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Protestantism Confronts Catholicism in Vargas' Brazil, 1930-194

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Protestantism Confronts Catholicism in Vargas' Brazil, 1930-194 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO In the shadow of the cross: Protestantism confronts Catholicism in Vargas’ Brazil, 1930-1945 A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Latin American Studies by Addison Curtis Blair Committee in charge: Professor Ben Cowan, Chair Professor Scott Desposato Professor Jessica Graham 2020 Copyright Addison Curtis Blair, 2020 All rights reserved. The Thesis of Addison Curtis Blair is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Chair University of California San Diego 2020 iii Table of Contents Signature Page………………………………………………...………………………………iii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………......iv Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………..v Abstract of the thesis……………………………………………………………………...….vi Introduction and Historical Background……………………………………………….....1 Chapter 1: Domestic questions…………………………………………………………....13 Religious Freedom and Official Religion………………………………………………...14 Constitution of 1934………………………………………………………………………….23 Education……………………………………………………………………………………...32 Chapter Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………42 Chapter 2: Beginning to look internationally…………………………………………...44 Integralism and the Estado Novo………………………………………………………....45 Communism and fascism ……………………………………………………………….....53 World War II…………………………………..…………………………………………….....62 Chapter Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………69 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….70 References…………………………………………………………………………………….73 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Professor Ben Cowan for his support as the chair of my committee. Orientating a Master’s students over such a short period of time while still providing valuable feedback isn’t an easy task, and he did so with patience and grace. His guidance has proven invaluable. Professors Graham and Desposato were instrumental in the completion of the thesis. I’m grateful for generous sharing of time and effort required of these faculty members to serve on my committee. Jessica Cassidy was indispensably helpful during my entire time as a student in the Latin American Studies program. Her direction and patience in response to the myriad of questions and concerns that arose during any point in the program was greatly appreciated. I would also like to acknowledge the help of the Rev. Dr. Alderi Souza de Matos for providing essential early guidance in the archival research process. In addition, I’d like to thank the Rev. Eliezer Bernandes da Silva for his hospitality and willingness to keep the archive open after normal hours of operation so I could continue my research. v ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS In the shadow of the cross: Protestantism confronts Catholicism in Vargas’ Brazil, 1930-1945 by Addison Curtis Blair Master of Arts in Latin American Studies University of California San Diego, 2020 Professor Ben Cowan, Chair vi This thesis examines the political posturing and rhetoric of two major Protestant denominations in Brazil—Presbyterians and Methodists—during the Vargas Era (1930-1945). During the Vargas years, the Catholic Church saw a renewed period of expansion, consolidation, political activism, and political cooperation with the government that worried the smaller Protestants groups. As a response to the approximation between the government and the Church, Protestants used their official denominational periodicals to encourage, direct, and organize Protestant political efforts during this period. To explore how this rhetoric was used, this thesis focuses on a number of specific political issues: religious freedom, the Constitution of 1934, education policy, the proclamation of the Estado Novo, Brazilian Integralism, European fascism and communism, and World War II. Almost without exception, and in an attempt to preserve what they saw as precariously protected rights to religious conscious, Protestants often opted to position themselves in direct political opposition to whichever stance the Catholic Church maintained on these issues. These Protestant periodicals demonstrate that they were politically attentive and conscious, and had a “bloc” mentality when it came to their positions on these issues. Anchored around the Constitution of 1934 and World War II, Protestantism in Brazil found new movements—on a national and international level—through which to engage their political opposition to hegemonic Catholicism on a level that hadn’t been theretofore seen. vii INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The close cooperation between the Catholic Church and the Brazilian state wasn’t an unfamiliar phenomenon when a new generation of charismatic and politically conscious Catholic clergy sought to build a close relationship with the revolutionary Vargas regime, much to the chagrin of Brazil’s minority protestant population. Such cooperation had been had been standard operating procedure for most of Brazil’s history, and protestants frequently felt they had no option but to begrudgingly take the concessions granted to them by the government without any fuss. These challenges notwithstanding, by the 1930s and 1940s Brazil’s protestants had carved out a small and tight-knit community that, while dwarfed in size by the Catholic population, enjoyed a certain degree of religious freedom and autonomy. The State’s official separation from the Church in 1889 had created a religious climate just suitable enough for Protestantism to establish itself and undergo sluggish but consistent growth. It was therefore with great trepidation that Protestants observed this new generation of Catholic clergy court the recently established Vargas regime. Worried that their meager gains could be under attack, protestants used their official denominational periodicals to encourage, direct, and organize Protestant political efforts during this period. Anchored around the Constitutional Assembly of 1934 and World War II, protestants saw unique political opportunities to defend the ground they had gained and try to prevent a rollback of the 1 religious freedom they had benefited from up to that point. An examination of the official denominational periodicals of Brazil’s Methodists and Presbyterians— the Methodist Expositor Cristão and Presbyterian Puritano and Norte Evangelico—reveal a unique set of political “battle-grounds” to which they devoted significant space to promote this political engagement: religious freedom, the Constitution of 1934, public education policy, the proclamation of the Estado Novo, Brazilian Integralism, European fascism and communism, and World War II. These Protestant periodicals demonstrate not only that they were politically attentive and conscious, but that they had identified what they saw as the “key issues” through which religious freedom might be protected during the Vargas Era. These key issues often put them in direct opposition to the Catholic Church, whose close relationship with the Vargas regime was necessary for their own goals of cultural and political dominance. It is indeed this relationship between the Catholic Church and the Vargas regime that has received wide attention from the religious and historical scholarship on the period, and rightly so; as Scott Mainwaring has noted, the Brazilian Catholic Church has maintained an impressive amount of institutional cohesion and organization, giving them the power to influence and participate in wider social movements—from a radical turn towards regressive conservatism in the interwar years to becoming one of the most progressive churches in the 2 world in the 1970s.1 More specifically, the literature gravitates towards examining the relationship between ambitious and charismatic Catholic clergy, in particular Dom Sebastião Leme, as well as the political organizing role of the Catholic Electoral league and the intellectual output of the Centro Dom Vital.2 These arguments highlight Dom Leme’s unique character as an enterprising leader, one whose ultimate goal was to forward “Catholic influence over the education system, Catholic morality, anti-Communism, and anti-Protestantism”.3 Ultimately, it was hoped, these actions could prevent the Catholic Church’s decay that had plagued it since the foundation of the First Republic in 1889.4 These scholars, by focusing on the Catholic-Vargas relationship, have tended to provide only a cursory mention—if they’re mentioned at all—to the political role that Protestants played during the same period. On a broad scale, such an oversight seems warranted; Protestants numbered, at best, 700,000 by 1 Scott Mainwaring, The Catholic Church and Politics in Brazil, 1916-1985. Stanford University Press, Stanford: California, 1986, xii; Cowan, Benjamin A. "Only for the Cause of the Pátria: The Frustrations of Interwar Moralism." In Securing Sex: Morality and Repression in the Making of Cold War Brazil, 21-49. University of North Carolina Press, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469627519_cowan.6. 2 The following list is non-comprehensive, but serves to demonstrate the centrality of Leme and his associates to the history of the period: Leonard Martin in Church and Politics in Latin America. Keogh, Dermot ed. Macmillan Press, 1990, 300; Margaret Todaro Williams. "Church and State in Vargas's Brazil: The Politics of Cooperation." Journal of Church and State 18, no. 3 (1976): 443-62. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23915133;
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