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Home , Aldingham, Barbican, Beeston Castle, Brougham Castle, Brough Castle, Buckton Castle

in North West

Egremont Castle - A grand example of a finely built Norman . From the Buck Bros. engrav- ing of 1739 (detail). The gate tower is dated to mid-to-late C12. The upper storey and part of the lower have since been removed.

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Castle gatehouses in North West England been a storey above this, spanning the width of the passage and the room. The walls of the room next Richard Nevell to the gate passage varied between 0.5m and 0.9m Introduction thick.3 The surrounding the castle was cut into the natural rock, and a causeway left leading In medieval gatehouses and gate towers to the , meaning there was no require- were the structures which either contained or pro- ment for a . No decorated stonework tected the entrance. Of the 83 castles in North was recovered during excavations, so what the West England - made up of the historical counties gatehouse looked like above ground is a matter of of , , , and West- speculation. [See CSG Bulletin 2011 p.11]. Some morland - a minority have gatehouses still stand- 12th to 13th century pottery was retrieved during ing. The known castle gatehouses in the region excavations, and it has been concluded that based date from the 12th century onwards. In the 20th on the brief use of the site and civil wars of the century, excavations were conducted at 30 castles reigns of Stephen and Henry II mean it was most in the North West; this work tended to focus on likely built in the mid-12th century.4 stone castles.1 As a result, we know very little about the forms the early gate towers or gatehous- In the mid to late 12th century, the gatehouse es of timber and earthwork castles took in the and curtain walls of Egremont Castle, Cumber- region. Even elsewhere the form of timber gate- land were rebuilt in stone (figs 1, 2). While the houses can be difficult to ascertain. At the exten- curtain wall abutting the gatehouse was of rubble sively excavated site of Goltho, Lincolnshire, little construction, the gatehouse itself featured finely is known about the gatehouse because the site has dressed stonework, indicating the importance of been overlaid or eroded. While earthworks can be the castle entrance. It even had a stone domical used to identify approaches and routes through rib- which no longer survives.5 The gate- castles – for example a sunken way is evident at house consists of a two-storey tower, the top of Stafford Castle, Staffordshire – the particulars of which is now damaged, pierced by a passage, but the structure can only be identified by excavation. unlike Buckton there were no other rooms in the In 1992 Barker and Higham wrote: “As with all structure at ground floor level. Measuring 8.5m by archaeological reconstructions of timber build- 9.3m externally, the tower had walls between ings, it is reliable in ground plan and basic build- 1.5m and 2m thick.6 The gateway has a curved ing technique for each structure …. very often, arch in the Romanesque , and is similar to the however, decisions about superstructure rest upon Romanesque archway found at the entrance to the a general knowledge of medieval buildings”.2 great tower built 1175–1177 at Peveril (Peak) Castle in (fig. 3).7 The gatehouse at Whilst this explicitly refers to timber structures, Clitheroe may have had a similar archway. It was similar issues are at play when only the founda- destroyed in the 17th century, but a late 16th- tions of stone structures survive. Therefore, when century sketch indicates it was a similar structure discussing castle gatehouses in this area we are to Egremont’s gatehouse (fig. 4): it was also two generally restricted to those buildings which still storeys high, and the sketch indicates there was stand. There are exceptions, for example antiquar- not enough room either side of the gate passage ian drawings of Castle survive, illustrating for chambers on the ground floor, while the arch- the gatehouse, and excavations at way also looks Romanesque. As has been sug- in the early 21st century uncovered the earliest gested elsewhere, architecturally it probably known stone gatehouse in the region. The impor- belongs to the mid to late 12th century.8 tance of excavation is demonstrated by the fact that before the work in the 21st century it was At , , only a damaged assumed that the castle was originally timber. It is shell of the gatehouse survives, which was origi- at Buckton that this study begins. nally built in c. 1200 and altered in the 15th century (fig. 5). A survey by Thomas Machell in Early gatehouses: up to the early 13th century 1660 shows the state of the tower in the 17th Excavations at Buckton Castle uncovered a gate- century. The drawing shows a relatively plain house measuring 7.5m by 9.3m along its external three storey tower, with what appears to be a faces. At ground floor level the structure contained plaque immediately above an entrance with a a single room on one side and the gate passage on pointed archway; above are two large square win- the other. The remains suggested there would have dows. It is difficult to date the features shown in

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ABOVE: Fig. 1.‘Egremont Castle’ by W Byrne after Thomas Hearne, published 1778 by Byrne & Hearne. Cf. with the Buck Bros. view of 1739. There may be some artistic embellishment of the gate tower entrance arch. BELOW LEFT: Fig. 2. Egremont Castle gate tower today. From the west. BELOW RIGHT: Fig. 3. Entrance to the at . Image © Michael Nevell.

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ABOVE: Fig. 4. ‘Clithero Castle’ by George Virtue, dated 1753. Society of Antiquaries, . Probably copied from a 16th century survey drawing. BELOW: Fig. 5. Brough Castle. Remains of the c. 1200 gatehouse to the right.

