Modern Colonialism, Eurocentrism and Historical Archaeology: Some Engendered Thoughts

Home , Eurocentrism

European Journal of Archaeology 21 (3) 2018, 455–471 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1 2 SANDRA MONTÓN-SUBÍAS AND ALMUDENA HERNANDO 1Departament d’Humanitats, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Barcelona, Spain 2Departamento de Prehistoria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain

In this article, we would like to share some thoughts related to the values and principles implemented by archaeologists when bringing ‘the other’ into focus. We situate our reflections within the archaeology of modern colonialism, and revisit some aspects related to one of the most vibrant issues in historical archaeology: Eurocentrism. It is our understanding that ‘de-Eurocentring’ the discipline not only requires introducing the disenfranchised as new agents, but also questioning the most profound logics by which narratives of the past have been written. We focus on the idea of history as change, and on the notion of social continuity from a feminist standpoint. We have noticed that certain accounts of colonial situations, even those with the opposite intention, may project the prevailing Western male way of being while trying to explain past social and personal dynamics, thus blurring ontological diversity and unwittingly reinforcing the Eurocentrism we are trying to avoid.

Keywords: historical archaeology, modern colonialism, Eurocentrism, feminist archaeology, change and continuity, maintenance activities

INTRODUCTION Wolf, 1982; Quijano & Wallerstein, 1992; Dussel, 1995, 2000; Lander, 2000; ‘Quand on aborde un problème aussi Castro Gómez & Grosfoguel, 2007; ’ important que l inventaire des Mignolo, 2008; and, for related ideas, possibilités de compréhension de deux Marks, 2002; Parker, 2010; Gruzinski, peuples différents, on doit redoubler 2012). Profound changes of all types fol- ’ ’ 1 d attention. (Fanon, 1952: 67) lowed. These were not only changes ‘in a In their critique of Eurocentrism, Latin known world that merely altered some of American decolonial thinkers situate the its traits’ but ‘changes in the world as such’ origins of the first true World Order in (Quijano, 2000: 547). the modern conquest and colonization of This new colonial world encompassed the Americas (e.g. Wallerstein, 1974; the emergence of Eurocentrism as a new rationale, and eventually constructed a 1 ‘When one approaches a problem as important as Eurocentric self-legitimating historical dis- that of an inventory of the possibilities for understanding between two different peoples, one should be course. Following decolonial authors (e.g. doubly careful’ (translation in Fanon, 1986: 84). Lander, 2000: 14; Quijano, 2000), we

© European Association of Archaeologists 2017 doi:10.1017/eaa.2017.83 Manuscript received 14 April 2017, accepted 7 November 2017, revised 25 September 2017 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.226, on 29 Sep 2021 at 09:16:43, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.83 456 European Journal of Archaeology 21 (3) 2018

understand that this new rationale orga- Eurocentrism, and strong efforts have nized all peoples of the world, past and been made ever since to identify, scrutin- present, into a single universal narrative, ize, and demolish Eurocentrism in our with Europe representing both the geo- discipline (for a discussion, see Orser, graphical centre and the summit of all 2012). Here, we would like to deepen this temporal movement. This narrative was critique. It is our contention that more fully developed in the nineteenth century attention needs to be paid to the logics (Amin, 1988; Blaut, 1993, 2000; underlying the writing of history. Wallerstein, 2006; Álvarez-Uría, 2015), Otherwise, we may end up strengthening when history and archaeology, as institu- the most profound rationale behind trad- tionalized academic disciplines, replaced itional Eurocentric narratives, hence myth as the discourse to explain the past curbing our ability to appreciate cultural (Hernando, 2012b). New understandings difference and idiosyncrasy in the past. of space, time, and human agency, and, We focus on the idea of history as basically, the glorification of history as change and on the notion of social con- change took the stage (Quijano, 2000: tinuity from a feminist standpoint. Most 547). Archaeology and history thus shared specifically, we stress: 1) that a positive fundamental conceptual foundations: the appraisal of change is always associated assumption that change was the axis with individuality; 2) that individuality through which to think the world, the runs parallel to the emergence and perception of time as a linear trajectory, increase of social hierarchization and and the idea of space as a bi-dimensional technological development; 3) that indi- parameter that could be expanded end- viduality is a type of personhood that, in lessly. This particular, and situated, way of Europe, has characterized most men since understanding the world, which has domi- the Early Modern period; 4) that persons nated the social order since the nineteenth in non-hierarchical societies appreciate century, was considered to be universal stability and continuity more than and inherent to any human reading of the change; 5) that while human history has world. But it was not universal, as we will been a combination of continuity and the discuss in this article. search for change, history as a discourse In the 1960s, modern colonial processes has mainly emphasized change; 6) that, were used to demarcate historical archae- therefore, the logics behind the historical ology, a subfield of the discipline that ori- and archaeological discourse is an expres- ginally emerged in the United States and sion of the modern hegemonic individua- was soon defined as the ‘archaeology of lized masculinity (sensu Connell & the spread of European cultures through- Messerschmidt, 2005); and 7) that the out the world since the fifteenth century, perception of change typical of Western and their impact on and interaction with male individuality has been wrongly the cultures of indigenous peoples’ (Deetz, projected onto the interpretation of the 1996 [1977]: 5).2 Historical archaeologists past. Consequently, we understand that soon expressed concerns against Eurocentrism was/is not so much the imposition of the European understanding 2 We are well aware that historical archaeology is a of the world, but of a specific European controversial term and that there has been an energetic debate about its narrow versus wide chronological adop- understanding of the world: the male or tion. Here, we use the term to refer to the study of all processes connected to the European expansion, conquest, and colonization that began in the Late Middle shape (Leone & Potter, 1988; Orser, 1996; Little, Ages, and that have moulded the world to its present 2007).

