Over-Wintering Ecology of Lucilia Cuprina in South-Eastern Australia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Over-Wintering Ecology of Lucilia Cuprina in South-Eastern Australia OVER-WINTERING ECOLOGY OF LUCILIA CUPRINA IN SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA Sandra De Cat, BVSc Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Veterinary Science June 2007 University of Melbourne School of Veterinary Science ii ABSTRACT Flystrike is a major problem for the Australian sheep industry, estimated to cost at least $280 m annually. A review of blowfly strike and the ecology of the primary sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) in south-eastern Australia revealed that some aspects of the biology of L.cuprina were still poorly understood. In addition, no recent studies had been conducted in Western Victoria, a high winter rainfall area with a large population of Merino sheep. Consequently, a 2-year study on the seasonal timing of larval over-wintering and spring emergence of flies was undertaken on a farm near Ballarat, in Western Victoria, during 2005 and 2006. Replicated cohorts of postfeeding larvae of L.cuprina were deposited regularly, and the daily emergence of flies and meteorological observations were recorded. Larvae deposited during spring, summer and early autumn developed rapidly, with the time to median emergence of flies taking 30 days in spring, decreasing to 10 days as soil temperatures increased in summer. A transitional phase of larval development was observed during mid-autumn of both years (11-26 April), slightly later than in a previous study at Canberra. Some larvae deposited in this period pupated immediately, whereas others entered an arrested development, emerging as flies the following spring. Induction of this arrested development was associated with sustained low soil temperatures (≤ 10oC). In both years, over-wintering larvae resumed their development in late winter after soil temperatures exhibited a rising pattern or consistently stayed above 11oC. The mean dates for the first and median emergence of flies in spring were 4 and 21 October in 2005, and 1 and 12 October in 2006, respectively. This emergence of flies from over- wintering larvae was synchronous, regardless of the date larvae were deposited. Mortality of over-wintering larvae was high, although quite variable between deposits, being 95% in 2005 and 68% in 2006. Sequential sampling of larvae deposited in May 2006 indicated that pupation of over- wintering larvae occurred between 29 August and 14 September. Trapping of free- i ranging flies at the site found that fly numbers followed a bimodal pattern, with a large peak in November and a smaller peak in early March. Validation of six predictive models of L.cuprina development, using data from this study, showed none could predict the last generation of flies in autumn, the time when larvae entered arrested development, or the occurrence of a split emergence. A simple linear model (‘Temsum’), using actual soil temperatures and 1 July as start date, was best able to predict the first generation of flies in spring. Ecological studies such as this will help to refine Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) programs for the control of flystrike. A number of aspects of L.cuprina biology were identified that deserve further study, in particular the development of immature stages at low temperatures. This information would also support the development of more complex models simulating the population dynamics of L.cuprina. ii DECLARATION This is to certify that: (i) this thesis comprises only my original work, (ii) due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used, (iii) no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. Sandra De Cat iii The Lord in His wisdom made the fly, And then forgot to tell us why. Ogden Nash 1902-1971 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Two and a half years ago, my passion for sheep drew me to Australia. Little did I know that I would be looking at maggots and flies instead of the red dirt and woolly sheep I had fantasized about. This research opened my eyes and helped me realize that science is a fascinating and never-ending journey. I would love to take this opportunity to thank a few people who guided me on this trip. Firstly, I wish to thank my supervisors, Dr John Larsen and Dr Norman Anderson for their supervision, advice and teaching throughout this study in addition to their patience and assistance with the writing of this thesis. I also thank Garry Anderson and Brian Horton for their statistical advice and generous assistance in validating the models. Many thanks to Jim and Betty Boyle, property owners of “Woodside”, and Dale Woods, the property manager, for the daily inspections of the field pots. Without Dale’s dedication, this valuable data would never have been collected. Also thanks to Dianne Rees, who assisted me with the field work and spent several hours with me sifting soil. I would also like to thank Ayscha Hill-Williams, technical officer at the University of Melbourne, Department of Genetics, for rearing the larvae and maintaining my flies for the duration of this study. I am very grateful for receiving an IPRS and MIRS scholarship from the University of Melbourne, as well as extra funding from Australian Wool Innovation, as part of their Integrated Parasite Management (IPM)-sheep project. Thanks to all the staff of the Mackinnon Project and my friends in Melbourne. They made me feel at home and helped me out in any way possible. The little day to day kindness of the people of Melbourne is something I will cherish for the rest of my life. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and sister for supporting me in every way during this great Australian adventure. They mean the world to me! vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract...........................................................................................................................i Declaration....................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements......................................................................................................vii Table of Contents .........................................................................................................ix List of Tables ...............................................................................................................xii List of Figures............................................................................................................. xiv Chapter 1 Literature Review ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Development of Sheep & Wool Production in Australia................................................. 1 1.2 Blowflies in Australia ............................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Identification of Lucilia cuprina.............................................................................................. 3 1.3.1 Adult Flies ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.2 Larval & Pupal Stages................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Life Cycle of L.cuprina............................................................................................................ 5 1.4.1 Egg Stage ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.4.2 Larval Stages................................................................................................................... 5 1.4.2.1 Larval Feeding Stage............................................................................................ 5 1.4.2.2 Postfeeding Larval Stage ..................................................................................... 6 1.4.3 Pupal Stage ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.4.4 Adult Stage ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.4.4.1 Emergence............................................................................................................. 7 1.4.4.2 Nutritional Requirements.................................................................................... 7 1.5 Dormancy among Blowflies ................................................................................................. 8 1.6 Dormancy in L.cuprina ........................................................................................................... 9 1.7 The Distribution & Abundance of L.cuprina Flies...........................................................10 1.7.1 Oviposition...................................................................................................................10 1.7.2 Dispersal of Flies.........................................................................................................11 1.7.3 Seasonal Abundance ...................................................................................................12 1.8 Blowfly Strike in Merino Sheep..........................................................................................13 1.8.1 Breech Strike ................................................................................................................13 1.8.2 Body Strike ...................................................................................................................14 1.8.3 Other Strikes ................................................................................................................14
Recommended publications
  • Proceedings of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand Vol
    Proceedings of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand Vol. 32 Edited by Paul Hogben and Judith O’Callaghan Published in Sydney, Australia, by SAHANZ, 2015 ISBN: 978 0 646 94298 8 The bibliographic citation for this paper is: Freestone, Robert, and Nicola Pullan. “From Wilkinson to Winston: Towards a Planning Degree at the University of Sydney 1919-1949.” In Proceedings of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand: 32, Architecture, Institutions and Change, edited by Paul Hogben and Judith O’Callaghan, 157-169. Sydney: SAHANZ, 2015. Robert Freestone and Nicola Pullan, UNSW Australia From Wilkinson to Winston: Towards a Planning Degree at the University of Sydney 1919-1949 This paper explores the genesis of planning education in the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Sydney, highlighting the key roles played by architects, architectural educators and other institutional actors in the process. Town planning was identified as a key curriculum element for the Bachelor of Architecture degree at the University of Sydney in 1920, when architecture broke away from the Faculty of Engineering. The new Faculty was constituted under the leadership of Leslie Wilkinson, the first Professor of Architecture, with R. Keith Harris appointed as lecturer with special responsibility for town planning. In parallel, in 1919 the University Extension Board inaugurated the Vernon Memorial Lectures on Town Planning, a more inclusive series which offered instruction on town planning to all comers. These lectures were devised and delivered by architect- planner, John Sulman. The two initiatives would eventually merge, driven by the NSW state government’s reconstruction agenda and legislative reforms which demanded qualified planners to manage a new statutory planning system.