260 THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 26: 2012-13 Castle gatehouses in North West England the survey, but the pointed archway is similar to purpose, and it seems as though similar factors that found at and may be original. may have been at play here.15 As pilaster buttress- The windows seem larger than might be expected es were a familiar feature of Norman great towers, on a structure, but they may be a later they may have been used here to convey the insertion as Lady Anne Clifford modernised the strength of the gatehouse to 12th-century visitors. castle in the 17th century.9 From the castle’s foun- ’s inner gatehouse in particular is a strong dation by William II in around 1100 until 1203 the structure by virtue of its thick walls, and the castle castle was under royal control, and if the date of as a whole was militarily important due to its 1200 is to be accepted the gatehouse was probably proximity to England’s border with , sug- built at the behest of King John. The three-storey gesting physical strength and symbolism could gatehouse layout was similar to that of Egremont, co-exist in the same structure. Buttresses are an with the ground floor entirely occupied by the unusual feature on a gatehouse and may represent passageway which used to be tunnel vaulted. The a conscious decision to emphasise the military gatehouse walls either side of the passage were character of the castle by linking the building with roughly 1.9m thick, thicker than the curtain walls the strength associated with larger great towers. dating from about 1100, though thinner than the The Agricola Tower at Chester Castle granted walls of the great tower (2.7-3.3m) which was access from the outer ward to the inner ward, probably built around the same time as the however the outer was not added until the gatehouse.10 mid-13th century, meaning at its construction it In 2007 North Archaeology under- was the main entrance. The tower’s exterior has took a watching brief at Brough Castle. A drain been reworked, and the stone vault in the passage was inserted into the surrounding the castle, is a 14th-century replacement after damage in- and when the cut was made in the southern part of curred by fire, but the stepped-in pointed arch, an the moat a stone structure was found just east of example of Early English style architecture, is the gatehouse. If extended into the castle this 1.4m original (fig. 8). The floor above the passage wide feature would run parallel to the entrance housed a chapel decorated in a similar style to the currently used. For safety reasons the feature east chapel at Chester Abbey, built around 1200.16 could not be excavated further, and its purpose is At the castles previously mentioned, it is unclear unclear though a number of possibilities were how the rooms above the passage were used soon proposed. It may represent an access point to the after their construction - though Egremont’s gate- lower end of the castle while the gatehouse still house provided accommodation in later centuries standing would have allowed access to the higher - but here is a clear example of a gatehouse having status areas of the castle, including the great tow- a domestic use early on as well as being used as er. Alternatively it may have been a drain or part an entrance. Moreover the architectural link be- of a or drawbridge arrangement.11 tween the gatehouse chapel and that at Chester Abbey suggests it was high status. According to The 1990 survey of concluded the Victoria County History (2005) it was built that features of the inner gatehouse stylistically around 1210, while The Buildings of England series date to the 12th century: the shallow pilaster but- (2011) suggests it belongs to the late 12th century.17 tresses and the round headed window, both on the The stylistic link with the east chapel at Chester front of the gatehouse (fig. 6).12 The buttresses on Abbey suggests the work was conducted around the the west face of the inner gatehouse (with pointed same time, meaning Ranulf de Blondeville, Earl of buttresses added later, possibly in the 15th centu- Chester, probably commissioned the work. This ry) are similar to those found on Portchester Cas- would make it one of the latest of the early gate tle’s great tower, the first two storeys of which towers in the region, possibly the last if the 1210 were completed in the 1130s.13 Measuring 14m date is preferred. from the rear of the gatehouse to the front of the buttresses and about 9.8m wide, it had walls up to Some similarities can be drawn between these 2.5m thick, and a gate passage 4.6m wide.14 broadly contemporary early gatehouses. All six Thompson believes that when structures had walls examples date from the mid-12th century to early between 2.5m and 6m thick external buttressing 13th century and consisted of an entrance passage was unnecessary, yet was almost universally prac- through a tower with chambers above, though at tised in Norman great towers; as they were unnec- Buckton there was also a room adjacent to the essary he concluded they were decorative in passage. At the best surviving examples, Carlisle

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ABOVE: Fig. 6. Carlisle Castle. The Norman Inner Gatehouse, incorporating many later changes. BELOW LEFT: Fig. 7. Inner Gatehouse from the interior with ‘Lewyn’ type decorative mouldings. Image © Richard Nevell. BELOW RIGHT: Fig. 8. The Agricola Tower, Chester Castle. Rear view from the the interior of the .

