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The Conservation of South African Rivers

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The Conservation of South African Rivers q, The conservation of South African rivers J H O'Keeffe (editor) A report of a workshop convened by the Nature Conservation Research Division, Foundation for Research Development, CSIR, at Midmar Dam, Natal, from August 19 to 21, 1985 SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMES REPORT NO 113'11 1986 Issued by Foundation for Research Development Council for Scientific and Industrial Research P 0 Box 395 PRETORIA 0001 South Africa from whom copies of reports in this series are available on request Printed in 1986 in the Republic of South Africa ISBN 0 7988 3820 5 Editor's address: Dr J H O'Keeffe Institute for Freshwater Studies P 0 Box 94 GRAHAMSTOWN 6140 South Africa PREFACE To most scientists and managers who work in this field, rivers are seen primarily as sources of water for people. As such they have complex and intriguing characteristics. They operate in both linear and cyclic modes. They are simultaneously renewable and finite as sources of water. They are incredibly dynamic systems that are difficult to measure and predict and yet have strong tendencies of stability and resilience. Two of their most important properties are, that they reflect very precisely the climatic and other physical characteristics of their catchments and, in respect of pollutants, they have distinctly limited powers of self purification. However, to non-biologists, the bottom line is that they provide water in economic quantities, beyond that there is rapid loss of interest. To ecologists and conservation scientists however, rivers are seen prima- rily as ecosystems, or ecosystem components, that have a larger set of values. It is these that are elaborated in this volume. They are in fact subscribed to by everyone but are seldom articulated in any comprehensive way outside of purely economic terms. The amenity or socio-aesthetic values of rivers still defy clear definition and public or political acceptance. It is intended that this publication should help establish these values in the minds of scientists and decision makers. Central to any conservation philosophy for rivers is the concept of naturalness. With South African landscapes being so rapidly modified, a concept of naturalness is only useful if it is linked to an ability to manage rivers towards some hypothetical near-natural state. The predomi- nance of the need for water means that all our substantial river systems will be subject to water regulation and abstraction and to the introduction of pollutants. Conservation management therefore becomes an exercise in mitigation. The principal tools are, legislation, monitoring, land-use planning and the conservative management of catchments, of necessity, all of them indirect in their action. Direct management by way of physical protection and reclamation is so costly that it has limited application outside of urban or recreational sites and in conservation areas. These brief comments provide a background to the interest that FRD's Eco- system Programmes has in promoting research into river ecosystems. This report is the product of a workshop held in August 1985 at Midmar Dam Public Resort, as part of a project to synthesize what is known about the status and functioning of South African rivers. The workshop was held under the auspices of the Nature Conservation Research section of the National Programme for Ecosystem Research. Along with the text that follows, a map of the conservation status of the major rivers of South Africa has been prepared, and will be published separately. The map, at a scale of 1:2,5 million, identifies four different conservation categories of river, together with a long list of sites of special scientific or con- servation importance. Together, this text and the river conservation map, provide the best current statement available on the conservation status of South Africa's rivers. The Rivers Working Group of the Nature Conservation Research Committee, which is responsible for the river research programme, has supervised the production of these publications with the understanding that they will be criticized and reviewed to enable more comprehensive statements and maps to be produced in the future. ( i v ) ABSTRACT The report presents the proceedings of a three-day workshop at Midmar Dam designed to establish a consensus view of river conservation and to provide professional conservationists, managers and planners with a set of guidelines. These indicate what is known about the ecology of South African rivers, what options are available for monitoring and managing them, what legislation is available for controlling the exploitation of rivers and what research priorities should be implemented to increase our understanding of