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Benthic Community and Food Web Structure in Subarctic Lakes in Relation to Mining Disturbance

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Benthic Community and Food Web Structure in Subarctic Lakes in Relation to Mining Disturbance Benthic Community and Food Web Structure in Subarctic Lakes in Relation to Mining Disturbance by Dylan R. C. Bowes A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Sciences and Toxicology Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Dylan R. C. Bowes, February 2019 ABSTRACT BENTHIC COMMUNITY AND FOOD WEB STRUCTURE IN SUBARCTIC LAKES IN RELATION TO MINING DISTURBANCE Dylan R. C. Bowes Advisor: University of Guelph, 2019 Dr. P. K. Sibley In recent years, the exceptional growth in resource extraction activities in the Canadian Arctic has led to concerns about potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Gold is the most commonly extracted resource with several new mines opening in Nunavut since 2010. In this study, I evaluated food web structure in six lakes potentially affected by the Meliadine Gold mine in Nunavut, an area characterized by relatively homogeneous geological and climatic conditions. I hypothesized that the homogeneous attributes of the landscape would yield similarity among lakes with respect to water and sediment chemistry, food web structure (stable isotope analysis), community composition of benthic invertebrates, and the relative condition of fish populations. I found few differences in the above parameters across lakes and between years, supporting this hypothesis. This study provides increased understanding of regional subarctic lake food webs in the context of anthropogenic activity which will be beneficial for designing monitoring programs as industrial activity in the region increases. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my advisor, Dr. Paul Sibley, for providing me with this unique research opportunity. I entered this program without prior ecology experience, but I leave with a deep appreciation for the processes occurring in our lakes and streams. Your knowledge, advice, and support have guided me through this undertaking, and for that I am extremely grateful. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Keith Solomon, for his guidance in all things toxicological, and Dr. Neil Rooney, for sharing his expertise in stable isotope ecology. Going forth, I hope to make you all proud. To everyone in the field and the lab that made this project possible, thank you. Thank you to the group at Agnico Eagle for providing accommodations and transportation, and to Glenn Kadlak and our other Kivalliq monitors for field assistance. Thank you to the Arctic Raptors group, particularly Kevin Hawkshaw and Alexandre Paiement, for the experience of working in this incredible area. Special thanks to Dr. Soren Brothers, for your limnological knowledge, hard work, and suffering during field trips at Meliadine. Thank you to the undergraduate students who spent long hours in the lab processing benthic and fish samples, especially Colleen Wardlaw and Rachel Irwin. Thank you to Dr. Marc Habash for the opportunity to develop eDNA skills while completing my thesis. Thank you also to Drs. Jose Rodriguez Gil and Ryan Prosser for your support and advice. Thank you to my lab mates, especially Jordan Musetta-Lambert and Kristin Daoust. Working with both of you on your projects in White River and Turkey Lakes was both inspiring and unforgettable. Thank you, Jordan, for being a great office mate. Thank you to my family, especially my parents, Tanya and Wayne, for your relentless support and encouragement. You instilled in me a drive to pursue my goals and continue to provide strong examples of hard-work, determination, and courage. Your love and wisdom have made the journey to this point possible and I would not be where I am today without you. Thank you to my wife, Melissa. You encouraged me to pursue this challenge and have been a constant support every step of the way. Your love, kindness, and understanding have made it possible to achieve this goal. Thank you to Melissa’s family for their support, kindness, and wisdom. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xi 1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................ 1 1.1. Mining in the Canadian Arctic .......................................................................................... 1 1.1.1. History of Mining in the Canadian Arctic ................................................................ 1 1.1.2. Current and Future Mining Operations ..................................................................... 2 1.1.3. Environmental Impacts of Mining ............................................................................ 4 1.1.3.1. Tailings ............................................................................................................ 4 1.1.3.2. Other considerations ........................................................................................ 5 1.2. Ecology of the Canadian Arctic ......................................................................................... 6 1.2.1. Benthic Algae and Phytoplankton ............................................................................ 6 1.2.2. Zooplankton .............................................................................................................. 8 1.2.3. Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities ................................................................. 8 1.2.4. Fish Community ..................................................................................................... 10 1.3. Isotope Analysis ............................................................................................................... 12 1.3.1. Background and Purpose of Isotope Analysis ........................................................ 12 1.3.2. Existing Isotope Research ....................................................................................... 13 1.4. Problem Formulation and Purpose of Study .................................................................... 13 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 18 2.1. Site Description ............................................................................................................... 18 2.2. Sample Collection and Processing................................................................................... 23 2.2.1. Water Chemistry ..................................................................................................... 23 2.2.1.1. Chlorophyll a ................................................................................................. 23 2.2.2. Sediment Sampling and Analysis ........................................................................... 25 2.2.2.1. Particle size analysis ...................................................................................... 25 2.2.3. Community Assessments ........................................................................................ 26 2.2.3.1. Zooplankton ................................................................................................... 26 iv 2.2.3.2. Benthic invertebrates ..................................................................................... 27 2.2.3.3. Fish................................................................................................................. 27 2.2.4. Stable Isotope Analysis ........................................................................................... 30 2.2.4.1. Seston and periphyton .................................................................................... 30 2.2.4.2. Zooplankton ................................................................................................... 31 2.2.4.3. Benthic invertebrates ..................................................................................... 32 2.2.4.4. Fish................................................................................................................. 32 2.3. Data Analysis ................................................................................................................... 32 2.3.1. Water and Sediment Chemistry .............................................................................. 32 2.3.2. Benthic Community Analysis ................................................................................. 34 2.3.3. Fish Metrics and Truss Analysis ............................................................................. 36 2.3.4. Isotope Analysis ...................................................................................................... 36 3. RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 38 3.1. Physicochemical Data ...................................................................................................... 38 3.1.1. Water ....................................................................................................................... 38 3.1.2. Sediment ................................................................................................................
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