262 THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 26: 2012-13 Castle gatehouses in North West England and Egremont, decorative features can be identi- England and heralded the introduction of enclo- fied. Outside of the region, early stone gate towers sure castles with less emphasis on great towers can be found at Exeter (Devon), (Shrop- which had previously dominated the architecture shire), and Richmond (). These all dated of Norman castles. They take the form of two to the late 11th century and had analogous forms D-shaped towers with a gate passage in between, to the examples identified in the North West,18 and the towers were connected above the passage- and may have drawn on Anglo-Saxon ideas of the way to create a chamber.23 Chartley in Stafford- burh-geat, the entrance to Anglo-Saxon burhs.19 shire can be added to these examples with regards A burh-geat shown in the Bayeux Tapestry to the gatehouse. All three were stone castles built (Scene 48) suggests they had balconies on the by the in the 1220s and have upper storeys, making them a focus of display. common elements in their architecture. The mural While the gate towers in North West England do towers at each castle are all of similar dimensions, not appear to have anything of this sort surviving, and in particular the gatehouses were laid out on Liddiard believes that the gate towers at Exeter the same plan and had walls 3.7m thick.24 and Richmond were treated similarly.20 He has Recent work at Chepstow Castle (Mon- also highlighted several Norman castles in East mouthshire) and Carrickfergus (see this Journal p. Anglia that were built on the sites of earlier mano- 151) brings this previously established narrative rial complexes,21 and this link between existing into question. The entrance to Chepstow was centres of authority may have been transferred between two cylindrical towers of different size. into the building type. From there an entrance The original wooden gate at Chepstow has been through a tower became a popular feature of high dated to 1159–1189 using dendro-dating, suggest- status buildings. While the nature of the evidence ing that the gatehouse it was made for probably for North West England means discussion of gate dates from this period.25 This has led to the re- towers and gatehouses is confined generally to the evaluation of other gatehouses, for example at stone-built examples, it is worth noting that the Pevensey (Sussex) which had a gate passage be- castles mentioned here - both in relation to the tween two open-backed D-shaped towers. Previ- regional context and England as a whole - were ously thought to date from the first quarter of the amongst the more important castles. 13th century, a new range of 1190 to 1220 has Twin-towered gatehouses: late 12th to early been suggested for its construction (fig. 10).26 The 15th centuries change from square gate towers to the round towers found at Beeston, Chepstow, and Pe- The King’s Gate and South Gate at vensey extends beyond the gatehouse to the mural (Kent) marked a departure from previous forms of towers built at the same time, indicating a desire gateway, and are the earliest known example in an for uniformity. At Pevensey, which may be ar- English castle of an entrance between two flanking gued to be the earliest, there were the extant towers rather than one. Built in the 1180s in a defences of the Roman fort, acting as the outer similar rectangular style to the other towers project- bailey, with its own D-shaped towers which may ing from the inner curtain wall (fig. 9), the gate- have acted as an inspiration. Emulating the Ro- house was part of the remodelling of Dover Castle man past is a plausible explanation as demonstrat- that cost £6,440 during Henry II’s reign.22 The dual ed by the banded colours of the 13th-century towered layout would become popular throughout Caernarfon Castle which is commonly held to be England, but the use of square towers as seen in an evocation of the Walls of Constantinople. Cas- Dover’s gatehouse was not a feature widely emulat- tle builders recognised the importance of historic ed as will be seen in the following paragraphs. The sites by frequently rebuilding on or within them. reason for this development may be the simple fact At Leicester for instance the castle was built over that two towers were considered better than one: it a section of the Roman wall defending the town, provided greater strength, and this show of strength while Beeston itself was built within an Iron Age would in itself be a statement of power. This type , the using its ramparts. An of gatehouse would require more materials than independent evolution is of course also possible, gate towers, restricting the number of people likely and Hugh Kennedy suggests that the use of round to build them. towers in crusader castles developed because they For Allen Brown the castles of Beeston in were more resistant to .27 If gate towers Cheshire and Bolingbroke in Lincolnshire repre- were used because they linked the Norman con- sented the first true twin-towered gatehouses in querors with the previous Anglo-Saxon aristocra-

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ABOVE: Fig. 9. South Gate, Dover, c. 1180s. Towers reduced in height in the C18. BELOW: Fig. 10. Pevensey, inner gatehouse, circa 1190-1200, an early example of a twin -towered gatehouse with D-shaped towers.

264 THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 26: 2012-13 Castle gatehouses in North West England cy, it may be that the later introduction of round the gatehouse came from the site. If the banding towers represented a stronger confidence within does represent a break in building work it suggests the Anglo-Norman rulers who no longer felt the that the curtain walls of the inner ward were built need to link themselves architecturally to the peo- before the gatehouse, perhaps offering an insight ple they had conquered. into the order construction might take. This would At Beeston, however, the context of unrest in challenge the assumption that the inner gatehouse 32 the 1220s and records of a tax levied by the Earl of at Beeston was the first structure built. However, Chester suggest that the reinterpretation of Beeston it seems likely that the use of contrasting colours Castle’s gatehouse is unnecessary. The castle con- was deliberate. To begin with, it seems unlikely sists of two baileys, each entered through a gate- that the inner curtain walls were built before the house as described above. The outer gatehouse is gatehouse as there is not a discrete building break severely damaged - though slots for a portcullis can between the two. It is also worth noting that the still be seen - so the inner gatehouse must be the use of the red is primarily restricted to the gate- focus of discussion here. The inner bailey was house: the curtain walls of the inner ward east of surrounded by a rock-cut ditch; a causeway partly the gatehouse survive to nearly their full height, extended across the ditch in front of the gatehouse, and the reddish sandstone is only visible right at though there appear to be no provisions for a draw- the very top. While the outer gatehouse is not in a bridge indicating the gatehouse may have been condition where we can assess whether red sand- accessed by a wooden bridge leading to a portcullis. stone was used in its construction, it is not evident A staircase led either to another storey or a walk- in the curtain walls of the outer bailey. Moreover, way around the . Some reconstruction the red sandstone is carefully distributed within drawings include a drawbridge, and if the gate- the face of the gatehouse. The archway through house was originally a story higher they may have the gatehouse was constructed from red sand- been found there, but this is speculative. Each D- stone, and immediately above are three courses of shaped tower had a chamber at ground level and grey sandstone before the darker material is used was pierced with two arrowloops, one overlooking again. West of the gatehouse the curtain wall no the approach across the ditch, the other pointing longer stands at its full height and it can clearly be away but still covering the ditch.28 The second seen that the red sandstone stopped where the gate- storey linked the D-shaped towers and was occu- house met the curtain wall (figs. 11,12). The overall pied by a single chamber. Only a single fireplace effect is that from a distance this would have high- has been discovered at , in the first lighted the highest structure at Beeston Castle. Even floor of the south-east tower, not connected to the early twin-towered gatehouses - as opposed to the gatehouse, and it seems that the inner gatehouse earlier structures at Brough, Buckton and Egremont was also not equipped with garderobes. Liddiard which might be termed gate towers - could have and McGuicken suggest the second storey of the elements of display. It was not as elaborate as can gatehouse was the highest status accommodation at be seen in later castles where coats of arms were the castle and may have been the residence of the displayed, but the significance of different coloured .29 This would fit with the theory that as stones in building has already been recognised with gatehouses became more complex, fewer great regard to Caernarfon Castle, Caernarfonshire built towers were built and the former more frequently in the late 13th century. became used for accommodation. The visual importance of the site should be One particular element of note is the use of two emphasised. Beeston Castle stands on a rocky hill different coloured building stones in the inner in an otherwise flat area. As landscape archaeolo- gatehouse. Pale grey sandstone was used to build gists Creighton and Liddiard have both pointed the curtain walls of the inner ward, but in the out, whilst a castle such as Beeston conforms to gatehouse there are clear bands of red sandstone. the popular image of what a castle should look This has been attributed to a break in building like, very few were situated on such high, isolated activity - and records of royal expenditure at places in England, and it was far more common Beeston indicate the castle was not finished by the for castles to be near centres of population and time it came into royal possession in 1237, sug- important travel routes.33 In 1223 the Earl of gesting this is possible.30 The outlier rock Beeston Chester, previously a royal favourite, had to relin- stands on is made up of two types of sandstone,31 quish control of the castles of Bridgnorth, Shrews- so it is possible that both types of stone evident in bury (both in ), and Lancaster