    [Show full text]
  • Claims Resolution Tribunal
    CLAIMS RESOLUTION TRIBUNAL In re Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation Case No. CV96-4849 Certified Award to Claimant [REDACTED 1] also acting on behalf of [REDACTED 2], [REDACTED 3], [REDACTED 4], [REDACTED 5], [REDACTED 6], and the Estate of [REDACTED 7] in re Accounts of Martin Kallir, Ludwig Kallir and Camilla Kallir Claim Number: 500666/AX1 Award Amount: 3,054,057.50 Swiss Francs This Certified Award is based upon the claim of [REDACTED 1] (the “Claimant”) to the published accounts of Martin Kallir (“Account Owner Martin Kallir”), Ludwig Kallir (“Account Owner Ludwig Kallir”), and Camilla Kallir (“Account Owner Camilla Kallir”) (together the “Account Owners”) at the Zurich branch of the [REDACTED] (the “Bank”). All awards are published, but where a claimant has requested confidentiality, as in this case, the names of the claimant, any relatives of the claimant other than the account owner, and the bank have been redacted. Information Provided by the Claimant The Claimant submitted a Claim Form identifying Account Owner Martin Kallir as his paternal grandfather and Account Owners Ludwig Kallir and Camilla Kallir as his great-uncle and great- aunt. The Claimant stated that Martin Kallir was born on 2 April 1878, in Leipzig, Germany, and was married to [REDACTED 2], née [REDACTED], on 21 November 1909 in Vienna, Austria. The Claimant indicated that Martin Kallir had two sons, [REDACTED] and [REDACTED]. The Claimant stated that his grandfather, who was Jewish, was a director of a company in Vienna at the time of the “Anschluss.” The Claimant further stated that his 1 On 25 June 2003, the Estate of [REDACTED 7] submitted two claims to the accounts of Camilla Kallir and Ludwig Kallir, which are registered under the Claim Numbers 500994 and 500995, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mistletoes a Literature Review
    THE MISTLETOES A LITERATURE REVIEW Technical Bulletin No. 1242 June 1961 U.S. DEi>ARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE THE MISTLETOES A LITERATURE REVIEW by Lake S. Gill and Frank G. Hawksworth Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Forest Service Growth Through Agricultural Progress Technical Bulletin No. 1242 June 1961 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D.C For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price 35 cents Preface striking advances have been made in recent years in the field of plant pathology, but most of these investigations have dealt with diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses. In contrast, progress toward an understanding of diseases caused by phanerogamic parasites has been relatively slow. Dodder (Cuscuta spp.) and broom rape {Orohanche spp.) are well-known parasites of agri- cultural crops and are serious pests in certain localities. The recent introduction of witchweed (Striga sp.) a potentially serious pest for corn-growing areas, into the United States (Gariss and Wells 1956) emphasizes the need for more knowledge of phanerogamic parasites. The mistletoes, because of their unusual growth habits, have been the object of curiosity for thousands of years. Not until the present century, however, has their role as damaging pests to forest, park, orchard, and ornamental trees become apparent. The mistletoes are most abundant in tropical areas, but they are also widely distributed in the temperate zone. The peak of destructive- ness of this family seems to be reached in western North America where several species of the highly parasitic dwarfmistletoes (Arceuthobium spp,) occur.
    [Show full text]
  • Postmaster & the Merton Record 2017
    Postmaster & The Merton Record 2017 Merton College Oxford OX1 4JD Telephone +44 (0)1865 276310 www.merton.ox.ac.uk Contents College News Features Records Edited by Merton in Numbers ...............................................................................4 A long road to a busy year ..............................................................60 The Warden & Fellows 2016-17 .....................................................108 Claire Spence-Parsons, Duncan Barker, The College year in photos Dr Vic James (1992) reflects on her most productive year yet Bethany Pedder and Philippa Logan. Elections, Honours & Appointments ..............................................111 From the Warden ..................................................................................6 Mertonians in… Media ........................................................................64 Six Merton alumni reflect on their careers in the media New Students 2016 ............................................................................ 113 Front cover image Flemish astrolabe in the Upper Library. JCR News .................................................................................................8 Merton Cities: Singapore ...................................................................72 Undergraduate Leavers 2017 ............................................................ 115 Photograph by Claire Spence-Parsons. With MCR News .............................................................................................10 Kenneth Tan (1986) on his