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patriarchal one operating in Europe at the explanations of the past. Eurocentrism time of the continent’s worldwide expansion. (and androcentrism) has found here one of its most impregnable hideouts, to the point that it often goes unnoticed. An SOME THOUGHTS ON EUROCENTRISM anecdote from a few years ago will illus- AND HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY trate this point (see Montón-Subías & Abejez, 2015: 25). In the session Since Wolf’s(1982) Europe and the People ‘Entangled Colonialism: Changes in Without History, and partly as a reaction to Material Culture and Space in the Late burning critiques of Eurocentrism, many Medieval through to the Modern Period’ historical archaeologists have considered it that took place at the 2012 European an important goal to give voice to the voice- Association of Archaeologists Annual less and, thus, rescue from oblivion all Meeting, Richard Ciolek-Torello those unrecalled in traditional historical explained that some Native American sub- narratives (e.g. Funari, 1991; Orser, 1996; sistence strategies in southern California Hall, 1999; Kelly, 2003; Leone, 2011; had been profoundly modified after the Escribano-Ruiz, 2016). At about the same implantation of the Spanish Catholic mis- time as this goal permeated historical sions. In this way, he emphasized, some archaeology, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak social dynamics that had remained rela- (1988), a feminist and postcolonial scholar tively stable had been truncated. In the scrutinizing pervasive Eurocentrism in Q&A session that followed, one of the postcolonial discourse, was already ques- attendees considered this vision of Native tioning whether it was possible for the Americans as Eurocentric. According to subaltern to speak, making reference to her, in thinking that it had been the mis- the most Western embedded structures of sionaries who had first brought change to thought in the production of knowledge. the area, he was reinforcing an image of Coloniality, a term used later by decolonial native populations as backward, by authors drawing on Frantz Fanon’s legacy denying the indigenous people the same (e.g. Quijano, 1992; Lander, 2000; contri- capacity and desire for change as the butions in Julia Suárez-Krabbe et al., Spaniards. 2009), also refers to colonialism within Although different authors have been today’s production of knowledge, and to critical about the fact that change has been the imposition of knowledge systems gen- valued in an overly positive way in archae- erated by Europeans through such disci- ology (e.g. Panich, 2013; González- plines as anthropology, history, and Ruibal, 2014; Lightfoot, 2015), it is also archaeology (see also Chakrabarty, 1992). true that many archaeologists still consider Fanon himself (1952: 120) mentions as a that ‘giving voice to the voiceless’ requires glaring example how schoolchildren in attributing them the same attitude towards Martinique were taught about the Gauls change and the same degree of individual- being their ancestors, which promoted an ity that characterize individuals in the immediate identification with European present (e.g. Sampson, 1988; Ewing, subjectivities and worldviews. 1990; Cohen, 1994; Knapp & Meskell, Debunking Eurocentrism necessarily 1997; Sökefeld, 1999;Moore,2000;Knapp encompasses debunking the coloniality of & Van Dommelen, 2008;Machin,2009; knowledge, which implies interrogating but see Thomas, 2004, for a critique). dominant values behind the construction In the wake of concerns about of historical and archaeological Eurocentrism, claims about the stability of