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ABOVE: Fig. 11. Beeston Castle from the south-west. The 1220s twin-towered inner gatehouse. Image © Richard Nevell. BELOW: Fig. 12. Beeston Castle gatehouse from the east.

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(Lancashire). It seems possible that the construc- house. The castle is first mentioned in 1235 when it tion of Beeston, Bolingbroke, and Chartley were a was owned by William de Ferrers, Earl of . response to this slight against the earl’s status. The phrasing of the Patent Rolls, which refers to the Given the context, the prominence of Beeston earl strengthening his castle at , suggests Castle seems even more important, and bearing in the castle already existed by this stage.38 It is un- mind that the hill would have been maintained clear when the gatehouse was built, and it may well rather than crowded with trees as it is today the site have been part of the strengthening carried out by would have been visible for miles around. The the earl, and stylistically it is similar to those of the inner gatehouse in particular is the most obvious 13th century (fig. 25). feature. We know the castle was incomplete when The gatehouse of the type at Beeston is not partic- it was taken under royal control in 1237, which ularly common in North West England, with fewer may be why there is no accommodation that seems examples in comparison to gate towers. It is also to really fit the status of the Earl of Chester, but the worth noting that the examples at Beeston, Liver- inner ward had already been started. It is interest- pool, and Chester were built by two earls and a ing that the gatehouse was so different to the king, marking them as particularly prestigious. Agricola Tower built at Chester in c. 1210 by the The other example of a gatehouse with twin D- same earl. In part the work at Chester may have shaped towers in the region is at in Cum- been constrained by the existing structure. berland (fig. 15). The town has two castles, an The earldom of Cheshire came under royal con- earthwork motte and bailey which may date from trol in 1237, including Chester Castle. As a result the late 11th or early 12th centuries and Kendal the Pipe Rolls document expenditure on building Castle further east, which started off as a work at the castle, and in 1292–1293 a new gate- and was rebuilt as a stone castle. It is generally house for the outer ward was built at a cost of thought the stone-built phase of Kendal Castle £318. This new structure consisted of a passage dates from the 13th century, and is usually attrib- between two D-shaped towers, with accommoda- uted to Gilbert Fitz Reinfred.39 Possession of the tion above. The passage itself was vaulted and had castle passed through his descendants, although it a portcullis at each end. Around the same time - was briefly under royal control in 1216 when the records are unclear, it may have been a little captured by King John.40 According to Curwen earlier - a similar gatehouse was built for the inner the gatehouse - which no longer survives above ward, replacing the Agricola Tower which was ground - consisted of an entrance between two blocked at one end (figs. 13, 14).34 D-shaped towers.41 This leaves the possibility that the structure may date from the late 12th century. Henry III began the construction of a similar In a regional context the earls of Chester were gatehouse at the in 1238 or amongst the most important castle builders in the 1239. No trace of the structure survives, though North West, and the most powerful magnates in Goodall suggests it may have formed the template England (in 1216 William Marshall and the Earl on which the three-storey gatehouse at Tonbridge of Chester were the leading contenders to take the 35 was built in the 1250s. At the time Tonbridge role of protector for Henry III after his father’s was held by Richard de Clare, who with an income death).42 The owners of Kendal Castle were not of of nearly £4,000 was the richest magnate in Eng- comparable status to these men, and had fewer land. Henry III’s gatehouse collapsed and it is resources so it is unlikely the gatehouse of Kendal unclear why this unsuccessful project may have is earlier than the 1220s, and the 13th century been emulated. Such a design would become range is sufficiently broad. Of the gatehouses in closely identified with castles built by Edward I the region consisting of twin D-shaped towers, the and was used in other castles, and Goodall sug- example at Kendal was built by an individual of gests that baronial castles based their gatehouses lesser status which may indicate the social aspira- 36 on royal design. tions of the builders. The demolition of Liverpool Castle in Lancashire Between 1402 and 1422, spent in began in 1720 and was complete six years later, and excess of £2,500 at (Lan- consequentially the Victoria County History for cashire). Most of this was probably spent on the Lancashire (1911) notes “no satisfactory views or 37 monumental gatehouse which still stands today plans of it survive”. However, architectural de- (fig. 9), though some was spent on the great scriptions from later in its history show that the tower.43 The work saw the construction, extension main entrance was through a twin-towered gate-

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ABOVE: Fig. 13. Chester Castle. S & N Buck. View from the north, dated 1747. The D-shaped mid to late 13th century twin-towered outer and inner gatehouses.

Fig. 14. Chester Castle, by Moses Griffith. The 13th century twin-towered inner gatehouse from the outer bailey. (Grosvenor Museum, Chester). The Agricola tower to the left of the gatehouse.

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ABOVE: Fig. 15. Kendal Castle plan (detail). From John F Curwen, 1913. p. 146. BELOW LEFT: Fig. 16 Lancaster Castle gatehouse c. 1402-20. BELOW RIGHT: Fig. 17. Lancaster - Detail of niche, statue and armorial shields. The current statue of was added in the 19th century because it was thought he built the gatehouse but it may have originally housed a statue of a saint.

