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Check List 9(6): 1361–1366, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (Available at Journal of Species Lists and Distribution Check List 9(6): 1361–1366, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution New records of plants for San Andres and Old Providence PECIES S islands (International Biosphere Reserve Seaflower), OF Caribbean Colombia ISTS L Alexandra Tobar-Vargas 1*, Brigitte Gavio 1,2 and José Luis Fernández 3 1 Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Caribe, San Luis Free Town 52-44, San Andrés Isla, Colombia. 2 Departamento de Biología, [email protected] Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia. 3 Real Jardín Botánico, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Científico Titular del Real Jardín Botánico. Madrid – España. * Corresponding autor. E-mail: Abstract: Fifty seven new records of vascular plants are reported for the Archipelago of San Andres and Old Providence, part of the International Biosphere Reserve Seaflower ornamental purpose. With these introductions, we report ten new families and 30 new genera for the Archipelago. The possible impacts of some of these introductions are discussed.. Of these, about 81% have been introduced for agriculture or Introduction Materials and Methods The archipelago of San Andres, Old Providence and Study area Sainte Cataline islands is located about 200 km off the The Archipelago of San Andres, Old Providence and coast of Nicaragua and due to its vicinity with the Central Sainte Cataline is located in the southwestern Caribbean, in the intertropical region, with a marine area of more than 250,000 km2 of oceanic waters and only 70 km2 of American continental platform, the vascular flora has terrestrial landmass (Márquez 2006). The islands lie in the (Lowya higher 2000). affinity with the flora of Central America and transition zone between tropical dry and the tropical wet Northern South America, compared to the Antillean flora with elements of both dry forest and wet tropical forest (GonzálezThe island at al vegetation is classified as transitional, climate. The influence of trade winds mitigates the dry and population density, the natural vegetation on San Andres warm climate. The annual mean temperature is 27.4˚C, Island has been. completely1995; Lowy transformed, 2000). Due while to the on highOld towith February). maximum The values annual between mean precipitation29 and 30˚C is (May 1797.8 to Providence Island the original vegetation is still present mm,June) unevenlyand minimum distributed between in 25.5a dry and season 26.0˚C (January (December to on the top of the hill (the Peak, Marquez et al. 2006). April), with stronger winds, and a wet season (October to period from May to July the rains are moderate in intensity vascularThe flora plants of the(366 Archipelago angiosperms has and not 7 been pteridophytes). extensively December) when 80% of the annual rain falls. During the Later,studied. Lowy Díaz (2000) and Lowy updated (1992) all the reported botanical 374 information species of The islands are volcanic in origin with the subsidence available for the islands, including reports (e.g. Barriga of(IDEAM the volcanic1995). base of San Andres Island, and its 1969; González et al. 1995) and herbarium specimens, simultaneous cover with calcareous deposits, biogenic in origin, during the Tertiary and Quaternary, gave rise to the present island (Gonzalez et al. 1995), while Old Providence introduced.registering a total of 409 species of vascular plants, 77% Island maintained its volcanic nature. of whichMore recently,were considered Tobar and native, Gavio (2011)and the reported other 23% the presence of the invasive Pteridium caudatum on Old main islands (Figures 1 and 2). Providence Island. The flora was collected at different sites on the two Introduced plants are an important component of the Sampling method and may cause extensive damage (Mack and Lonsdale we collected both in anthropogenic and natural areas 2000).actual floraParticularly, of most countries introduced (Chacón species and Saboríoare the 2006),most To complete the inventory of the flora of the archipelago, important threat for native species in oceanic islands using taxonomic literature and personal knowledge. The samples(Tables were1-2). mountedSpecies andwere deposited taxonomically in the herbarium identified of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Caribe, with a of(Chacón the International and Saborío 2006).Biosphere Reserve, we carried out duplicate sent to the National Herbarium (COL). an Toinventory contribute of species to the knowledgenot previously of the reported vascular for flora the islands. All species have been introduced for agricultural Results and Discussion or ornamental purposes. The possible impact of some of these species is discussed. distributed in thirty