    [Show full text]
  • Australia 2002
    Asia Pacific Labour Law Review Asia Pacific Labour Law Review Workers Rights for the New Century Asia Monitor Resource Centre 2003 Asia Monitor Resource Centre Ltd. AMRC is an independent non-governmental organisation that focuses on Asian and Pacific labour concerns. The Center provides information, research, publishing, training, labour networking and related services to trade unions, pro-labour groups, and other development NGOs. AMRC’s main goal is to support democratic and independent labour movements in Asia and the Pacific. In order to achieve this goal, AMRC upholds the principles of workers’ empowerment and gender consciousness, and follows a participatory framework. Publishedby Asia Monitor Resource Centre Ltd (AMRC), 444 Nathan Road, 8-B, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China SAR Tel: (852) 2332 1346 Fax: (852) 2385 5319 E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.amrc.org.hk Copyright © Asia Monitor Resource Centre Ltd, 2003 ISBN 962-7145-18-1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit- ted in any form without prior written permission. Editorial Team Stephen Frost, Omana George, and Ed Shepherd Layout Tom Fenton Cover Design Eugene Kuo Acknowledgements AMRC expresses sincere thanks to the following people and organisations for their gratefully received contributions to this book. Suchada Boonchoo (Pun) is co-ordinator for the Asian Network for the Rights of Occupational Accident Victims. We thank her for all the help in organising our conference of authors in Bangkok. Thanks to the American Center for International Labor Solidarity, Bangkok, Thailand for a financial con- tribution towards printing the book.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Australian Material in the Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem
    1 Early Australian Material in the Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem. Hovevei Zion: A2/106 (1894-6)-3 letters-(Sydney). January 16th, 1894, Lewis Barnett (Boot and Shoe Manufacturer and Importer, 702 George Street) to D. Levy (234 Clarence Street, Sydney) asking for Chovevi Zion zionist literature and enclosing 10 shillings;[ envelope from London marked Sydney and addressed to Dr S.A. Hirsch, 186 Clarendon Gardens, MaidaVale W. 189?]; Letter of July 29th, 1895 to London, Chovevi Zion Society from D. Levy (Hon. Sec. of Executive of Chovevi Zion Society, Sydney). President of Society is Leon Dolawitch, Vice-President is Lewis Barnett, and the Committee consists of David Rose and Ephraim Michael. Letter dated 8.7.1896 fromWhite & Lampert (Commercial Store, Barraba, New South Wales) to London with a donation of ten shillings for Chovevi Zion material. 6pp. Hovevei Zion: Al8/12/6 (27th Sep 1907 + 4th Oct 1907) - 2 letters where Australia is mentioned 27th Sep 1907 and 4th October-1907 from S.Goldreich to Wolffson: 8pp. A18/12/8 (27th Apr 1909 + 2nd July 1909)-2 letters. 27th April 1909 from Alicia Barkman to Wolfsohn from the Melbourne Ladies' Branch): 3pp. Jewish Territorial Organisation: A36-67 (1904-1912) - several letters (already filmed) ea. 400pp. Apply to Archive ofAustralian Judaica for index. Zionist Congress Office in Vienna: Zl/311/1 (June 8th 1900)- Samuel Goldston, NSW to Dr Theodor Herzl: 4pp. Zl/319 (21st Jan 1900)- H. Hockings (NSW) to Herzl," We Jews of the State of New South Wales (the mother State) disire to cooperate wih kindred societies in London.
    [Show full text]
  • Rmit Design Archives Journal Vol 9 Nº 2 | 2019 Robin Boyd Redux Robin Boyd Redux
    RMIT DESIGN ARCHIVES JOURNAL | VOL 9 Nº 2 | | VOL JOURNAL RMIT DESIGN ARCHIVES 9 Nº 2 RMIT DESIGN ARCHIVES JOURNAL VOL 9 Nº 2 | 2019 ROBIN BOYD REDUX ROBIN BOYD REDUX BOYD ROBIN RDA_Journal_21_9.2_Cover.indd 1 27/11/19 4:58 pm Contributors Dr Karen Burns is an architectural historian and theorist in the Melbourne School of Design at the University of Melbourne. Harriet Edquist is professor in the School of Architecture and Urban Design at RMIT University and Director of RMIT Design Archives. Dr Rory Hyde is the curator of contemporary architecture and urbanism at the Victoria & Albert Museum, adjunct senior research fellow at the University of Melbourne, and design advocate for the Mayor of London. John Macarthur is professor at the