Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin Part 3 Ascalaphidae

Norman O. Penny (, )

Abstrc:ct the "true" eggs. Rapagula function w repel predatory ants, or to provide first food for The nineteen species of the family Ascalaphidae new-born larvae (Henry, 1972). Newly born occurring in the Amazon Basin are described. and keys are glven for their separatlon . Three new species are larvae are gregarious near the egg cluster, but included. after seven or eight days drop to the ground to begin terrestrial life. Ululodes iarVE..e cover the spiny dorsum with sand particles giving lNTRODUCTION them a camcuflaged appearance. Lar .,ae wait in the sand with mandibles open at 180° to Ascalaphidae, or owl-flies. are la:ge neu­ 270° for passing arthropods, which they ropterans with long, knobbed antennae é'lnd immediately attack, paralyze, and empty of long, narrow wings. There are numerous cross­ body fluids through their hollc.w mandibles veins in the fore- and hindwings, and super­ (Henry, 1977). Some Amazonian species (Fig. ficially these insects resemble Odonata, al­ 2) are arboreal, waiting on leaves, but without though owl-flies can be quickly separated by sand particles on their dorsum. Larvae pass the form of the antennae. through three instars in 77 to 509 days. When ready to pupate, the larvae form balls of sand Most of the species of Amazonian ascala­ particles over their bodies and spin silken phids were described by the e:lrliest taxono­ inner envelopes. The pupa is exarate and mists, such as J. C. Fabricius, Francis Walker. decticous. After 24 to 32 days the adults H. Burmeister, and P. Rambur. Weel~ (1908) emerge. Some European species of Afcalaphi­ presented descriptions of ali known ascala­ dae are day-flying predators, but Amazonian phids, including Amazonian species, and most species appear to be crepuscular. feeding of the descriptions were accompanied by on small, f l ~ing insects. Adult longevity is photographs and illustrations. One species of not known. Morphology : Past taxonomic Amazonian Ascalaphidae has subsequently treatments of Ascalaphidae have re!ied for been described (Navás, 1927), and the present species identification on wing venatio1 . shdpe study includes three more. Ai I Nec.trop1cal and coloration; compound eye shape; antennal species were catalogued (Pcnny, 1977) and ~he length and coloration; and mate aodominal New World classification reviewed (Penny, in shape and coloration. Few structural differ­ press). However, no one publication has been ences have been noted for male and femde available describing ali Amazonian species of genitalia, and these have never been used for owl-flies since Weele's (1908) work. Thus, tnis species separation. However, Tjeder (1977) study was developed to meet the current needs has described differences among ascalaphid of researchers working in the Amazon Basin. genitalia in a study of genera from ali regions Biology: Eggs of Ascalaphidae are laid in of the world. Ascalaphids from the Amazon clusters of 30 to 75 eggs on the apex cf small. Region are remarkable for their lack of striki11g dead twigs. Eggs are ovoid, with a cephalic genitalic characters . The two subfamilies can cap. Frequently in New World ascalaphids. easily be told apart on the basis of buth male modified eggs, called rapagula, are IE,id ncar and female genital ia. However, I was unable

( • ) - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Mllnaus

ACTA AMAZONICA 11(3) : 605-651. 1981 - 605 "'\ ··.

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Fig . 1 - Lateral view of Ululodes cajennensis (Fabr.). (Drawn by Artemio Coelho da Silva) . to discern dif'ferences in genitalia great enough species. Ulula vetula, and Walker (1852, 1858) to even be used at generic levei. r-nlarged added four more species. Maclachla;, (1871) pulvini, elongate ectoprocts, setimerc:s, etc . • and Selys (1871) added three species. Weele's were ali absent from Amazonian specíes. The (1908) monographic revision treated 16 species characters mentíoned by Tjeder as unique to in seven genera from Amazonia, including Ululodes and Cordulecerus were also tound in three species and one subspecies as new. The the other two Amazonian genera of Ululodini, present study includes 19 species in eight ge­ Ascalorphne and Ameropterus. Some differ­ nera. The genera can be separated by the ences were discernible in the male paramere­ following key. ·gonarcus complex. and in the pulvinus, but these dífferences were slight and it is felt KEY TO AMAZONIAN GENERA OF ASCALAPHIDAE that wíthout study of further specimens. conclusions drawn at thís time could be 1a. Eyes entire, not divided erroneus or misleading. Obvious w:ng and by transverse suture; fe­ antennal differences are not easily correlated male eighth tergite dor­ with the conservative genitalic structures. New so-ventrally elongate, in­ (1971) and Henry (1978) have used ovariole corporating spi racle near number to a limited extent for separ~tion of ventral margin ; male groups. However, other techniques are st'll ninth sternite not exten­ needed. Systematics: The first species of Ama­ ding caudally to apex of zonian Ascalaphidae. Ascalaphus cajannensis ectoprocts (Subfamily Ha­ was described by Fabrícius (1787). Burmeister plogleniinae) ...... 2 ( 1839) added the second specíes, Haplog!enius 1ll . Eyes divided by a trans­ costatus . Rambur (1842) added one more verse sulcus into two

606- Penny parts. superior anà infe­ 3b . Hindwing with 2A absent rior, equal or inequal; fe­ or extremely short . . . 4 male eighth tergite not 4a. Forewing with anal cells dorso-ventrally elongate, equally narrow proximal with spiracle incorpora­ and distai to axillary ted into pleural membra­ angle ...... Neohap,oglenius ne; male ninth sternite 4b. Forewing with anal cells extending cauda lly to or wider distai to axillary beyond apex of ectopro­ angle than proximal, or cts (tribe Ululodini of only slight indication of subfamily Ascalaphinae) axillary angle ...... Amoea ...... 5 Sa. Axi llary angle of the 2a. Antennae longer than forewing very distinct: distance to second As antennae longer than fork of forewing ..... 3 forewing Ascalorphne 2b. Antennae shorter than Sb. Forewing smoothly cur­ distance to second As ved to base, without axil­ fork of forewing ...... Ascalobyas lary angle; antennae va- 3a. Hindwing with 2A present riable ...... 6 long ...... Hap/oglwius 6a . In hindwing CuP straight Ameropterus 6b. In hindwing CuP clearly - sinuous ...... 7 (i . 7a. Hindwing long and nar­ row, approximately as wide at mid-length as Í.! .. . near wing base ...... Ulufodes ll-~ ··p 7b. Hindwing trianguloid, much wider at mid-tength than near wing base . . . Cordu/ecerus

