A Study of Scrooge's Behavior Change As Seen in Charles Dicken's A

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A STUDY OF SCROOGE’S BEHAVIOR CHANGE AS SEEN IN CHARLES DICKEN’S A CHRISTMAS CAROL

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial fulfillment of the Requirements to obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

By:

Ursula Peggy Susanti

Student Number: 141214077

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

A STUDY OF SCROOGE’S BEHAVIOR CHANGE AS SEEN IN CHARLES DICKEN’S A CHRISTMAS CAROL

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial fulfillment of the Requirements to obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

By:

Ursula Peggy Susanti

Student Number: 141214077

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018

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DEDICATION PAGE

And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good,

for those who are called according to his purpose

-Romans 8:28-

This thesis is dedicated to:

Jesus Christ

Bapak Thomas Suwarto

Ibu Caesilia Tri Usdihartati

Dominicus Harry Kurnianto

Mikael Herry Kristianto

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ABSTRACT

Susanti, Ursula Peggy. (2018). A Study of Scrooge’s Behavior Change as Seen in Charles Dicken’s A Christmas Carol. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This study analyzes Ebenezer Scrooge, the main character in A Christmas Carol. He is a businessman who meets four ghosts in his life-changing moment. Scrooge meets the four ghosts because he is doing some bad things to his friends and families. Every ghost presents different memories of Scrooge’s life in a Christmas eve. Scrooge who hates Christmas finally finds a miracle through Christmas itself. He changes his behavior into a good person. There are two formulated problems in this study. The first problem is about the Ebenezer Scrooge characteristics before and after Scrooge doing a behavior change. The second problem concerns the causes of Scrooge’s behavior change as seen in A Christmas Carol. The researcher used the psychological approach and library research as the method of these study. There were two sources used in this study: a primary source and secondary sources. The primary source was the novel entitled A Christmas Carol by Charles Dicken. The secondary sources were theory of character and characterization, theory of developmental psychology, theory of motivation, and theory of needs. There are two findings in this study. The first reveals Scrooge’s characteristics before he does behavior change. He is mean, stingy, and strict. Based on the theory of character, Scrooge is a dynamic character. After he meets the Marley ghost and the other three ghosts, Scrooge changes his behavior into a good person. He becomes grateful, generous, brave, and sociable. The second one uncovers the reasons for Scrooge’s behavior change. Scrooge as a bad person changes his behaviors into a better person. However, according to Maslow’s theory, Ebenezer Scrooge changes his behavior because he remembers his greed, bitter experience, sharing his wealth, and avoiding punishment.

Keywords: A Christmas Carol, Behavior Change, Ghosts, Novel, Scrooge

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ABSTRAK

Susanti, Ursula Peggy. (2018). A Study of Scrooge’s Behavior Change as Seen in Charles Dicken’s A Christmas Carol. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini membahas tentang Ebenezer Scrooge, seorang pengusaha yang bertemu dengan empat hantu dalam momen perubahan hidupnya. Scrooge bertemu dengan keempat hantu tersebut karena dia melakukan hal-hal yang buruk kepada teman dan keluarganya. Setiap hantu membawa kenangan yang berbeda dari kehidupan Scrooge pada saat malam natal. Scrooge yang membenci hari natal menemukan keajaiban dalam hari natal. Ada dua masalah yang dirumuskan dari skripsi ini. Rumusan masalah yang pertama yaitu tentang Ebenezer Scrooge sebagai karakter utama di dalam novel A Christmas Carol. Hal ini mengenai perubahan karakteristik sebelum dan setelah Scrooge melakukan perubahan sikap. Rumusan masalah yang kedua yaitu penyebab Scrooge melakukan perubahan sikap seperti terlihat dalam novel A Christmas Carol. Peneliti menggunakkan pendekatan psikologi dan studi pustaka sebagai metode untuk skripsi ini. Ada dua sumber yang digunakan dalam skripisi ini, yaitu sumber pertama dan sumber kedua. Sumber pertama yaitu novel yang berjudul A Christmas Carol yang ditulis oleh Charles Dicken. Sumber yang kedua yaitu teori tentang karakter dan karakterisasi, teori tentang perkembangan psikologi, teori tentang motivasi, dan teori tentang kebutuhan dasar manusia. Ada dua hasil yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil pertama yaitu tentang karateristik Scrooge sebelum dia melakukan perubahan sikap. Scrooge bersikap kasar, pelit, dan mematuhi aturan yang dia buat sendiri. Berdasarkan teori karakter, Scrooge adalah pribadi yang dinamis. Dari teori tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Scrooge merubah sikapnya untuk menjadi orang yang baik. Scrooge menjadi orang yang selalu bersyukur, baik hati, berani mengakui kesalahan, dan dapat bersosialsisasi. Hal ini terjadi setelah Scrooge bertemu Scrooge bertemu dengan Hantu Marley dan tiga roh. Hasil yang kedua menemukan alasan dari perubahan sikap Scrooge. Scrooge adalah orang yang bersikap buruk dan dia berusaha berubah untuk menjadi seseorang yang baik. Bagaimanapun, menurut teori dari Malsow, Ebenezer Scrooge menggubah sikapnya karena dia bertemu dengan hantu Marley dan tiga roh. Tiga roh tesebut membawa kenangan dari waktu yang berbeda; seperti hantu dari masa lampau, hatu dari masa sekarang, dan hantu dari masa depan.

Kata kunci: A Christmas Carol, Behavior Change, Ghosts, Novel, Scrooge

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Jesus Christ and

Mother Mary because they give me a lot of blessings to finish my thesis. They always support me with love, strength, and guidance in my life. They also show their presence within people around me who help me through my bad times.

Next, I will never forget these great people who become my biggest motivation to finish my thesis: Caecilia Tri Usdi Hartati who has encouraged me to do everything that I believe, my father, Thomas Suwarto who always gives his best and supports me, Dominikus Harry Kurnianto and Mikael Herry

Kristianto always make my day and fill my day with their hapiness. They always mock and play, so I never get stressed over my thesis, Rm. Floretinus Hartanta,

Pr who allows me to join an amazing journey and find a miracle. He helps me to find my inner peace and believe that God give the perfect moment in the right time and, Tambunan’s Family who always give an encouragement to me. I am really grateful to have them all.

Then, I would say my best regards to my advisor, Drs. L. Bambang

Hendarto Y. M.Hum, for his time and his criticism. He guides me and helps me to finish my thesis in the right time. Also, I want to say my best regards to All of

PBI Lecturers who have taught me and given an inspiration to me.

I would like to thank my SPD group, Phoenix (Trivia, Ayu, Mei, Ria,

Niki, Teddy, and Wendy), for being my best friends, for teaching me how to be a good leader and support me in my bad day. They are also my best friend who always says mean things to me for built up my confidence. Also, I would like to ix

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thank my friend in thesis class (Ranti, Feby, Al, Mas Ian, Tyas, Rio, Litha, etc) for supporting me to complete my task. Then, I want to thank Linda, Dara,

Mace Maria, Ani who always have been there for me to give me so much motivation to fix my bad habit. Then, I want to thank my Friends in C6 class, for the time that we have spent together. It was very memorable. Lastly, I want to thank, my friends from PPA FX Klepu( Warih, Dhimas, Theo, Aji, Indra,

Angga, Mbak Mon) because they believe that can finish my thesis through God’s will. They always say that nothing is impossible.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE...... i APPROVAL PAGES ...... ii DEDICATION PAGE...... iv STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ...... v PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...... vi ABSTRACT ...... vii ABSTRAK ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xi LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xiii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Research Background ...... 1 B. Research Questions ...... 3 C. Research Significance ...... 3 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 5 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 5 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 6 1. Theory of Character and Characterization ...... 7 2. Theory of Psychological Approach ...... 10 3. Theory of Developmental Psychology...... 11 4. Theory of Motivation ...... 12 5. Theory of Needs ...... 12 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 15 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ...... 15 A. Object of the Study ...... 16 B. Approach of the Study ...... 17 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS ...... 19 A. The Description of Scrooge as the Main Character ...... 19 1. Scrooge’s Characteristic before Meeting Marley Ghost and The Three Spirits ...... 20

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2. Scrooge’s Characteristics After Meeting Marley Ghost and The Three Spirits ...... 24 B. The Causes of Scrooge’s Behavior Change...... 32 1. Greediness ...... 32 2. Bitter Experience ...... 34 3. Christmas Eve ...... 36 4. Avoiding Punishment...... 39 C. Scrooge’s Behavior Change ...... 41 1. Scrooge’s Bad Characteristics ...... 42 2. Scrooge Good Characteristics and The Causes ...... 44 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATION AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 48 A. Conclusions ...... 48 B. Implications ...... 50 C. Suggestions ...... 51 References ...... 53 APPENDICES ...... 55

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendices Page

Appendix A Summary of a Christmas Carol ……………………………….56

Appendix B Biography of Charles Dicken………………………………….59

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of the study. It consists of four sections. The first section is research background. This section discusses the background information related to the issues or concerns. The second section presents the questions. This section formulates the questions of this study. The third section is research significance. This section identifies the purposes and the advantages of the study for future teachers or future researchers. The last section is definition of terms. This section defines keywords or phrases used in the study to avoid misinterpretation.

A. Research Background

The effects of behavior change have been studied extensively in recent years, especially in a literature field. Theories and models of human behavior come from all disciplines and social sciences. In many ways, disciplinary boundaries come from types and contexts of human behavior that scholars are interested such as how behavior is defined, and methods that we are going to study about the behavior change (Morris, 2012). Behavior is the way somebody behaves, especially towards other people. However, behavior can be good or bad.

For example, someone mocks a child in public and the child is crying. Knowing that someone apologizes for what he has done. This example is a proof of behavior change.

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The reason why someone changes his behavior is an interesting topic to be discussed. As human beings of a certain environmental condition, we need to change our behavior. Past, present and future are some factors which are related to a behavior change (Heimlich & Ardoin, 2012). When a person who had good behaviors in the past becomes a bad person in present, it means that he has experienced a behavior change and he must have reasons for the change.

