Sound Source Perception in Impact Sounds

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Sound Source Perception in Impact Sounds UNIVERSITA` DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA DIPARTIMENTO DI PSICOLOGIA GENERALE INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE ET DE COORDINATION ACOUSTIQUE/MUSIQUE (STMS-IRCAM-CNRS) DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN PERCEZIONE E PSICOFISICA IN SUPERVISIONE CONGIUNTA Ciclo XVII SOUND SOURCE PERCEPTION IN IMPACT SOUNDS Coordinatore: Prof. Clara Casco Supervisore: Prof. Paola Bressan Co-supervisore: Prof. Stephen McAdams Dottorando: Bruno Lucio Giordano DATA CONSEGNA TESI: 30 Giugno 2005 Sommario La percezione permette agli animali di ottenere informazioni sull’ambiente a par- tire dalle informazioni in arrivo ai sistemi sensoriali. Nel caso dell’ascolto, la porzione dell’ambiente d’interesse `ela sorgente sonora, ad esempio un solido in vibrazione, e l’informazione in arrivo `econtenuta nel suono. Quali sono le capacit`apercettive degli esseri umani in condizioni quotidiane? Quali sono le propriet`adella sorgente sonora rile- vanti per l’ascoltatore? Quale `ela natura dell’informazione acustica utile alla percezione della sorgente sonora? Rispondere a questi quesiti `estato l’obiettivo principale di questa tesi, che si `efocalizzata su uno dei suoni pi`ufrequentemente incontrati durante la vita quotidiana: il suono d’impatto. La tesi inizia con la presentazione di due degli approcci teorici rilevanti per la compren- sione della percezione della sorgente sonora: l’approccio dell’elaborazione dell’informazione e l’approccio ecologico. Una rassegna esaustiva della letteratura sulla percezione della sorgente viene utilizzata come punto di partenza per la discussione delle assunzioni dell’approccio ecologico. Viene quindi presentata una rassegna della letteratura sulla percezione del timbro, cio`esulla percezione dei toni degli strumenti musicali, accompa- gnata dalla rianalisi di dati precedentemente pubblicati. I risultati di questa rianalisi evidenziano una forte rilevanza delle propriet`afisiche degli strumenti musicali nello spie- gare la percezione del timbro, collegando cos`ıla percezione di materiali sonori musicali e non. Sono state condotte tre indagini empiriche. In ciascuna di esse i suoni di impatto sono stati generati dall’interazione tra due oggetti reali o simulati: un oggetto altamente smorzato - il martello - e un oggetto vibrante - l’oggetto sonoro. In ciascuno di questi studi il dato comportamentale `estato spiegato sia in base alle propriet`adella sorgente che in base alle propriet`aacustiche. Ancora, la relazione tra propriet`adella sorgente e struttura acustica `estata indagata, evidenziando quei parametri acustici che specificano univocamente le propriet`adella sorgente. In questo modo `estata verificata la presenza di sufficiente informazione acustica per il perfetto allineamento tra percezione e propriet`a della sorgente sonora. Il primo studio ha investigato l’identificazione del materiale dell’oggetto sonoro. Sono state osservate buone capacit`adi identificazione quando erano implicate discriminazioni tra materiali di propriet`ameccaniche altamente differenti, ad esempio metallo e plastica. D’altra parte, la discriminazione tra materiali caratterizzati da propriet`ameccaniche sim- ili, come nel caso del legno e della plastica, `estata trovata altamente deficitaria, essendo basata sulla grandezza dell’oggetto sonoro piuttosto che sul suo materiale. Diverse ipotesi i sono state avanzate per spiegare il risultato sperimentale sulla base delle propriet`adelle sorgenti dei suoni d’impatto che popolano l’ambiente acustico quotidiano. Il secondo studio ha indagato la rilevanza delle propriet`adell’interazione tra martello e oggetto sonoro nel determinare le propriet`apercepite del martello, e ha testato la capacit`adi percepire indipendentemente martelli e oggetti sonori. Agli ascoltatori `e stato chiesto di stimare la durezza del martello o dell’oggetto sonoro. E` stato trovato limitato supporto empirico a favore dell’indipendenza percettiva dei due oggetti, sebbene i partecipanti dessero un peso maggiore alle propriet`adell’interazione nello stimare la durezza del martello, e un peso maggiore alle propriet`adell’oggetto sonoro nello stimare la durezza dell’oggetto sonoro. Nel terzo studio sono state comparate la rilevanza percettiva del martello, dell’oggetto sonoro e delle propriet`adella loro interazione. A questo scopo `estato utilizzato un com- pito sperimentale che non richiedesse l’uso di etichette linguistiche relative alla sorgente sonora: la stima della dissomiglianza. A questo modo sono stati eliminati degli eventuali effetti di disturbo che avrebbero limitato la validit`aecologica dei risultati sperimentali. Si `etrovato che il giudizio sperimentale si basa sulle propriet`adell’oggetto sonoro e, sec- ondariamente, sulle propriet`adell’interazione. Non