non-European societies have come to be being) for native populations can be mis- considered Eurocentric (and politically judged as offensive, and as Eurocentric. In incorrect), and it is easy to understand fact, the truly Eurocentric stance is not why. Lack of change or a slower pace being able to recognize the possibility that of change—interpreted as a lack of other societies might prefer stability to progress—was one of the main features change, and their ability to constitute ways Eurocentric thought once emphasized to of being a person that—although equally describe non-European societies and valid—are radically different from those depict them as inferior (e.g. Kant, 1784). existing in Europe or the West. Therefore, one might expect reactions to In order to promote alternative and more Eurocentrism to have included deconstruct- inclusive narratives, we must question the ing the belief that equated changelessness way historical and archaeological accounts with backwardness. Nevertheless, this has have been created and how they have con- not been the case, and reactions to veyed biased Eurocentric understandings of Eurocentrism have very often shared with the past. It is, thus, not only important to it the idea that the European pattern of focus on bringing attention to those who change is universal. have been ignored, but also to highlight the Besides sharing with others (e.g. mechanisms and motives underlying the Thomas, 2004; Olivier, 2013; González- construction of such Eurocentric under- Ruibal, 2014) a critical attitude to this standings. We consider an alliance with idea, we want to take a step further. To feminist thought to be fundamental to this us, projecting the pattern of change task. Although not all androcentrism is applauded by hegemonic Western history Eurocentric, Eurocentrism is always andro- onto any human group is not only centric. It is an expression of the rationale Eurocentric but also androcentric. and gender identity of those in command Embedded in this pattern are the values of the world, mostly men, both in the past characterizing the construction of the and in the present (Millet, 1972). hegemonic male self in European culture From a feminist standpoint, Eurocentrism at the time of its modern colonial world- would be a self-interested and partisan wide expansion. This male self was con- construct about the European historical structed through an increasing emphasis trajectory. Change, individuality, reason, on individuality and reason (Weintraub, and, with them, power, self-control, vio- 1978; Lloyd, 1984; Morris, 1987; Seidler, lence (exercised as a means to obtain, 1993), a linear perception of time and a wield, or regain power), technical progress, positive appraisal of change (Seidler, 1989; or economic growth have been considered Hernando, 2012a). It is precisely on the the universal goals of all human beings basis of such universalization—the identi- ever since the Enlightenment (see Seidler, fication of the typical European male 1989, 1993; Connell, 1995; Connell & identity since Early Modernity as the only Messerschmidt, 2005), which explains possible type of identity for all human why these same values have been used by beings (Hernando, 2012a)—that the idea mainstream archaeological and historical that past peoples might have had other discourses to describe other societies types of identities causes a shock among (Hernando, 2012b). But, in Europe, such some archaeologists, as the anecdote told values only became generalized as a way to above exemplifies. And it is precisely construct men’s identities in the seven- because of current ingrained Eurocentrism teenth century. ‘If we think that growth that claiming stability (and other ways of and change are more advanced than

stability or continuity’, Francesca Bray categories dealing with contact—from the argued in 1997, ‘it is because that is how much-reviled acculturation to more recent our modern Western world was made […] constructs such as hybridity, creolization, But other worlds were made in other ways’ or ethnogenesis—have focused mainly on (Bray, 1997: 12). We would go further the dynamics of change, although he has and say that even our own world was also drawn attention to the ‘growing inter- made in other ways by integrating compo- est in the investigation of cultural persist- nents such as human bonds, community, ence’ (2015: 9221). Works by several continuity, emotions, or the search for authors (including Lightfoot’sin1995, protection among others. However, only and Lightfoot et al., 1998) have consid- the first group of these components was ered both types of dynamics, trying to recognized by social discourse and main- increase awareness of the fact that societies stream science (see Seidler, 1993; are not only made of changes but also of Hernando, 2012b; Fowler, 2016). continuities (e.g. Silliman, 2005, 2009; Rodríguez-Alegría, 2008, 2014; Ferris 2009; Mitchell & Scheiber, 2010; ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE IDEA OF Hernández, 2012; Stahl, 2012; González- CHANGE Ruibal, 2013, 2014; Panich, 2013; Wright & Ricardi 2014; Flexner et al., 2015). Archaeology and history are intrinsically However, it is feminist archaeology, linked to the idea of change as they are with its critique to androcentrism, that has discourses about our origins that were fully been reflecting the longest on the pro- constructed in the nineteenth century to found reasons why master narratives have replace myth, which was characterized in ignored continuity, explaining why it turn by the absence of time and change. needs to be unveiled and theorized, and Since the Western world (as well as showing its social value. We have dis- others) is the result of changes over time, cussed elsewhere (Hernando, 2008, 2012a) researching change in these disciplines is why the idea of history as change cannot not in itself problematic. The problem be separated from the emergence of the arises when these accounts of the past modern male subjectivity in Europe, and underscore the importance of social thus why emphasis on social change, to dynamics whose function was to promote the detriment of social continuity, has continuity, stability, security, bonds, and been at the core of archaeology and history belonging, as these dynamics play a funda- as academic disciplines. Let us make a mental role in the groups’ ability to gener- short digression to clarify this point. ate changes without creating feelings of This digression relates to the (pre) his- ontological anxiety or life disorientation toric roots of Western gender inequality (Giddens, 1991:35–47). In this respect, and the interplay between individuality mainstream archaeology and history have and relationality in the construction of constituted ‘partial’ discourses about the personhood throughout European history. dynamics that explain our past, and have Although very recent non-feminist studies reflected only one side of human beha- are beginning to acknowledge the import- viours: those acknowledged by the men who ance of relational identity in analyses of constructed that very historical discourse. the past (e.g. Sedikides & Brewer, 2015; Regarding the historical archaeology of Fowler, 2016), from a feminist standpoint culture contact and colonialism, Kent the stress has been placed on understand- Lightfoot (2015: 9218) has noticed how ing the different ways in which the