According to Morris (2012), behavior change could be a good idea to heal what is wrong inside someone’s mind. In real life, we have seen a lot of examples of how people behave, like people greet other people with a smile. A greeting can transform other people’s way of behaving. Portraying how the main character changes his behavior, A Christmas Carol is one of the famous literary works which tells about it through a time travelling. Albert Scrooge as the main character experiences a journey from past, present, and future guided by three spirits; Past, Present, and Future.

A Christmas Carol is such a good literary work. It is worthwhile seeing how the main character changes his way to see his life. Charles Dickens, the author, tries to bring the joy of Christmas and he shows the miracle of the

Christmas Eve. In the moment of Christmas, people ask for forgiveness and try to change their behavior. The researcher thinks that the behavior change has a relation with person’s experience. It is interesting to study someone’s behavior because observing other people is a life-changing experience that makes the researcher curious. Therefore, the researcher is interested in analyzing the connection between behavior change and life experiences.

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B. Research Questions

There are two research problems in this study in order to specify the main goal of the study. The problems are formulated as the following:

1. How are Scrooge’s characteristics described?

2. What are the causes of Scrooge’s behavior change as described in the novel?

C. Research Significance

This study aims to answer the questions in the research questions. The first one is to recognize the characteristics of Scrooge. Then, the second question discusses the causes of Scrooge’s behavior change.

Through this study, the researcher intends to broaden people’s understanding about someone’s behavior, especially people who say a mean thing to other people. This study will also be beneficial for English Education students who want to be teachers. As future teachers, they need to understand behavior change. They can observe their students’ behavior, and realizing the changes of their behavior. In that case, knowing the behavior change is expected to broaden their knowledge about human behavior.

D. Definition of Terms

In this study, there are two terms that need explaining in order to clarify the concepts and avoid misinterpretation. They are:

1. Character

A character is an individual in a work of fiction or creative nonfiction.

Meanwhile, the characterization is the act or method of creating a character in

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4 writing (Nordquist, 2017). Then, the characterization can be shown by the conversations or the comment of the character itself.

2. Behavior

According to Sundel (2005), behavior is defined as any observable or individual activity. Behavior can be verbal or nonverbal and overt or covert

(p.11). Furthermore, behavior change is the action of the individual activity and social surroundings in relation with how they react to other person in a different way of thinking. Behavior change can happen to every individual who develops their characteristic to be a better or a bad person.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is review of related studies which describes a review of other related studies. The second part is review of related theories. This part presents the relevant theories used in this study. The third part is theoretical framework. This part explains the contribution of the theories and reviews in answering the research questions.

A. Review of Related Studies

A Christmas Carol is an inspirational and interesting novel to discuss.

There are two students of Sanata Dharma University who used A Christmas Carol as the object of their studies. The first researcher is Susana Sunarsi who graduated in 2002 from English Language Education Study Program. In 2002, she wrote an undergraduate thesis entitled The Cold- and Close- Hearted Character of

Ebenezer Scrooge as The Main Character in the Novel. She focused on studying

Scrooge’s cold-hearted characteristic and the reason behind it. Then, she analyzed the influence of The Three Spirits and Marley Ghost on his characteristic.

The second researcher is Yendra Yohanes Sjarifudin who graduated in

2003 from English Letters Study Program. In 2003, he conducted an undergraduate thesis entitled Study Discussing The Significance of The

Supernatural Beings’ Character Toward The Plot as Seen in A Christmas Carol.

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In his thesis, he concluded that the supernatural beings as the main characters affected the plot of the novel. A Christmas Carol was published in

1920 and it has become one of Dicken’s most popular novels. However, Avil, a founder of Invisible mentor, analyzed the value of the novel. First, she said that

Charles Dickens used the book as a social criticism about what happened in the world. Second, when reading a Christmas Carol, she remembered the meaning of a family. Last, the most important value from the novel was that everyone could make a mistake. This novel made her learn about how to forgive other people, especially in Christmas (Avil, 2016).

Kat Winter, a successful engineer, wrote her impression about the content of the novel. She said that this book was recommended for children at the age of eight until twelve years old. She also rated this novel 8.5 out of 10 for people who like to read classics (Kat, 2013).

Lastly, James Marriott, a film critic, analyzed the theme of the novel.

James said that some Dickens’ book was not just a novel, but it was ritual. He said that this novel appealed people who hated Dickens’ stuff because it is different from his other novel. Dickens always wrote a novel having a deeper meaning and philosophy. However, this novel was different because the theme was related with the readers in all-age. In the end, James said that the novel was memorable because it was good (Marriot, 2017).

B. Review of Related Theories

In conducting this study, the researcher needs some theories to analyze and answer the problems of the study. The theories are presented in the form of a brief

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7 explanation. The theories used are theory of character and characterization, theory of psychological approach, theory of developmental psychology, theory of motivation, and theory of needs. The purpose of using those theories is to analyze

Scrooge behavior toward other people. Furthermore, those theories are expected to answer the influence of the ghost in Scrooge’s behavior change.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

Character is an important part of a novel. Based on Robert’s and Jacob’s theory (1989), there are two types of character in the story; they are round and flat characters. A round character mostly appears in many parts. This type of character always develops, changes, and grows. A flat character mostly does not change, grow, or develop. This type is not as important as the centers of reader’s attention

(pp 120-121). Whereas, characterization is a method to analyze the persons in a narrative. According to Abrams (1985), there are two types in characterizing the character; they are showing and telling (p.21). Showing or the dramatic method allows the reader to infer the motives and dispositions that lie behind what the characters say or do. Using this method, the author presents the character talking and acting. In Telling, the author describes his point of view and often evaluates the motives and dispositional qualities of the character. This method forces the reader to follow the author’s thought. Talking about Characterization, Murphy

(1972) says that there are nine ways to understand the characters; merely personal description, characters as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comments, thoughts, and mannerism (pp. 161-173) as explained below:

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a) Personal Description

In personal description, the author represents a character by his appearance or clothing (pp. 161-162). The author can also describe character’s appearance in details to help the readers understand the character clearly. The examples are he wears black pants, his hair is curly, or his height is 168 cm. b) Characters as seen by another

In a literary work, the author can represent a character through other characters’ opinion in a story (pp. 162-164). Giving a positive or negative comments can help the readers to understand the character well. The opinion of other characters can influence how the reader sees the character differently. c) Speech

Another way that can be used by the author to represent a character is by giving a clue through the way of the character speaks (pp. 164-166). The readers can understand the character by knowing the language or words that are used by the character. For example, he said a swear words to the spirit. It could indicate that he was angry or annoyed by the spirit. d) Past Life

The author can use the past life of a character to represent the characteristic of a character (pp. 166-167). The author can also see a character from his past life in a form of direct comments from other characters, characters’ experiences, character’s conversation or actions that have been done with others. For example,

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9 he was bullied by his friend in the past, then he becomes a mean person who always said a harsh word to other person. e) Conversation of others

The author can give a description of a character through a conversation with other characters (pp.167-168). By analyzing conversation with other characters help the readers to know about the real characteristic of the character.

The conversation can lead the readers to know the truth. f) Reaction

The author can also adopt the way of a character’s response to the situations in a story (pp. 168-170). For example, the character gets a big trouble, the way he reacts to the problem reflect his characteristic. The character can be giving up or going on from his problem. g) Direct Comments

The author gives direct comments to represent a characteristic of a character (pp. 170-171). The purpose of using direct comments is to help the readers knowing what the author wants in describing the character. The direct comments can also show the characters’ true identity. h) Thoughts

The author can prove a direct knowledge of a character’s thought and feeling that represent about the characteristic of the character (pp. 171-172). The readers can see the characteristic of the character from his thought. For example, the character thought that he will die, it shows that the character has a big problem in his life.

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i) Mannerism

Expressing manners or habits of a character can be a way for the author in describing a characteristic of the character (p.173). The author can show the character good or bad personality from the character’s manner explicitly or implicitly. Showing the character manners explicitly means that the author describes the character from his physical or thoughts. In other hand, the manner implicitly can be shown by the symbol or the deeper meaning of the conversation.

2. Theory of Psychological Approach

This part discusses theory of psychological approach and the reasons why the approach has to be applied. The psychological approach is an approach which involves effort to know and demonstrate certain human patterns. Rohrberger &

Woods (1971) believe in the existence of a set of symbols which are shared by all people (p.p. 13-15). In a simple word, human behavior and thought can be analyzed with these approach. In a literature itself, we cannot analyze human behavior just in a case study. However, the reader and the critic need to understand the whole story of these literary work. Then, the pattern of this approach different from the other approaches because it deals with human motivations as portrayed in the literary pieces. Thus, this theory would be applicable when human behaviors are analyzed.

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3. Theory of Developmental Psychology The Theory of Developmental Psychology is used to analyze how Scrooge develops his behavior as seen in A Christmas Carol. This theory talks about how a child grows into such a mean person or a good person in the future.

According to Hurlock (1972), in a simple way, development and growth are different. Growth is such a quantitative change which increases in the size and structure. However, development refers to the qualitative changes. Development can be defined as a progressive series of orderly, coherent changes. These terms

“orderly” and “coherent” suggest that there is a definite relationship between a given stage and the stage which follows it. Neugarten (1996) describes how people change their behavior since childhood.

People change, whether for good or for bad, as a result of the accumulation of experience. Adults are not only much more complex than children, but they are more different one from another, and increasingly different as they move from youth to extreme old age (p.96).

According to Hurlock (1974), Changes in behavior are not always better, but it could be worse. The example of the better adjustment at any age are such as improving self-concept and the person exhibits a greater poise, self-confidence, and self-assurance. In contrast, the worse could come up from failure self- expectations concept and to feelings of inadequacy and inferiority which are expressed in antagonism, defensive reaction, depression, and other behaviors which lead to even poorer personal and social adjustment (p.p.120-121).

In normal people, the personality changes for the worse occur at puberty and middle age. The reason of this changes because they are realizing that they are

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12 lacking of something. It could be better or worse. It is difficult to accept the changes for some people. If in a late adolescence or young adulthood, the changes turn out to be a progressively more unfavorable self-concept, persisting and severe depression, or threats of suicide. It could indicate the danger signal. Unless, remedial steps are taken quickly, the person will be headed for serious trouble.