river ecology. Chapter 1 is an overview of ideas on river ecosystem functioning, emphasizing the view of a river as a continuum in which changes in the biotic community are a reflection of changes in the physical environment, and of the nature and amount of energy and nutrients supplied by the catchment or produced in the river. Chapter 2 summarizes the views of the workshop participants on aims and criteria for river conservation, emphasizing an holistic approach to conservation and aiming for the maintenance of diversity of function within the framework of essential exploitation of this vital resource. Chapter 3 examines the uses to which rivers are put and the impact which these uses have on rivers. The importance of avoiding over-exploitation by any one user, to the detriment of all, is stressed. Chapter 4 derives a set of management options for rivers based on the conservation aims and values elaborated in the previous two chapters. Three categories of activity are proposed, namely, the protective, manipulative and legislative approaches. The need for public education and acceptance of compromise in the use of diminishing resources is stressed. Chapter 5 explains the interactions between a river system and its catchment, the river being dependent on and sensitive to land-use changes in its catchment. Chapter 6 discusses the aims and methodology of river monitoring programmes, examining the options for physical, chemical and biological methods. A considerable amount of legislation relates to the exploitation of South African rivers, but much of it is inadequately administered. Chapter 7 lists the relevant sections of river-related acts and concludes that there is a need for legislation governing the overall management of rivers on a catchment basis. Chapter 8 describes progress in river research to date, discusses research organization, and suggests specific areas and projects which should be given priority for future research. Appendices define research priorities and a conservation classification system for South African rivers. (v) SAMEvArn NC Hierdie verslag verteenwoordig die handelinge van 'n drie-daagse werksessie te Midmardam am 'n eenvormige sienswyse oar die bewaring van riviere te bewerkstellig. Daar is oak gepoog am aan professionele natuurbewaarders, bestuurders en beplanners, 'n stel riglyne te voorsien wat aandui wat oar die ekologie van Suid-Afrikaanse riviere bekend is, watter keuses vir die monitering en die bestuur daarvan beskikbaar is, watter wetgewing vir die beheer van die benutting van riviere beskikbaar is, en watter navorsingsprioriteite geimplementeer behoort te word am ons kennis van rivierekologie te verbreed. Hoofstuk 1 gee 'n oorsig van ideas oar die funksionering van riviereko- sisteme en beklemtoon die sienswyse dat 'n rivier 'n kontinuum is waarin veranderinge in die biotiese gemeenskap 'n weerspieeling is van verander- inge in die fisiese omgewing, asook van die aard en hoeveelheid energie en voedingstowwe voorsien deur die opvanggebied of geproduseer in die rivier. Hoofstuk 2 som die sienswyses van die werksessiedeelnemers oar doelstel- lings en kriteria vir rivierbewaring op, en beklemtoon 'n holistiese benadering tot bewaring. Die doelwit is die handhawing van verskeidenheid van funksie binne die raamwerk van noodsaaklike benutting van hierdie lewensnoodsaaklike huipbron. In Hoofstuk 3 word die gebruike van riviere en die impak wat hierdie gebruike op riviere het ondersoek. Die noodsaaklikheid am oorbenutting deur enige enkele gebruiker wat vir almal nadelig is, te voorkom, word beklemtoon. Hoofstuk 4 stel 'n aantal bestuurskeuses vir riviere voor, gebaseer op die bewaringsdoelstellings en waardes wat in die vorige twee hoofstukke beskryf is. Drie benaderings word voorgestel, naamlik beskermend, manipulerend en wetgewend. Die behoefte aan openbare opvoeding en die aanvaarding van 'n kompromie in die gebruik van verminderende hulpbronne word beklemtoon. Hoofstuk 5 verduidelik die interaksies tussen 'n riviersisteem en sy opvanggebied, aangesien die rivier afhanklik en gevoelig is vir bodembenut- tingveranderings in sy opvanggebied. Hoofstuk 6 bespreek die doelstellings en metodologie van riviermoniterings- programme en ondersoek die keuses vir fisiese, chemiese en biologiese metodes. 'n Aansienlike hoeveelheid wetgewing het betrekking op die benut- ting van Suid-Afrikaanse riviere, maar baie hiervan word ontoereikend geadministreer. Hoofstuk 7 gee 'n lys van die betrokke afdelings van rivier-verwante wette en kom tot die slotsom dat dear 'n behoefte bestaan vir wetgewing wat die algehele bestuur van riviere op 'n opvanggebiedbasis beheer. Hoofstuk 8 beskryf vordering in riviernavorsing tot hede, bespreek navor- singsorganisasie, en stel spesifieke gebiede en projekte voor wat voorkeur vir toekomstige navorsing behoort te geniet. Die aanhangsels
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