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 26: 2012-13 269 Castle gatehouses in North West England or reworking of a gate passage between two 20m Whilst the gatehouses in North West England high semi-octagonal towers - the same height as from the 12th and early 13th centuries are broadly the great tower. Above the gate is a niche for a of a single type, the following centuries saw statue (the original no longer survives), a feature increasing variation in design. As shown above, not found in any of the region’s other surviving there was the development of the twin-towered gatehouses. The niche is flanked by coats of arms gatehouse - first semi-circular then polygonal - (figs. 16, 17).44 The great tower was hidden by the which became a popular design throughout the new gatehouse which looked down on the town of country. At the same time the gate tower, contin- Lancaster, and was effectively superseded by the ued to be used, as can be seen at Piel (Lancashire) latter structure as the focus of display. This is and (Cumberland). demonstrated by the fact that the earliest depiction Founded by Abbey, the of of the castle (1432) seems to have the gatehouse Piel consists of a great tower and two courtyards as its main feature. Moreover this early depiction with mural towers (fig. 19). It has usually been is the coat of arms of the borough of Lancaster, assumed the castle was built around 1327 when the bearing testament to the link between the castle abbey was granted a licence to crenellate, though and the town’s prestige. Heraldry developed in the architecturally it seems to have been constructed 12th century, and from the start seems to have 47 45 in three phases in the 14th century. The outer been used to assert dynastic connections. courtyard was probably entered through the heav- The monumental nature of the gatehouse is no ily damaged north-east tower. The site has suf- doubt linked to the status of its builder. Henry, fered substantial erosion, and the outer entrance is of Lancaster, was crowned King of England in poor condition, but the gateway to the inner ward in 1399 and soon after began work at the castle. In survives. The castle was built with locally sourced 1389 the town of Lancaster had been invaded by the beach stones and architectural details are highlight- Scots, the castle and its garrison unable to stop ed by red sandstone that was quarried at Furness them. At the time John of Gaunt was Duke of Abbey.48 At the single-towered inner gateway, not Lancaster, and the damage inflicted on the town only is the archway picked out in red sandstone, but which gave him his title was a slight against his the corners of the tower are as well (as are the authority. As a new king, Henry IV could not afford corners of the mural towers), making it stand out to be undermined and the work at Lancaster was a from the curtain walls. Measuring about 6.3m by statement of his new position of power and a state- 6.7m with walls roughly 1.4m thick, the structure is ment of strength. The tall towers crested by machi- pierced by an entrance at ground level and has a colations have a strong aura of strength, which floor above the passage. The monks told Henry IV reflected the character Henry wished to portray. in 1403 that they had been granted a licence for the castle by King Stephen.49 Their eagerness to estab- Finally, at (Cheshire) £347 was lish the antiquity of their claim to the castle may spent between 1450 and 1457 on the construction have been expressed by the choice of a gate tower of a gatehouse. It was demolished in the 18th rather than a twin-towered gatehouse. century and though a plan of the castle was drawn in 1562 it has since been lost. A 17th-century Archaeologists who surveyed the castle for sketch indicates the gatehouse consisted of a pas- in the 1980s and 1990s suggested sage between two semi-octagonal towers (fig. 18), that the damaged tower in the north-east corner of and this is backed up by an engraving of 1727 by the outer bailey may have been a gatehouse. The the Buck brothers.46 When the gatehouse was built moat surrounding the outer bailey was terminated the castle was owned by the monarchy, who were before the gatehouse, leaving a causeway. There is also responsible for building Lancaster’s gate- a garderobe on the first floor, suggesting it provid- house 30 or 40 years earlier. The semi-octagonal ed accommodation; it is positioned in the south shape of the towers indicates the link, however the wall of the tower, and the fact it would have engraving by the Buck brothers and the cost sug- drained behind the tower rather than into the moat gests the gatehouse at Halton was far less complex puzzled archaeologists.50 It may be the case that than that at Lancaster and may have had only one the builders were aware that this would have af- storey above the gate passage. fected the aesthetics of the building, so the garder- obe did not drain out of the front of the tower. At Diversity in design: 14th to 16th centuries Brougham (discussed below) the garderobe in the gatehouse drained out of the side rather than the

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Fig. 18. Halton Castle. S & N Buck, 1727. The 1450s twin-towered polygonal gatehouse. The placement of the win- dows is oddly assymetrical and the entrance appears to have been modified for pedestrian entry only.

Fig. 19. . The twin-towered outer and single-towered inner gates. Outer NE gatehouse far left. Inner west gate- tower with drawbridge near the great tower. Image © Barrow Borough Council & David Simon. Reproduced with thanks.

