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McMillan, Christopher (2016) The Scots in Ireland: culture, colonialism and memory, 1315-1826. PhD thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/7418/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The Scots in Ireland: Culture, Colonialism and Memory, 1315-1826 Christopher McMillan BA, MLitt Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Critical Studies College of Arts University of Glasgow April, 2016 Abstract This thesis examines three key moments in the intersecting histories of Scotland, Ireland and England, and their impact on literature. Chapter one ‗Robert Bruce and the Last King of Ireland: Writing the Irish Invasion, 1315- 1826‘, is split into two parts. Part one, ‗Barbour‘s (other) Bruce‘ focuses on John Barbour‘s The Bruce (1375) and its depiction of the Bruce‘s Irish campaign (1315-1318). It first examines the invasion material from the perspective of the existing Irish and Scottish relationship and their opposition to English authority. It highlights possible political and ideological motivations behind Barbour‘s negative portrait of Edward Bruce - whom Barbour presents as the catalyst for the invasion and the source of its carnage and ultimate failure - and his partisan comparison between Edward and his brother Robert I. It also probes the socio-polticial and ideological background to the Bruce and its depiction of the Irish campaign, in addition to Edward and Robert. It peers behind some of the Bruce‘s most lauded themes such as chivalry, heroism, loyalty, and patriotism, and exposes its militaristic feudal ideology, its propaganda rich rhetoric, and its illusions of ‗freedom‘. Part one concludes with an examination of two of the Irish section‘s most marginalised figures, the Irish and a laundry woman. Part two, ‗Cultural Memories of the Bruce Invasion of Ireland, 1375-1826‘, examines the cultural memory of the Bruce invasion in three literary works from the Medieval, Early Modern and Romantic periods. The first, and by far the most significant memorialisation of the invasion is Barbour‘s Bruce, which is positioned for the first time within the tradition of ars memoriae (art of memory) and present-day cultural memory theories. The Bruce is evaluated as a site of memory and Barbour‘s methods are compared with Icelandic literature of the same period. The recall of the invasion in late sixteenth century Anglo-Irish literature is then considered, specifically Edmund Spenser‘s A View of the State of Ireland, which is viewed in the context of contemporary Ulster politics. The final text to be considered is William Hamilton Drummond‘s Bruce’s Invasion of Ireland (1826). It is argued that Drummond‘s poem offers an alternative Irish version of the invasion; a counter-memory that responds to nineteenth-century British politics, in addition to the controversy surrounding the publication of the Ossian fragments. Chapter two, ‗The Scots in Ulster: Policies, Proposals and Projects, 1551-1575‘, examines the struggle between Irish and Scottish Gaels and the English for dominance in north 2 Ulster, and its impact on England‘s wider colonial ideology, strategy, literature and life writing. Part one entitled ‗Noisy neighbours, 1551-1567‘ covers the deputyships of Sir James Croft, Sir Thomas Radcliffe, and Sir Henry Sidney, and examines English colonial writing during a crucial period when the Scots provoked an increase in militarisation in the region. Part two ‗Devices, Advices, and Descriptions, 1567-1575‘, deals with the relationship between the Scots and Turlough O‘Neill, the influence of the 5th Earl of Argyll, and the rise of Sorley Boy MacDonnell. It proposes that a renewed Gaelic alliance hindered England‘s conquest of Ireland and generated numerous plantation proposals and projects for Ulster. Many of which exhibit a ‗blurring‘ between the documentary and the literary; while all attest to the considerable impact of the Gaelic Scots in both motivating and frustrating various projects for that province, the most prominent of which were undertaken by Sir Thomas Smith in 1571 and Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex in 1573. 3 Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 7 Declaration ................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 9 Conceptual framework ............................................................................................................ 11 Chapter one: Robert Bruce and the Last King of Ireland: Writing the Irish Invasion, 1315-1826 .. 17 Part one: Barbour‘s (other) Bruce ................................................................................................ 17 Literary criticism ................................................................................................................. 17 John Barbour ...................................................................................................................... 21 Historical criticism .............................................................................................................. 22 Celtic connections ................................................................................................................... 25 Barbour‘s other Bruce ............................................................................................................. 31 Brothers in arms.................................................................................................................. 33 ‗Freedom is a noble thing‘: demystifying The Bruce ................................................................ 43 A cult of war ........................................................................................................................ 45 The illusion of Freedom ....................................................................................................... 49 National epic ....................................................................................................................... 57 An ethical evaluation of Barbour‘s depiction of the Irish ......................................................... 60 Barbour’s representation of the Irish ................................................................................... 61 The laundry woman ............................................................................................................. 66 Part two: Cultural Memories of the Bruce Invasion of Ireland, 1375-1826 ................................... 70 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 70 The Art of Memory .............................................................................................................. 71 Cultural Memory and current theories ................................................................................. 74 The Bruce: site of memory ...................................................................................................... 75 Canonisation and cultural memory ...................................................................................... 76 Comparisons of memory in medieval Icelandic literature and Barbour’s Bruce ................... 77 Snorri and Barbour ............................................................................................................. 79 The Edda and the Bruce ...................................................................................................... 80 Memory and narration ........................................................................................................ 82 Communicative and cultural memory................................................................................... 84 Heroes ................................................................................................................................ 85 Reception and Intertexuality ................................................................................................ 87 4 Sub-total recall .................................................................................................................... 89 ‘Is there nothing more to history than praise of Rome?’ ....................................................... 90 A ‗matter of […] memory‘: The Bruce Invasion in Sixteenth-century Anglo-Irish Literature ... 91 Spenser, memory and history ............................................................................................... 93 A View of the Bruce Invasion of Ireland ..............................................................................
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