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Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin Part 3 Ascalaphidae

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Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin Part 3 Ascalaphidae Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin Part 3 Ascalaphidae Norman O. Penny (, ) Abstrc:ct the "true" eggs. Rapagula function w repel predatory ants, or to provide first food for The nineteen species of the family Ascalaphidae new-born larvae (Henry, 1972). Newly born occurring in the Amazon Basin are described. and keys are glven for their separatlon . Three new species are larvae are gregarious near the egg cluster, but included. after seven or eight days drop to the ground to begin terrestrial life. Ululodes iarVE..e cover the spiny dorsum with sand particles giving lNTRODUCTION them a camcuflaged appearance. Lar .,ae wait in the sand with mandibles open at 180° to Ascalaphidae, or owl-flies. are la:ge neu­ 270° for passing arthropods, which they ropterans with long, knobbed antennae é'lnd immediately attack, paralyze, and empty of long, narrow wings. There are numerous cross­ body fluids through their hollc.w mandibles veins in the fore- and hindwings, and super­ (Henry, 1977). Some Amazonian species (Fig. ficially these insects resemble Odonata, al­ 2) are arboreal, waiting on leaves, but without though owl-flies can be quickly separated by sand particles on their dorsum. Larvae pass the form of the antennae. through three instars in 77 to 509 days. When ready to pupate, the larvae form balls of sand Most of the species of Amazonian ascala­ particles over their bodies and spin silken phids were described by the e:lrliest taxono­ inner envelopes. The pupa is exarate and mists, such as J. C. Fabricius, Francis Walker. decticous. After 24 to 32 days the adults H. Burmeister, and P. Rambur. Weel~ (1908) emerge. Some European species of Afcalaphi­ presented descriptions of ali known ascala­ dae are day-flying predators, but Amazonian phids, including Amazonian species, and most species appear to be crepuscular. feeding of the descriptions were accompanied by on small, f l ~ing insects. Adult longevity is photographs and illustrations. One species of not known. Morphology : Past taxonomic Amazonian Ascalaphidae has subsequently treatments of Ascalaphidae have re!ied for been described (Navás, 1927), and the present species identification on wing venatio1 . shdpe study includes three more. Ai I Nec.trop1cal and coloration; compound eye shape; antennal species were catalogued (Pcnny, 1977) and ~he length and coloration; and mate aodominal New World classification reviewed (Penny, in shape and coloration. Few structural differ­ press). However, no one publication has been ences have been noted for male and femde available describing ali Amazonian species of genitalia, and these have never been used for owl-flies since Weele's (1908) work. Thus, tnis species separation. However, Tjeder (1977) study was developed to meet the current needs has described differences among ascalaphid of researchers working in the Amazon Basin. genitalia in a study of genera from ali regions Biology: Eggs of Ascalaphidae are laid in of the world. Ascalaphids from the Amazon clusters of 30 to 75 eggs on the apex cf small. Region are remarkable for their lack of striki11g dead twigs. Eggs are ovoid, with a cephalic genitalic characters . The two subfamilies can cap. Frequently in New World ascalaphids. easily be told apart on the basis of buth male modified eggs, called rapagula, are IE,id ncar and female genital ia. However, I was unable ( • ) - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Mllnaus ACTA AMAZONICA 11(3) : 605-651. 1981 - 605 "'\ ··. .{ I ' i r, I 4 rrm /)/ Fig . 1 - Lateral view of Ululodes cajennensis (Fabr.). (Drawn by Artemio Coelho da Silva) . to discern dif'ferences in genitalia great enough species. Ulula vetula, and Walker (1852, 1858) to even be used at generic levei. r-nlarged added four more species. Maclachla;, (1871) pulvini, elongate ectoprocts, setimerc:s, etc . • and Selys (1871) added three species. Weele's were ali absent from Amazonian specíes. The (1908) monographic revision treated 16 species characters mentíoned by Tjeder as unique to in seven genera from Amazonia, including Ululodes and Cordulecerus were also tound in three species and one subspecies as new. The the other two Amazonian genera of Ululodini, present study includes 19 species in eight ge­ Ascalorphne and Ameropterus. Some differ­ nera. The genera can be separated by the ences were discernible in the male paramere­ following key. ·gonarcus complex. and in the pulvinus, but these dífferences were slight and it is felt KEY TO AMAZONIAN GENERA OF ASCALAPHIDAE that wíthout study of further specimens. conclusions drawn at thís time could be 1a. Eyes entire, not divided erroneus or misleading. Obvious w:ng and by transverse suture; fe­ antennal differences are not easily correlated male eighth tergite dor­ with the conservative genitalic structures. New so-ventrally elongate, in­ (1971) and Henry (1978) have used ovariole corporating spi racle near number to a limited extent for separ~tion of ventral margin ; male groups. However, other techniques are st'll ninth sternite not exten­ needed. Systematics: The first species of Ama­ ding caudally to apex of zonian Ascalaphidae. Ascalaphus cajannensis ectoprocts (Subfamily Ha­ was described by Fabrícius (1787). Burmeister plogleniinae) . .. 