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 26: 2012-13 271 Castle gatehouses in North West England front, which perhaps indicates similar issues, al- But the original outer entrance was replaced in the though it may be more important that the garder- 1520s by a two-storey gatehouse (figs. 20, 21). It obe points towards the river that flows by the bears the coat of arms of the Dacre family, who castle. Rose Castle, in Cumberland, was another owned the castle in the 16th century and had example of an ecclesiastic castle. Probably built in established it in the 14th century during a period of the mid-14th century by the bishop of Carlisle, the Anglo-Scottish hostility. Unlike some of the earlier gatehouse took the form of an entrance through a gatehouses in the region the tower had a fireplace, single tower.51 indicating its residential use.57 Despite bearing a coat of arms, the gatehouse does not stand out from In 1378 work began at Carlisle to replace the the rest of the castle. To a visitor approaching from castle’s damaged outer gatehouse. While McCa- the south-east, the walls enclosing the courtyard rise rthy and Annis in their survey of the castle’s above the gatehouse, while the behind architectural history highlight the military context (the Dacre Tower) dominates the view. The gate- of the rebuilding - an Anglo-Scottish truce had house still carries the battlements seen at other such been signed, but it was ineffective in preventing buildings, and as such blends in with the rest of raiding - the Crown invested heavily in England’s Naworth Castle, but unlike the other gatehouses northern defences in the 1370s and 1380s. The discussed here the arch of the entrance is plain, and architect-mason chosen to design and build the the dominating feature is that of the coat of arms. gatehouse was John Lewyn, a man noted for his work at the royal castle of Bamburgh and the At Penrith, the entrance took the form of a priory and castle at Durham; so as with Chester’s passageway next to a tower, in the manner of the Agricola Tower noted earlier, there is a link be- remodelled entrance to ’s inner tween ecclesiastical and secular architecture.52 At ward.58 While hardly without precedent in Eng- some point in the 14th century, it is not clear land, it is unusual for the known gatehouses in when, the inner face of the inner gatehouse at North West England and considering the castle is Carlisle Castle was completely remodelled. In its dated to the late 14th and early 15th centuries it new form there was tracery above the gate passage represents an almost understated entrance.59 The and decorative fluted pilasters to either side. A entrance was moved when the castle was remod- much eroded coat of arms is also present (fig. 7).53 elled in the 15th century, but again it seems to At the same time the outer face of the gatehouse have taken the form of a passage beside a tower, was left intact, preserving the martial face of the maintaining architectural continuity within the structure. During the Edwardian period England castle, though new buildings were added to the and Scotland were regularly at war, and Carlisle entrance in 1471.60 was a particularly important as dem- Cockermouth (Cumberland) is divided into onstrated by the fact that when the Scottish king, two wards, each entered by a gatehouse. Most of Robert Bruce, besieged the castle and town in the standing structure dates from the second half 1315 he faced a garrison of between 400 and 500 of the 14th century. The outer gatehouse is a soldiers.54 Edward I frequently visited the castle, three-storey tower with an entrance at ground so as well as being practical as a fortification level (fig. 22). Unusually for such structures in the Carlisle had to be fit for the king. It is possible that region, the outer gatehouse has two walls project- this remodelling may date from 1378, as does the ing from its outer face forming a . The outer gatehouse. At Durham, Lewyn probably gatehouse lacks arrowloops, suggesting it may not worked under John Nevill and would later work at have been intended for military use and as such the () which features barbican may effectively have been ornamental. tracery on the Nevill Tower.55 Carlisle’s outer Without question there are decorative features: gatehouse likely housed the sheriff, and as a mea- above the entrance are five shields bearing coats sure of its administrative purpose it was where the of arms with a hood mould above, drawing the eye revenues of Cumberland were collected. Below to this important feature. The purpose of this dec- the southernmost room is an underground cham- orative work – similar shields are found above the ber, mostly likely for storage. The purpose of such entrances to (Sussex), built in the rooms - uncommon in the region - is discussed 1380s – was to impress upon visitors the noble below with reference to Cockermouth Castle.56 connections of the owner. A more overt but simi- Naworth Castle (Cumberland) dates from at lar decoration can be found at least 1335 when a licence to crenellate was issued. () where the power Percy family

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LEFT: Fig. 20. Naworth Castle (detail showing outer gate), by Moses Griffith. Engraved by S. Sparrow, published by Ed- ward Harding, London, 1801. RIGHT: Fig. 21. Naworth Outer Gatehouse today. Image © Richard Nevell.

Fig. 22. Cockermouth Castle by Thomas Hearne. Plate dated 1788. Published c. 1807 in ‘Antiquities of Britain’. Gatehouse and barbican, late 14th century.

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 26: 2012-13 273 Castle gatehouses in North West England decorated the great tower with a lion, the heraldic conjunction with stone walls would create a secure symbol of their family, overlooking the town be- room, perhaps for storing valuables.68 Fire might be low. At Cockermouth Castle the passage of the used against a castle’s timber elements, so there inner gatehouse had a rib-vault and a fireplace in were defensive reasons for vaulting, but by this one of the adjacent rooms indicates it was used as time its use may have been to construct the image a residence.61 The gatehouse contains a subterra- of strength rather than because of a need to protect nean chamber, sometimes interpreted as a prison. against attackers. More compelling than the antiquated view of cas- Contrasting with the courtyard which only pre- tles as dank, dark places of torture and confine- sented ornate windows above the first floor, the ment is Brears’ suggestion that this is a storage front of the gatehouse has them above the ground chamber. As he points out, gatehouses also pro- floor. This face of the castle which should have vided accommodation, and to leave such a room been strongest in a military interpretation is there- without a latrine would quickly result in the build- fore weakened by windows impractical for de- ing being overpowered by the stench of human fence. It is almost as if the builder wanted visitors waste. Gatehouses had administrative roles and to be aware when entering the castle that while could act as storage areas. Brears presents the case Clifford was a powerful lord in northern England that storing valuables within the gatehouse meant and had a residence to convey that, he was also a that tradesmen would not have to progress far military man active during the Anglo-Scottish wars. inside the castle, while an under-floor safe cham- ber with only one access point provided a strong It is also worth considering that whilst the gate place for storage.62 complex was being built, Clifford added another storey to the great tower, emphasising the con- The most striking example of the tower gate- tinued importance of the structure. Had this not house in the region is that of been done, the gatehouses and great tower would (Westmorland). More accurately it is a gatehouse have been the same height. Whilst the gatehouse complex, with a passage through two three-storey was a high status structure as demonstrated by towers separated by an enclosed courtyard (figs. 23, its fine windows, it seems as though Clifford did 24). The whole complex abuts the great tower built not wish to diminish the importance of the great in the early 13th century.63 The two towers making tower marking the latter as privileged space. up the gatehouse have different plans; this perhaps This could be especially important because the indicates they were built at different times though gatehouse’s unusual proximity to the great tower the construction of both has been attributed to Rob- meant that if they were of comparable height the ert Clifford who remodelled the castle in the late two could not be distinguished at a distance. 13th and early 14th centuries.64 The gateway com- Though some visitors might gain access through plex is unparalleled in the region, and emphasising the gatehouse (and perhaps those of lower status its difference is the presence of a gate in the used the postern which bypassed the passageway north-west buttress of the inner gatehouse. and courtyard, but would have travelled past Cathcart King believed the incorporation of a latrine chutes in the north face of the complex) small courtyard into the design was to create a only the most important would be granted audi- killing field.65 It is worth noting that there are ar- ence in the great tower. As Johnson puts it rowloops overlooking the courtyard, but the upper “Brougham displays itself and its lord to the floors have large decorated windows suggesting outside world while proclaiming its inaccessibil- that those rooms provided high status ity; it sets the social order in stone.”69 accommodation.66 The inner passageway has a This contrasts with how the great tower at Lan- stone rib-vault, but no murder holes, suggesting that caster Castle was treated. There the great tower and King’s military-minded interpretation may be too gatehouse were further apart and built to the same narrow. Moving to the front of the outer gatehouse, height. From the town the gatehouse would have a visitor would have seen a coat of arms above the obscured the great tower; this is perhaps because it entrance though it has since been replaced by a was built soon after Lancaster was raided by the plaque originally from the .67 In his study Scots; then the castle and its garrison had not saved of 14th-century gatehouses in northern England, the town, but this new fortification perhaps repre- Peter Brears highlights the fireproof nature of stone sented new hope that history would not be repeat- and its structural strength. The latter was presented ed. At Brougham, there was no such concern, so in relation to preventing access from above, so in the past was not hidden from view.