interaction between relational and indivi- Positive appraisals of change are inex- dualized identity has differentially affected tricably linked to individuality as a mode male and female selves throughout history of self-identity, and to the increase of (Hernando, 2012a, 2012b). Unlike other technological control over the world and studies, these works emphasize the inter- the subsequent feeling of power before it. play between conscious and unconscious Individuality only appears when differen- identities throughout the development of tiated positions of power exist within the masculine self/masculine individuality groups and when persons begin to feel dif- in European history, and propose different ferent from each other, progressively trajectories in the development of men’s taking on the position of agents of their and women’s identities in the Western own destinies. At this point, their onto- world. One critical point is that relational logical security no longer stems from the identity is indispensable to generate onto- protection of a sacred instance and bonds logical security and is, thus, always present with the group, but from their own ability in all types of self, although it is not to increase (and thus change) their control always acknowledged. over the environment. In this way, the Unlike other approaches, we have greater the level of specialized functions argued that, in our most remote past, both and hierarchical positions, the higher the men and women must have been charac- level of individuality of those in such posi- terized by relationality and not by indi- tions will be, and the more their security viduality as there were neither different will rely on their own ability to change. positions of power nor work specialization There is consensus among scholars who (Hernando, 2012a). When features of have studied individuality that one of its individuality began to appear as a counter- defining features is reflexivity, a strong part of increasing power and technological awareness of oneself as a differentiated control sustained by some men, relational entity and a sense of coherence as guiding ones did not disappear in them, but began self-transformation in the course of one’s to be ‘performed’ unconsciously, in an life (Weintraub, 1978: 95; Veyne, 1987:7; unacknowledged way instead (essentially Giddens, 1991: 20, 52). Individuality, through normative heterosexuality and change, technological development, and a social groups of male peers). Women, rational understanding of the world all whose individualization men prevented characterize the process of growing div- until Late Modernity in order to guarantee ision of functions and differentiation of their own ‘relational’ bonds, became the power positions wherever such a process necessary complement for them. In this takes place, at any time in history. But it way, men were only conscious of their was in Europe that it reached its peak in individualized identity, while performing Early Modernity, and where it was experi- their relational one through subordinated enced mainly by men until late modern women (who, in not being individualized, times. The more individualized men did not develop a desire or ability for became, the more importance they gave to change or power). Men and women then change, individual agency, or technological followed different identity pathways: development, and the more ‘dependent’ increasing individuality (mixed with they became on women to act relationality. unacknowledged relationality) in men, and In other words, the more importance men only relationality in women until Late gave to change, individual agency, and Modernity (Hernando, 2012a, 2012b; see technological development, the more patri- also Lloyd, 1984; Seidler, 1993). archal their relation with women became.