4. Theory of Motivation Motivation itself means that we have a desire to do an action because we do it by some reasons. Huffman, Vernoy, & Vernoy (2000) say that motivation refers to factors within an individual; such as needs, desire, and interest will activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal. (p. 392). Furthermore, they explain that there are two form of motivation. They are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is the desire to perform an act for its own sake. However, the extrinsic motivation is the desire to perform an act because of the external rewards or avoidance of punishment.

5. Theory of Needs The theory hierarchy of needs was proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943, but had been modified into a new one in 1971 by Maslow itself. It is important for this study because the researcher wants to know about the character’s needs to accomplish his goal and to do the behavior change. As proposed by Maslow

(1971), Maslow theory is based on the belief that we all have numerous needs that compete for expression. There are eight levels of hierarchy needs. There are physiological needs, safety needs, belonging needs, esteem needs, cognitive

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13 needs, aesthetic needs, self-actualization needs, and transcendence needs (p.p.

368-374).

Figure 3.1 The First Hierarchical Pyramid Theory of Needs

(https://savetheworld1001.wordpress.com) a) Physiological Needs

The basic needs are the physiological needs. The first needs deal with hunger, thirst, and maintenance of the body. These needs are the most important needs in human life, such as food, water, and oxygen (p.368). b) Safety Needs

The second-level of the hierarchy needs is safety needs. These needs related with feeling, secure and safe. Sometimes, people also seek pleasure and avoid pain (p.370). c) Belonging and Love Needs

The third-level of needs is the belonging and love needs. These needs deal with affiliating with the others, being accepted, and receiving attention. If the

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14 character cannot achieve his needs, he will feel the loneliness, grieve, and the feeling of useless (p.371).

d) Esteem Needs

After we achieve the third level of needs, we can achieve the esteem needs. Achieving, gaining approval, and excelling are the explanation of esteem needs. There are two categories of esteem needs; self-respect and self-esteem. Self

–respects contains human’s prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status, reputation, ad respect from other people. Meanwhile, self-esteem contain human’s desire for confidence, achievement, adequacy, independent and freedom (p.370). e) Cognitive Needs

The fifth-level of needs is cognitive needs. These needs deal with the study of mind and how human think. It refers to the search of meaning, to memorize, to understand and recognize something, to reason, and to build a system of values

(p.372). f) Aesthetic Needs

The next needs are aesthetic needs. These needs deal with the desire of human beauty and to feel sick of ugliness. Aesthetic needs make human always feel happy when the human see something beautiful of the nature and the beauty of other humans. (p.372). g) Self-Actualization Needs

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One of the needs is self-actualization needs. These needs deal with self- fulfillment and realizing one’s potential. If human cannot achieve these needs, they will feel pathetic, boredom, and hopeless (p.370). h) Transcendence Needs

The last needs are transcendence needs. This needs deals with a spiritual.

According to Maslow, if human achieves this needs, an individual will develop his wisdom and leads him to feeling which take him to another level (p.373).

C. Theoretical Framework

There are five theories that are used in this research to answer the formulated problems. They are theory of character and characterization, theory of psychological approach, theory of developmental psychology, the theory of motivation, and the theory of needs. The theory of character and characterization by Murphy (1972) is used to analyze Ebenezer Scrooge’s characteristic, as the main character of the story. The theory of developmental psychology by Hurlock

(1972&1974) is used to analyze the development of Scrooge’s behavior change from a psychological side. It is also supported by theory of motivation and the theory of needs. The theory of motivation by Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy

(2000) is used to analyze Scrooge motivation and the influence of Marley ghost and the three spirits. Also, the theory of needs by Maslow (1971) is used to analyze Scrooge self-fulfillment to be a better person.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of two sections. They are object of the study and approach of the study. The object of the study presents the physical description and the special record of the novel chosen by the researcher. The approach of the study discusses the approach that the researcher uses in analyzing the problem formulated.

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is a novel entitled A Christmas Carol. It was written in 1843 by Charles Dickens, the greatest novelist of the Victorian era who also wrote the Oliver Twist and The Bleak House. There are eleven editions of A

Christmas Carol. The first edition was published in December 1843 by Chapman and Hall as a hardcover novel. The second and third editions were published before the new year of 1844. The eight edition was published in the end of 1849 by Chapman and Hall. The researcher uses the last edition of A Christmas Carol published in 1920. The cover is a railway with a scenery of the building. It was also the most popular book in the United States and it was translated into several languages. This novel consists of 166 pages in 5 chapters. This novel was adapted into a movie with the same title. The movie was released in 6 November 2009 by

Robert Zemeckis. It was produced by Walt Disney Pictures Image Movers

Digital.

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This novel tells about Albert Ebenezer Scrooge, an excellent businessman who just losses his dear friend, Marley. Marley has just passed away and Scrooge does not feel sad at all. He is just angry at the situation. Scrooge is well-known as a cold-hearted person and he does not like Christmas at all. He only works without giving his clerk a holiday to enjoy the wonderful Christmas. Meeting

Scrooge’s family and giving a donation to poor people for him mean wasting his time and money.

One day before Christmas, he comes home and he feels goosebumps at the moment. Then, he sees scary-looking Marley with the chain in his feet. Marley’s ghost warns Scrooge to change his behavior. Scrooge needs to pay the consequences because what he does with Marley and his surroundings. Marley says that Scrooge will meet three spirits of the past, present, and future.

The three spirits come at different times and start from twelve o’clock at midnight. The spirits represent Scrooge past, present, and future time. They would review Scrooge’s behaviors. Then, Scrooge starts his nerve-wracking journey with the three spirits. He starts to realize that life is so miserable and he wants to change his behavior. As the time goes by, he wakes up in excitement because he realizes that he is still alive. In his excitement, he realizes that the miracle of

Christmas is real.

B. Approach of the Study

The focus of this study is a behavior change of Albert Ebenezer Scrooge who is the main character of the novel, the researcher uses a psychological approach in this study. This psychological approach is applied to help the

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18 researcher analyze Scrooge’s behavior change and the influence of Marley ghost and the three spirits. The Psychological approach is used to explain human personality, motivation and behavior (Rohrberger & Woods, 2010, pp. 13-15). By using the psychological approach, the researcher can see Scrooge’s behavior change increases his personal relationship so it helps the researcher answer the two formulated research questions which are about behavior change and the causing factors.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

There are three sections in this chapter, namely the description of

Scrooge’s as the main character, the causes of Scrooge’s behavior change, and

Scrooge’s behavior change. The first section finds out the description on scrooge characteristic. The second section aims to find out the causes of Scrooge’s characteristic development. The third section tells about the reason of Scrooge’s behavior change and the its results.

A. The Description of Scrooge as the Main Character

In a literature world, a character is a center of attention. A character can make the readers enjoy reading the story. According to Abrams & Harpman

(1985), a character is a person represented in a dramatic or narrative work and it is interpreted by the readers in the dialogues and the action (p.38). There are two types of characters namely main character and minor character.

Based on Robert’s and Jacob’s theory as cited from Abram & Harpman in a glossary of literary terms, there are two types of a character in a story; round character and flat character. A round character always changes and develops. The second type is a flat character who mostly does not change, grow, or develop

Scrooge is a round character because he changes at the end of the novel. (pp. 120-

121).

Scrooge is the main character in this novel because he is the center and the story is related to him from the beginning until the end. Scrooge is a dynamic 19

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20 character because he always appears in every chapter. Scrooge’s behavior is dynamic and mostly changes.

By applying the theory of character and characterization, the researcher is able to find out the answer of the first question that deals with Scrooge’ characteristic as described in the novel. Therefore, the following points below show the characteristics of Scrooge that appear in the story.

1. Scrooge’s Characteristic before Meeting Marley Ghost and The Three Spirits a. Mean

Albert Scrooge hates everything related to Christmas. The first obvious thing that he extremely hates is a family reunion. He hates spending time without making money. On the day before Christmas, his nephew comes to his office and he gives his greeting to his uncle. Moreover, Scrooge just says a bad thing to him.

‘A merry Christmas, uncle! God save you!’ cried a cheerful voice. It was the voice of Scrooge’s nephew, who came upon him so quickly that this was the first intimation he had of his approach. ‘Bah!’ said Scrooge, ‘Humbug!’ (p.6).

Christmas is the celebration of Jesus coming to the world. From the statement above, his nephew wants to greet him a wonderful Christmas. The family reunion is something that the family expects for this event. However,

Scrooge seems not interested in celebrate it. He does want to celebrate it because he just hates it so much.

He feels that celebrating Christmas is a waste of time. Scrooge is a kind of a busy worker and he just wants to collect money as much as he can. In his mind, he thinks that his nephew comes to see him asking about money. He does not

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21 think that Christmas is a holiday. In his opinion, his life is already blue and nothing can cure his feeling.

‘Merry Christmas! What right have you to be merry? What reason have you to be merry? You’re poor enough.’ ‘when I live in such a world of fools as this? Merry Christmas! Out upon merry Christmas! What’s Christmas time to you but a time for paying bills without money; a time for finding yourself a year older, but not an hour richer; a time for balancing your books and having every item through a round dozens of months presented dead against you? If I could work my will,’ said Scrooge indignantly, ‘every idiot who goes about with ‘Merry Christmas’ on his lips, should be boiled with his own pudding, and buried with a stake of holly through his heart. He should!’. ‘Uncle!’ pleaded the nephew. ‘Nephew!’ returned the uncle sternly, ‘keep Christmas in your own way, and let me keep it in mine (p.p. 7-8).

From the quotation above, it can be seen that Scrooge’s statement of

Christmas makes his nephew speechless. It makes him feel surprised about his uncle perspective. Murphy says that analyzing a character can be done by analyzing the way of the character thinks (1972, pp. 171-172). In the statement above, it is clearly said that Scrooge is angry with his nephew because he greets the Merry Christmas. For scrooge, a family reunion can be his loss and his nephew’s gain. It is not good for his company affair. He also does not want to be involved in his nephew’s affair. He also says that his nephew is poor enough for him. Scrooge also refuses the family’s invitation to dine with his nephew and it turns out that his nephew is angry because of his saying.

The conversation above shows that Scrooge refuses to come to the dinner.

