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“Dangerous Vagabonds”: Resistance to Slave
“DANGEROUS VAGABONDS”: RESISTANCE TO SLAVE EMANCIPATION AND THE COLONY OF SENEGAL by Robin Aspasia Hardy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana April 2016 ©COPYRIGHT by Robin Aspasia Hardy 2016 All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION PAGE For my dear parents. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 Historiography and Methodology .............................................................................. 4 Sources ..................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter Overview .................................................................................................... 20 2. SENEGAL ON THE FRINGE OF EMPIRE.......................................................... 23 Senegal, Early French Presence, and Slavery ......................................................... 24 The Role of Slavery in the French Conquest of Senegal’s Interior ......................... 39 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 51 3. RACE, RESISTANCE, AND PUISSANCE ........................................................... 54 Sex, Trade and Race in Senegal ............................................................................... 55 Slave Emancipation and the Perpetuation of a Mixed-Race -
Stiwanismo En Un Contexto Africano 1
Stiwanismo en un contexto africano1 Stiwanism, feminism in an African context Molara Ogundipe-Leslie University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff. Recibido el 19 de marzo de 2002. Aceptado el 19 de abril de 2002. BIBLID [ l l 34-6396(2002)9: 1; 59-92] RESUMEN Molara Ogundipe plantea en este texto cuáles son las distintas situaciones de las mujeres africanas en el contexto actual, de un África en proceso de modernización pero en que a la vez las diferentes tradiciones continúan vivas, y cuáles han de ser los proyectos emancipatorios que las mujeres deberían llevar a cabo. En este sentido, Ogundipe hace un repaso histórico y considera que las mujeres han estado siempre presentes, en primer plano y de manera activa, en los procesos de liberación del continente africano, pero sus demandas han sido siempre relegadas a un papel secundario; y, asimismo, es evidente que no hay cambio social posible en positivo cuando no se cuenta con las mujeres. Así pues, la propuesta de Molara Ogundipe consiste en una Transformación Social que Incluya a las mujeres en África, el concepto Stiwanismo (Social Transformation Including Women in Africa). Palabras clave: Feminismos. África. Mujeres africanas. Stiwanismo. Imperialismo cultural. ABSTRACT In this text Molara Ogundipe raises the issue of the different situation of African women currently, in the context of Africa as a continent in the process of modemization, with different live traditions. She also focuses on the emancipatory projects that women engage in. In her review of history, Ogundipe considers that women are always present in a very active way, in the process of liberation of the African continent. -
Understanding French Foreign and Security Policy Towards Africa: Pragmatism Or Altruism Abdurrahim Sıradağ1
Afro Eurasian Studies Journal Vol 3. Issue 1, Spring 2014 Understanding French Foreign and Security Policy towards Africa: Pragmatism or Altruism Abdurrahim Sıradağ1 Abstract France has deep economic, political and historical relations with Africa, dating back to the 17th century. Since the independence of the former colonial countries in Africa in the 1950s and 1960s, France has continued to maintain its economic and political relations with its former colonies. Importantly, France has a special strategic security partnership with the African countries. It has intervened militarily in Africa more than 50 times since 1960. France has especially continued to use its military power to strengthen its economic, political and strategic relations with Africa. For instance, it deployed its military troops in Mali in January 2013 and in the Central African Republic in December 2013. Why does France actively get involved in Africa militarily? This research will particularly uncover the main motivations behind the French foreign and security policy in Africa. Key words: Francophone Africa, France, Foreign Policy, Africa, economic interests. The Role of France in World Politics France’s international power and position has shaped its foreign and security policy towards Africa. France has been an important actor with its political and economic power in Europe and in the world. It was one of the six important founding members of the European Community after 1 International University of Sarajevo, Department of International Relations, Ilidža, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Email: [email protected] 100 the Second World War and plays a leading role in European integration. France plays a significant role in world politics through international or- ganizations. -