For all these reasons, the dominant ontological security, the more cyclical their historical discourse has been mostly an concept of time is, and the greater the expression of male perspectives on reality. attachment they feel to their space, as sta- Therefore, the idea of history as change, bility will constitute the desired goal so enmeshed in our perception of history, (Munn, 1992; Elias, 1993; Gell, 1996). is in itself androcentric and historical, and By the same logic, it can also be argued far from universal. that, within a given group, those people who carry out more specialized tasks (which are more closely associated with THE SOCIAL VALUE OF CONTINUITY change) will have more linear visions of time and will attribute less importance to In their critique of androcentrism, feminist their links with space and with other scholars, including archaeologists, have members of the group than those who do drawn attention to the fact that discourses not carry out these specialized tasks. In about the past have mainly commended general terms, women tend to be among values, attitudes, and capacities associated the latter in most historical trajectories. to dominant Western male identity; a type So, the values and attitudes of colonizers, of logic that conceals and rejects values travellers, and explorers in the periods associated to the construction of traditional studied by historical archaeology reflected female gender identity such as relationality, those of the most individualized men of interdependence and social bonding, their time, but not those of many other emotion, care, stability, durability, continu- men or women in their own society, nor ity, and recurrence (e.g. Seidler, 1989, those of the people they were colonizing, 1993; Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005; visiting, or exploring. González Marcén et al., 2008; Montón- Feminist studies have, therefore, focused Subías, 2010; Montón-Subías & Lozano, on spheres of practice which mainstream 2012; Hernando, 2012a, 2012b). It has archaeology had neglected, as they were not been shown that, while space and time are the expression of changes over time or structural in the making of selves, they can rapid technological advance. Among these be experienced in substantially different are ‘maintenance activities’, mainly carried ways by different human groups (Giddens, out by women in most societies. Initially 1991: 37), and this difference also holds catalysed by feminist challenges to unveil true for genders and people in different sexist bias in the archaeological discipline positions of power within the same group (Bertelsen et al., 1987), and closely linked (González Marcén & Picazo, 1997; to developments in feminist gender and Damm, 2000;Hernando,2002).3 feminist household archaeology (Conkey & The less technological control charac- Gero, 1991;Tringham,1991; Hendon, terizes human groups, the more they 1996), the concept of maintenance activities pursue stability and reject change, the has been used to underscore the structural more importance is given to interdepend- and foregrounding nature of a set of prac- ence and emotional bonds to feel tices which are fundamentally necessary to guarantee the stability and continuity of 3 Although, from different perspectives, other scholars life in any human group (Picazo, 1997; have also discussed time as a cultural notion that might have been differently perceived in the past (e.g. Leone, González Marcén et al., 2008). They 1978; Fabian, 1983; Bailey, 1987; Shanks & Tilley, include, grosso modo, all activities related to 1987; Gosden & Lock, 1998; Lucas, 2005; Goody, 2006; Olivier, 2008, 2013; Verdesio, 2013; González- feeding and food processing, basic clothing Ruibal, 2014). and weaving, care giving, raising and

socializing children, and fitting out and both archaeology and history have contrib- organizing related spaces. These activities uted many examples in different periods are fundamental in regulating and stabiliz- and spaces (e.g. Cowan, 1989; Brumfiel, ing social life, and in guaranteeing the 1991; Hastorf, 1991; Brumfiel & Robin, group’s cohesion through the strengthening 2008; Meyers, 2008; Sánchez Romero & of its basic bonds (e.g. Dommasnes, 2008; Aranda, 2008; Tarble de Scaramelli & Gifford-Gonzalez, 2008; Gilchrist, 2008; Scaramelli, 2012). However, under normal González Marcén et al., 2008;Sánchez circumstances, the pace at which they Romero, 2008). change is incomparably slower than that of Maintenance activities appear in varying other tasks, since their ultimate function is forms and are organized in different ways to guarantee the reiteration and recurrence of from one culture to another, but invariably the group’s activities, and/or to channel any play a structural role in all of them. They changes in the latter into new reiteration are carried out on a day to day basis and recurrence patterns or, in other words, (although they do not take up daily life into new ways of everyday life manage- completely) and are inseparable from the ment (for a wider discussion, see González relational social tissue they generate and Marcén et al., 2008). within which they unfold. Grouping them We consider the study of maintenance all under the same denomination has activities crucial to understand such colo- highlighted the collective function shared nial situations as those studied by histor- by them all, which would otherwise ical archaeology. Such is the perspective remain clouded. we are applying in the framework of a Grouping these activities has also served research project related to the incorpor- the purpose of tracing the development of ation of Guam and the Mariana Islands a common set of social values they all into the colonial network of the Spanish embody (Hernando, 2008; Montón- Empire in the seventeenth century Subías, 2010; Montón-Subías & Lozano, (Montón-Subías et al., forthcoming). 2012). By underlining the value of links While a more detailed account of this case and social bonding, of emotional skills, lies beyond the scope of this article, some and of maintaining relationships and care of the project’s more general and prelimin- as fundamental pillars of social life, ary conclusions exemplify the topic well. researchers have raised awareness of the In Guam, as in many other places where importance of relationality, interdepend- colonization was part of a ‘civilizing’ ence, stability, continuity, and recurrence project (sensu Fanon, 1952), the implemen- in the course of history. Already in the tation of the very colonial enterprise on the 1990s, a work on Bronze Age Iberia called ground brought relevant transformations in for a focus ‘on the role of stability as an the sphere of maintenance activities. This, alternative historical perspective, rather we would like to insist, was due to their key than emphasizing the dynamics of change’ role in channelling changes in new ways of (Colomer et al., 1998: 53). The article not managing everyday life. only brought continuity to the fore, but In the case of Guam, it seems clear also criticized the tendency to regard past that, almost since the first moment of per- social stability as stagnant and backward, manent colonization in 1668, maintenance instead of considering it a resilient, sus- activities were the target of colonial pol- tainable, and successful strategy. icies. From the concentration of the popu- Needless to say, maintenance activities lation and the re-structuration of living have also changed throughout history, and spaces in reducciones to children’s