On the other hand, his nephew says that he just wants his uncle to come. It means that Scrooge hates the idea of Christmas, even though his nephew makes his effort to come from his house which is far away. Based on the analysis of his speech,

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22 thoughts, and the conversation between Scrooge and his nephew, it can be concluded that Scrooge hates family reunion, especially in Christmas night. b. Stingy

Scrooge typically does not give away money for free, even though for charity. Scrooge, as the main character of the novel keeps his money for himself after Marley (his business partner for several years) is dead. He is a type of a person who does not easily spend his money. He prefers to keep his money for his own benefit.

In the novel, there are several fat men come in Scrooge’s office. They want him to give a donation for their orphanage. At first, they ask nicely to

Scrooge. They assume that the person in charge is Marley and Scrooge. Then,

Scrooge says in a smooth toe that he is just alone. The two men give him a paper to sign.

‘Are there no prisons?’ asked Scrooge. ‘Plenty of prisons.’ Said gentleman, laying down the pen again. ‘And the Union workhouse?’ demanded Scrooge. ‘Are they still in operation?’ ‘They are. Still.’ Returned the gentleman, ‘I wish I could say they were not.’ ‘The Treadmill and the Poor Law are in full vigour, then?’ said Scrooge. ‘Both very busy, sir.’ ‘Oh! I was afraid, from what you said at first, that something had occurred to stop them in their useful course,’ said Scrooge. ‘I’m very glad to hear it.’ (p.p. 12-13)

From the statement above, it can be seen that Scrooge is very careful when he wants to give the donation. He asks a lot of question to consider it. He believes if the Official Government cannot do anything about several young gentlemen. He also does not want to be responsible with it. The two gentlemen are still trying to convince him. It is seen by how they still write down their name although they are rejected.

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‘You wish to be anonymous? ’I wish to be left alone, ‘said Scrooge. ‘Since you ask me what I wish, gentleman, that is my answer. I don’t make merry myself at Christmas and I can’t afford to make idle people merry. I help to support the establishment I have mentioned – they cost enough; and those who are badly must go off must go there. ’Many can’t go there; and many would rather die. ’If they would rather die.’ Said Scrooge, ‘they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. Besides – excuse me- I don’t know that.’ (p.p. 13-14).

The statement above clearly shows that Scrooge has a strong stingy personality and he does not care about other people. The money they have asked will be used for poor people. Moreover, Scrooge cannot stand them. He just gives the money for the government and pays his obligation. In his opinion, whether the money is given to them or not is not his business anymore. His mean answer about the population also amazes the two gentlemen. His careless for others is proven below. He just sends them away. It is sad to know the reaction of Scrooge for that two gentlemen.

‘It’s not my business,’ Scrooge returned. ‘It’s enough for a man to understand his own business, and not to interfere with other people’s. Mine occupies me constantly. Good afternoon, gentleman!’ Seeing clearly that is would be useless to pursue their point, the gentlemen withdrew. (p.14).

Scrooge’s reaction to the gentlemen describes that he keeps his money for himself. In the end, the gentlemen just left because they know there is no point.

They just realize that they do not get the money for the charity. Scrooge is very angry at them because he thinks that they just spend his time in arguing about the money. Based on his mannerism, comment of others, and his reaction, Scrooge is described as a stingy person. c. Strict

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In the novel, it is shown that Scrooge is very strict with his own role. No one can change his opinion about something that he believes it. This characteristic can be seen from his conversation with his clerk. His clerk asks him to come home sooner because that day is Christmas. Then, Scrooge accuses him that he just wants to come home and sleep instead. Scrooge does not believe that his clerk will do the Christmas tradition. The excuse to come home earlier for Christmas is just a reason to wake up late and does not do anything at home. It is what Scrooge says to his clerk.

‘A poor excuse for picking a man’s pocket every twenty-fifth of December!’ said Scrooge, buttoning his great-coat to the chin. ‘But I suppose you must have the whole day. Be here all the earlier next morning.’ (p.17). The statement above shows that Scrooge does everything on his will. He also recalls about the money that he will spend if he gives a holiday for his clerk.

It also clearly shows that Scrooge is strict with his own rule.

Based on the analysis above, Ebenezer Scrooge only has negative characteristics before he meets Marley ghost and the three spirits. The negative characteristics of Scrooge’s are mean, stingy, and strict. Those characteristics describe Scrooge behavior which change. In the novel, it can be seen that the description of the negative characteristics comes first.

2. Scrooge’s Characteristics After Meeting Marley Ghost and The Three Spirits a. Grateful

Grateful is the expression when we realize that we get what we need.

People feel grateful towards God and other people around them who have made

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25 them feel that. It is the first expression of Scrooge when he knows the journey is over. He can smile and he says unexpected things. He feels relieved and he expresses his gratitude with his saying to the Marley Ghost and The Three Spirits.

‘I will live in the Past, the Present, and the Future.’ Scrooge repeated, as he scrambled out of bed. ‘The spirits of all Three shall strieve within me. Oh Jacob Marley. Heaven, and the Christmas Time be praised for this. I say it on my knees, old Jacob, on my knees.’ He was so flustered and so glowing with his good intentions, that his broken voice would scarcely answer to his call. He had been sobbing violently in his conflict with the spirit, and his face was wet with tears (p.152).

He promises to himself that he would do everything that he can to change himself. He is crying while remembering about the good and bad experiences which happen to him in one night. In the paragraph above, Scrooge makes a promise as his motivation to be a better person. He wants to renew his behavior.

He wants to be a person who can share his belonging as the gratitude. Huffman

(2000) says that motivation has two forms. The form is the intrinsic motivation and the extrinsic motivation. Scrooge is doing the extrinsic motivation. It happens because he wants to avoid the punishment. He sees the events when he is being a’ wicked’ man in a real life. He knows that a bad attitude is keeping a distance with other people, especially his family. He tries his best to prove his seriousness with other people.

The promise keeps with us forever. It is his motto as he renews his self- concept. It is a good start. Scrooge also tries to get close with his housemaids in his house. He acts like a child. He runs here and there to show his gratitude. He is feeling happy because he is alive and enjoys the Christmas eve.

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‘I don’t know what to do.’ Cried Scrooge, laughing and crying in the same breath; and making a perfect Laocoonof himself with his stockings. ‘I am as light as a feather, I am as happy as an angel, I am as a merry as a schoolboy. I am as giddy as a drunken man. A merry Christmas to everybody. A happy New Year to all the world. Hallo here. Whoop. Hallo.’ He had frisked into the sitting-room, and was now standing there: perfectly winded. ‘There’s the saucepan that the gruel was in,’ cried Scrooge, starting off again, and going round the fireplace. ‘There’s the door, by which the Ghost of Jacob Marley entered. There’s the corner where the Ghost of Christmas Present, sat. There’s the window where I saw the wandering Spirits. It’s all right, it’s all true, it all happened. Ha ha ha(p.p. 153-154).’

Scrooge cannot describe what he feels inside his heart. He feels that the burden or his fear is carried away. It is a good situation for himself. Once again,

Scrooge tries to prove to himself that everything is true. He goes a little crazy because he remembers the details of the Ghosts. The new Scrooge is coming into the town. He says it loudly to the world. He feels like a baby because he wants to reboot his life. It cannot be done if he does not meet the Ghosts.

His actions and his direct comments prove that Scrooge is feeling grateful towards himself. Even though it seems so early to said this. Scrooge has proven to himself that he doing good deeds. He feels that he become a new human form that can be a good example to other people. The extrinsic motivation also has a huge impact for his behavior change. It is also the motivation of Scrooge to show his gratitude towards God and the Ghosts. b. Generous

Scrooge rarely gives something as a free gift. He always calculates everything with money. It is like once in a blue moon. Therefore, meeting the ghost seems a very interesting story for him. The change is the proof of his

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27 generosity. Scrooge sees a child pass his house to rent his service. Accidently, he meets this little guy. He wants to share what he has. It is kind of magic that he does this kind of thing. At the Christmas eve, we see the magic of Christmas.

‘No, no, said Scrooge, ‘I am in earnest. Go and buy it, and tell them to bring it here, that I may give them the direction where to take it. Come back with the man, and I’ll give you a shilling. Come back with him in less than five minutes and I’ll give you half-a-crown.’ The boy was off like a shot. He must have had a steady hand at a trigger who could have got a shot off half so fast. ‘I’ll send it to Bon Cratchit’s. whispered Scrooge, rubbing his hands, and splitting with a laugh. ‘He shan’t know who sends it. Its twice the size of Tiny Tim. Joe Miller never made such a joke as sending it to Bob’s will be (p.p. 156-157).’

Scrooge asks a boy to send the turkey to Bob Cratchit. He also wants to give a free turkey to the boy. As the boy mentions that the turkey has a big measurement as him. Later, he just challenges the boy to double the meat if the boy brings it in five minutes. It is like a free-gift that Scrooge gives to the boy.

This is not the usual Scrooge that the readers know. We know that the ghost makes Scrooge to look at a child who cannot eat. He shows how he works as the

God. In this moment, Scrooge remembers two young men who come in his office.

It is a good start.

Still, the present of the ghost shows to Scrooge about his clerk family condition. We will see that Bob cannot buy anything in the way home. Scrooge is asking him to work over-hour. His wife is mad at him and his son is all angry at him. In the end, he still looks after Scrooge. Scrooge feels that he has a debt with his clerk. Then, he just sends this turkey to him. He never regrets to give the turkey to his clerk.

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‘I shall love it, as long as I live.’ Cried Scrooge, patting it with his hand, ‘I scarcely ever looked at it before. What an honest expression it has in its face. It’s a wonderful knocker. --- Here’s the turkey. Hallo. Whoop. How are you. Merry Christmas.’ It was a turkey. He never could have stood upon his legs, that bird. He would have snapped them short off in a minute, like sticks of sealing-wax. ‘Why, it’s impossible to carry to Camden Town.’ Said Scrooge. ‘You must have a cab (p.157).’

In the quotation above, we can see that Scrooge also rents a cab to bring the turkey. Before Scrooge’s behavior change, we can see that Scrooge saves every money carefully. He never wants to give it to random people. He calls the two young men a pathetic person. In reverse, Scrooge is different person now. He wants to be a good person. His inner motivation also forces him to do his best.