SUBFAMILY HAPLOGLENIINAE Newman

Ascalobyas Penny, 19R1

Byas Rambur. 1842, Hist. nat. des lnsectes. Névropte­ res, p. 361 [preoccupied by Byas Oalman, 1820; and Byas Morris, 1837) . Ascalobyas Penny. 1981 , Acta Amaz.

TYPE SPECIEs: Byas microcerus Aambur, by 2 monotypy. o .. mm The genus Asca/obyas is oasily charac­ terized by undivided eyes and very short antennae. As presently constituted, the genus includes four species ranging from Honduras Fig. 2 - Dorsal view of larva! Ascalaphidae. (Drawn to Ecuador and central Brazil. Three species by Artemio Coelho da Silva) . are found in the Amazon Basin .

Neuroptera - 607 The first species of Ascalobyas to be here. The present study describes a fourth described from Amazonia was A albistígma species, A. machadoi. The following key se~a­ byWalker in 1853. In 1871 Mr.claclilan de­ rates the three known species of Amazonian scribed A. termínalís from Bates' col!ections Ascalobyas. along the Tapajós River, but this species was !ater synonomized with A. microcerus Rambur. KEY TO AMAZONIAN SPECIES OF ASCALOBYAS In the Paris Museum are two nominal species 1a. Costal margin clear, without of Haploglenius which are Asca/obyas. In the dark pigmentation (Fig. 4) . A. machadoi first species, Hap/ogleníus camposi Navás, 1b. Costal margin darkened the syntype tema I e agrees with the type of from base to apex of fore- Asca/obyas albistigma (Walker). while the wing (Figs. 3, 5) ...... 2 male syntype appears to be A. microcerus 2a. Forewing with clear apex (Rambur). The other species, Hap/oglenius (Fig. 5) ...... A. mi ~· rocews dupuyi Navás is from Rio de Janeiro, :..11d thus 2b. Forewing with dark apex does not fali into the area under discussion (Fig. 3) ...... A. a/bístígma

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Figs. 3-8 - Dorsal view of: 3) - Ascalobyas albistigma (Walker); 4) - Ascalobyas machadoi n. sp.; 5) - Ascalo­ byas microcerus (Rambur); 6) - Amoea iniquus (Walker); 7) - Haploglenius luteus (Walker); 8) - Haploglenius cos­ tatus Burmeister.

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Map 1 - Geographical distribution of Ascalobyas albistigma (Walker)

Ascalobyas albistigma (Walker, 1853) Ascalobyas albistigma (Walker) Penny, 1981. Acta Amaz. (Fig . 3, Map 1) Haploglenius terminalis Maclachlan. 1871, J. Linn. Soe. Zool., 11 : 235 . Ascalaphus albistigma Walker. 1853. Cat. Brit. Mus. Haploglenius hilaris Gerstaecker, 1893, Mitt. Vorpomm. Neuropt., p . 452 . und Rügen, 25: 96 . Haploglenius albistigma (Walker) Macl achlan, 1871, J. Hoploglenius fervidus Gerstaecker. 1893, Mitt. Vorpomm. Linn. Soe. Zool., 11: 236. und Rügen, 25: 97. Byas albistigma (Walker) Weele, 1908, Coll. zool. Edm. Haploglenius camposi Navás (female), 1928, Revta chil. Selys Longchamps, 8: 30 . Hist. nat., 32: 107. (new syn).

Neuroptera ... - 609 Holotype mate of Haploglenius h'laris in five crossveins. Cubital fork distinct. Second Greifswald Museum, Greifswald, D. D. R. anal vein extremely short in forewing; short in hindwing, extending only to levei of cubital Holotype female of Ascalaphus albistiqma fork. is in the Bristish Museum (Natural Historv), London. Two syntype m~les of Hap/oglenius ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length. Uni­ terminalis in the British Museum (Natural His­ formly dark brown with rugose sculpting tory). London. Two syntype females of Haglo­ dorsally; each ruga with band of tiny yellow glenius fervidus in Greifswald Museum, Grei­ hairs; sparser and larger dar k setae. Segments fswald, D. D. R. Syntype mal e and female of !11 to VIl with vertical slit on each side of Haploglenius camposi in the P:..ris Museum, dorsum a little anterior· to mid-length. Longer Paris, France. black setae protruding from terminal segments. No evidence of lateral protuberances. Present description based on holotype of H. a/bistigma, syntype female ot H. c..ampcsi, MALE BODY LENGTH: 38 mm (withOUt an­ syntype of H. terminalis, an:i one male, pinned. tennae).

