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Toward More Effective Representation for Acadian and African Nova Scotians

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Toward More Effective Representation for Acadian and African Nova Scotians Representation: Toward More Effective The Commission on Effective Representation for Acadian and Electoral Representation African Nova Scotians of Acadian and African Nova Scotians Report and Recommendations Representation: Toward More Effective The Commission on Effective Representation for Acadian and Electoral Representation African Nova Scotians of Acadian and African Nova Scotians Report and Recommendations Contents Introduction What We Conclude The Commission on Effective Electoral and Recommend Representation of Acadian and Advice to the Legislator .................................97 African Nova Scotians ...................................1 Recommendations........................................97 Executive Summary Appendices Origins of our Task.........................................5 Appendix 1 – Terms of Reference .................131 Consolidated Recommendataions .....................8 Appendix 2 – Public Engagement Sessions .....133 Appendix 3A – Commissioned What We Heard Research Reports .......................................134 Effective Representation ................................13 Appendix 3B – Commissioned Research Reports .......................................166 What We Learned Appendix 4 – Discussion Paper (Backgrounder) .........................................174 Politics .......................................................23 Appendix 5 – Discussion Paper for The Concept of a Minority ............................25 African Nova Scotians ...............................181 Why These Minorities? .................................33 Appendix 6 – History of Voting in Effective Political Representation .....................46 Nova Scotia .............................................185 Electoral Representation: Appendix 7 – Submissions and Interviews ......189 the Sovereignty of the People .........................50 Appendix 8 – Budget and Expenditures .........191 Protected/Exceptional Ridings........................59 Appendix 9 – Nova Scotia Population, Not by Ridings Alone: Change by County, 1991-2016 ..................192 Other Means of Effective Representation ..........60 Appendix 10 – 2016 Population in 2012 and 2002 Ridings ............................193 Discussion Appendix 11 –- Bibliography ......................196 Effective Electoral Representation: A Norm Not a Formula ................................67 Principles of Effective Electoral Representation ................................70 The Demographic Challenge to Effective Representation ................................74 Options For Increasing the Electoral Representation of Acadians and African Nova Scotians .................................81 Boundaries: What Are the Rules For Making the Rules? ..................................90 Introduction World-renowned Acadian author Antonine Maillet once said that Acadians, as a people, will know that they have come into their own when they are focused on their contributions to society, rather than what they need to maintain their own vitality. This applies to any community. To contribute to society, a community must have something to contribute, the confidence it is welcome, and a healthy relationship with the society. 1 Representation: Toward More Effective Representation for Acadian and African Nova Scotians The Commission on Effective Electoral Representation of Acadian and African Nova Scotians The Acadian and African Nova Scotian communities have contributed greatly to this province and have much more to contribute. In our consultations, both communities spoke movingly of their desire to share their history and culture with the rest of society. This report suggests ways to strengthen their relationship with governments and the larger society, not only for their sake but for the sake of Nova Scotian society as a whole. We are all better off when everyone can contribute, and be recognized for their contributions. Mandate Commissioners The Government of Nova Scotia established our Doug Keefe is an independent consultant and Commission1 to recommend ways to best achieve former deputy minister of justice of Nova Scotia. effective representation for Acadians2 and African Sharon Davis-Murdoch is co-president of the Health Nova Scotians. Association of African Canadians and the health The Commission conducted a series of consultations lead for the Local Immigrant Partnership. A social in the Acadian and African Nova Scotian regions justice champion, Ms. Davis-Murdoch was a of the province.3 Meetings in the Acadian regions public servant for more than 20 years and led the were conducted in French, with English language development of the first Provincial Guidelines for translation provided for those requiring it. Culturally Competent, Primary Health Care. Although the Commission’s focus is on the effective Dr. Kenneth Deveau is a vice-president at Université representation of Acadians and African Nova Sainte-Anne. Dr. Deveau has done extensive research Scotians, the invitation to participate was open to on the overall vitality of Acadian and francophone all Nova Scotians and indeed many other Nova minority communities in Canada and has authored Scotians attended and made submissions. Written more than 40 publications on the subject. submissions were also invited through our website and on social media. 1 The Commission’s terms of reference are in Appendix 1. 2 The Commission has adopted the open and inclusive vision of the Acadian community of Nova Scotia embodied in definition found on the website of Université Sainte-Anne. This definition states that “The Acadian community of Nova Scotia includes all individuals, organizations, and institutions working to encourage and develop the French language, the francophone culture, and the Acadian and francophone communities in Nova Scotia (including Acadians, other francophones, anglophones, and allophones).” See https://www.usainteanne.ca/plan-strategique. 3 Appendix 2. 2 Representation: Toward More Effective Representation for Acadian and African Nova Scotians Staff We were extremely fortunate in our staff and grateful for their contributions. They each brought Francene Comeau is the Executive Assistant to the an array of talents and perspectives, which they Clerk of the Executive Council and Deputy Minister applied unstintingly and enthusiastically. While of the Office of the Premier. Ms. Comeau was the Commissioners are solely responsible for the seconded to the Commission on a part-time basis. content of the report the contributions of our staff She coordinated the Commission’s operations, to our work cannot be overstated. managed its business processes, budget, finances, and records. We also had the patient assistance of the people of Communications Nova Scotia who looked Joëlle Désy is a Policy Analyst and French- after translation services, designed the look of language Services Coordinator at the Department our materials, and once we had finished writing, of Health and Wellness. She possesses over 20 prepared the report for publication in English years of experience working with government and and French. the Acadian community. She was seconded to the Commission to act as a Research and Policy Advisor. She also organized all the meetings Method conducted in Acadian communities. We commissioned two reports by independent Tracey Thomas is the Senior Policy Analyst with scholars; the Cardinal Report and Knight Report. African Nova Scotian Affairs. Previously, Tracey Both are reproduced in full in Appendix 3. We completed a sixteen-month secondment with the also conducted our own literature research, some Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission where she of which is reflected in the footnotes to this report. restructured and advanced the work of the Race Most importantly, we conducted a series of Relations, Equity and Inclusion unit, which included consultations in 13 communities4; met with former the development and delivery of public education Members of the Legislature (MLA) from the African across the province. Tracey was seconded to the Nova Scotian and Acadian communities and the Commission as the African Nova Scotian community former African Nova Scotian Member of Parliament engagement lead, and to provide support and (MP); and two of the MLAs currently representing analysis. She also organized the meetings portions of the former exceptional ridings. Because conducted in African Nova Scotian communities. we are an independent commission charged with providing our report to the minister responsible for Emma Richter is a marketing and outreach Acadian Affairs and Francophonie and the minister coordinator with the Nova Scotia Office of responsible for African Nova Scotian Affairs, we Immigration. She was previously with the did not interview them. Department of Communities, Culture and Heritage. She has been on loan to the Commission, assisting on their social media and engagement. 4 Appendix 2. 3 Representation: Toward More Effective Representation for Acadian and African Nova Scotians Invitations to the consultation were sent through The previous African Nova Scotian MLAs (as social media as well as through a bilingual press well as the lone former African Nova Scotian release that was distributed to local media outlets MP), the previous Acadian MLAs and the current through Communications Nova Scotia. Although MLAs representing ridings covering the former we indicated the consultations were on the subject “protected” or exceptional ridings were each of Acadian and African Nova Scotia effective invited to meet with the Commission. These
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