There is another proof of Scrooge’s generosity. He meets people ad he just gives what they deserve Thus by considering his manners and his thought. It is considered as behavior change. c. Brave

Brave is the condition when we want to admit or move forward toward our goal. He knows that his goal is becoming a good person. Indeed, he tries to be brave. The writer believes that Scrooge’s definition of brave is admitting his own fault. In the chapter one of this novel, Scrooge hurts some people emotion, starting from his own family until random people in the street. One of the random people is a man who asks Scrooge to divide his money for humanity.

‘Mr scrooge.’ ‘Yes,’ said Scrooge. ‘That is my name, and I fear it may not be pleasant to you. Allow me to ask your pardon. And will you have the goodness.’- here Scrooge whispered in his ear. ‘Lord bless me.’ cried the gentleman, as if his breath were taken away. ‘My dear Scrooge, are you serious.’

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‘If you please,’ said Scrooge. ‘Not a farthing less. A great many back- payments are included in it, I assure you. Will you do me that favour.’ ‘My dear sir,’ said the other, shaking hands with him. ‘I don’t know what to say to such munifi-(p.p 159-160).

An old gentleman that he does not want to meet walking in front of his eyes. Scrooge cannot just ignore that person. He is in debt. He tries to be brave for himself to say hi, to that person. It is a beautiful moment. Scrooge who hates and calculates everything, asking the old man to forgive him. In addition, he asks the man to meet him in his office. He wants to move forward and forget the past. The man is replying Scrooge’s apology with a teary eye. He wants to accept Scrooge’s apology.

Christmas is about forgiving and meeting with your family. Also, this is happening for Scrooge. He realizes that he does a bad thing for his nephew. He believes that this is a good start. In the chapter three, the future ghost brings

Scrooge to see his nephew’s wedding. They are playing a guessing game about an animal. The answer turns out to be Scrooge’s name. Scrooge feels sad and angry about that. In the future, he admits his faults again.

‘Fred.’ Said Scrooge. Dear heart alive, how his niece by marriage started. Scrooge had forgotten, for the moment, about her sitting in the corner with the footstool, or he wouldn’t have done it, on any account. ‘Why bless my soul.’ Cried Fred,’ who’s that.’ ‘It’s I. Your uncle Scrooge. I have come to dinner. Will you let me in, Fred’ Let him in. It is a mercy he didn’t shake his arm off. He was at home in five minutes. Nothing could be a heartier. His niece looked just the same. So did Topper when he came. So did plump sister when she came. So di every one when they came. Wonderful party, wonderful games, wonderful unanimity, won-der-ful happiness (p.p. 161-162).

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In the quotation above, Scrooge seems knowing about the situation. He is there before. He is afraid that his nephew will kick him out. The embarrassing moment when his nephew comes to his office and begs him to come. He remembers that he refuses his nephew’s offer. The result turns out to be good. It was not expected before because Scrooge was doing his own method to be close with his family.

Scrooge proves that he tries to be a good person. The promise that he makes to himself and The Three spirits are encouraging him. It is the good example. From Scrooge conversation of others and his reaction, we can clearly see that he is doing a good job. He thinks that people are resentful. On the other hand, he feels that people are beneficial. He tries to open his heart to accept other people’s weakness. He also thinks about the people. d. Sociable

Scrooge is a mean person. He does not want to come out because it will waste his time and money. He chooses to lock himself up in the office all day to make a money. In addition, he is always angry at other people and said some bad things about other people. On the other side, Scrooge becomes more sociable with other people around him. He tries to make a conversation. Even though, he hates

Christmas. He still greets other people and says merry Christmas to them. It is a proof of the behavior change.

‘Now, I’ll tell you what, my friend,’ said Scrooge,’ I am not going to stand this sort of thing any longer. And therefore,’ he continued, leaping from his stool, and giving Bob such a dig in the waistcoat that he staggered back into the tank again;’ and therefore I am about to raise your salary.’

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Bob trembled, and got a little nearer to the ruler. He had a momentary ide of knocking Scrooge down with it, holding him, and calling to the people in the court for help and a straight-waistcoat. ‘A merry Christmas, Bob,’ said Scrooge, with an earnest that could be mistaken, as he clapped him on the back. ‘A merrier Christmas, Bob, my good fellow, than I have given you for many a year. I’ll raise your salary, and endeavor to assist your struggling family, and we will discuss your affairs this very afternoon, over a Christmas bowlof smoking bishop, Bob. Make up the fires, and buy another coal-scuttle before you dot another I, Bob Cratchit (p.p. 163-165).’

In the quotation above, we can see that Scrooge is sociable with her workers. He wants to raise Bob’s salary and to say merry Christmas whole- heartily. It is kind of an amazing behavior change that happens to him. Before the conversation happens, Bob as his clerk comes to the office late. He has a reason that the night before is Christmas. So, he is celebrating the Christmas with his family. He says that it is once a year, he does not want to repeat this mistake again.

‘Scrooge was better than his word. He did it all, and infinitely more; and to Tiny Tim, who did not die, he was a second father. He became as good a friend, as good a master, and as good a man, as the good old city knew, or any other good old city, town, or borough, in the good old word. Some people laughed to see the alteration in him, but let them laugh, and little heeded them; for he was wise enough to know that nothing ever happened on this globe, for good, at which some people did not have their fill of laughter in the outset; and knowing that such as these would be blind anyway, he thought it quite as well as they should wrinkle up their eyes in grins, as have the malady in less attractive forms. His own heart laughed: and that was quite enough for him (p.165).

Scrooge has changed. He becomes friends with everyone. A change is not easy because we have to be brave about it. In the quotation above, we know that

Tiny Tim is not dead. Scrooge becomes his second father. He does everything to make Tiny Tim happy. This story is so heart-breaking. It is a good story that I

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32 know. Scrooge knows Tiny Tim from The future ghost. He feels sad when he sees

Bob’s family. Since then, he promises to himself to do his best to save Tiny Tim with all of his might.

B. The Causes of Scrooge’s Behavior Change

This part discusses about the reasons of Scrooge behavior change. It is related to Marley Ghost and the three spirits that follow him. According to

Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (2000), the meaning of personality change is that the person can change because of others and their family. The result of the changes is not only good, but also bad. It depends on himself. The causes of

Scrooge behavior change are remembering the greediness, bitter experiences, share the wealth, and avoiding punishment. Therefore, the researcher uses the theory of needs to analyze Scrooge’s changes which symbolize on the ghost to get self-fulfillment.

1. Greediness

Motivation is an act which causes Scrooge to do something in order to achieve our goal. Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy says that motivation refers to factors within an individual such as needs, desire, and interest. However, it will activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal (2000, p. 392). The first factor that triggers Scrooge to change his behavior is a meeting with Marley

Ghost. It is the first scene which leads to another factor.

Dark and lonely are the situation when Scrooge meets his old friend. It is avery horror situation. In the novel, Scrooge is afraid of the ghost. When he hears a strange sound, he just tries to be brave to know what was happening. Besides,

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33 his situation at home is very dark because he does not want to spend his money to pay the bills.

Marley’s face. It was not in impenetrable shadow as the other objects in the yard were, but had a dismal light about it, like a bad lobster in a dark cellar. It was not angry or ferocious, but looked at Scrooge as Marley used to look: with ghostly spectacles turned up its ghostly forehead. The hair was curiously stirred, as if by breath or hot air; and, though the eyes were wide open, they were perfectly motionless. That, and its livid colour, made it horrible; but its horror seemed to be in spite of the face and beyond its control, rather than a part or its own expression (P. 20).

From the quotation above, we can see that Scrooge is afraid of Marley’s sight, an unexpected guest who comes to his house in Christmas eve. It is the beginning of the story in which Marley ghost comes to warn Scrooge’s about his behavior. The unexpected event comes to Scrooge again. In the novel, we can see that Marley will be Scrooge reminder. First of all, we know that Marley is

Scrooge’s business partner. They are inseparable friends and they do the work together. As we can see in the novel, Scrooge always remembers about his friend’s personal description and habits.

The same face: the very same. Marley in his pigtail, usual waistcoat, tights and boots; the tassels on the latter bristling, like his pigtail, and his coat- skirts, and the hair upon his head. The chain he drew was clasped about his middle. It was long, and wound about him like a tail; and middle. It was long, and wound about him like a tail; and it was made (for Scrooge observed it closely) of cash-boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers, deeds, and heavy purses wrought in steel. His body was transparent; so that Scrooge, observing him, and looking through his waistcoat, could see the two buttons on his coat behind (p.25)

The quotation above describes the appearance of Marley ghost. Scrooge still remembers him very clearly. However, something is changed. Marley becomes the ghost who can get through the door and it makes Scrooge curious.

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He also tries to find out if the ghost comes to him. He asks the ghost to make sure about his own suggestion. Also, he gets warned by Marley ghost because of his old behavior. It does not only give a punishment to Marley, but also to Scrooge.

‘You will be haunted, ‘resumed the Ghost, ‘by three spirits.’ Scrooge’s countenance fell almost as low as the ghost has done. ‘Is that the chance and hope you mentioned, Jacob?’ he demanded, in a faltering voice. ‘It is.’ ‘I- I think I’d rather not, ‘said Scrooge. ‘Without their visits,’ said the Ghost, ‘you cannot hope to shun the path I tread. Expect the first tomorrow, when the bell tolls One.’ ‘Couldn’t I take ‘em all at once, and have it over, Jacob?’ hinted Scrooge. ‘Expect the second on the next night at the same hour. The third upon the next nine when the last stroke of Twelve has ceased to vibrate. Look to see me no more; and look that, for your own sake, you remember what has passed between us (p.p. 34-35)!’

Marley ghost leaves Scrooge with a big question in his head. He is still surprised because he knows that it will not happen. In the story, we will know that

Scrooge is able to see any spirits of the people who die because of the greed that they plant as their live. It will be worse if Scrooge ignores the ghost.

2. Bitter Experience

After Marley ghost leaves, Scrooge becomes anxious because he knows that the three spirits will come at the different times. He sleeps right away after he sees an unusual environment. He sees that the ghost comes out at the Christmas eve. The ghost also has a chain in his feet. Scrooge gets up and he realizes that something is off. He still cannot believe that the spirits will come to him and warns him.

Marley’s Ghost bothered him exceedingly. Every time he resolved within himself, after mature inquiry that it was all a dream, his mind flew back again, like a strong spring released, to its position, and presented the same problem to be worked all through, ‘Was it a dream or not?” (p.41).

