsessed with material- ism, preoccupied by a culture that values consumption more than intangible bene/ ts, and we presided over a period of devastating losses to nature and the beauty of our countryside and heritage, while too much of what we built ranged from the undistinguished to the downright ugly. Yet twice before people have fought for beauty and it has meant and achieved something. - e / rst time was in the high Victorian era when the calamitous consequences of industrialisation clashed with human and social needs, with devastating consequences. Luminaries including John Ruskin, Octavia Hill and William Morris led a public debate about the questionable morals and damaging results of mechanisation and the commercial exploita- tion of the country’s resources. Among other things their advocacy led to the birth of the conservation movement, including the National Trust, and helped create one of the main instruments for protecting beauty, the land use planning system. - e second time was in the aO ermath of the Second World War when the government’s post-war reconstruction plan commi' ed, alongside jobs, housing, the NHS, the welfare state and the univer- sal right to education, to ‘preserve and enhance the beauty of our countryside’. A vision of shared prosperity, including cultural as well as material bene/ ts, was articulated and implemented, born of a commitment to values wider than economic growth and to soci- ety’s need for more than money. Yet in the decades that followed the clarity of that vision was lost, and the / ght for beauty had to be revived time and time again as new threats emerged. So beauty ma' ers. But what, in this context, does it mean? John Ruskin’s moment of epiphany about beauty came when as a young man he watched a storm gather in the Chamonix Valley: xii 99781786071040781786071040 TheThe FightFight ForFor BeautyBeauty (568i)(568i) - 2nd2nd pass.inddpass.indd xiixii 003/02/20173/02/2017 110:29:100:29:10 PREFACE Spire of ice – dome of snow – wedge of rock . a celestial city with walls of amethyst and gates of gold – / lled with light and clothed with the peace of God. And then I learned . the real meaning of the word Beautiful . It was then that I understood all which is the type of God’s a' ributes – which in any way or in any degree – can turn the human soul from gazing upon itself . and / x the spirit – in all humility – on the types of that which is to be its food for eternity; – this and this only is in the pure and right sense of the word BEAUTIFUL. His was not just an aesthetic but a deeply spiritual experience. In describing beauty he recognised the obligations of humans to do more than satisfy our own demands and to / x our spirit instead on what will sustain us for eternity. My own, immature but no less heartfelt, epiphany came at the age of seven when I climbed my / rst mountain. My father took my older sister and me, soon aO er dawn, to climb Cnicht, a mirac- ulous li' le Ma' erhorn-shaped mountain nestled in the hills of Snowdonia behind Porthmadog. It was the mid-1960s and we proudly laced our school shoes and stowed our Pac-A-Macs, specially purchased for holiday walking. Cnicht is just over 2,250 feet high and rises steeply, its summit hidden behind a series of ridges and mini-summits as you ascend. We took most of the morning to scale it, the excitement of breaching each horizon dashed as another loomed before us. But the moment when we reached the top has never leO me. - e peaks and ridges of Snowdon and the Glyderau to the north; the bulk of Cader Idris to the south; the Moelwyns to the east li' ered with the poignant remains of mining communities; and the azure blue sweep of Cardigan Bay to the west, with Harlech’s sandy beach and our tiny holiday co' age containing our mother and two small sisters xiii 99781786071040781786071040 TheThe FightFight ForFor BeautyBeauty (568i)(568i) - 2nd2nd pass.inddpass.indd xiiixiii 003/02/20173/02/2017 110:29:100:29:10 THE FIGHT FOR BEAUTY (our youngest sister, the / O h in our family, was not yet born) in the foreground. I had never before seen such beauty, never before felt the shiver of nature’s exquisite perfection, never before experienced the sense of striving then reaching a summit, from which we could survey, it felt, the whole glorious world.
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