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Centennial Valley, Montana Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2019 Assessing Paleoenvironmental and Geomorphic Variability in Relationship to Paleoindian Site Burial; Centennial Valley, Montana Hillary A. Jones Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Jones, Hillary A., "Assessing Paleoenvironmental and Geomorphic Variability in Relationship to Paleoindian Site Burial; Centennial Valley, Montana" (2019). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 7482. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7482 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ASSESSING PALEOENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOMORPHIC VARIABILITY IN RELATIONSHIP TO PALEOINDIAN SITE BURIAL; CENTENNIAL VALLEY, MONTANA by Hillary A. Jones A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Archeology and Cultural Resource Management (Geoarcheology) Approved: ______________________________ ______________________________ Judson Byrd Finley, Ph.D. Tammy M. Rittenour, Ph.D. Major Professor Major Professor ______________________________ ______________________________ Kenneth P. Cannon, Ph.D. Richard S. Inouye, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice Provost for Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2019 ii Copyright © Hillary A. Jones 2019 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Assessing Paleoenvironmental and Geomorphic Variability in Relationship to Paleoindian Site Burial; Centennial Valley, Montana by Hillary A. Jones, Master of Science Utah State University, 2019 Major Professor: Dr. Judson B. Finley Department: Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology Wave action along the shores of Lima Reservoir in Centennial Valley, Montana is actively eroding the southern margins of three neighboring Paleoindian sites. Despite ostensible similarity among the sites, major taphonomic differences are apparent in exposed sediments. Shoreline cutbank exposures one-to-five meters high connect the sites and reveal a complicated geomorphic history. Although each site contains artifact evidence of terminal Pleistocene-early Holocene occupations, Paleoindian components at these three localities occur in very different contexts: one is buried while the other two are apparent surface scatters. These discrepancies raise the question of what geomorphic variables caused differences among late Quaternary sediment sequences in the area encompassing the three sites. Furthermore, as burial promotes site structure preservation and is a key consideration for assessing NRHP significance, these differences prompt the management question of which other landforms in the valley could contain buried cultural material and which preclude the possibility. In order to answer these questions, I used a multi-pronged approach including optically stimulated luminescence dating, iv granulometry, stratigraphic profiling and facies analysis. I accomplished two nested objectives with this research. First, I reconstructed the last 60,000 years of geomorphic events for the area surrounding the three sites in order to determine what conditions resulted in site burial. Second, I used those findings to outline criteria for differentiating occupation-age and pre-occupation-age sediment packages in Centennial Valley. I determined, in part, that cultural age deposits are present at both high and low elevations and that they may be marked by a stacked paleosol sequence. The oldest packages, far pre-dating human occupation, are deep lacustrine and high energy alluvial sediments that may be recognized by redoximorphic color alteration and thick pedogenic gypsum horizons. (232 pages) v PUBLIC ABSTRACT Assessing Paleoenvironmental and Geomorphic Variability in Relationship to Paleoindian Site Burial; Centennial Valley, Montana Hillary A. Jones, Master of Science Wave action along the shores of Lima Reservoir in Centennial Valley, Montana is actively eroding the southern margins of three neighboring Paleoindian sites. Despite ostensible similarity among the sites, major site formation differences are apparent in exposed sediments. Shoreline cutbank exposures one-to-five meters high connect the sites and reveal a complicated geomorphic history. Although each site contains artifact evidence of terminal Pleistocene-early Holocene occupations, Paleoindian components at these three localities occur in very different contexts: one is buried, while the other two are apparent surface scatters. This raise the question of why sites of the same age are in both buried and exposed contexts. Moreover, buried sites are more likely to have preserved spatial layout and sites with buried components are more likely to be considered significant under National Register of Historic Places criteria. These factors therefore prompt the management question of where might other buried sites be located in the valley? In order to answer these questions, I used a multi-pronged approach including optically stimulated luminescence dating, sediment grain size analysis, stratigraphic profiling and sediment facies analysis. I accomplished two nested objectives with this research. First, I reconstructed the last 60,000 years of geomorphic events for the area surrounding the three sites in order to determine what conditions resulted in site burial. Second, I used those findings to outline criteria for differentiating occupation-age vi and pre-occupation-age stratigraphic layers in Centennial Valley. I determined, in part, that cultural-age deposits are present at both high and low elevations and that they may be marked by a specific soil sequence. The oldest packages, far pre-dating potential human occupation, are deep lake and high energy stream sediments that may be recognized by soil color alteration and thick gypsum horizons. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis was a labor of love that I would not have been able to accomplish without the help of many individuals. I first wish to thank my committee; Judson Finley, Tammy Rittenour, and Kenneth Cannon. I came to Utah State expressly to study geoarcheology under Dr. Finley and I can't over-emphasize how much I owe to his tutelage and mentoring over the years. Dr. Rittenour taught me all of what I know about OSL and granulometry and our many office visits were invaluable in helping me tease out a very complicated geomorphic picture in my study area. Dr. Cannon is the reason I had this thesis project in the first place and he freely shared his knowledge and research of the area with me. I am very grateful to Kevin O'Dell of ACR Consultants for his support, backing, and confidence while I pursued this extended journey, it's good to be back. Thanks to William Eckerle, he and his wife Margo camped at my study area and spent an entire day investigating the site with me. Bill's help and insights were invaluable for this project. I wish to thank Molly Boeka Cannon who helped me countless times with thesis questions despite not being on my committee. Thanks to Janis Boettinger, who taught me the language of soils. Thanks to Geoffrey Smith for letting me try my hand at geoarcheology in Nevada. Thanks to Chris Finley who took a chance on me and gave me my professional start in archeology. He is one of the main reasons I took this direction. Thank you to my cohort; Elizabeth Hora-Cook and Anastasia Lugo Mendez. I couldn't have gotten through without you and I hope the three of us can collaborate again. Thank you to my adopted cohort; Carlie, Diana, Kirk, Maureen, Bessy, Drew, Caleb, and Jonathan. Our talks, camp-outs and meals in the Barn, Vet Sci and around Logan are some of my fondest memories. Finally, I am deeply grateful to my ever-supportive, actively engaged, and loving viii family. Thanks to Helen Fellows (Gram), Alicia and John, Daisy, Neil, and the rest of my extended family for your support, encouragement, interest in my research and willingness to hear about sediment through this long process. Thanks especially to my parents Kerry and Mark Anderson. Thanks Ma and Mark for always having my back, reading my entire thesis cover to cover, taking time off work to travel to Utah and see my thesis defense, cook food for the party and for designing and sewing my defense shirt. Finally, thank you to my soon-to-be husband Sam for giving me a chance after our confrontational start in Theory class. Thank you for getting me through completing my thesis and helping heal my neck and back after I did. You and me-- who could have predicted this? Hillary Ann Jones ix CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ vii CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................
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