socialization in Jesuit seminaries, through masculinity are addressed, and a more com- food systems, dress, kinship, healing prac- prehensive world history can be constructed. tices, and sexuality, Jesuit missionaries aimed to dismantle traditional Chamorro lifeways, which were mainly organized SOME FINAL THOUGHTS through maintenance activities (Moral, 2016; Montón-Subías et al., forthcoming). Eurocentrism is such an embedded part of Thus, while for Jesuit missionaries the col- the Western rationale that only through onization of the Marianas Islands was a constant interrogation and inquiry will we mainly political-and-religious enterprise, be able to denude its multiple layers (sensu for natives on the islands it was the deep Lander, 2000: 7). Here, we have argued structure of the world and the bonds that that one of these layers remains in assump- connect humans to it that were at stake. tions ingrained in the background that Although the Guam example is but one configure the most intimate discursive of the many examples making up the structure we use to interpret the past. heterogeneous colonial matrix of Early These deep assumptions identify historical Modernity, we believe that it clearly illus- dynamics with the logic characterizing trates the paramount importance of main- modern male identity, eliding the much tenance activities within it. In situations of more complex dynamics structuring society. de-structuration and forcible change, such As archaeologists, and particularly as as those characterizing many colonial pro- archaeologists dealing with the effects of cesses, it is particularly important to study early European expansion and coloniza- those dynamics which seek continuity and tion, we have a special responsibility. We stability. It is, therefore, necessary to are interpreting colonial situations that understand how maintenance activities encompass contact and domination over make possible the continuity of both local people with very different inner cultural populations and those arriving throughout logics and, thus, with different, even con- the colony’s history, as well as the viability trasting, understandings of the self and (or not) of the very colonial projects. worldviews, and with historical dynamics It would be of great interest to engage in guided by values and forces which differed a comparative reading of maintenance from those of the West. We, therefore, activities in colonial situations. Fortunately, have the responsibility of trying to under- several archaeological works have documen- stand these ‘other’ in their ‘otherness’, and ted one or more of these activities in such not as part of ‘the same’ (ourselves) situations. The list, which could begin with (Dussel, 1995: 12). For this reason, para- Deagan’s works at St Augustine (1983), is phrasing Fanon quoted at the beginning too long to reproduce here (but see Voss, of this article, we must be doubly careful. 2008,foradiscussionofmanyofthe Otherwise, we may interpret ‘other resulting publications in the Americas, and people’s’ historical dynamics from the Fogle et al., 2015, for a recent publication). same parameters and values constructed by However, a comparative study has not yet Western history. Far from being universal, been carried out, and this would be very as our discussion shows, those parameters helpful to better illustrate the way in which and values are historically and geopolitic- dynamics of stability, recurrence, and ally contextualized, and aimed at legitimiz- continuity were involved in this first world ing—let us reiterate—only a biased globalization. By making them manifest, European discourse. In our own dynamics different from those of hegemonic Eurocentric projection of values, we do

not only reaffirm Europe and the present the ‘other’ a-historical because their ways of (Olivier, 2013), but the patriarchal order being in the world followed patterns that intrinsic to its social discourse. We must were different from those extolled by stress that we are by no means arguing history as a discipline. However, reading that all groups outside Western modernity the ‘absence’ (or a slower pace) of change as regard change in a negative way. On the a disadvantage, or ignoring dynamics of contrary, we hope to have made it clear permanence and continuity, is also a that the extent to which change is posi- product of Eurocentrism and of its andro- tively appraised depends on the group’s centric bias. Incorporating the Other into degree of social hierarchization and narratives of the past does not mean ascrib- technological control over their life cir- ing to them Western historicities or the cumstances. Consequently, it is very parameters that have been used in their important to recognize that the positive construction, as has often stemmed from values we place on the idea of change rest Eurocentric fear (e.g. critiques by Ewing, on a certain historical genealogy, and not 1990; Cohen, 1994,orMoore,2000). It on any ‘moral’ grounding (in other words, means recognizing and acknowledging that it is neither better nor worse to have other forms of historicity and incorporating change). their background values and principles into Furthermore, the positive appraisal of the writing of history. In our view, this is change and the ensuing perception of time one of the main potentials of historical espoused by archaeologists in the present archaeology (and of archaeology in general). are different, for both the colonized In addition, and importantly, feminist groups we study and for the many people works such as those presented here attempt in Europe at the time. In this respect, two to raise awareness of the fact that the type more points should be made: 1) The fact of historicity privileged by mainstream dis- that European societies generally presented course is far from universal, even within the higher levels of technological control and very geographical context of the West. higher differences in social power caused Here too, ‘internal others’ challenge the the process itself to impose ‘accelerated’ supremacy of history as change. Therefore, paces of change and perceptions of time de-colonizing history not only implies onto those of the subjugated peoples (see bringing new agents and geographies to Suzman, 2004, for a related example in world history, but also new ways of under- contemporary Africa); and 2) that standing ourselves, making visible the fea- European colonizers brought with them tures associated with relationality that male higher levels of gender inequality than had individuality has concealed and, therefore, previously characterized subaltern popula- making possible its recognition in ‘the tions (e.g. Allen, 1992; Hughes & other’. Granted, this is a great responsibil- Hughes, 1997; Oyewumi, 1997; Lugones, ity, but it is also a great opportunity to 2008; Paredes, 2008; Segato, 2015). regain ontological heterogeneity and to We also hope to have made it clear that understand the true and most profound claiming the importance of stability and implications of colonial contacts. continuity in the history of humankind should not be confused with proposing stagnation or backwardness, precisely the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS image of native societies that Eurocentrism promoted (see, for instance, Adas, 1989). This article was written with the support The Eurocentric imagination considered of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and