HEAD: Occiput dark brown with pale brown FOREWING LENGTH: 37 mm. and white pilosity. Compound eyes without GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Weele (1908) median sul cus; pai e brown with brown spots. recorded this species from Panama, Honjuras Clypeus and labrum white. Base of man­ and Colombia, in addition to Walker's type dibles white, changing to dark reddish brown from the Bre.zilian Amazon. Within Amazonia, apically. Maxillary palpi five- segmented; basal this species is known from the Santarém segments whitish, gradually becoming apically holotype, and, in addition the Systematic reddish-brown; segments three and four with Entomology Collections of INPA, Manaus have apical whorl of black harrs; first segment with a male specimen collected on the INPA campus four long, pale browr. setae at mid-length. by I . S. Gorayeb. Antennae short, reaching laterally to nbout first fork of radial sector (As) of forewing; TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION: The Manaus uniformly pale fuscous; wi~hout setae along specimen was collected on 15-XII-1976 . total length. HABITAT: The only known habitat infor­ THORAX: Pronotum narrow, collar-liKe, pale mation is that the INPA specimen was col­ brown with an expanded, rounded, dorso-cau­ lected on the INPA campus, which is young, dal lobe. Meso- and meta nota pai e brown with secondary forest. numerous pale brown setae. Pleural region A. albistigma can be separated from the dark brown with pale brown spots on some other two species in the genus by the dark pleurites; no lateral stripes. pigment along the costal border and at the LEGS: Coxae and femora white basally . wingtip of the forewing. Apical part of femora and tíbia pale brnwn. Ti­ bial spurs long, reddish brown. Tarsal sngments Ascalobyas machadoi n. sp . black. Tarsal claws reddish brown, long , nearly (Fig . 4, Map 2) straight. Ali leg segments with black setae. Original description based on 1 male, WINGS: Both fore- and hindwings ~longate, pinned . narrow, without axillary angle. Costal and subcostal margins of forewing dark brown from HEAD: Occiput pale brown with pa le brown base to wingtip, except for pterostigma. Costal pilosity. Compound eyes w ithout median margin of hindwing transparent. Distai fifth of sulcus; uniformly pale brown. Clypeus and both fore- and hindwir.gs infuscate (sometimes labrum pai e yellow. Base of mandibles pai e rather pale). Pterostigma white, encompassing yellow, changing to black apicalty. Maxillory

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Figs. 9·14- Dorsal view of: 9)- Haploglenius peruvianus Weele; 10) - Neohaploglenius rondonianus n. sp.; 11) ­ Ameropterus breviantennis n. sp.; 12) - Ameropterus deltcatulus (Maclachlan); 13) - Ameropterus dissimilis (Mac· Lachlan); 14) - Ameroterus selysi (Weele).

Ncuroptera ... - 611 palpi five-segmented; pale yellow; segments THORAX: Pronotum narrow, collar-like, three and four with apical whorl of black hairs; black with mediai, reddish brown, triangular first segment with four, long yellowish setae mark on dorso-caudal, rounded projection. at base . P.ntennae short, reachinÇl laterally to Mesa- and metanota pale brown with numerous 8bout f irst fork of Rs of forewing; uniformly pai e brown setae. Pleural region pai e brown dark brown: w ithout setae along total length. with long, pale yellow setae; no late!"al stripes.

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------Map 2 - Geographical dlstrlbution of Ascalobyas machado! n. sp. ------

612 - Peony LEGS: Coxae and femora pale yedow ba­ Asealaphus mieroeerus (Rambur) Walker, 1853, Cat. sally. Apical part of femora and tibia pale Brit. Mus. Neuropt., p . 446 . brown. Tarsal segments reddish brown. Tarsal Haploglenius mieroeerus (Rambur) Maelachlan, 1871, J. linn. Soe. Zool., 11 : 235. claws reddish brown, long, only slightly curvêd. Asealaphus leueostigma Walker. 1858, Trans. Ent. Soe. Ali leg segments with long, black setae. London, 5 (2): 195. WINGS: 8oth fore and hindwings elongate, Hploglenius Jeueostigma (Wal ker) MacLachlan, 1871 , J. narrow, without axillary angle. Costal margin Linn. Soe. Zool., 11: 235. of forewing clear from base to apex, except Haploglenius eamposi Navás (male), 1928, Rveta ehil. for pterostigma. Costal margin of hindwing Hist. nat., 32: 107. clear. Distai fifth of hindwing dark brown . Holotype female of Byas microcerus and Pterostigma of forewing yellowish brown, syntypes of Hap!og!enius camposi in the Paris encompassing three crossveins . Cubital fork Museum, Paris, France. Holotype female of As­ distinct. Second anal veln extremely short in calaphus leucostigma in the Collection of the forewing; short in hindwing, extending only to British Museum (Natural History). London. levei of cubital fork. Description based on holotypes of Byas ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length Uni­ microcerus and Ascalaphus leucostigma; male formly reddish brown above, with only slight syntype of Hap/oglenius campos/; 3 males, 4 indication of transversa striae. Segments 111 females, pinned. to Vil with vertical slit on each side of dorsum, slightly anterior to mid-length. Long black HEAD: Occiput pale brown with dark brown setae protruding from terminal segments. No pilosity. Compound eyes without median evidence of lateral protuberances. sulcus; dark reddish brown with black spots. MALE BODY LENGTH: 35 mm . Clypeus and labrum white. Base of mandibles white, changing to dark reddish brown apically. FOREWING LENGTH: 34 mm. Maxillary palpi five-segmented ; basal segments GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The Syste­ whitish, changing to pale brown apically; matic Entomology Coliections of INPA. Manaus segments three and four w ith apical whorl of contain one male, collected by B.C. Ratcliffe black setae; long pale yellow se tae at middle at 65 km S. W . of ltaituba on 12-15-X-1977. of first segment. Antennae short, reaching TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION: This species has laterally to about first fork of Rs of forewing; been collected during October . reddish brown basally, gradually becoming pale yellow, until abruptly chanÇJing to black ECOLOGY: The INPA specimen was col­ at base of apical knob, then abruptly changing lected at Jight in a cutover area of upland forest, to pai e yellow at apex of knob. Antennae but within 1 km of the Tapajós River . without seta e . This species differs from the other t\'110 known species by the clear border along the THORAX: Pronotum narrow; collar-like, dark forewing costal margin, and from A. microce­ brown. Meso- and meta nota pai e brown with rus by its smaller size. long, pai e yellow and black setae . Pleural region pale brown with abundant white pilosity The name is given in honor of Dr. Prof. directly below fore- and hindwings . Angelo Machado, a Brazilian specialist of Odo­ nata, whose active interest in Neuroptera has LEGS: Coxae and femora white basally. added much information to our knowledge of Apical part of femora and tibiae pai e brown. the geographical distribution of this group. Tibial spurs large, reddish brown. Tarsal segments black. Tarsal claws reddish brown; Ascalobyas microcerus (Rambur, 1842) long, nearly straight. Ali leg segments with (Fig . 5, Map 3) black setae.

