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Reading Through Madness: Counter-Psychiatric Epistemologies and the Biopolitics of (In)Sanity in Post-World War II Anglo-Atlantic Women’S Writing

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Reading Through Madness: Counter-Psychiatric Epistemologies and the Biopolitics of (In)Sanity in Post-World War II Anglo-Atlantic Women’S Writing READING THROUGH MADNESS: COUNTER-PSYCHIATRIC EPISTEMOLOGIES AND THE BIOPOLITICS OF (IN)SANITY IN POST-WORLD WAR II ANGLO-ATLANTIC WOMEN’S NARRATIVES By PhebeAnn M. Wolframe, B.A., M.A A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University © PhebeAnn M. Wolframe, December 2013 PhD Thesis - P. Wolframe; McMaster University - English and Cultural Studies DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2013) (English) McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Reading Through Madness: Counter-psychiatric Epistemologies and the Biopolitics of (In)sanity in Post-World War II Anglo-Atlantic Women’s Writing AUTHOR: PhebeAnn Marjory Wolframe, M.A. (McMaster) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Sarah Brophy NUMBER OF PAGES: 296 ii PhD Thesis - P. Wolframe; McMaster University - English and Cultural Studies ABSTRACT In my dissertation, I advance an interpretive perspective that emerges from the politics of the Mad Movement (also known as the Psychiatric Consumer/Survivor/Ex-patient Movement). This movement began in the 1970s in response to patient abuses in the psychiatric system and continues today in various forms. I argue that literary studies, which often reads madness in the reductive terms of psychiatric diagnosis or which renders madness as metaphor, would benefit from mad perspectives; likewise, literary studies has much to offer the nascent field of Mad(ness) Studies in terms of methods for locating the discursive conditions of madness’ emergence. Drawing on Foucault’s work on madness and biopolitics; poststructuralist feminism; Disability Studies; and Mad Movement writings, I concentrate on texts which narrate intersecting experiences of madness, resistance, community and identity: Mary Jane Ward’s The Snake Pit (1947), Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar (1963), Susanna Kaysen’s Girl, Interrupted (1994), Claire Allen’s Poppy Shakespeare (2007), Liz Kettle’s Broken Biscuits (2007), Bobby Baker’s Diary Drawings: Mental Illness and Me (2010), Persimmon Blackbridge’s Prozac Highway (2000), Joan Riley’s The Unbelonging (1985) and Helen Oyeyemi’s The Icarus Girl (2004). I further explore mad reading practices through my reading of a blog project I conducted for research purposes in which people with experience of the mental health system reviewed depictions of madness and mental health treatment in literature, film, popular culture and news media. In reading through a mad perspective, I postulate some of the material and ideological effects that establishing mad reading practices and communities might have. I consider how madness is gendered, and how it intersects with other aspects of embodiment such as race, class and sexuality; how narratives of madness elucidate the relationship between psychiatry and colonialism, patriarchy, eugenics and neoliberalism; and how they invite us to question the limits of reason, truth and subjectivity. iii PhD Thesis - P. Wolframe; McMaster University - English and Cultural Studies ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Department of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, who generously funded this project. I was absolutely privileged to have three brilliant, passionate, patient and supportive committee members advising me as I completed this dissertation: Sarah Brophy, Lorraine York (both from Department of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University) and Geoffrey Reaume (from Department of Disability Studies, York University). I cannot imagine three better models for the kind of teacher and scholar I’d like to be. Sarah, you believed in this project and my ability to see it through even before I was sure that I did myself. You have been my advocate, my mentor and my friend since I first met you, and you have cared about my project as much as you would if it were your own. Thank you for always going above and beyond. Lorraine, thank you for putting me at ease with your grace, wit, kindness and encouragement. Thank you for not hesitating when I asked you to come on board with this project, and for always being welcoming and ready when I needed a bit of advice, whether in regards to this project, or academic life in general. Geoffrey, before I met you, I did not even know that mad scholarship or mad community existed. I have been educated and inspired by your work in both the academy and the community, and by the connections you have helped me to make with others doing this work too. Thank you for contributing your