Competitiveness under Grant HAR2016- Brumfiel, E. & Robin, C. 2008. Gender, 77564-C2-1-P and Grant HAR2016– Households, and Society: An 77564-C2-2-P. Heartfelt thanks go to Introduction. In: C. Robin & E. Brumfiel, eds. Gender, Households, and Society: Enrique Moral de Eusebio for his helpful Unraveling the Threads of the Past and the comments and suggestions. For the same Present (Archaeological Papers of the reasons, we would also like to thank American Anthropological Association Catherine Frieman and the two anonym- 18). Malden (MA): Blackwell, pp. 1–16. ous referees that peer-reviewed our first Castro Gómez, S. & Grosfoguel, S. 2007. Prólogo. Giro decolonial, teoría crítica y pen- manuscript. Thanks as well to Pedro samiento heterárquico. In: S. Castro Gómez Pablo Fermin Maguire and Madeleine & S. Grosfoguel, eds. El giro decolonial. Hummler for making our English much Reflexiones para una diversidad epistémica más better. allá del capitalismo global. Bogotá: Siglo del Hombre Editores, pp. 9–23. Chakrabarty, D. 1992. Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for REFERENCES ‘Indian’ Pasts? Representations, 37: 1–26. Cohen, A.P. 1994. Self-Consciousness: An Adas, M. 1989. Machines as the Measure of Alternative Anthropology of Identity.London: Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Routledge. Western Dominance. Ithaca and London: Colomer, L., González Marcén, P. & Cornell University Press. Montón-Subías, S. 1998. Maintenance Allen, P.G. 1992. The Sacred Hoop: Recovering Activities, Technological Knowledge and the Feminine in American Indian Traditions. Consumption Patterns: A View of Northeast Boston (MA): Beacon Press. Iberia (2000–500 Cal BC). Journal of Álvarez-Uría, F. 2015. El reconocimiento de la Mediterranean Archaeology, 11: 53–80. humanidad. España, Portugal y América Conkey, M. & Gero, J. 1991. Tensions, Latina en la génesis de la modernidad. Pluralities, and Engendering Archaeology: Madrid: Morata. An Introduction to Women and Prehistory. Amin, S. 1988. L’Eurocentrisme. Critique d’une In: J. Gero & M. Conkey, eds. Engendering idéologie. Paris: Anthropos. Archaeology. Women and Prehistory.Oxford: Bailey, G. 1987. Breaking the Time Barrier. Basil Blackwell, pp. 3–30. Archaeological Review from Cambridge,6: Connell, R.W. 1995. Masculinities. Berkeley 5–20. (CA): University of California Press. Bertelsen, R., Lillehammer, A. & Næss, J. R. Connell, R.W. & Messerschmidt, J.W. 2005. eds. 1987. Were They All Men? An Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Examination of Sex Roles in Prehistoric Concept. Gender and Society, 19: 829–59. Society. Stavenger: Arkeologist museum i Cowan, R.S. 1989. More Work for the Mother: Stavenger. The Ironies of Household Technology from Blaut, J.M. 1993. The Colonizer’s Model of the the Open Hearth to the Microwave.London: World: Geographical Diffusionism and Free Association Books. Eurocentric History. New York & London: Damm, C. 2000. Time, Gender, and The Guilford Press. Production: A Critical Evaluation of Blaut, J.M. 2000. Eight Eurocentric Historians. Archaeological Time Concepts. In: M. New York & London: The Guilford Donald & L. Hurcombe, eds. Gender and Press. Material Culture in Archaeological Perspective. Bray, F. 1997. Technology and Gender: Fabrics New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 110–22. of Power in Late Imperial China. Berkeley Deagan, K. 1983. Spanish St Augustine: The (CA): University of California Press. Archaeology of a Colonial Creole Community. Brumfiel, E. 1991. Weaving and Cooking: New York: Academic Press. Women’s Production in Aztec Mexico. In: Deetz, J. 1996 (1977). In Small Things J. Gero & M. Conkey, eds. Engendering Forgotten: The Archaeology of Early Archaeology. Women and Prehistory.Oxford: American Life (revised ed). New York: Basil Blackwell, pp. 224–51. Anchor Books.