Byas míeroeerus Rambur, 1842, Histoire nat. des lnsee· wrnas: Both fore- and hindwings elongate, tes Névropteres, p . 362. narrow, without axillary angle. Costal and

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Figs. 15·20 - Dorsal view of: 15) - Ameropterus sepultus (Walker); 16) - Ascalorphne impavida (Walker); 17) - Cordulecerus clegans Weele. female: 18) - Cordulecerus elegans Weele, male; 19) - Cordulecerus maclachlani Se· lys, female; 20) - Ululodes cajennensis (Fabr.), male. subcostal margins of forewing dark brown from ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length; dark base to apex, except for pterostigma . Costal brown to black with pale yellow. dorsal. lon­ margin of hindwing clear. Remainder of gitudinal line. Dorsal rugae bearing tiny hairs forewing clear. Distai fifth of hindwing infus­ and larger, sparser. black setae. Segments cate . Pterostigma yellowish brown. encom­ 111 to VIl with vertical slit on each side of passing five crossveins. Cubital fork distinct. Second anal vein extremely short in forewing; dorsum, a little anterior to mid-length. Longer short in hindwing, extending only to levei of black setae protruding from terminal segments. cubital fork. No cvidence of lateral protuberances.

614- Penoy BODY LENGTH." male, 39 mm; female, 38 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRmUTION." Rambur's ori­ mm . ginal type material came from the Antil!es in FOREWING LENGTH." mal e, 36-40 mm; fe­ the Caribbean. Weele (1908) also mentioned male, 39-46 mm. specimens from Trinidad, French Guyana and VARIATION: One male from Panama has the Brazilian Amazon . Navás (1912) recorded slight infuscation along the anal margin of the specimens from east-central Brazil , and the forewing . syntype male of A . camposi comes from Ecua-

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Map 3 - Geographical distr.ibutlon of Ascalobyas microcerus Rambur.

Ncuroptera ... - 615 dor. Material collected by Adolpho Ducke in Gerstaecker (1893). but were subsequently the Bern Museum is from Almeirim, Pará State, synonomized by Weele (1908). The six species Brazil. mentioned by Weele (ibid.) in Amoea and Epis­ perches are so similar as to be virtually Ascalobyas microcerus is similar to A. a/­ identical. Characters used by him for species bistigma, but is larger, has no pigmentation at separation (coloration of the thorax) can easily the tip of the forewing, and has more contras­ be duplicated by different preservation tech­ tingly colored antennae amony other charac­ niques, and I suspect that age may also be teristics . important for coloration, as it is in •;orne Odo­ Amoea Lefêbvre, 1842 nata. Some consistent, slight differences have been noted between two size classes, but these Amoea Lefebvre, 1842, Guérin's Mag. Zool., 4: 6. appear to be sexual differences. Consequently, Episperehes Gerstaecker, 1893, Mitt. Vorpomm. und Rü· lacking any consistent differences between gen, 25: 98 . specimens (including the male and female ge­ TYPE SPECIES: of Amoea is Hap/oglenius nitalia). the three spec1es described from Ama­ subcostatus Burmeister, now considered a zonia by Walker are herein synonomized . synonym of Amoea immaculata Olivier. by monotypy. Type species of Episperches is Ha­ Amoea iniquus (Walker, 1853) p/oglenius vacuus Gerstaecker by subsequent (Fig . 6, Map 4) designation of Penny (1981). Penny (ibid.) also has designated Episperches as a synonym of Asealaphus iniquus Walker. 1853, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neu­ Amoea. ropt., p. 448 . Haploglenius iniquus (Walker) Maclaehlan, 1871 , J. linn. The genus Amoea is similar to Ascalobyas Soe. Zool., 11 : 237 . and Haploglenius, but has longer antennae Episperehes iniquus (Walker) Weele, 1908, Coll. zool. than Ascalobyas and no second anal vein in Edm. Selys Longehamps, 8: 39 . the hindwing, as is found in Hap/oglenius. Ali Asealaphus impediens Walker, 1853, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neu­ known species of Amoea have clear costal ropt., p . 449, new synonomy. margins to the forewings, while ali but two Haploglenius impediens (Walker) Maclachlan, 1871 . J. Linn. Soe. Zool., 11: 238. species of Ascalobyas and Hap/og/enius have Episperehes impediens (Walker) Weele, 1908. Coll. zool. darkly pigmented costal margins. The dorso­ Edm. Selys Longehamps, 8: 42 . caudal lobe of the pronotum, which is very Asealaphus arenosus Walker, 1853, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neu­ distinct in Ascalobyas and males of Haplogle­ ropt., p. 450, new synonomy. nius, is absent in Amoea. Gerstaecker ( 1893) Haploglenius arenosus (Walker) Maclachlan, 1871 , J. described the genus Episperches, separating Linn. Soe. Zool., 11: 237 . this new genus from Amoea mainly on Episperehes arenosus (Walker) Weele, 1908, Coll. zool. Edm. Selys Longehamps, 8: 41 . the greater width of the basal part of the male Episperehes taeniatus Gerstaecker. 1893, Mitt. Vorpomm. abdomen. Penny (ibid.) has synonomized these und Rügen, 25: 99. two genera, because of the variable width of Episperehes irideus Gerstaecker. 1893, Mitt. Vorpomm. male abdomens among individuais. Amazonian und Rügen, 25: 100. specimens, although they were described as Holotype males of A. iniquus, A. impediens Episperches by Weele (1908) show none of the and A. arenosus in the collection of the British basal widening of the male abdomen attributed Museum (Natural History). London. Two syn­ to this genus. The distributional range, as type males of Episperches irideus and male presently known, is from northern Argentina holotype of E. taeniatus in the Greifswald to Honduras. Penny ( 1977) recorded 11 species Museum, Greifswald, D. O . R. in the genera Amoea and Episperches, of which only one is known from the Amazon Basin. Present description based on holotypes of Three species were described by Walker in A. iniquus, A. impediens, A. arenosus, 8 males, 1853. Two more species were described by 7 females, 1 ?, pinned.