sono state trovate prove a favore della rilevanza percettiva del martello. La comparazione dei risultati ottenuti nei diversi studi ha permesso di ottenere infor- mazioni circa le propriet`adella sorgente e del suono rilevanti per la percezione quotidiana dei suoni d’impatto e delle loro sorgenti. Si pu`oconcludere che la percezione quotidiana `ebasata sulla grandezza e sul materiale dell’oggetto sonoro e, secondariamente, sulle propriet`adell’interazione tra martello e oggetto sonoro. Parallelamente dal punto di vista acustico la percezione quotidiana si fonda sulla frequenza e durata del segnale e, in maniera secondaria, sul centro di gravit`aspettrale o centroide spettrale della porzione d’attacco. Infine, in tutti gli studi sono stati trovati diversi parametri acustici che, limitata- mente al contesto sperimentale, specificano univocamente differenti propriet`adella sor- gente sonora. E` stata perci`otrovata sufficiente informazione acustica per il perfetto allineamento tra propriet`afisiche e percepite della sorgente. Ciononostante i soggetti sperimentali hanno mostrato un disallineamento tra propriet`afisiche e percepite della sorgente. Questo risultato `estato quindi contrastato con l’assunzione dell’approccio eco- logico in base alla quale la percezione `ebasata sulla detezione di propriet`ainvarianti dell’informazione sensoriale, ovvero sulla detezione di quei tratti della struttura acustica che specificano univocamente le propriet`adella sorgente sonora. Si pu`oconcludere che, ai fini della spiegazione della sorgente nei suoni di’impatto, il concetto di invariante `e inutile. Summary Perception allows animals to gather information concerning the environment starting from information input to the sensory systems where, in the case of audition, the relevant portion of the environment is the sound source (e.g., a vibrating solid) and the incoming information is contained in the sound wave. What are the perceptual capabilities of humans under everyday conditions? Which properties of a sound source are relevant to the perceiver? What is the nature of the acoustical information useful for sound source source perception? Answering these questions has been the main goal of this thesis, which focused on one of the most frequently encountered types of sound during everyday life: impact sounds. The thesis begins with a presentation of two of the theoretical approaches relevant to the understanding of sound source perception: the ecological and information-processing approaches. A comprehensive review of the literature on source perception is then taken as a starting point for the discussion of the assumptions of the ecological approach. A review of the literature on timbre perception, i.e., on the perception of musical instrument tones, along with a reanalysis of previously published data, is also presented. Results of the reanalysis point out the strong relevance of the physical properties of the musical instruments in explaining timbre perception, thus linking perception of nonmusical and musical acoustical materials. Three empirical investigations were conducted. With each of them, impact sounds were generated by the interaction between two real or simulated objects: a highly damped object - the hammer - and a vibrating object - the sounding object. Across studies behavioral data were explained both in terms of source and acoustical properties. Also, the relationship between source properties and acoustical structure was studied, pointing out those acoustical parameters that uniquely specified the source properties. In this way the presence of sufficient acoustical information for unbiased perception of the source properties of interest was ascertained. The first study investigated identification of the material of the sounding object. Good identification capabilities were observed when discrimination among materials of vastly different mechanical properties were involved (e.g., metal and plastic). On the other hand, discrimination between materials of similar mechanical properties (e.g., wood and plastic) was highly impaired, being based on the size of the sounding object rather than on its material. Several hypotheses were formulated, which explained the observed re- sponse biases with the properties of the impact sound sources that populate our everyday acoustical environment. iii The second study investigated the relevance of the properties of the interaction be- tween hammer and sounding object in determining perceived hammer properties, and ascertained the ability to perceive hammers independently from the sounding objects. Listeners were asked to rate the hardness of either the hammer or the sounding object. Limited support for perceptual independence between the two was pointed out, although participants weighted interaction properties more heavily when rating hammer hardness, and weighted sounding object
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