families and forty-seven genera. Of We found fifty-seven new records for the archipelago, 1361 Tobar-Vargas et al. | Plants for San Andres and Old Providence islands, Colombia these, ten families and thirty genera are reported for the use (Table 2). Of these, X. sagittifolium, C. maxina, M. have a wide tropical and subtropical distribution, and have xmajority paradisiaca, of the taxaC. lanatus, newly A.reported macrorrhizos, have ornamentalC. melo, T. beenfirst time introduced from the for islands ornamental (Table 3).and All agricultural species encountered purposes. divaricata, C.warscewiczii, P. ebenea and S. podophyllum have been observed in wild settings on the islands. Among the species reported, two may become a theWhile new 81% records of the are species naturalised listed and herein often are escaped still confined into the possible nuisance, due to its invasive behaviour reported surroundingto greenhouses, areas. backyards and gardens, the other 19% of in other regions. S. podophyllum (Abrecht et al. 2003) is a With this study, the percentage of introduced plant species in the International Biosphere Reserve increases rapidly at the expense of other species because it has an epiphyticalspecies which growth is difficult form thatto eradicate may suffocate and tends native to species.expand S. podophyllum has been observed in several parts of San to 30%, from the 23% reported by Lowy (2000). The Andres Island, in the wild, completely covering other plants. Casuarina equisetifolia is an invasive tree native to South- and Samoa. Its non-native range now extends to North and Centraleast Asia, America, Australia much and of southern the Caribbean Pacific as islands well as to islands Tahiti to be one of the most common tree species on beaches in thein the tropics northern (Wheeler Pacific et al.and 2011). Indian If CasuarinaOceans. It expands,is thought it may alter the habitat of infested areas, inhibiting native plants with rapid growth, dense coverage, and thick litter accumulation (Hammerton, 2001). Casuarina is thought Hammerton 2001), reduce populations of small mammals (Mazzottito promote et beachal. 1981), erosion and (Austininterfere 1978; with theDeaton nesting 1994; of Figure 1. Map of San Andres Island with sample sites. Table 1. Sampling sites on San Andres Island. Number Name and Abbreviation 1 Police Station (PNS) 2 San Luis, Harmony Hill (SHH) 3 4 Duppy Gully (DG) 5 Sarie Bay (SB) School Cajasai (CS) 6 Airport surroundings (ARP) 7 School Sagrada familia (CSF) 8 Avenida 20 de Julio (A20J) 9 10 La Loma diagonal San Francisco Church (LLR ) Parque Simón Bolívar (PSB) 11 12 New Point Mall (CNP) Center (CEN) 13 Los Almendros (BLA) 14 Figure 2. Map of Old Providence Island with sample sites. 15 Simpson Well (BSW) Elsy Bar (SEB) Sampling sites on Old Providence Island. 16 Vietnam (BVC) Table 2. 17 School Modelo Adventista (CMA) Number Name and Abbreviation 18 15 19 Juan XXIII (J23) 21 Vía San Luis in front of basketball stadium (VSL) Agua Dulce (ADP) 23 Botanical Garden (JBU) 22 Surroundings of the catholic church María Inmaculada (IMI) The peak (PEP) 1362 Tobar-Vargas et al. | Plants for San Andres and Old Providence islands, Colombia endangered sea turtles (Schmid et al. 2008). Planted along As for the highly invasive and cancirogenic fern Pteridium beaches and near homes for protection against wind, the caudatum, reported recently for Old Providence (Tobar and Gavio 2011), all the species registered here have been of their great height and shallow roots (Schmid et al. 2008; voluntarily introduced by the inhabitants of the islands. treesWheeler are etamong al. 2011). the first Its towood fall duringis susceptible high winds to termites, because It is necessary to improve environmental education in and if planted close to traditional wooden houses may the islands and explain the potential risks of introduced accelerate their deterioration. species to the population, to avoid negative impacts on The species Allamanda blanchetii, Aglaonema commutatum and Cnidoscolus chayamansa are toxic if susceptible to invasive species, and particular care should consumed, while Allamanda blanchetii produces a latex bethe taken native to flora reduce of the the archipelago. introduction Small of exotic islands species are more and which may irritate the skin upon contact. mitigate their impact once established. Table 3. Species list of new botanical records in San Andres and Old Providence islands. New families are marked with **, new genera with *. COMMON COLLECTION VOUCHER SPECIES ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION NOTES NAME SITE NUMBER ACANTHACEAE Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. Thought to be originally from Polynesia or golden VSL, LLR, BSB, ATV195 Ornamental reticulatum (Seem.) Guillaumin. Melanesia. Cultivated in tropical America
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