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Figs. 21-24 - Dorsal view of: 21) - Ululodes cajennensis (Fabr.). female; 22) - Ululodes macleayana var. venezo:en· sis; 23) - Ululodes macleayana var. venezolensis x limbata; 24) -Ululodes macleayana var. limbata.

HEAD: Dark brown with brown pilosity. LEGS: Coxae and femora pale yellow ba­ Compound eyes without median sulcus; dark sally. Apical part of femora and tibiae dark brown with black spots. Clypeus and labrum brown. Tíbia! spurs large, reddish brown. yellowish to brown. Base of mandible pale Tarsal segments black. Tarsal claws reddish yellow, becoming dark brown distally. Maxilla­ brown; long, nearly straight. Ali leg segments ry palpi pale yellow becoming yellowish brown with black setae. distally; segments three and four with apical WINGS: Both fore- and hindwings elongate, whorl of black setae; three or four long setae narrow. without axiliary angle . Both wings at middle of first segment. Antennae reaching clear, except for pterostigma . Pterostigma laterally well beyond first fork of Rs of fore­ yellowish brown, encompassing three to five wing; entirely dark brown, with occasionally crossveins. Cubital fork distinct. Secor.d anal white dorsal surface of apical knob. Antennae vein extremely short in forewing; short in without setae, except on apical knob. hindwing, extending oniy to levei of cubital fork. THORAx: Pronotum narrow; collar-like; dark brown, with occasional transverse yellow ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length: yellow­ ish brown to black above, with black spots stripe. Meso- and metanota dark brown, with dorso-laterally on caudal margin of each occasional yellow spots at lateral margins of segment and Jaterally over vertical slits. Darker scutum and scutellum, spots becoming joined specimens with spots obscured. Males with in two longitudinal bands in some individuais, abundant, white pubescence in pleural region. while mesoscutellal marks form a transverse band. lntermediate forms are also present. BODY LENGTH.' maJe, 25-30 mm; female, Pleural region pale yellow dorsally, and dark 23-31 mm. brown ventrally. Males tend to have a much FOREWING LENGTH.' maJe, 26-31 mm; fe­ wider pale yellow band laterally. mafe, 29-38 mm.

Neuroptera. ... - 617 IIO{T

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Map 4 - Geographical distribution of Amoea iniquus (Walker).

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION." Weele (1908) Santana, 9-VI-1977, R. Best, 2 males, 1 female; recorded this species from Venezuela, Brazil Manaus, 19-1-1979, J.A. Rafael, 1 male; Ma­ and Peru. Specific Amazonian localities were naus, 18-IX-1978, J.A. Rafael, 1 female; Ma­ Brazil: Pará, Santarém; Vila Nova; Almeirim; naus, 14-IV-1977, N. O . Penny, 1 male; Ma­ óbidos; ltaituba; Peru: lquitos . Further speci­ naus, 20-X-1978, A. Soares, 1 female; Manaus. mens in the Systematic Entomology Collections 29-XI-1978, A . V. Harada, 1 female; Manaus. of INPA, Manaus, are from Brazil: Amazonas, '13-XI-1976, N.D. Penny, 1 female; Manaus.

618- Penny 9-XII-1978, J. A. Rafael, 1 female; Reserva The genus Haploglenius is closely related Egler, 64 km N.E. of Manaus, 24-VIII-1970, 2 to Asca!obyas and Amoea, but has longer an­ females; Pará, rio Arapium, 1-1977, Kesselring, tennae than Ascalobyas, and possesses the 2 males; Juruty, 11-1977, Kesselring, 1 male; second anal vein of the hindwing. which is óbidos. 111-1962, J. Brasiliano, 1 mal e. absent in Amoea. Males have the pronotal lobe

TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION." This species expanded into a structure which can be opened appears to be present in the adult stage to expose a bright white, inner area, possibly throughout the year in the Manaus area, but for release of sex pheromones. Ma!es also reaches maximum population leveis from No­ frequently have finger-like, membranous prot u­ vember to January. berances on the hind margin of abdominal pleura VIl and VIII. Ali but one species have a VARIATION: This species shows a great dark band along the costal margin of t he deal of variability among lndivirluals and hindwing, which is absent in ali species of between sexes. Darker specimens have yellow Ascalobyas and Amoea. spots on the meso- and metanota which Wal­ ker (1853) used to describe A. iniquus. In paler Penny (1977) recorded 12 species in the specimens these yellow spots become con­ genus, ranging from southern Mexico to nected into two lateral, longitudinal bands and northern Argentina. Penny (1981) has taken a transverse band on the mesoscutellum This two Central American species out of this genus state was described by Walker (1853) as A. and placed them in a new genus, and two impediens. Additionally, darker specimens others [camposi and dupuyi) are actually appear to have a uniformly dark brown species of Ascalobyas. Two new synonomies abdomen, while paler specimens appear to be are mentioned herein for H. bolivianus Navás yellowish to reddish brown with dark brown and H. reticulatus Navás . However, the re­ spots dorso-laterally at the posterior end of maining six species within the genus show a each segment, and over the lateral, vertical great many overlapping characteristics. Proba­ slits. Further variation is noted in that males bly some of the existing names are synonyms. are usually smaller, with less wing reticulaticn. A thorough revision of Hap/og/enius is badly Also, the antennae may vary from dark brown needed. Three species are recorded for the to pale brown with paler coloration on the ven­ Amazon Basin. The following key wi!l separate tral surface of the apical knob. A paler the Amazonian species. specimen with ventral surface of the apical knob clearly visible was used to describe A. KEY TO AMAZONIAN SPECIES OF HAPLOGLENIUS arenosus. Much of this variation is only partly visible in any one individual, thus making it 1a. Costal margin of forewing difficult to maintain distinctions among A clear ...... H luteus iniquus, A. impediens and A. arenosus. As ali three species were described in the same 1 b. Costal margin of forewing article, the name A. iniquus has priority be­ with some infuscations . . 2 cause it was described first. 2a. Hindwing with dark apex; area beyond pterostigma HABITAT: Manaus specimens have been only slightly darkened; pig­ caught in flight traps in open, swampy, cutover mentation of costal margin areas and in young secondary forests. not extending to radial Haploglenius Burmeister, 1839 crossveins ...... H. costatus 2b. Hindwing with clear apex; Haploglenius Burmeister, 1839, Handbuch der Entomolo· area beyond pterostigma gie, p . 1000 . very dark; pigmentation of TYPE SPECIEs: Haplog/enius costatus Bur­ costal margin often exten- meister, designated by Maclachlan (1871). ding to radial crossveins .. H. peruvianus

Neuroptera . . . - 619 Haploglenius luteus (Wa!ker, 1853) Remainder of wings clt3ar. Pterostigma ye!low, (Fig. 7, Map 5) encompassing five crossveins. Cubital fork distinct. Second anal vein extremely short in Ascalaphus luteus Walker, 1853 . Cat. Brit. Mus. Nev· forewings; short in hindwings, extending only ropt., p. 450 . to levei of cubital fork. Haploglenius luteus (Walker) Weele, 1908, Coll. zool. Edm. Selys Longchamps, 8: 47. ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length; brown. Haploglenius bolivianus Navás. 1927, Memorie Accad. Dorsal rugae bearing tiny yellow hairs and pont. Nuovi Lincei, 10 (2): 1, n. syn. larger, sparse, black setae. Segments 111 to VIl with vertical slit on each side of dorsum. Ho!otype male of Asca/aphus luteus l!1 the a little anterior to mid-length. Longer black British Museum (Natural History), London . setae protruding from terminal segments. Whereabouts of holotype male of Haploglenius Lateral protuberances at caudcd margin of bo/ivianus Navás unknown. Present descrlption segments VIl and VIII of males. Protuberance based on holotype of H. luteus and 8 males, 1 of segment VIl longer than VIII . female, pinned. BODY LENGTH: male, 37-38 mm; female. HEAD: Occiput dark brown with b!ack pilosity. Compound eyes without median 36 mm.

sulcus; dark brown with b!ack spots. Clypeus FOREWING LENGTH." mafe, 44-47 mm; fe· and !abrum pai e ye!low. Base of mandible pa!e male, 44 mm. yellow, changing to reddish brown apical!v. Maxi!!ary pa!pi five-segmented; basa! segments GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIDN." Walker's ho­ pa!e yellow, changing to pale brown apically; lotype has no recorded locality data. Navás segments three and four with apical whorl of recorded a male holotype of H. bolivíanus from black setae; two long, pale yellow setae at Bolivia: Santa Cruz, Buena Vista. Ac!ditional middle of first segment. Antennae reac~ing specimens in the Systematic Entomology Col­ laterally to third fork of Rs of forewing; reddish lections of INPA, Manaus are: Brazil: Amazo­ brown basaly, gradually becoming black. An­ nas, Manaus, 25-VI-1976, N. Meganon, 1 male; tennae without setae. Manaus, 15-11-1977, I. S. Gorayeb, 1 mal e; Ma­ naus, 10-11-1978, W. E. Kerr; Manaus. 15-11-1978, THORAX: Pronotum narrow, collar-like. wi-rh A. Soares, 1 male; Manaus, 29-VI-1979, L.A. dorso-caudal rounded lobe in males overlapping Lacey, 1 male; Pará, ·óbidos, J. B. Ferreira, 1 mesonotum. Mesa- and metanota dark brown female; Amapá, Serra do Navio, 11-1957, A. Ma­ with yellowish spots at lateral margins and chado, 1 male. Two additional males from Mu­ middle of mesoscutellum. Nota! region bearing seu Goeldi, Belém, Pará, are from Brazil: Pará, numerous, long, black setae. Pleural region Belém, Mocambo, 7-IV-1978; Utinga, 11-1938, A. with three vertical, white bands; one each Pinheiro. directly below each wing and one halfway be­ tween the other two. Other pleural areas dar!< TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION." Thi s species has brown. been collected in Feb .• March, April and June.

LEGS: Coxae and femora pale brown. Tibiae HABITAT: This species has been collected yellow ventrally and dark brown dorsa!ly. Tibial in open fields and young secondary forest, and spurs large, reddish brown. Tarsal segments i s attracted to I i g ht. black. Tarsa l claws reddish brown; long, H. luteus is the only species of Hap!ogle­ slightly curved. níus with clear costal margin of the forewings. WINGS: Both fore-and hindwings elongate. lt is clearly a species of Haplog!enius because narrow, with slight indication of an axillary of the relatively long antennae, enlarged pro­ angle. Costal margins of fore- and hmdwongs ~otal lobe, and presence of the secondary anal clear from base to apex, except for pterostigma. vein in the hindwing.

