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Outpost of Empire Interiors OUTPOST OF EMPIRE OUTPOST OF EMPIRE THE ROYAL MARINES AND THE JOINT OCCUPATION OF SAN JUAN ISLAND MIKE VOURI Published by Northwest Interpretive Association Seattle Distributed by University of Washington Press Seattle and London Published by Northwest Interpretive Association Seattle, WA 98104-3627, USA www.nwpubliclands.com Distributed by University of Washington Press PO Box 50096 Seattle, WA 98145-5096, USA www.washington.edu/uwpress © 2004 by Michael P. Vouri All rights reserved. First Printing 2004 Book and cover design: Mark MacKay & Ben Nechanicky Printed in Canada by Hemlock Printers Ltd. — the first printer in the Pacific Northwest to obtain Forest Stewardship Council certification ISBN 0-914019-46-5 Cover photo: The Royal Marine Light Infantry (RMLI) garrison on the eve of departure from San Juan Island in November 1872 after more than twelve years on the peaceful joint occupation with the U.S. Army. The com- mandant, Capt. William A. Delacombe is in left foreground, while U.S. Army and Royal Navy Officers stand at left rear. Two marines remain on sentry duty at the blockhouse in the background. One of the marine’s last acts was to cut down the flagpole. The United Kingdom donated a new 80-foot flagpole for the park in 1998. The blockhouse and three other structures remain as part of San Juan Island National Historical Park. Courtesy San Juan Island National Historical Park Archive Back cover photo: Looking forward, toward the bow of HMS Satellite. Courtesy Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library FOR SUSAN CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 JOINT OCCUPATION: Civil or Military or Both ................................................................................................. 6 SITE SELECTION........................................................................................................................................................10 THE ROYAL MARINES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST....................................................................................16 RANK AND FILE .......................................................................................................................................................24 JOINT OCCUPATION: Bazalgette and Pickett................................................................................................... 30 BUILDING THE CAMP ...............................................................................................................................................34 SETTLING IN TO JOINT OCCUPATION................................................................................................................42 WHISKY, MURDER AND MAYHEM ......................................................................................................................44 TRANSITIONS: The Camps and The American Civil War.............................................................................. 52 CAMP LIFE: Food and Medicine............................................................................................................................ 56 THE HUGHES INCIDENT.......................................................................................................................................... 60 THE NEW COMMANDER.........................................................................................................................................64 THE CAMP IS IMPROVED .......................................................................................................................................... 66 THE MCKENZIE INCIDENT..................................................................................................................................... 68 TEN YEARS AND COUNTING.............................................................................................................................. 72 JOINT OCCUPATION ENDS .................................................................................................................................. 76 ARCHAEOLOGY........................................................................................................................................................ 82 NOTES .......................................................................................................................................................................... 85 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................................................... 95 INDEX..........................................................................................................................................................................105 N JUAN ISLAN • SA D • Roche Harbor S A ENGLISH CAMP N JU R A O N C H C E H H A A R N B N O E R L R O AD B E A V Information ER Center TO N V ALLE San Juan Y ROAD Ferry County Park Friday Harbor W E ST SID E ROAD C A T H T L A E R P O O I S N T T R R A O ERICAN CAM IT A AM P D DETAIL OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST MAP OF OREGON TERRITORY 1841 FROM CHARLES WILKES 1838-1842 EXPEDITION 1 Looking aft aboard Her Majesty’s Ship (HMS) Satellite, with officers and seamen striking poses for the photographer. (inset) Captain James Prevost of HMS Satellite in the uniform of an Admiral. Photographed while in Germany in 1872 during the boundary arbitration. INTRODUCTION er Majesty’s Ship (HMS) Satellite steamed through Mosquito Pass and carefully made way through a series of narrow channels on the northern end of San Juan Island. Stands of evergreen Hand thickets of Nootka rose grew to the shoreline and rocky beaches glistened in the late after- noon sun as the 21-gun steam corvette skimmed along the flood tide. The Royal Marines on board must have been struck by the irony of this peaceful setting. For nine months prior, they had nearly been pressed into combat against U.S. Army infantry over possession of the San Juan archipelago. But cooler heads had prevailed and now the marines were, along with American troops, to jointly occupy the islands and safe- guard British interests until the boundary could be determined. 1 The date was March 23, 1860. The Satellite dropped anchor in a small bay that its captain, James Pre- vost, had spotted the year before and recommended as a possible campsite. The boats were lowered and the marines rowed to the east shore, where stood the ruins of a native village amid mounds of clam shells, bleached white by sun and resembling drifts of snow. The marines would carve a military post from this setting, meeting challenges that must have seemed daunting at first. But the lads doffed their tunics, rolled up their sleeves and went to work, thus beginning a 12-year chapter in the history of the island and result- ing in the cultural legacy of San Juan Island National Historical Park. For nearly 60 years the Royal Navy had held sway in the Pacific basin, affecting global policies that applied throughout the 19th century. Those being: deterrence through possession of overwhelming force, the protec- tion of British commercial interests and the safe use of the seas. As the military arm of the navy, the Royal Marines would remain a critical element of that mission by maintaining order aboard ship, firing muskets at the enemy from the rigging during actions at sea and bearing the brunt of combat on land. Now, the camp on San Juan Island was to reflect one more aspect of their mission—keeping the peace. The temptations of 2 The Hudson’s Bay Company’s Belle Vue Sheep Farm on San Juan Island, September 1859. 3 gold in British Columbia and cheap land in Washington Territory were always present, but for the most part the Royal Marine garrison remained steadfast and disciplined, and the commanding officers attuned to the policies of the Foreign Office and Admiralty pertaining to the joint occupation. Questions of na- tional ownership had always been a flash point on the island and it was largely because of British policies of firmness and restraint that the two great nations did not go to war over an island 16.5 miles long and 6 .5 miles wide. The Royal Navy was ordered to the North Pacific and Vancouver Island in the late 1840s largely as a result of tensions between the United States and Great Britain first over possession of the Oregon Country—today’s Washington, Oregon, Idaho, British Columbia and portions of Montana and Wyoming —which had been jointly occupied by the two nations since 1818. The Oregon Treaty, signed in 1846, had been drafted to resolve the problem when it divided the Oregon Country along the 49th parallel. The bor- der would run from the Rocky Mountains through today’s Blaine, Washington, down the middle of the Old Astoria, 1854 Old Astoria Green’s Store 2 Strait of Georgia, which divides Vancouver Island from the mainland and out the Strait of Juan de Fuca to 3 the Pacific Ocean. But the treaty makers in London failed to notice that the San Juan Islands bisect the Strait of Georgia into two channels—the Haro Strait running west of the islands, the Rosario Strait east. The Americans insisted on the former, the British the latter. In a hurry to sign the treaty, the nations agreed to hold the islands “in dispute” until a boundary agreeable to both nations could be divined. Unfortunately, no one thought to address the issue of jurisdiction over the islands—British or U.S., military or civil—which would be
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