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ABOVE: Fig. 23. Brougham Castle: Great Tower and Outer gate from the west.

BELOW: Fig. 24. Brougham:Plan from Curwen, 1913, p. 91.

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Conclusion that Naworth’s gatehouse is overshadowed by the When castles were situated in or near towns, in the structure behind it reflects the diffusion of sym- majority of cases the main entrance, that is to say bolism throughout the structure of the castle, as the great gatehouse, faced the settlement.70 Kend- opposed to restricting it to its main features. al Castle is an exception to this rule: located east This study has concentrated on gatehouses on a of the medieval town. The consistency in gate- regional level, with examples drawn from else- house orientation mentioned by Creighton pro- where to place them in context, but even an ap- vides a tantalising clue to the importance of these proach with a limited scope such as here can be structures in display. Kendal aside, three of the used to make suggestions about gatehouses as a most important castles in the region conformed to whole and how they relate to other aspects of castle this pattern: each of Carlisle, Chester, and Lan- design, for instance the great tower. A notable fea- caster are situated in a . ture of Norman great towers was that the entrance Though the region is something of a backwater was almost invariably on the first floor. This has with regards to castle studies, the castles them- often been attributed to defence as any wooden selves kept up with regional trends as evidenced steps could be removed. However if that is the case by their gatehouses. These structures began as then one might expect to find occasionally a raised entrances through towers, the sort which can be entrance through gatehouses to present an extra seen at Ludlow. The general emergence of a vault- obstacle to intruders. Whilst they are uniformly ed entrance between two towers has now been entered through the ground floor, there were often dated to the late 12th century, but only really ditches to negotiate first which may have performed became established in the region in the 13th cen- the same role as the raised entrance to a keep tury when the Earl of Chester built Beeston Castle (though at Buckton and Piel there are causeways). in Cheshire. The design was emulated by other According to Cathcart King were not lords, such as the at Liverpool widely used in curtain walls before the 13th century Castle; it was generally restricted to the more because builders felt it would weaken the structure,71 powerful magnates, though Kendal Castle’s gate- so perhaps they felt similarly about ground floor house (attributed to Gilbert Fitz Reinfred in the entrances to great towers. In the North West at least 13th century) was built by a lesser lord. The early the walls of the gatehouses were usually thinner than 15th-century polygonal-towered gatehouse at those of the great towers, so it is conceivable that a Lancaster would not be out of place in the first- ground floor entrance through a gatehouse was less rate castles of its day. Whilst there is some unity of a structural concern. An equally plausible explana- of design in the surviving examples of early gate- tion is that the to the great tower houses in North-West England, from the 14th was an acknowledgement of the elevated social posi- century onwards there is considerable variation tion of those who resided within. with the single gate tower once again being built. As mentioned at the beginning of this article, Even from the earliest examples in the North the extant castle gatehouses in North-West Eng- West - those dated to the 12th century - the gate- land are all stone built. Stone constructs were house was among the castle’s most prominent generally higher status than their earth and timber features. This theme can be traced from Carlisle counterparts because of the costs involved, and it where the gate tower was taller than the neigh- can be seen that the gatehouses in the region were bouring curtain walls, to Beeston, where although generally built by the higher status magnates. the towers of the gatehouse were of similar pro- While a coherent picture of the region’s stone portions to the mural towers, the former were gatehouses can be put together, the design of the highlighted by the selective and deliberate use of timber structures is uncertain because of the dearth different coloured stone. This continues into the of excavations. As explained at the start of this early 15th century, and the prominence and sym- study, the plan does not necessarily reveal the bolism of Lancaster Castle’s gatehouse is demon- superstructure, although even recovering plans strated by the fact it was used on the town’s seal. would be instructive. Do they imitate the design of The early16th-century gatehouse at Naworth, their stone counterparts or were they simpler, as though smaller, displays the owner’s coat of arms. the stone gatehouses seem restricted to higher Because the gatehouse is small a greater propor- status castles? The link between stone gatehouses tion is devoted to displaying the coats of arms than and the most powerful may explain why decora- at the other castles in the region. However, the fact tive elements can be found in the castles. The