Toubab: an American Doctor in West Africa
BOOK REVIEWS Toubab: An American Doctor in toubab, experienced in Africa. He was Africa Medicine and Education West Africa assigned to the emergency department (WAME), a nonprofit program to help of the major hospital in The Gambia. His support medical care and general edu - By David Levine, DO. 281 pp, $25.00. ISBN: text relates numerous insightful experi - cation for West African children. The 978-0-9821064-1-9. Self-published; 2010. ences of friendships, cultural collisions, book notes that all profits from the sale sickness, frustrations, heartbreak, anger, of Toubab will be donated to WAME. The Gambia is a poor, small country in happiness, and much more. A couple Buying this book will help these kids West Africa in which day-to-day life is a examples follow: survive a difficult life. challenge. Healthcare services available My recommendation is to buy there are only a fraction of the services [Stunning to me were] the depth and Toubab and read it, and then try to pic - available in even the smallest towns in breadth of the chasm of ignorance of ture yourself living in such poor condi - the United States. I imagine that condi - the average Gambian about illness. A tions. You will leave Dr Levine’s story tions in most of Central Africa are sim - friend will report to me, “My auntie with a greater appreciation for what we ilar to those in The Gambia. In 2006, is in the hospital.” have in the United States, despite all the “Oh,” I say, “what is wrong with David Levine, DO, a family physician distractions that we’re experiencing in her?” from Washington State, volunteered for medicine today. -
Understanding African Armies
REPORT Nº 27 — April 2016 Understanding African armies RAPPORTEURS David Chuter Florence Gaub WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM Taynja Abdel Baghy, Aline Leboeuf, José Luengo-Cabrera, Jérôme Spinoza Reports European Union Institute for Security Studies EU Institute for Security Studies 100, avenue de Suffren 75015 Paris http://www.iss.europa.eu Director: Antonio Missiroli © EU Institute for Security Studies, 2016. Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. Print ISBN 978-92-9198-482-4 ISSN 1830-9747 doi:10.2815/97283 QN-AF-16-003-EN-C PDF ISBN 978-92-9198-483-1 ISSN 2363-264X doi:10.2815/088701 QN-AF-16-003-EN-N Published by the EU Institute for Security Studies and printed in France by Jouve. Graphic design by Metropolis, Lisbon. Maps: Léonie Schlosser; António Dias (Metropolis). Cover photograph: Kenyan army soldier Nicholas Munyanya. Credit: Ben Curtis/AP/SIPA CONTENTS Foreword 5 Antonio Missiroli I. Introduction: history and origins 9 II. The business of war: capacities and conflicts 15 III. The business of politics: coups and people 25 IV. Current and future challenges 37 V. Food for thought 41 Annexes 45 Tables 46 List of references 65 Abbreviations 69 Notes on the contributors 71 ISSReportNo.27 List of maps Figure 1: Peace missions in Africa 8 Figure 2: Independence of African States 11 Figure 3: Overview of countries and their armed forces 14 Figure 4: A history of external influences in Africa 17 Figure 5: Armed conflicts involving African armies 20 Figure 6: Global peace index 22 Figure -
Central African Republic (C.A.R.) Appears to Have Been Settled Territory of Chad
Grids & Datums CENTRAL AFRI C AN REPUBLI C by Clifford J. Mugnier, C.P., C.M.S. “The Central African Republic (C.A.R.) appears to have been settled territory of Chad. Two years later the territory of Ubangi-Shari and from at least the 7th century on by overlapping empires, including the the military territory of Chad were merged into a single territory. The Kanem-Bornou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi, and Dafour groups based in Lake colony of Ubangi-Shari - Chad was formed in 1906 with Chad under Chad and the Upper Nile. Later, various sultanates claimed present- a regional commander at Fort-Lamy subordinate to Ubangi-Shari. The day C.A.R., using the entire Oubangui region as a slave reservoir, from commissioner general of French Congo was raised to the status of a which slaves were traded north across the Sahara and to West Africa governor generalship in 1908; and by a decree of January 15, 1910, for export by European traders. Population migration in the 18th and the name of French Equatorial Africa was given to a federation of the 19th centuries brought new migrants into the area, including the Zande, three colonies (Gabon, Middle Congo, and Ubangi-Shari - Chad), each Banda, and M’Baka-Mandjia. In 1875 the Egyptian sultan Rabah of which had its own lieutenant governor. In 1914 Chad was detached governed Upper-Oubangui, which included present-day C.A.R.” (U.S. from the colony of Ubangi-Shari and made a separate territory; full Department of State Background Notes, 2012). colonial status was conferred on Chad in 1920. -