University of Queensland in the School of Architecture where his research focuses on the intellectual history of architecture, the aesthetics of architecture and its relation to the visual arts. Philip Goad is Chair of Architecture and Redmond Barry Distinguished Professor at the University of Melbourne. He is currently Gough Whitlam Malcolm Fraser Chair of Australian Studies at Harvard University for the 2019-2020 academic year. Virginia Mannering is a Melbourne-based designer, researcher and tutor in architectural design and history Dr Christine Phillips is an architect, researcher and academic within the architecture program in the School of Architecture and Urban Design at RMIT University. Dr Peter Raisbeck is an architect, researcher and academic at the Melbourne School of Design at the University of
    [Show full text]
  • Electoral Management Bodies As Institutions of Governance As Institutions of Governance
    UNDP Electoral Management Bodies Electoral Management Bodies as Institutions of Governance as Institutions of Governance Bureau for Development Policy United Nations Development Programme Electoral Management Bodies as Institutions of Governance Professor Rafael López-Pintor Bureau for Development Policy United Nations Development Programme 2 This paper is the fifth in a series of Discussion Papers on governance sponsored by the UNDP Bureau for Development Policy. It was com- missioned to the International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES) and was researched and written by Professor Rafael López-Pintor. The views expressed in this paper are not necessarily shared by UNDP’s Executive Board or the member governments of UNDP. 3 Preface Electoral systems are the primary vehicle for choice and representa- tional governance, which is the basic foundation for democratization. These systems must provide opportunities for all, including the most disadvantaged, to participate in and influence government policy and practice. Effective management of electoral systems requires institutions that are inclusive, sustainable, just and independent– which includes in particular electoral management bodies that have the legitimacy to enforce rules and assure fairness with the cooperation of political parties and citizens. UNDP policy on governance for human development rests on the belief that democracy and transparent and accountable governance in all sectors of society are indispensable foundations for the realization of social and people-centered sustainable development. Articulated in a 1997 publication entitled, Governance for Sustainable Human Development: A UNDP Policy Document, it identifies the strength- ening of governing institutions – legislature, judiciary and electoral institutions – as one of five priority areas to support in order to best achieve corporate policy goals.
    [Show full text]
  • LINEAGES of VOCAL PEDAGOGY in AUSTRALIA, 1850-1950 Volume 2
    LINEAGES OF VOCAL PEDAGOGY IN AUSTRALIA, 1850-1950 Volume 2 by Beth Mary Williams A dissertation submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The University of Melbourne September 2002 11 Lineages of Vocal Pedagogy in Australia The following is an introductory lineage study of major lineages of vocal pedagogy in Australia. Many lineages not contained in the body of the thesis are outlined in this document. The lineage also provides a cursory glance at the major lineages of traditional Italian pedagogy which have relevance for an Australian vocal pedagogical context, and it was hoped that this might assist readers in ascertaining the long term lineage links without excessive complication. The symbol'-' indicates that the following is separated from what is immediately above, and that a new lineage has begun. Lineages are indicated as subsequent generations by the use of one tab space, to show that the following names are pupils of the aforementioned. Naturally, lists of students of particular teachers are far from complete, and some only represent one particularly successful pupil of a given teacher. Where possible dates and biographical information are given, in order to contextualise the work of a singer or teacher. The documentation of lineages is not exhaustive. Many teachers who were active between 1850 and 2000 are omitted owing to the difficulties in finding information on private studios through archival resources and the reluctance of many present teachers to participate in surveys. The following is a sample three-generation entry, with an explanation of how the lineage may be understood: ~ (Separates different schools of singers.) Joe Bloggs (The teacher/s of the following bold name.) Joe Green (The teacher/singer under consideration.) Tenor, born in 1889, Green performed extensively with the Eastside Liedertafel.