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It is Scrooge’s condition before the first of the three spirits comes. He becomes hesitant with his own mind. He asks himself if he has a dream or it is a reality. Scrooge also feels impatiently because he just wants to prove to himself that the ghost is just his imagination. He waits for the 12 a.m. with the bell ring at one.

The time to past-quarter is long, he is more convinces that he has sunk into a dozen unconsciously, and missed the time. At length it breaks upon his listening ear. Scrooge is doing the adventure with the first spirit or the ghost of the past.

The first ghost is very friendly because the ghost offers his hand, so Scrooge flies away with him. At first, he sees his own past life. He remembers other people who are bullied by him.

‘I wish, Scrooge muttered, putting his hand in his pocket, and looking about him, after drying his eyes with his cuff: ‘but it’s too late now.’ ‘What is the matter.’ Asked the spirit. ‘Nothing., said Scrooge. ‘Nothing. There was a boy singing a Christmas Carol at my door last night. I should like to have given him something; that’s all.’ The Ghost smiled thoughtfully, and waved its hand: saying as it did so, ‘Let us see another Christmas (p.p. 52-53).’

Scrooge grows older, but he is not only growing, but also developing. His personality development affects his life nowadays. From the conversation with the first ghost, Scrooge tries to recall the events which he ignores. Some choirs in the streets and says that they are as beggars who only take money from other person.

He feels that he needs to apologize when he does that. Another Christmas is seen by Scrooge. The ghost patiently brings Scrooge to every Christmas he spends before he has the office. It is the experience when Scrooge tries to be successful.

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‘You fear the world too much’, she answered, gently. ‘All your other hopes have merged into the hope of being beyond the chance of its sordid reproach. I have seen your nobler aspirations fall off one by one, until the master-passion, Gain, engrosses you. Have I not,’ ‘What then.’ He returned. ‘Even if I have grown so much wiser, what then. I am not changed towards you.’ She shook her head. ‘Am I.’ ‘Our contract is an old one. It was made when we were both poor and content to be so, until, in good season, we could improve our worldly fortune by our patient industry. You are changed. When it was made, you were another man.’ I was a boy,’ he said impatiently (p.p. 65-66).

The quotation talks about is the conversation between Scrooge and his

Girlfriend. They spend a lot of time together. Then, Scrooge is breaking his promises. It shocks his girlfriend feeling. It says that Scrooge is scared about the world. In other words, we can say that Scrooge was afraid of the commitment. He is afraid that he will lose his money or time to work if he marries this woman. In the conversation, he states that he made the promises when he is a boy. It is kind of heart-breaking when a man said that to women. It is hurt his feelings. In the present, we can also see that Scrooge is mean to other person. It is his closest person in the office, which is his clerk.

We can see that Scrooge is also developing his personality. Sadly, he is developing a bad habit which makes other people to keep a distance with him.

Even though, it is good for Scrooge, but other people do not have the same thought. Scrooge tries to protect his own life in the present, so the events in the past cannot repeat again.

3. Christmas Eve

After Scrooge meets the first of the three spirits which is the Ghost from

Scrooge Past, he seems afraid to see his own past. He realizes that everything

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37 changes because of the circumstances or the condition of other person. The second ghost is different from the first ghost because when the second ghost comes the situation looks different than before

The moment Scrooge’s hand was on the lock, a strange voice called him by his name, and bade him enter. He obeyed. It was his own room. There was no doubt about that. But it was undergone a surprising transformation. The walls and ceiling were so hung with living green, that it looked a perfect groove; from every part of which, bright gleaming berries glistened (p. 76).

From the quotation above, it can be seen that Scrooge’s reaction is surprised because of the second ghost comes. He still does not know what kind of ghost he will meet. This ghost is showing the luxurious of Christmas eve. The ghost changes Scrooge room into gleaming berry glistened. It is clearly shown that the second ghost brings happiness in meeting Scrooge. The second ghost tries to lure Scrooge, so he does not afraid with the second ghost.

The second Ghost shows the merry of the Christmas as the second Ghost.

He also reveals what kind of ghost he is. In addition, Scrooge becomes tame. He is doing what the ghost says to him. As we know, the ghost is calling Scrooge with strange voice. It is not natural for Scrooge to do that.

Scrooge is the type of person that doing everything that he wants. He does not want other people to control him. The ghost itself as the luxurious ghost who fulfill himself with laughter and joyful. The ghost of the present brings Scrooge to the Christmas that his close family and clerk are celebrating. It is the story of an officer who always praises Scrooge, even though he needs to sacrifice his time with his family.

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‘Mr Scrooge.’ Said Bob; I’ll give you Mr Scrooge, the Founder of the Feast.’ ‘The Founder of the Feast indeed.’ Cried Mrs. Cratchit, reddening. ‘I wish I had him here. I’d give him a piece of my mind to feast upon, and I hope he’d gave a good appetite for it.’ ‘My dear,’ said Bob, ‘the children Christmas Day.’ ‘It should be Christmas Day, I am sure,’ said she. ‘on which one drinks the health such an odious, stingy, hard, unfeeling man as Mr. Scrooge. You know he is, Robert. Nobody knows it better than you do, poor fellow.’ ‘My dear,’ was Bob’s mild answer, ‘Christmas Day.’ ‘I’ll drink his health for your sake and the Day’s,’ said Mrs. Cratchit, ‘not for his. Long life to him. A merry Christmas and a happy new year. He’ll be very merry and very happy, I have no doubt (p.p. 97-98).’

The ghost of the present day shows Scrooge that Bob Cratchit Family is mocking Scrooge itself. Christmas day supposed to be full of joy. Scrooge ruining their sacred moments. Bob does not get the food that his family needs to be served. It cannot be done because Scrooge asks Bob to stay in the office to do some tasks.

Based on hierarchy of needs, we can conclude that this family cannot fulfill his belonging and love needs. There are no one who can make them feel loved, except the family itself. We could see that this family has already fulfill the first need which is the psychological needs because they have feast together in a room and they still talk with each other.

Scrooge nephew reveled in another laugh, and as it was impossible to keep the infection off; though the plump sister tried hard to do it with aromatic vinegar; his example was unanimously followed. ‘I was only going to say,’ said Scrooge’s nephew,’ that the consequences of his taking a dislike to us, and not making merry with is, is, as I think, that he loses some pleasant moments, which could do him no harm. I am sure he loses pleasanter companions than he can find in his own thoughts, either in his mouldly old office, or his dusty chambers. I mean to give him the same chance every year, whether he likes it or not, for I pity him. He may rail at Christmas till he dies, but he can’t help thinking better of it- I defy him- if he finds me going there, in a good temper, year after year, and

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saying Uncle Scrooge, how are you. If I only puts him in the vein to leave his poor clerk fifty pounds, that’s something; and I think I shook him yesterday (p. 109).

In the quotation above, we can see that her nephew shows his disappointment with his close family. He says to them that he is pitying Scrooge because he always spends a Christmas eve in his home. It is not good from him.

We also know that his nephew asking him to come out and doing a family reunion. It shakes Scrooge heart a bit. Later, his nephew makes a guessing game which includes the description of the animal. However, the answer of the game is always Albert Ebenezer Scrooge or his uncle.

4. Avoiding Punishment

The time for the last ghost to come is near. Scrooge feels uneasy to meet this last ghost. It somehow feels different when he meets this ghost. It is a creepy situation to him.

He felt that it was tall and stately when it came beside him, and that its mysterious presence filled him with a solemn dread. He knows no more, for the spirit neither spoke or moved. ‘I am in the presence of the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come.’ Said Scrooge. The spirit answered not, but pointed onward with its hand. ‘You are about to show me shadows of the thing that have not happened, but will happen in the time before us, Scrooge pursued. ‘Is that so, Spirit’ (p.p. 121-122).

In the quotation above, it shows that Scrooge is a little bit terrified yet sure with the purpose of the Christmas Yet to Come ghost. Scrooge clearly describes the ghost. Something very thrill comes along with the Ghost. As the result,

Scrooge tries to guess an event which occurs when the ghost will come. Scrooge remembers Marley’s prediction because the last ghost comes to him is scarier than

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40 he thinks. He fears of this ghost not only inside his heart, but his body also gives reaction to him.

The mysterious ghost of the future makes Scrooge feels a creep inside of his head. It is not good to stay close to this ghost. From the Scrooge’s thought, we realize that he does not fulfill the safety need from the hierarchy-level. He always feels that the ghost will damage his life. It is the description from the opinion of people around Scrooge. In his journey, he overhears an opinion about this person.

Deep inside, Scrooge knows that it is him who would die.

‘If he wanted to keep him after he was dead, a wicked old screw,’ pursued the woman,’ why wasn’t he natural in his lifetime. If he had been, he’d have had somebody to look after him when he was struck with death, instead of lying gasping out his last there, alone by himself.’ ‘It’s the truest word that ever was spoke,’ said Mrs. Dilber. It’s a judgement on him.’ ‘I wish it was a little heavier judgement.’ replied the woman;’ and it should have been, you may depend upon it, If I could have my hands on anything else. Open that bundle, old Joe, and let me know the value of it. Speak out plain. I’m not afraid to be the first, nor afraid for them to see it. We know pretty well that we were helping ourselves, before we met here, I believe. It’s no sin. Open the bundle, Joe (p.132).’

In the quotation above, there are someone that wants to sell something and they talk about the dead man. For Scrooge, it a little bit confusing because Mrs.

Gilbert is his laundresses. He thinks that he would die again twice. It is not like a heartbreaking journey like the ghost from the past or a fun journey like the ghost of the present. It is a nerve-wracking journey that make Scrooge always feel that this “real’ end might be happen soon. In addition, we know that Mrs. Dilbert is saying about the punishment that the dead person shall get because of his action.

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Again, Scrooge feels that he is not secure because of the other people that he knows comes in his dream.

Still the Ghost pointed downward to the grave by which it stood. ‘Men’s courses will foreshadow certain ends, to which if preserved in, they must lead.’ Said Scrooge. ‘But if the courses be departed from, the ends will change. Say it is thus with what you show me.’ The Spirit was immovable as ever. Scrooge crept towards it, trembling as he went; and following the finger, read upon the stone of the neglected grave his own name, Ebenezer Scrooge. ‘Am I that man who lay upon the bed.’ he cried, upon his knees. The fingers pointed from the grave to him, and back again. ‘No, Spirit. Oh no, no.’ The finger was still there (pp. 149-150).

