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Josep Rey Cases CATALONIA's ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM WITH Josep Rey Cases CATALONIA’S ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM WITH HIGH PENETRATION OF RENEWABLES AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES ENDING DEGREE PROJECT Supervised by Francisco González Molina Degree in Electric Engineering Tarragona 2019 Table of contents 1. Importance of grid stability of electric power systems with high renewable penetration. ............................................................................................................................ 4 2. Assumptions made on the hypothesis of the study ...................................................... 10 2.1 Grid and power plants ............................................................................................... 10 2.2 Domestic electricity consumption ............................................................................. 10 2.3 Electricity consumption from transport ..................................................................... 12 2.4 Electricity consumption from the industrial sector.................................................... 13 2.5 Electricity consumption from the tertiary sector ....................................................... 14 2.6 Power consumption estimations from electric vehicles ............................................ 15 2.7 Power consumption from the domestic sector ...................................................... 18 3. Theory of synchronous generators .............................................................................. 19 3.1 Mechanical and electric model of the synchronous machine as a generator ............. 19 3.2 The criteria of the areas used for the study of machines’ stability ............................ 20 Example 1: Generator connected to an elevator transformer and a simple powerline. 21 Example 2: Generator connected to an elevator transformer and a dual powerline in parallel. ........................................................................................................................ 22 3.3 Description of the excitation system ......................................................................... 23 4. Theory of electricity grids, power supply reliability and grid inertia .......................... 24 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 24 4.2 Status of the electric power system ........................................................................... 24 4.2.1 System in normal status ...................................................................................... 25 4.2.2 System in emergency status ................................................................................ 25 4.3 Frequency control ...................................................................................................... 26 4.3.1 Primary frequency control .................................................................................. 26 4.3.2 Secondary frequency control .............................................................................. 27 4.3.3 Tertiary frequency control .................................................................................. 27 4.4 Load flows ................................................................................................................. 28 4.5 The Ferranti effect ..................................................................................................... 34 5. Today’s power plants and demand in Catalonia .......................................................... 35 Base load power plants ................................................................................................ 38 Peaking power plants ................................................................................................... 38 6. Load following power plants and limiting conditions ................................................. 39 6.1 Combined cycle natural gas power plants ................................................................. 39 1 7. Introducing nuclear plants with load following capabilities and limiting conditions . 42 7.1 Introduction to nuclear reactor kinetics ..................................................................... 43 7.2 Load following with pressurized water reactors........................................................ 48 7.3 Load following with boiling water reactors .............................................................. 52 7.4 Load following with nuclear plants and limiting conditions ..................................... 53 8. Study of different grid scenarios and hypothesis......................................................... 55 8.1 Hypothesis A: Low Electric Vehicle penetration ...................................................... 56 Low renewable energy implementation ...................................................................... 58 Moderate renewable energy implementation .............................................................. 63 High renewable energy implementation ...................................................................... 67 Full renewable energy implementation ....................................................................... 71 8.2 Hypothesis B: Moderate Electric Vehicle penetration .............................................. 74 Low renewable energy penetration.............................................................................. 76 Moderate renewable energy implementation .............................................................. 79 High renewable energy implementation ...................................................................... 82 Full renewable energy implementation ....................................................................... 84 8.3 Hypothesis C: Full Electric Vehicle penetration ....................................................... 87 Low renewable energy implementation ...................................................................... 89 Moderate renewable energy implementation .............................................................. 92 High renewable energy implementation ...................................................................... 95 Full renewable energy implementation ....................................................................... 98 9. Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 101 10. Annexes .................................................................................................................. 103 Hydrogen production for heavy transports .................................................................... 103 10.1 Calculus annex for power demand during the winter season ................................ 104 10.2 Calculus annex for power demand during the summer season ............................. 110 10.3 Calculus annex for the extra power consumption of electric vehicles in all three scenarios ........................................................................................................................ 115 10.4 Total power consumption in each of the three studied electric vehicle penetration scenarios during the winter season ................................................................................ 120 10.5 Total power consumption in each of the three studied electric vehicle penetration scenarios during the summer season ............................................................................. 125 11. References .............................................................................................................. 130 2 3 1. Importance of grid stability of electric power systems with high renewable penetration. Electric power systems are engineered electric systems to provide an electric tension with a fixed parametric series in any point of the given system, i.e. a sinusoidal signal, with a given amplitude and at a given grid frequency. Any deviation from any of those parameters can cause problems, from the flicker effect – constant variations in voltage –, through a local blackout, ending with the collapse of the systems as a whole [1]. Voltage is controlled by capacitor banks in substations, near big consumption points. Other means to control voltage is via transformers or autotransformers, capable of varying their turns ratio for extremely variable electric loads during daily conditions. Another important aspect is the number of nodes and knots in a power grid. The more nodes and interconnections in a given grid, the more reliable it becomes. Ideally, an infinite number of interconnections makes a grid impossible to collapse unless a manual disconnection of all generators is performed. In real life, the number of interconnections and grid knots is limited by economic reasons. Such an interconnected grid would be impossible to finance – let alone build it –, so an optical equilibrium between knots and economics is looked after. This lesson was learnt during many US blackouts [1]. Until recent years, interconnections between countries or even among national power grids has been seen as a manner of transporting energy through long distances, but now is seen as the essential cornerstone when increasing the share of renewable energy sources feeding electricity to the power grid. This change of sight has reinforced the value of interconnections in two different but complementary points: Supplying electricity from different points while also producing electricity where is most needed. Traditional thermal plants can be built wherever there is a source
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