2 ( 1839) added the second specíes, Haplog!enius 1ll . Eyes divided by a trans­ costatus . Rambur (1842) added one more verse sulcus into two 606- Penny parts. superior anà infe­ 3b . Hindwing with 2A absent rior, equal or inequal; fe­ or extremely short . 4 male eighth tergite not 4a. Forewing with anal cells dorso-ventrally elongate, equally narrow proximal with spiracle incorpora­ and distai to axillary ted into pleural membra­ angle . Neohap,oglenius ne; male ninth sternite 4b. Forewing with anal cells extending cauda lly to or wider distai to axillary beyond apex of ectopro­ angle than proximal, or cts (tribe Ululodini of only slight indication of subfamily Ascalaphinae) axillary angle ......... Amoea ..................... 5 Sa. Axi llary angle of the 2a. Antennae longer than forewing very distinct: distance to second As antennae longer than fork of forewing ..... 3 forewing Ascalorphne 2b. Antennae shorter than Sb. Forewing smoothly cur­ distance to second As ved to base, without axil­ fork of forewing .. ..... Ascalobyas lary angle; antennae va- 3a. Hindwing with 2A present riable ...... ...... ... 6 long . Hap/oglwius 6a . In hindwing CuP straight Ameropterus 6b. In hindwing CuP clearly - sinuous ............. 7 (i . 7a. Hindwing long and nar­ row, approximately as wide at mid-length as Í.! .. near wing base . Ulufodes ll-~ ··p 7b. Hindwing trianguloid, much wider at mid-tength than near wing base . Cordu/ecerus SUBFAMILY HAPLOGLENIINAE Newman Ascalobyas Penny, 19R1 Byas Rambur. 1842, Hist. nat. des lnsectes. Névropte­ res, p. 361 [preoccupied by Byas Oalman, 1820; and Byas Morris, 1837) . Ascalobyas Penny. 1981 , Acta Amaz. TYPE SPECIEs: Byas microcerus Aambur, by 2 monotypy. o .. mm The genus Asca/obyas is oasily charac­ terized by undivided eyes and very short antennae. As presently constituted, the genus includes four species ranging from Honduras Fig. 2 - Dorsal view of larva! Ascalaphidae. (Drawn to Ecuador and central Brazil. Three species by Artemio Coelho da Silva) . are found in the Amazon Basin . Neuroptera - 607 The first species of Ascalobyas to be here. The present study describes a fourth described from Amazonia was A albistígma species, A. machadoi. The following key se~a­ byWalker in 1853. In 1871 Mr.claclilan de­ rates the three known species of Amazonian scribed A. termínalís from Bates' col!ections Ascalobyas. along the Tapajós River, but this species was !ater synonomized with A. microcerus Rambur. KEY TO AMAZONIAN SPECIES OF ASCALOBYAS In the Paris Museum are two nominal species 1a. Costal margin clear, without of Haploglenius which are Asca/obyas. In the dark pigmentation (Fig. 4) . A. machadoi first species, Hap/ogleníus camposi Navás, 1b. Costal margin darkened the syntype tema I e agrees with the type of from base to apex of fore- Asca/obyas albistigma (Walker). while the wing (Figs. 3, 5) ........ 2 male syntype appears to be A. microcerus 2a. Forewing with clear apex (Rambur). The other species, Hap/oglenius (Fig. 5) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. A. mi ~· rocews dupuyi Navás is from Rio de Janeiro, :..11d thus 2b. Forewing with dark apex does not fali into the area under discussion (Fig. 3) . ............ A. a/bístígma ,' ., .. 4 3 5 6 / Figs. 3-8 - Dorsal view of: 3) - Ascalobyas albistigma (Walker); 4) - Ascalobyas machadoi n. sp.; 5) - Ascalo­ byas microcerus (Rambur); 6) - Amoea iniquus (Walker); 7) - Haploglenius luteus (Walker); 8) - Haploglenius cos­ tatus Burmeister. 608- Penny I~ t T i" T -10"11 -fr Map 1 - Geographical distribution of Ascalobyas albistigma (Walker) Ascalobyas albistigma (Walker, 1853) Ascalobyas albistigma (Walker) Penny, 1981. Acta Amaz. (Fig . 3, Map 1) Haploglenius terminalis Maclachlan. 1871, J. Linn. Soe. Zool., 11 : 235 . Ascalaphus albistigma Walker. 1853. Cat. Brit. Mus. Haploglenius hilaris Gerstaecker, 1893, Mitt. Vorpomm. Neuropt., p . 452 . und Rügen, 25: 96 . Haploglenius albistigma (Walker) Macl achlan, 1871, J. Hoploglenius fervidus Gerstaecker. 1893, Mitt. Vorpomm. Linn. Soe. Zool., 11: 236. und Rügen, 25: 97. Byas albistigma (Walker) Weele, 1908, Coll. zool. Edm. Haploglenius camposi Navás (female), 1928, Revta chil. Selys Longchamps, 8: 30 . Hist. nat., 32: 107. (new syn). Neuroptera ... - 609 Holotype mate of Haploglenius h'laris in five crossveins. Cubital fork distinct. Second Greifswald Museum, Greifswald,
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