Oceanography 200, Spring 2008 Armbrust/Strickland Study Guide Exam 1

Geography of Earth & Oceans Latitude & longitude Properties of Water Structure of water molecule: polarity, hydrogen bonds, effects on water as a solvent and on freezing Latent heat of fusion & vaporization & physical explanation Effects of latent heat on heat transport between ocean & atmosphere & within atmosphere Definition of density, density of ice vs. water Physical meaning of temperature & heat Heat capacity of water & why water requires a lot of heat gain or loss to change temperature Effects of heating & cooling on density of water, and physical explanation Difference in albedo of ice/snow vs. water, and effects on Earth temperature Properties of Seawater Definitions of salinity, conservative & non-conservative seawater constituents, density (sigma-t) Average ocean salinity & how it is measured 3 technology systems for monitoring ocean salinity and other properties 6 most abundant constituents of seawater & Principle of Constant Proportions Effects of freezing on seawater Effects of temperature & salinity on density, T-S diagram Processes that increase & decrease salinity & temperature and where they occur Generalized depth profiles of temperature, salinity, density & ocean stratification & stability

Generalized depth profiles of O2 & CO2 and processes determining these profiles Forms of dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater and their buffering effect on pH of seawater Water Properties and Climate Change 2 main causes of global sea level rise, 2 main causes of local sea level rise Physical properties of water that affect sea level rise Icebergs & sea ice: Differences in sources, and effects of freezing & melting on sea level How heat content of upper ocean & Arctic sea ice extent have changed since about 1970s

Invasion of fossil fuel CO2 in the oceans and effects on pH The Sea Floor & Plate Tectonics General differences in rock type & density of oceanic vs. continental crust Mantle convection process driving sea-floor spreading & plate motion Tectonic plates & relationship to deep & shallow earthquakes 3 types of plate boundaries, their relative plate motion & extent of quake & volcano activity Subduction, crust density, trenches & sediments Differences between hot spot and islands arc volcano chains Characteristics & examples of 2 types of continental margins Origins & general locations of canyons, continental rises, seamounts, abyssal plains & hills Origin & results of turbidity currents General locations & origins of hydrothermal vents & “Lost City” Geochemical processes creating hydrothermal vents & “Lost City” Atmospheric Circulation Layers of the atmosphere & their general properties

Revised April 23, 2008

2 reasons for uneven distribution of solar energy striking Earth’s surface Convection, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation patterns on an idealized Earth with no rotation & no land Coriolis effect & how it changes air motions on an idealized Earth with rotation & no land Heat capacity of land vs. water and effects on continents on global & seasonal wind patterns Effects of mountains on wind & precipitation Ocean Water Column Structure & Thermohaline Circulation General geographic differences in surface temperature & density & causes General seasonal changes in depth profiles of temperature & density Temperature & salinity conditions that create convection in the oceans Regions of upwelling & downwelling, convergence & divergence in ocean convection “Global conveyor belt” and its relationship to climat change Normal vs. Niño conditions: geographic patterns of atmospheric pressure, winds, precipitation, water temperature, thermocline, currents, upwelling in the equatorial Pacific 2 monitoring systems for El Niño detection Ocean Surface Currents Processes explaining wind-driven surface current, Ekman Spiral, & net transport Sea surface elevation, currents, convergence, divergence, upwelling & downwelling driven by trade winds & westerlies Effect of continents in creating gyres Balance of pressure and Coriolis in geostrophic flow Explain processes driving major currents of N. & S. Pacific, N. & S. Atlantic gyres VOCABULARY (New words in red) Abyssal hills Abyssal plain Albedo Antarctic Bottom Water Antarctic Intermediate Water Asthenosphere Bedrock Continental rise Continental shelf Continental slope Convection Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Downwelling ENSO Geostrophic flow Gyres Halocline Heat capacity (specific heat) Indonesian Low Juan de Fuca Plate Land & sea breeze Lithosphere Magma Mid-ocean Ridge/rise Mixed layer N. Atlantic Deep Water North American Plate Ocean conveyor belt Orographic effect pH Plate tectonics Polar easterlies Polar jet stream Prevailing Westerlies Pycnocline Pycnocline Rift Valley ROV’s and AUV’s S. Pacific High Seamounts Subduction Submarine canyon Submarine canyons Subtropical jet Thermocline Thermohaline circulation Trade winds Trench Turbidity current Upwelling The exam will contain several diagrams with questions that apply to each. Questions based on a diagram like Fig. 6.5, p. 161 S&A and Fig. 8.4, p. 210 in S&A. Study: • Definitions of features on water columns profiles • Explanations of profiles & relationships among properties depicted

Questions based on Fig. 8.6, p. 211 in S&A. See also Fig. 9.11, p. 238 in S&A. Study: • Processes driving thermohaline circulation, where they are most important, and why • Surface convergences & divergences and relationships to upwelling & downwelling

Questions based on the geology diagram below. See also Fig. 3.29, p. 75 in S&A. Study: • Names of plates • Sea floor features (as in the in-class activity) • Types of plate boundaries and continental margins • Directions of plate motions • Volcanic & earthquake activity

Questions based on the maps and narrative below. See also Figs. 7.22 & 7. 23, pp. 191 & 194 and Fig. 9.12, p. 238 in S&A. Study: • Changes in atmospheric pressure by season & causes • Relationship of atmospheric pressure & geostrophic wind direction • Ekman spiral water movement at the surface & in the Ekman layer • Upwelling & downwelling in relation to wind The cargo ship New Carissa ran aground off the Coos Bay estuary on the Oregon coast during a sudden storm on February 4, 1999 (see Figure 3). Oil began spilling from its ruptured fuel tanks and spreading across the coastal zone. Late on March 2, the broken bow section of the New Carissa‘s hull was being towed about 50 nautical miles offshore when the towline broke in a storm. The bow drifted to come aground again near the town of Waldport to the north (see map). Some of the fuel oil from the New Carissa had been in the tanks for a long time and was full of sludge. Upon entering seawater, this dense oil would sink gradually below the surface. The ship can be used as a tracer of water movement at the very surface of the water, and the oil can be used as a tracer of water movement in the Ekman layer. Ignore the effects of waves on the motion of the ship and oil.