    [Show full text]
  • National Newsletter
    No.91 June 2004 National Newsletter Australian Institute of the Conservation of Cultural Material (Inc.) ISSN 0727-0364 President’s Report Eric Archer contents The AICCM 2004 Annual Meeting will be held this year in September, at the Canberra Museum and Art Gallery in the National Capital. The meeting consists of two general President’s Report 1 sessions: firstly, an update and review of education and accreditation; and secondly, a From the Editorial Committee 2 discussion and debate about the changing role of conservators in public and commercial practice. The afternoon general session concludes with a moderated ‘issues’ discussion, Feature Article: Basking on… 3 where members can speak to any issue concerning the politics and practice of Letter to the Editor… 6 conservation in Australia, and the AICCM. Lab Profile 7 The meeting will engage participants in discussion and debate about the role of the People & Places 10 conservator, and the meaning of conservation in the 21st century – an agenda that needs Reviews 19 to be taken up more broadly by AICCM members. As the business of conservation in the In Next Issue 20 public and private sectors gains increasing profile and impacts on institutional programs Special Interest Groups 25 and budgets, we inevitably become more accountable for our actions and assumptions. As a manager in the public sector, I am increasingly called upon to justify conservation decisions which are based on respectable science, but are perceived by management to be unreasonable and economically unsustainable. Whilst I believe that we are superb technologists, I also believe that it is time for some rigorous questioning of our conventional wisdom, and an examination of the 1970’s paradigms which still characterise so much of our belief in what we do ‘we are conservators and therefore right, and our place is the moral high ground’.
    [Show full text]
  • NEW Caledonia at the Heart of Oceania
    NEW CalEdoNia aT ThE hEarT oF OceaNia N NEW S CalEdoNia aT ThE HearT Of OceaNia New Caledonia is an archipelago in Oceania, formed from a piece of land that detached from Australia millions of years ago. The ancestors of the Kanak, distant descendants of the great Austronesian Equator migrations, settled here 2 500 years ago, when the Lapita civilisation spread throughout Melanesia. Over the years, New Caledonia formed enduring bonds with its Melanesian and Polynesian neighbours. The archipelago became French in 1853, adopted the status of a TOM (French overseas territory) in 1957 and played its role as a geo-strategic location for France. In an Anglo-Saxon ocean, New Caledonia stands out. Cooperation, training and research agreements, as well as political ties now link the island to the other countries of the zone. With the signing of the Matignon Agreements (1988), followed by the Noumea Accord, New Caledonia is in the process of acquiring a very powerful autonomy, particularly with respect to regional cooperation: bilateral agreements can now be signed and New Caledonian delegations will be established in neighbouring embassies. New Caledonia is home to the headquarters of the Pacific Community, the only international organisation uniting the 26 Pacific States. It lies at the heart of a populated ocean where traditional gestures and founding myths FRONT COvER go hand in hand with the modernity of a new Oceania. Reefs, New Caledonia. Joël viratelle OCEANIA IN THE WORLD © Pierre-Alain Pantz Director of the Maison de la Nouvelle-Calédonie
    [Show full text]
  • THE MISTLETOES: a LITERATURE REVIEW 9 Although They Do Emerge in a Few Species (Docters 1954)
    2 8 I~ ~~2.8 1111'2.5 gjgS.:..i ,='1111 . ""'2.5 I~ = 1.0 .,. !~ 3.2 w mn - II~ 2 ~ J~ 36 J;.. I~ t.:.; 1 Il.; ~ ~ :: Ui"g :t I~ '- " ... " 1.1 L..1.1.. 1.1 LO ........ --- --- 25 111111.25 111/11.4 111111.6 111111. 111111. 4_ 111111.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANOAROS·196J-A NATIONAL BUREAU 0' STANDAROS·1963-A THE MISTLETOES A LITERATURE REVIEW by Lake S. Gill and Frank G. Hawksworth Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Forest Service Technical Bulletin No. l2:~2 June 1961 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D.C. For sale by the Superintendent oi Documents, U.S. Government rrinlin~ Office Washington 25, D.C. - Prkc 35 cents Preface 8triking advances have been made in recent years in the field of plant pathology, but most of these investigations have dealt with diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses. In contrast, progress toward an understanding of diseases caused by phanerogamic parasites has been relatively slow. Dodder (Ouscuta spp.) and broom rape (Orobcmche spp.) are well-known parasites of agri­ cultural crops and are serious pests in certain 10caJit,ies. The recent introduction of witchweed (St1"iga sp.) a potentially serious pest for corn-growing areas, into the United States (Gariss and Wells 1956) emphasizes the need for more knowledge of phanerogamic parasites. The mistletoes, because of their unusual growth habits, have been the object of curiosity for thousands of years. Not until the present century, however, has their role as damaging pests to forest, park, orchard, and ornamental trees become apparent.
    [Show full text]