Scrooge cannot accept his sad fate from the ghost of future. He sees his name in the graveyard stone. He just cannot resist it. He knows that he does a lot of bad things in his life. In the end, he wants to change and ask the ghost of the future to reverse his fate. It depends on Scrooge itself.

From the meeting with the ghost in the future, Scrooge sees that his fate is not good. He encourages himself to do a behavior change because he cannot die if he is still a wicked person. He feels that he needs to achieve hierarchy-level of needs to get the self-fulfillment like he wants. He wants to have a merry life instead of the sad life.

C. Scrooge’s Behavior Change

This part discusses Scrooge’s behavior change. It is related to Scrooge characteristics and the causes of Scrooge’s behavior change. Then, the researcher analyzes the impact of the Marley ghost and the three spirits for Scrooge to be a better person. According to Huffman and Vernoy (2000), needs, desire, and interest are the factors that activate the behavior toward the goal. It means that the

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42 needs of Scrooge influence his motivation to change his behavior. Therefore, the researcher tries to understand that scrooge’s behavior is developing during his past and future experience.

1. Scrooge’s Bad Behaviors Characteristic is the way people behave with other people in the story. It happens between the main character and his circle. The character itself can be dynamic or flat. In this case, Scrooge’s character is dynamic because he realizes that he does bad things to his family or worker. He is scared and has an inner motivation that he needs to do better for his own life (p.49). From the analysis above, Scrooge’s bad characteristics are mean, stingy, and strict.

Scrooge is mean to other people. He does not care with everyone’s feeling because he thinks that his words are true. He is doing everything that he wants.

His conversation with his nephew is the proof that he says mean words. Although, his nephew is begging him to come at the party, he still refuses. He says something terrible with his nephew. He says that marriage with love is more ridiculous than merry Christmas (p.10). His nephew cannot take it anymore. His nephew leaves the room with an angry word. He is trying to be friendly with

Scrooge. However, Scrooge has broken his heart and later Scrooge realizes that his words are as sharp as knives. He knows that his nephew feels wounded. It is revealed when the ghost of the future shows it to Scrooge.

Then, Scrooge has a stingy characteristic. The researcher finds the interesting fact about these characteristic. Scrooge is described as a person who always takes care of his money. He does not want every single piece of his money

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43 off in unnecessary way. In a Christmas eve, Bob as his worker at the office asks

Scrooge to come back home early. He already plans to celebrate Christmas and buys some turkeys on a way back home. Unfortunately, Scrooge does not give him a permission. He looks sad, but he cannot go away (p.17). Scrooge manner to his workers is bad. He has confined his workers with overwork hours, but with little wage. The first spirit or the ghost from the past brings out the story about

Scrooge stingy’s behavior. He comes from a poor family. He also works hard at very young age at the bar. He also leaves the woman he loves the most for his future career. Once, he says to his girlfriend that he would marry her if he succeeds. She believes Scrooge sweet promises. For a moment he succeeds but he forgets his promise to his girlfriend. The words are left to say is that the promises were in the past. Now, he is a different person. He cannot marry her when he is still in his way to success. In the end, she chooses to leave him alone.

The last bad characteristic that Scrooge is strict. This happens when he is with the worker, Bob. He cannot do anything to Scrooge because he is afraid that his boss will be angry at him. In the moment, the ghost of the past is showing the sight of other people. One of his wife’s relative says that Scrooge and his worker are in the office. Scrooge’s scary face makes these women afraid. On the other hand, Scrooge worker’s (Bob) is half asleep because he is tired. These woman is pitying the worker. Scrooge sees this conversation and he is not pleased because he says that he has his own reason

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2. Scrooge Good Behaviors and The Causes If something bad happens, there will be a good thing that would come.

This saying describes about Scrooge as a bad person that can be a good person.

Behavior change is a change whose result is good. Furthermore, Scrooge is trying to be a good person because there are some factors. The main causes of his changes are the Ghosts and the spirit that he meets. These ghosts bring him to the experiences regarding to himself. The ghost in the past tells mostly about

Scrooge’s experience from his childhood until he becomes a successful person.

The ghost in the present tells about the joy of the Christmas itself. The ghost also shows Scrooge about his worker’s family. The last ghost is the ghost from the future. This ghost shows a very thrill experience. It shows mostly about Scrooge’s death.

After meeting the ghost, Scrooge becomes a good person. He likes

Christmas even more. It is a good thing for him. Scrooge’s good characteristic are grateful, generous, brave, and sociable. These change happen because of the experiences especially with the ghost in the future. Scrooge makes a promise to himself and the ghosts that he will change. He believes that he learns the lessons that the ghost gives him (p.151). Based on Maslow’s theory, the most needs that

Scrooge want is transcendence needs. Scrooge meets the ghost and the spirit.

They make promise with them to achieve his self-fulfillment. This needs acquire the needs that deal with spiritual things; such as the ghost itself.

First characteristic that Scrooge changes is grateful. He feels thank you to the God and the spirit because he is still alive. According to the hierarchy of needs as cited by Maslow (1971), Scrooge is doing transcendence needs. These needs

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45 related to spiritual. The person doing these needs is the person who develops his wisdom through the spiritual itself. Scrooge says gratitude and he hug his helpers at home. He also promises to them to be a good person (p.154).

Being generous is also one of Scrooge’s characteristics. It is not easy to change characteristic just one night. However, Scrooge’s intrinsic motivation is the good thing. He does not want to take the reward and the punishment. He sees what will happen to him in the future, so he chooses to change because he believes that he needs to change. He believes that the changes are important because he needs to do better for his own self. He realizes his fault as seeing money is everything when the ghost of the future brings him to see how generous he is. The ghost of the future describes him like a king who is full of luxurious things. The ghost of the future gives food or what the human needs because it is his duty (p.81). He never complains about his duty. Sometimes, the ghost in the future is tired, however he still does his job because it is necessary to share our prosperity with other people.

Besides, brave means that we are not afraid to admit that we are wrong. In this case, Scrooge tries to challenge his fear. At first, Scrooge is known as a mean person and he refuses to have something that is not related to money in his life.

Later, he admits to family that he is wrong (p.161-162). He is just afraid that his nephew would never want to meet him again. Actually, he is little afraid because the ghost of the present shows him that his nephew plays a game about animal with his friend. It turns out that every person describes Scrooge as the animal. In addition, the ghost of the future brings Scrooge to see how his helpers at his home

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46 are brings everything in Scrooge’s house. His helpers decide to sell Scrooge’s things in the pawnshop. They say that Scrooge is very stingy, so they choose to steal his things in exchange. However, Scrooge hug his workers and asks them to dance with them. He feels also saying sorry to them for his bad behavior. Then, it means that his belonging and love needs are fulfilled. In the past, he feels lonely.

However, he can say the truth to them. He was known as a strong person who mock other person. In the contrary, this action tells that he needs to be loved by other people.

Being a sociable person also shows Scrooge’s characteristic. In the past,

Scrooge is described as a loner. He always does everything that he wants. He also wants the task to Bob to be perfect. He always says humbug when everything is a mess. The ghost of the past also brings Scrooge in his childhood. It is exposed that

Scrooge always leaves alone with his friends because he is very poor and stupid.

This is the reason why he always locks himself in the office. In the present,

Scrooge is trying to spend his time with his workers. He visits Bob’s home and meets Tiny Tim. In the end, Tiny Tim and Scrooge become good friends. He feels that his soul wants to be with this person. From this case, based on the Maslow theory, we learn that Scrooge fulfills his belonging and love needs. He affiliates with Tiny Tim and he finds a second family. He feels that the family is full of warm atmosphere. He also offers to adopt Tiny Tim, so he can get a better health insurance. It is the miracle of the Christmas that Scrooge gets.

To conclude about Scrooge’s behavior change. First, he is a bad person.

He always said bad words to other people. He is mean and he does not care about

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47 everyone’s thinking. Scrooge has mean behavior because his friend bullied him when he was child. Then, Scrooge is stingy. He pays attention to every penny that he spent. In the young age, Scrooge is very poor. He needs to work in a café to live. Once, he becomes ambitious and doing his best foappears r his job. It turns out that Scrooge becomes stingy until now. Lastly, Scrooge is very strict. He makes the rules and the rest needs to follow it. Truthfully, Scrooge very strict towards his workers, especially on Christmas day. Scrooge hates Christmas so much and it makes him order his workers to stay in the office all day.

The good result will come last. This saying is suitable to Scrooge’s life.

The meeting with Marley ghost and the three spirit changes his life. Mostly, the ghost of the future makes Scrooge worry. His future life will be ruining if he continues his old habit. In the end, he becomes a good person. Scrooge becomes grateful because he promises to change himself. He is amazes with the miracle of the Christmas. Second, Scrooge shares his money with other people. His generous characteristic appears after the ghost of the present shows the meaning of sharing what you have with other people. Third, Scrooge also admit his own fault. He breaks his comfort zone and brave himself to say sorry to other people. Seeing the future is the key. Last, Scrooge happens to be more sociable. In the past, he likes to lock himself in the office. He only cares about his job. Now, he is ready to join the Christmas vibe with his new characteristic. Based on the Maslow’s theory,

Scrooge needs in his behavior changes are transcendence needs, belonging and love needs, and self-actualization needs.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, SUGGESTIONS

This chapter consists of three sections. They are the conclusions, the implications, and the suggestions. The conclusions present the answer of the research questions based on the data analysis. The implications discuss the implications of the study to education. The suggestions present the beneficial suggestions for future researcher on Charles Dicken’s A Christmas Carol novel.

A. Conclusions

After analyzing Charles Dicken’s, A Christmas Carol, the researcher is able to draw some conclusions based on the research questions. This research discusses two questions. The first question about how Scrooge is characterized.

The second one is the causes of Scrooge’s behavior change.

By using the theory of character and characterization supported by the theory of motivation, the researcher knows that Scrooge has a round characteristic. Scrooge always develop and change. Also, it is related with behavior change. In the past life, Scrooge was a mean, stingy, and strict person.