amazing knowledge of mad history to this project and for always reminding me of the importance of mad community both in the academy and “on the ground.” I would like to acknowledge the Toronto mad community for supporting and contributing to this project, and for all of the wonderful work that they do. In particular I’d like to thank Jeremiah, Alisa, Eric, Terry-Lynn, Stefania, Danielle, Jenna and Jijian for sharing wisdom and/or resources at various points in this process. This project, and I, may not have made it to the finish line without you. A big thank you to all of the participants in MadArtReview for sharing your time, energy and knowledge. Your insightful perspectives on mad literature and media enriched this project immensely and are one of its most important contributions to Mad Studies. Thank you to Cathy Grisé, Grace Kehler and Nadine Attewell in the Department of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster for helping me think through the very earliest stages of this project. Thank you to my friends and colleagues at McMaster for your support throughout the PhD process. I’d particularly like to thank Laura Wiebe, Emily Hill and Dilia Narduzzi for sharing words of wisdom and laughter, for helping work through ideas, and for staying in touch by email or skype. Thank you for providing much needed contact and caring in this oftentimes lonely work! Thanks to the faculty of Women’s Studies at Lakehead University—and particularly Jenny Roth, Lori Chambers and Pam Wakewich––for supporting me in my final stages of completing my PhD requirements while teaching on contract for the first time with the department. iv PhD Thesis - P. Wolframe; McMaster University - English and Cultural Studies Thank you to my external examiner, Brenda LeFrançois (Faculty of Medicine/School of Social Work, Memorial University) for your genuine engagement with my project, your generosity, and your helpful feedback. And last, but in no way least, I would like to thank and dedicate this project to my family: my father, Barry Wolframe; my partner, Jonathan Smith; and our cat, Chester. Dad, thanks for always loving me and believing in me no matter what, and for never asking me to be anyone other than exactly who and what I am right now. Thank you for reading my dissertation, for letting me explain Foucault with stick figures, and for all of your financial and emotional support throughout my studies. I love you to the moon and back, always. Chester, thank you for always helping me keep my priorities straight. Dissertations are important, but so are naps with the cat. Thanks for being a faithful companion throughout this work. Jon, I couldn’t possibly list all of the myriad of ways that you have helped and supported me through the completion of this project, but here’s a few of them: thanks for doing the lion’s share of the cooking, cleaning and errands at times when I was either stuck in front of my computer or exhausted. Thank you for listening to my writing frustrations, talking through ideas with me, and copyediting this dissertation. Thank you for “getting” Mad Studies and for always believing in this project, and in me. Thanks for letting me cry on your shoulder so very many times (I think, besides me, you understand best the emotional labour of this project, because you shouldered it with me, often literally). Thank you for the walks, the hugs and the cups of tea. Thank you for the celebratory end-of-chapter dinners out. Thanks for being you and for loving me in so many ways every day. I love you. v PhD Thesis - P. Wolframe; McMaster University - English and Cultural Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: Making Literature Mad, Making Mad Literature: Counter-psychiatric Perspectives and “The Literary” ...................................................................................................... 1 Preamble: Reading as a Madwoman .......................................................................................................................... 1 A Note on Language .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Ableism, Mentalism, Sanism ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Psychiatry, Eugenics, Biopolitics ............................................................................................................................ 10 Mad People’s Counter-Psychiatric Resistance and Development of Alternatives .................................................. 18 Mad (Hi)stories, Mad Pride: Why Narratives of Lived Experience Matter ............................................................ 22 Chapter 1: The Personal is Political: American Narratives of Institutionalization as Mad Feminist Pedagogy ........................................................................................................................ 38 Madwomen’s Literature in Post-WWII
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