276 THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 26: 2012-13 Castle gatehouses in North West England stone vaulting commonly found in the gatehouses Appendix 1 – hand list of castles excavated in of North West England shows that a great deal of North West England in the 20th century time was expended on building these structures; a Kendal wooden floor above the passageway would have Aldingham Kendal Castle How been enough, but the builder chose stone vaulting, Arkholme Liverpool which in cases such as Brougham Castle can be Beeston considered decorative. The façade was a focus of Blackrod Morhull display due to its prominence and could be seen by Brough those who just passed by a castle, while the pas- Brougham Oldcastle sage would have been restricted to those granted Buckton Pennington access. Much like the castle great tower, our un- Bury Piel derstanding of gatehouses can encompass the var- Carlisle Rochdale ious factors at play in their design. The thickness Chester Stockport of the walls suggests they were usually secondary Down Hall to the great tower, in terms of status and defensive Greenhalgh Watch Hill capability, while the symbolic features remind us Halton West Derby that these were owned by powerful lords, eager to Hornby/Castlestede Whittington assert their authority and links to their ancestry.

Fig. 25. Liverpool Castle. An artist’s reconstruction of the castle after the plans and elevations drawn up by Cox: Cox, Edward W. (1892). "An Attempt to Recover the Plans of the Castle of Liverpool from Authentic Records; considered in connection with medieval principles of defence and construction". Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 42. See also CSG Bulletin 18 (2004-5) pp. 199-201.

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The above gatehouses are oriented with their front face at the bottom. A – Buckton; B – Egremont; C – Brough; D – Carlisle (inner); E – Chester (Agricola); F – Chester (inner); G – Beeston (inner); H – Lancaster; I – Liverpool. All plans to comparative scale.

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Endnotes 1 Grimsditch, Nevell & Nevell 2012, 6 46 Jamieson 1987a, 7; Jamieson 1987b, 58–59 2 Higham & Barker, 281–284, 289, 330 47 Emery 1996, 240 3 Grimsditch, Nevell & Nevell 2012, 49 48 Hunt 2011, 91–94; Newman 1986, 65–66 4 Grimsditch, Nevell, & Nevell 2012, 83–86 49 King 1983a, 251 n19 5 Goodall 2011, 138–139; Pevsner 1967, 124 50 Newman 1996, 125 6 Perriam & Robinson 1998, 102–103 51 Goodall 2011, 269; Perriam & Robinson 1998, 217 7 Eales 2006, 23 52 McCarthy & Annis 1990, 146–148 8 Adams P. 2005–06, 179 53 McCarthy & Annis 1990, 57–59 9 MS Machell I, fols 392–6, shown in Guy 2012–13, 102 54 Summerson 1990,136 10 Pevsner 1967, 232; Summerson 1999, 28-30, 33-34, 41 55 McCarthy & Annis 1990, 57 11 Gaskell, Noakes, & Wood 2009, 9, 29 56 Brears 2011, 208; Summerson 2008, 5–6 12 McCarthy & Annis 1990, 57 57 Emery 1996, 233, 235 13 Goodall 2008, 6–7 58 Pevsner 1967, 175 14 McCarthy & Annis 1990, 50–57 59 Emery 1996, 233 15 Thompson 1991, 68 60 Horn 2008, 8 16 Thacker 2005, 204–213; Hartwell, Hyde, Hubbard & 61 Creighton 2002, 71; Emery 1996, 147; Pevsner 1967, Pevsner 2011, 247 107–108 17 Thacker 2005, 204–213; Hartwell, Hyde, Hubbard & 62 Brears 2011, 206 Pevsner 2011, 247 63 Summerson 1998, 10 18 Brown 2004, 42–43 64 The dating of Brougham’s Outer Gatehouse is uncer- 19 Liddiard 2005, 15–16, 31; Wheatley 2004, 9 tain, and may be closer to Roger Clifford’s work in 20 Liddiard 2003, 10 the 1380s, with analogies to Carlisle, Cockermouth, and Tynemouth Priory gatehouses, as will be argued 21 Liddiard 2006, 247 by the Journal Editor in the next volume of the Journal. 22 Coad 2007, 6–7 65 King 1988, 156 23 Brown 2004, 64–67 66 Trueman & Harrison 1998, 108–115 24 Thompson 1966, 155 67 Summerson 1998, 21 25 2010–11, 248, 251 68 Brears 2011, 204 26 Woodburn & Guy 2005–06, 51–52 69 Johnson 2002, 49–50 27 Kennedy 1994, 114 70 Creighton 2002, 138 28 Keen 1993, 101–105 71 King 1988, 84 29 Liddiard & McGuicken 2007, 13 30 Keen 1993, 94–95, 102 31 King 2011, 11 Acknowledgements 32 Liddiard & McGuicken 2007, 13 33 Creighton 2002; Liddiard 2005 I am grateful to the following: Dr Michael 34 Thacker 2005, 204–213 Nevell gave feedback on this paper and drew the 35 Goodall 2011, 190–191 plans; the Journal Editor provided some valua- ble insights, and Carla Brain helped with proof- 36 Altschul 2004; Goodall 2011, 190–191 reading. 37 Muir 1911, 4 38 Muir 1911, 4 39 English Heritage 2006, 10; Perriam & Robinson, 1998, 348–349 40 Nicholson 1861, 27; Perriam & Robinson 1998, 348 41 Curwen 1913, 415–419 42 Crouch 2004 43 Champness 1993, 10 44 Hartwell & Pevsner 2009, 375–376 45 Ailes 2002, 83

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