7-Perez Crozas.Pmd 129 14/04/2010, 15:06 130 Afrique Et Développement, Vol
Afrique et développement, Vol. XXXIV, No. 2, 2009, pp. 129–158 © Conseil pour le développement de la recherche en sciences sociales en Afrique, 2009 (ISSN 0850-3907) Des lançados aux expatriés :1 « l’Ethnie2 Blanche »3 entre les fleuves Sénégal et Casamance Armonia Pérez Crosas* Résumé La région comprise entre les fleuves Sénégal et Casamance a un long parcours historique de contact et de présence de l’homme Blanc occidental. Même si les personnages et les situations qu’ont conformé « l’Ethnie Blanche » pendant le temps ont été très variés, il existe des caractéristiques qui se répètent, des continuités associées avec l’ambiguïté du statut social, des relations entre les sexes ou les spécialisations économiques, à la frontière entre le local et le global. L’article explore cette durabilité d’une frontière culturelle, en proposant des pistes de recherche à partir de la figure des lançados. L’analyse montre des indices, des parallélismes réitérés entre les effets des varia- tions dans les conditions frontalières sur le collectif « Blanc », en oscillant entre le maintien de son identité et l’intégration dans les communautés autochtones. L’auteur estime qu’une perspective de longue durée aiderait à comprendre l’articulation actuelle des contingents de coopérants et d’agents économiques qui arrivent à la région, compréhension qui pourrait être extrapolée à d’autres zones du continent. Abstract The region located between the Senegal and the Casamance rivers has a long history of the presence of Western white men. Although the characters and situations modeled by the ‘White Ethnic Group’ over time have been very varied, there are characteristics that are repeated, continuities associated with the ambiguity of social status, gender relations or economic specializations, on the boundary between both * Agrupament per a la Recerca i la Docència d’Àfrica (ARDA), Université de Barcelone. -
RECORDS CODIFICATION MANUAL Prepared by the Office Of
RECORDS CODIFICATION MANUAL Prepared by The Office of Communications and Records Department of State (Adopted January 1, 1950—Revised January 1, 1955) I I CLASSES OF RECORDS Glass 0 Miscellaneous. I Class 1 Administration of the United States Government. Class 2 Protection of Interests (Persons and Property). I Class 3 International Conferences, Congresses, Meetings and Organizations. United Nations. Organization of American States. Multilateral Treaties. I Class 4 International Trade and Commerce. Trade Relations, Treaties, Agreements. Customs Administration. Class 5 International Informational and Educational Relations. Cultural I Affairs and Programs. Class 6 International Political Relations. Other International Relations. I Class 7 Internal Political and National Defense Affairs. Class 8 Internal Economic, Industrial and Social Affairs. 1 Class 9 Other Internal Affairs. Communications, Transportation, Science. - 0 - I Note: - Classes 0 thru 2 - Miscellaneous; Administrative. Classes 3 thru 6 - International relations; relations of one country with another, or of a group of countries with I other countries. Classes 7 thru 9 - Internal affairs; domestic problems, conditions, etc., and only rarely concerns more than one I country or area. ' \ \T^^E^ CLASS 0 MISCELLANEOUS 000 GENERAL. Unclassifiable correspondence. Crsnk letters. Begging letters. Popular comment. Public opinion polls. Matters not pertaining to business of the Department. Requests for interviews with officials of the Department. (Classify subjectively when possible). Requests for names and/or addresses of Foreign Service Officers and personnel. Requests for copies of treaties and other publications. (This number should never be used for communications from important persons, organizations, etc.). 006 Precedent Index. 010 Matters transmitted through facilities of the Department, .1 Telegrams, letters, documents. -
WHO | World Health Organization
UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES WORLD H E A L T H ORGANISATION MONDIALE ORGANIZATION DE LA SANTÉ THIRD WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY A3/53 `' 6 May 1950 ORIGINAL: FRENCH APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP BY THE KINGDOM OF LAOS (Provisional agenda, item 13) The Government of the Kingdom of Laos has applied fcr membership in the World Health Organization, This request was made within the time limit required by the Rules of Procedure of the Assembly: The letters exchanged and other relevant informations are reproduced below. TELEGRAM DATED 7 APRIL 1950 AND LETTER DATED 15 APRIL 1950 FROM THE MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF FRANCE TO THE DIRECTOR- GENERAL: "HAVE HONOUR TO INFORM 17.0 GOVERNMENT LAOS REQUESTS ADMISSION AS MEMBER WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LETTERS GOVERNMENT LACS AND FRENCH GOVERNMENT CONFIRMING APPLICATION WILL BE SENT TO YOU LATER ON" "On 7 April, I informed you by telegram that the Government of Laos has requested the admissi:n of its country as a member of the World Health Organization "I have the honour, in the name of the President of the French Union, to confirm this application and to ask if you would kindly include thé request for admission formulated by Laos on the agenda cf the coming World Health Assembly." EXTRACT FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC OF 13 OCTOBER 1946, PROMULGATED 27 OCTOBER 1946 SECTION VIII Article 60 The French Union shall consist, on the one hand, of the French Republic, comprising metropolitan France and the overseas Departments. and Territories, on the other hand of the Associated Territories and States. A3/53 page2 Article 61 The position of the Associated States within the French Union shall be established for each of them by the instrument defining their relationship to France. -
Colonial Empires Cases and Comparisons
The Ends of European Colonial Empires Cases and Comparisons Edited by Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo Instltute of Social Scìences, tJníverslf of Lßbon, portugal and António Costa Pinto Instítute of Soclal Scìences, IJniverslty of Llsbon, portugal pôlgreve rnacm illa n -Y- Editorial matter, introduction and selection @ Miguet Bandeira Jerónimo and António costa Pinto 2015 Contents lndividual chapters O Contr¡butors 2015 Att rights reserved. No reProduction, coPy or transmission of this pubtication may be made without written Permission. No portion of this pubtication may be reproduced, copied or trânsmitted Acknowledgements 1X save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any ticence Notes on Contributors X permitting [imited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House,6-10 Kirby Street, London EClN 8TS. Introduction - The Ends of Empire: Chronologies, Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication Historiographies, and Traiectories 1 and civil claims for damages' may be tiabte to criminal Prosecution Miguel Bandeirø [erónimo and António Costa Pinto The authors have asserted their r¡ghts to be identified as the âuthors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Part I Competing Developments: The Idioms of Reform and Resistance First pubtished 2015 by PALCRAVE MACMILLAN 1 Development, Modernization, and the Social Sciences Patgrave Macmittan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Pubtishers Limited, in the Era of Decolonization: The Examples of British registered in England, comPany number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, and French Africa 15 Hampshire RCz1 6XS. -
Dakar's Municipal Bond Issue: a Tale of Two Cities
Briefing Note 1603 May 2016 | Edward Paice Dakar’s municipal bond issue: A tale of two cities THE 19 MUNICIPALITIES OF THE CITY OF DAKAR Central and municipal governments are being overwhelmed by the rapid growth Cambérène Parcelles Assainies of Africa’s cities. Strategic planning has been insufficient and the provision of basic services to residents is worsening. Since the 1990s, widespread devolution has substantially shifted responsibility for coping with urbanisation to local Ngor Yoff Patte d’Oie authorities, yet municipal governments across Africa receive a paltry share of Grand-Yoff national income with which to discharge their responsibilities.1 Responsible and SICAP Dieuppeul-Derklé proactive city authorities are examining how to improve revenue generation and Liberté Ouakam HLM diversify their sources of finance. Municipal bonds may be a financing option for Mermoz Biscuiterie Sacré-Cœur Grand-Dakar some capital cities, depending on the legal and regulatory environment, investor appetite, and the creditworthiness of the borrower and proposed investment Fann-Point Hann-Bel-Air E-Amitié projects. This Briefing Note describes an attempt by the city of Dakar, the capital of Senegal, to launch the first municipal bond in the West African Economic and Gueule Tapée Fass-Colobane Monetary Union (WAEMU) area, and considers the ramifications of the central Médina Dakar-Plateau government blocking the initiative. Contested capital Sall also pressed for the adoption of an African Charter on Local Government and the establishment of an During the 2000s President Abdoulaye Wade sought African Union High Council on Local Authorities. For Sall, to establish Dakar as a major investment destination those closest to the people – local government – must and transform it into a “world-class” city. -
Country Coding Units
INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) .