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Final Copy 2020 01 23 Conis This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Conisbee, Molly M Title: The Southwark Way of Death Urban Dying and Death c.1830-1860 General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. The Southwark Way of Death: Urban Dying and Death, c.1830-1860 Molly Martha Conisbee A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts, School of Humanities, August 2019. Word count: 69,564 1 Abstract Through a detailed study of Southwark in the early to mid-nineteenth century, this thesis examines how a heterogeneous, but predominantly labouring community coped with high levels of mortality. Whilst it is well-documented that high mortality levels in all social classes prompted several decisions about migration, marriage, size of families, and inheritance, there is little historiography on what individuals and families did on a day-to-day level to manage the practicalities of dying and death. Furthermore, to date histories of dying and death have tended to focus on the divergent experiences of the wealthy or the pauper classes, whilst neglecting the large and socially diverse communities in the middle. The thesis’ original contribution is to address these gaps by analysing the numerous strategies adopted by these diverse middle groups, referred to in the thesis as the labouring class. It demonstrates that they made active and managed choices in their approaches to the different stages of dying and death through planning, saving and spending habits, domestic arrangements, burial choices, and even the language used to describe death. The impact of rapid urbanisation as well as public health and other legislative changes also played a significant role in how actions to manage dying and death changed over this thirty-year period, and these influences are also examined. Through an assessment of primary qualitative and quantitative sources, including vestry minutes, poor law guardian’s reports, coroner’s jury verdicts, resident correspondence and burial records the thesis demonstrates that histories of dying and death can be productively assessed in relation to local ecologies, and their specificities of economy, culture, demographics and social capital. 2 Dedication and Acknowledgements I would like to thank the University of Bristol for awarding me a Deas Scholarship in order to pursue this research. As a mature student returning to university mid- career it would not have been possible for me to undertake my studies without this financial support. Research is collaborative, and my gratitude and thanks must also go to archivists and librarians, particularly at London Metropolitan Archives, Southwark Archives, the Wellcome Library and Archives, British Library, and the University of Bristol Library. For academic support, I could not have asked for a better or more thorough supervisor than Dr Victoria Bates. She has provided me with excellent feedback, stimulating discussions and helpful advice throughout my doctoral studies. My thanks also go to my second supervisor, Dr James Thompson, for constructive and helpful advice and comments, and contributing many insightful points during my research. Beyond academic support, my thanks go to my family and friends who have offered support, encouraged my interest in social history and tolerated endless discussions about dying and death. Special thanks must go to Peter, and Olive the rescue dog, who arrived in the middle of it all, to remind us that in the midst of death, we are in life. 3 Author’s Declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University’s Regulations and Code of Practice for Research Degree Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, the work is the candidate’s own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of others, is indicated as such. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. Signed: Molly Conisbee Date: 6 August 2019 4 Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Summary of arguments ......................................................................................................... 11 Historiographical contexts .................................................................................................... 13 Southwark, urbanisation and mortality c.1830-1860 ........................................................ 19 Primary sources ..................................................................................................................... 27 Structure ................................................................................................................................ 33 Chapter one: Southwark, c.1830 to 1860 ............................................................................... 36 Lant Street .............................................................................................................................. 39 Population and work ............................................................................................................. 45 Housing and poor relief ........................................................................................................ 52 Culture and communities ...................................................................................................... 58 Chapter Two: Buying and selling death in Southwark ...................................................... 70 Saving for death in Southwark ............................................................................................. 76 Selling death in Southwark: The rise of the undertaking trade ......................................... 91 Chapter 3: Caring for the Southwark dying and dead ......................................................109 Care for the sick and dying ................................................................................................. 114 Chapter four: Inquest and verdict in Southwark ...............................................................140 Southwark coroner and inquest system ............................................................................ 145 Southwark inquest statistics .............................................................................................. 151 Representing death: The uses and language of inquests ................................................. 156 Chapter 5: Burial and dispute at Cross Bones Cemetery ................................................172 Cross Bones: ‘The pestiferous exhalations of the dead’ ................................................... 176 Cross Bones in the 1840s: ‘The dangerous remains of mortality’ ................................... 189 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................205 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................211 Manuscripts ......................................................................................................................... 211 Primary Sources .................................................................................................................. 212 Published Secondary Sources ............................................................................................. 214 5 List of Tables and Illustrative Material Illustration 1: A drawing of Lant Street, mid-nineteenth century……………………….41 Table 1: Birthplace of Heads of Household, Lant Street, 1851 Census…………………42 Table 2: Occupations of Heads of Household, Lant Street, 1851 Census………….….. 43 Fig. 1: Percentage of employment by sector in Southwark, 1841-1861……………….50 Illustration 2: A View of the High St., Southwark c.1830, by George Scharf………….69 Fig. 2: Christ Church Burials, 1830-1845…………………………………………………………...83 Fig. 3: Southwark Jury Verdicts 1830-1837 and 1838-1860……………………………..153 6 Introduction In a review of ‘Our Buried Bones’, a travelling exhibition of skeletons
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