At first, Scrooge was known for his bad behavior. He always said mean words to other people who did not please his own intention. For example; Scrooge said that he did not go to the dinner because the family reunion in Christmas is stupid idea. In addition, there are some choir in the street. Scrooge also says that they are a beggar. They sing a terrible song for Christmas. They use their voice to earn money. Then, Scrooge did not want to give the money for charity. He says 48

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49 that he pays a lot of money for the country. Lastly, he commands Bob to work over the working hour, so he cannot celebrate Christmas with his family. His bad character is known by his workers and the people around his circles. Every person which has relation with him admit that he is mean, stingy and strict with his own rules.

After the behavior change, Scrooge described as a grateful, generous, brave, and sociable person. He becomes a good person because the journey that he takes with the ghosts. He sees the influences of his act to other people. He also changes for his own good. Based on the theory of motivation, it could be concluded as Scrooge has intrinsic motivation. These intrinsic motivation does not come from other people. He did not receive any threat from other people or the spirit to change. This behavior change has a lot of impact for Scrooge’s life. His relatives become surprised with Scrooge’s change. He becomes more mature and accepting his reality. There is no hate for Christmas day no more.

In order to understand the causes of Scrooge’s behavior change. The researcher uses the theory of needs by Maslow. The second question is about the causes of Scrooge’s behavior change. The theory of needs explains about the needs of the person behind of his action. Scrooge was lacking on some needs because he keeps doing a strange behavior. As the researcher know, the causes of

Scrooge behavior change is Marley ghost and the three spirits. Marley ghost comes to Scrooge on a Christmas eve. Afterwards, the three ghost comes to

Scrooge in a different time, but on the same day. They come to Scrooge before at

12 a.m. The Marley ghost warns Scrooge to do the behavior change because he

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50 has bad characters and Scrooge will bring his life into sorrow in the afterlife. It is kind of terrifying because he feels scared. He feels not safe and afraid. The first ghost comes at scrooge at 11.45 p.m The first spirit is the ghost from the past.

This ghost brings back the bad memories from Scrooge’s childhood until now.

The ghost also asks Scrooge some questions that related to his past. Scrooge feels sad and depressed after he recalls his own past. The next spirit is the ghost from the present. These ghost comes at 11.50 p.m. This ghost shows the excitement of the Christmas. The ghost shows to Scrooge the magic he does to the poor people.

However, he shows the party which held by Scrooge’s nephew. It is a good party, but they make a fun at Scrooge by doing a guessing game. He feels angry, but

Scrooge knows his nephew feelings. He knows that his nephew feels sad and rejected at the same time. Then, the last ghost is the ghost from the future. This ghost has a mysterious vibes and Scrooge feels afraid to meet him. This ghost shows the future Scrooge if he still has a bad personality. He shows that Scrooge will be dead and no one will take care of him. It happens because a lot of people hates him, except Bob family his workers. In the end, Scrooge feels happy because he is still alive. The main solution of these problem is Scrooge do the behavior change and he gets a wonderful Christmas.

B. Implications

This section shows some implications of the study not only for English education but education in general. As a literary work, Charles Dicken’s A

Christmas Carol can be used as a teaching-learning in advanced level. This novel can be used by lecturers to teach the students of English Language Education

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Study Program in Santa Dharma University, particularly those who are taking

Book Report course. The reason behind this claim is the theme of the novel, which is Christmas. The Christmas theme makes students remember about the warmth of the family itself. Furthermore, this novel gains attention since the first edition in

1843 until now. This book is also suitable for the college students in the junior year because this novel uses a clear and simple language.

In addition, this novel can be used by lecturers to teach Psikologi Belajar dan Mengajar. These novel talks about the development of the behavior itself. In

Psikologi Belajar dan Mengajar, the lecturer can say that the parents need to know about the behavior of the children itself. This novel also gives a little bit information that Scrooge was left alone by his friend in School because he is poor.

From the Psikologi Belajar dan Mengajar, the lecturers can encourage the future teacher to maintain the character and the skill. It is important for the future teacher to understand the development of the behavior of their students.

C. Suggestions

This section gives some suggestions for future researchers on Charles

Dicken’s A Christmas Carol. For Future researchers, there are a lot of interesting topic that can be analyzed from this novel. This study only focuses of the behavior change of Scrooge’s as the main character. Meanwhile, there are another characters in this novel; such as the Marley Ghost and the Three Spirits and Bob

Cratchit (Scrooge’s worker). The future researcher can also analyze the influence of the Marley ghost’s and the three spirits towards Scrooge life. This topic is important because the future researcher will have an understanding about the

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52 relation between the Scrooge and the ghosts. Since this topic is talking about the influence, the researcher recommends the future researchers to use psychological approach. Furthermore, the future researchers can compare the Christmas in the

Victorian era based on A Christmas Carol and Christmas in the present using other new novel.

The next suggestion is for the future teachers; this novel is good for the students because the simple language. It also can enhance the students to learn new vocabulary from the novel. The interesting and a close theme of this novel also good for the student because they are related with the topic. The novel is interesting to be discussed because Christmas is good to be talked with people.

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REFERENCES

Abrams, M. H. (1985). A Glossary of Literary Terms. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. Beckford, A. (2013, November 13). Bite-sized learning for busy professionals. Retrieved from The Invisible Mentor: http://theinvisiblementor.com/a- christmas-carol-charles-dickens-book-review/). Bloom, E. (2014). Fiction vs. Literature. B&N READS. Dickens, C. (1920). A Christmas Carol In Prose : Being A Ghost Story Of Christmas. Boston: Litlle. Brown, and Company. Heimlich, J. E., & Ardoin, N. M. (2012). Understanding Behavior to Understand Behavior Change : a Literature Review. Enviromental Education Research, 215-273. Hoss, R. J., & Gongloff, R. P. (2017). Dreams that Change Our Lives. Sundance: International Association for the Study of Dreams. Huffman, K., Vernoy, M., & Vernoy, J. (2000). Psychology in Action : Fifth Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hurlock, E. B. (1972). Child Development. Japan: Tosho Printing Coorporation. Hurlock, E. B. (1974). Personality development. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. Marriott, J. (2017, December 16). The Sunday Times. Retrieved from The times: https://www.thetimes.co.uk Morris, J. (2012). Theories : Behavior Change. Forest Research, 3. Murphy, M. J. (1972). Understanding unseens: An introduction to English poetry and the English novel for overseas students. London: George Allen & Unwin. Nordquist, R. (2017). Character (Literature). Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms. Rohrberger, M., & Woods, S. H. (1971). Reading and writing about literature. New York: Random House.

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Sjarifudin, Y. Y. (2003). The Significance of Supernatural Beings as The Characters Toward The Plot in Charles Dicken's A christmast Carol. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University . Sullivan, R. (2016). A dream expert explains what the most common dreams really mean. Sunarsasi, S. (2002, November 11). The Cold-and Closed-Hearted Character of Ebenezer Scrooge, The Main Character in Charles Dicken's a Christmas Carol. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University. Sundel, M., & Sundel, S. S. (2005). Behavior Change in the Human Services. California: Sage Publications, Inc. Unicef for every child Corporation. (2015, June 24). Retrieved from Unicef for every child Web site: https://www.unicef.org/cbsc/index_42352.html Winter, K. (2013, December 24). Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.the guardian.com/children-books-site

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A

SUMMARY OF A CHRISTMAS CAROL

Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly, cold-hearted creditor, continues his stingy, on Christmas Eve. He rejects a Christmas dinner invitation, and all the good tidings of the holiday, from his jolly nephew, Fred; he mocks at charity workers; and he overworks his employee, Bob Cratchit. At night, Scrooge's former partner Jacob Marley, dead for seven years, visits him in the form of a ghost with a chain in his feet. Marley's spirit has been wandering since he died as punishment for being consumed with business and not with people while alive. He only thinks about his gain and other people loss. He has come to warn Scrooge and perhaps save him from the same fate. He tells him Three Spirits will come to him over the next three nights. They will come in a different time. Then, Marley ghosts gone and Scrooge can see a lot of ghost which is wandering from his window.

Scrooge falls asleep and wakes up to find the Ghost of Christmas Past, a small, elderly figure who looks like a spirit. The Ghost shows Scrooge scenes from the past that trace Scrooge's development from a young boy, lonely but with

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57 the potential for happiness, to a young man with the first traces of greed that would deny love in his life. Scrooge shows newfound emotion when revisiting these scenes, often crying from identification with his former neglected self.

Scrooge also beg the ghost to leave the scene as soon as possible. The ghost also reminds Scrooge that the second ghost will come to him.

Scrooge goes to sleep and is awakened by the e adventure took only one night, not three,it is Christmas Day. In addition to smiling and being friendly to everyone he sees, he sends a large turkey to the Cratchits, gives a sizable donation to the charity worker he previously insulted, and has a wonderful time at Fred's party. The next day he gives Cratchit a raise. Scrooge continues his kindly ways after Christmas, befriending everyone and becoming a second father to Tiny Tim, who does not die. He never sees the ghosts again, but he keeps the spirit of

Christmas alive in his heart as well as anyone.

Adapted from: https://www.gradesaver.com/a-christmas-carol/study-guide/summary

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APPENDIX B

BIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES DICKEN

Charles Dickens (February 7, 1812 to June 9, 1870) was a British novelist, journalist, editor, illustrator and social commentator who wrote such beloved classic novels as Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, Nicholas Nickleby, David

Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities and Great Expectations. Dickens is remembered as one of the most important and influential writers of the 19th century. Among his accomplishments, he has been lauded for providing a stark portrait of the Victorian era underclass, helping to bring about societal change.

When Dickens died of a stroke, he left his final novel, The Mystery of Edwin

Drood, unfinished.

On December 17, 1843, Dickens published A Christmas Carol. Dickens penned the book in just six weeks, beginning in October and finishing just in time for the holiday celebrations. The novel was intended as a social criticism, to bring attention to the hardships faced by England’s lower classes. The book was a success, selling more than 6,000 copies upon publication. Readers in England and

America were touched by the book’s empathetic emotional depth; one American entrepreneur reportedly gave his employees an extra day’s holiday after reading it.

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Despite literary critiques, the book remains one of Dickens’ most well-known and beloved works.

Adapted From: https://www.biography.com/people/charles-dickens-9274087