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the past and the present. Since October Almudena Hernando is Professor of 2011, she has added the archaeology of Archaeology at the Department of Modern Spanish Colonialism and the First Prehistory, and a member of the Institute of Globalization to her research interests, Feminist Research at the Universidad which also include the archaeology of the Complutense, Madrid, Spain. Her research Bronze Age Mediterranean. Her recent focuses on the theoretical basis underlying publications include Archaeologies of Early identity construction in general, with special Modern Spanish Colonialism (Springer, attentiontooralsocietiesandwomen.She 2016), The Archaeology of Bronze Age Iberia has written several books and articles on this (Routledge, 2014), Field Archaeology from topic, such as Archaeology of Identity (Akal, around the World: Ideas and Approaches 2002) and The Fantasy of Individuality: On (Springer, 2015), “¿Qué es esa cosa llamada the Construction of the Modern Subject arqueología histórica?” (Complutum 26(1), (Springer, 2017). She has carried out field- 2015), and “European Gender work among the horticulturalists Q’eqchí Archaeologies in Historical Perspective” (Guatemala), the hunter-gatherers Awá (European Journal of Archaeology 15(3), (Amazon, Brazil), and the hoe agricultural- 2012). ists Gumuz and Dats’in (Ethiopia).

Address: Departament d’Humanitats, Address: Departamento de Prehistoria, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08005 Facultad de Geografía e Historia. Barcelona, Spain, and ICREA, Pg. Lluís Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain. Spain. [email: [email protected]] [email: [email protected]]

Colonialisme moderne, Eurocentrisme et archéologie historique : quelques propos relatifs à l’égalité des sexes

Cet article contient certaines réflexions concernant les valeurs et principes appliqués par les archéologues quand ils parlent d’altérité. Nos réflexions s’inscrivent dans le contexte de l’archéologie du colonialisme moderne et réexaminent certains aspects relatifs à l’une des questions les plus brûlantes en archéologie des périodes historiques récentes : l’Eurocentrisme. Nous soutenons que pour combattre l’Eurocentrisme dans notre discipline il est nécessaire d’inclure non seulement les laissés pour compte en tant qu’agents mais encore de remettre en cause la logique sur la base de laquelle les récits du passé ont été construits. Nous examinons la notion que l’histoire concerne l’étude des changements et abordons la continuité sociale d’un point de vue féministe. Nous notons que certaines descriptions de situations coloniales peuvent, même sans le vouloir, projeter une perspective qui repose sur une manière de voir les choses masculine et occi- dentale quand il s’agit d’expliquer les dynamiques sociales et personnelles, ce qui mène à estomper la diversité ontologique et renforcer involontairement un Eurocentrisme que nous cherchons à éviter. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Mots-clés: archéologie des périodes historiques récentes, colonialisme moderne, Eurocentrisme, archéologie féministe, changement et continuité, activités de maintien

Moderner Kolonialismus, Eurozentrismus und historische Archäologie: einige Überlegungen über Geschlecht

In diesem Artikel möchten wir einige Überlegungen über die Werte und Grundsätze, welche die Andersartigkeit in der Archäologie beschreiben, vorlegen. Wir stellen unsere Gedanken in Zusammenhang mit der Archäologie des modernen Kolonialismus und erwägen erneut einige Aspekte, die eine der strittigsten Fragen in der historischen Archäologie betreffen: der Eurozentrismus. Um den Eurozentrismus in unserem Fach zu bekämpfen, sind wir der Meinung, dass wir nicht nur die Entrechteten als neue Agenten in Betracht ziehen müssen, sondern auch, dass wir die grundsätzliche Logik, welche die Darstellungen der Vergangenheit geprägt hat, infrage stellen müssen. Wir legen den Schwerpunkt auf die Auffassung der Geschichte, welche den Wechsel bevorzugt, und auf die soziale Kontinuität aus einer feministischen Perspektive. Wir machen darauf aufmerksam, dass einige Darstellungen von kolonialen Situationen, auch wenn das nicht die Absicht war, eine vorherrschende, männliche und westliche Art zu sein, fördern können. Dieser Denkweise begegnet man in Erklärungen von sozialen und persönlichen Umständen, was die ontologische Diversität unscharf macht und unab- sichtlich den Eurozentrismus, den wir vermeiden wollen, verstärkt. Translation by Madeleine Hummler

Stichworte: historische Archäologie, moderner Kolonialismus, Eurozentrismus, feministische Archäologie, Wechsel und Kontinuität, Unterhaltstätigkeiten