620- Penny f'MJ'

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Map 5 - Geographical dístríbution of Haplog------l en i:.~s luteus (Walker).------In Weele's (1908) monograph of the Asca­ lists species of Haplog/enius with differen­ laphidae, the description of H. luteus is actually tiating characteristics . Only bolivianus was of H. costatus. Apparently Weele never saw mentioned as having a clear costal margin, the holotype in the British Museum (Natural although the holotype of luteus also has a clear History) . This is probably what !ed Navás in costal margin. As no other characters were 1927 to describe a second species with trans­ given by Navás which could be used for parent costal margin to the wings . In this 1928 separating H. luteus from H. bolivianus, and description of Hap/ogleníus camposi. Navás because H. luteus is a common species through-

Neuroptera . .. -621 out the Amazon Basin, and quite likely occurs LEGs: Coxae and femora dark brown. Ti· in the type local ity of bo/ivianus, the species bia dark brown dorsally, pale yellow ventrally. of Navás is be ing synonomized. Tibial spurs long, reddish brown. Tarsal segments black. Tarsa! claws reddish brown, Haploglenius costatus Burmeister, 1839 long, slightly curved. Ali leg segments with black setae. (Fig. 8, Map 6) WINGs: Both fore- and hindwings elongate. Haploglenius costatus Burmeister, 1839, Handbuch der narrow, without axillary angle. Costal and Entomologie, 11. Berlin. p. 1000. subcostal margins of. both wings dark brown Ascalaphus circumflexus Walker, 1853, Cat. Brit. Mus. from base do apex. Remainder of wings clear. Neuropt., p. 451. Pterostigma dark brown, encompass.ng five to Ascalaphus contrarius Walker, 1853, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neu­ six crossveins. Cubital fork of forewing dis­ ropt., p. 452. tinct. Second anal vein of forewing extremely Haploglenius pictus Gerstaecker, 1884. Mitt. Vorpomm. short; short in hindwir.g, extending to levei of und Rügen, 16: 2. cubital fork.

Holotype of H. costatus in Hallenser Col­ ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length; dark lection; holotype females of H. circumflexus brown. Dorsal rugae bearing tiny, yellow pilo­ and H. contrarius in the British Museum (Na­ sity and larger, sparse, black setae. Female tural History). London. Two female synt)'pes with diagonal yellow lines laterally. Segments of H. pictus in Greifswald Museum, Greifswald, 11 1 to VIl with vertical slit on each side of D.D.R. dorsum. a little anterior to midlength . Longer black setae protruding from terminal segments. Present description based on types of H. Lateral protuberances not developed. circumflexus and H. contrarius and 12 males, 16 females, 5?, pinned. BODY LENGTH: male, 32-43 mm; female 31-37 mm. HEAD: Occiput dark brown with dark brown pilosity. Compound eyes without median FOREWING LENGTH: ma(e, 39-47 mm; fema­ sul cus; dark brown wi th black spots. Clypeus le, 41-52 mm . and labrum yellowish brown. Base of mandible VARIATION: There is a great deal of varia­ yellowish brown, changing to dark brown tion in wing pigmentation within this species. apically. Maxillary palpi five- segmented; basal Specimens from the northern part of the range segments pale yellow. changing to pale brown have a paler stigma, and specimens from the distally; segments three and four with apical northwestern part of the range have darker whorl of black setae; two long, dark setae at wing apices. Some individuais have the costal middle of first segment. Antennae reaching margin paler than normal, perhaps due to lateraly to second fork of Rs of forewing; pale recent emergence. reddish brown basally, becoming dark reddish GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Wee(e (1908) brown apically. Antennae without setae, except for apical knob. listed this species (as H. luteus) from Hondu­ ras. Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, THORAX: Pronotum narrow; collar-like; Peru, Bolívia, Guyana, French Guyana and Bra­ dark brown; with dorso-caudal. rounded I obe. zil. Williner (1945) further lists this species Meso- and metanota dark brown, without mar­ from Argentina. Within the Amazon Basin, H. kings. Pleural region with a vertical, white costatus is known from Peru: lquitos; Pebas; stripe below each wing base. Numerous setae Brazil: Pará, Santarém; Amazonas, Coari and pai e brown to yellowish. São Paulo de Olivença. Further Amazonian ma-

622- Penny -10"w

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Map 6 - Geographlcal dlstribution ot Haploglenius costatus Burmeister. teria! in the Systematic Entomology Collections Silva, 1 female; Reserva Oucke, 26 km north of of INPA, Manaus, are: Brazil: Pará, óbidos, Manaus. 13-11-1980, B. Mascarenhas, 1 male; Vlll-1962, J.B. Ferreira, 1 female; Tucuruí, rio 30 km north of Manaus, 31-1-1979 . N.O. Per.ny , 1 Tocantins, 12-16-VI-1980, J .A. Rafael, 1 male; male; 45 km north of Manaus, 14-1-1977, N . O. Amazonas, Manaus, 13-IV-1979, L.A. Lacey. 1 Penny, 1 male; 134 km east of Manaus, female; Manaus, 19-IV-1977, N. Paraluppi, 1 fe­ 10-VII-1968, 1 female; São Paulo de Olivença, male;; 14 km N of Manaus, 9-IV-1981, R.F. da Aparicio, 1 male; Mato Grosso, Aripuanã,

Ncuroptera .. . - 623 27-IX-1975, L.P. Albuquerque, 1 female; Arl­ THORAX: Pronotum narrow, collar-like; puanã, 16-22-111-1977, B.C. Ratc'iffe, 1 male; dark brown; with dorso-caudal, rounded lobe. Aripuanã, 17- 11 1-1977, N.D. Penny, 1 male; Ro­ Mesa- and metanota dark fuscous, without raima, ilha de Maracá, 9-XI-1980, E. Fernandez, markings. Pleural region a vertical, wh1te stripe 1 male; Bolívia: Santa Cruz, Buena Vista, below each wing base. Numerous setae pai e 111-1951, Martinez, 1 female. There is one brown to yellowish. additional female in the lnvertebrate Collection LEGs: Coxae dark fuscous. Dorsal surface of Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi from Brazil: of fore- and mid femora and tibiae pa:e fuscous; Pará, Município Benevides, Faz. Morelândia, ventral surface of same femora anrl tibiae 24-111-1981 , Soter. yellow. Posterior femora and tibiae completely

TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION: Records indicate yellow. Tibial spurs short, reddish brown. lar­ sal sgments black. Tarsal claws reddish brown, that this species can be collected the whole year, but most records are concentrated in the long, slightly curved. All leg segments with long black setae. first four months of the year. WINGs: Both fore- and hindw•ngs elongate, HABITAT: This species has been collected narrow, without axillary angle. Costal and In primary forest, at forest ecotome, and is subcostal margins of both wings dark fuscous attracted to light. from base to pterostigma; abruptly changing to This species is separated from H. luteus dark fuscous in postptersotigmal region. Re­ by the dark markings along the costal margins mainder of both wings transparent with some of the wings, and from H. peruvianus and H. irridescense. Pterostigma encampasses four to handlirschi by the relatively pale markings five crossveins. Cubital fork of both wings beyond the pterostigma. H. handlirschi additiio­ distinct. Second anal vein of forewing extre­ nally has a very dark stigmal area, and H. pe­ mely short; short in hindwing, extending to ruvianus often has markings along the rad:al levei of cubitPI fork. crossveins. ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length; dark brown. Dorsal rugae bearing tiny, yellow hairs. Haploglenius peruvianus Weele, 1908 Larger, sparser black setae ventrally. Segments (Fig. 9, Map 7) 11 1 to VIl with vertical slit on each side of dorsum, a little anterior to mid-length. Last Haploglenius peruvianus Weele, 1908, Coll. zool. Edm. two abdominal tergites and lateral protube­ Selys Longchamps, 8: 44. rances of segments VIl and VII I white.

Three male, 1 female syntypes in the BODY LENGTH: male, 34 mm. Weele Collection, Leyden Museum. Holland. FOREWING LENGTH: mal e, 42 mm. Present description based on 2 males, pinned. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The original HEAD: Occiput dark brown. Compound type series of H. peruvianus was from Chan­ eyes without median sulcus; gray with black chamayo, Peru. Navás (1928) also reported flecks. Clypeus and labrum yellow. Base of this species from Buena Vista, Santa Cruz mandible yellowish-brown, changing to dark Dept., Bolívia. Two additional males in the brown apically. Maxillary palpi five-segmented; Systematic Entomology Collection of INPA, pale yellow throughout; segments three and Manaus are from Brazil: Pará, rio Arapium, four with apical whorl of black setae. Antennae 1-1977, Kesselring, and Mato Grosso. Aripuanã, reaching laterally to second or thõrd fork of As 27-IX-1975, L. P. Albuquerque, 1 male. This of forewing; dark brown throughout, except for species appears to be infrequently collected in white spot on dorsal surface of apical knob. the western part of Amazonia, as far east as Antennae without setae, except for apical knob. the western part of Pará state.

624- PellDY Map 7 - Geographical distribution of Haploglenius peruvianus Weele.

This species is very similar to H. costatus, specimens of H. peruvianus also have dark with dark costal margin and pale pterostigma pigmentation along radial crossveins . Despite of both wings. However, H. peruvianus has a these differences, the two species remain quite much darker postpterostigmal area and com­ close morphologically, and further study may plete lack of infuscation of the apex of the reveal them to be different forms of the same hindwing (apparent only in more west~rn species. The male genital ia of H. peruvianus specimens of H. costatus). The Amazonian from Amazonia have a wider, less sclerotized

Neuroptera .. . -625 gonarcus that forms a smaller arcli than in THORAX: Pronotum narrow, collar-like, H. costatus, but this, too, is a difference of reddish brown; dorso-caudal, rounded lobe in degrees. males overlapping mesonotum. Meso- and metanota dark brown with pale brown markings Neohaploglenius Penny (in press} lateral to pronotal lobe and caudal margin of Neohaplogleníus Penny, 1981, Acta Amaz . mesoscutellum. Pleural region with two verti· cal pale stripes, one below each wing base; TYPE SPECIES: Haploglenius flavicor.'1is anterior stripe pale yeltow, posterior stripe Maclachlan . white. Thoracic pilosity black dorsally, pai e yellow laterally. This genus appears superficialty to resem· ble Haploglenius, with relatively long antennae LEGS: Coxae pai e brown. Femora and and dark costal margin of the forew!ng; but dorsal part of tibia dark brown to reddish additionally has a very distinctive axiltary angle brown. Ventral part of tibia pai e yellow. Tibial in the forewing and lacks the second anal vein spurs large, reddish brown. Tarsal SE'gments in the hindwing. Male parameres are relatively pai e reddish brown. Tarsal claws reddish quite small. brown; long, slightly curved. Ali leg segments with black seta e. The genus was erected in 1981 for two Central American species, Haplog/enius angu· WINGs: Both fore- and hindwings elongate, latus Gerstaecker and Hap/og/enius flavicornis narrow, with distinct axillary angle. Costal Maclachlan. The known geographical range area of both wings dark brown from base to was from Mexico southward to Panama. How­ apex. Distai part of pterostigma, subcostal ever, recent Brazilian collections indicato a area, and along R, vein bright yeltow in life, much wider range for the genus, with a third fading to pale yellow in preserved materiõl. species described below. These are the first Remainder of forewing amber t:nted. Cubital records of this genus from South America. fork of forewing distinct. Second anal vein extremely short in forewing; absent in hind­ wing. Nechaploglenius rondonianus, n. sp. ABDOMEN: Narrow for total Iength; dark (Fíg. 10, Map 8) brown to reddish brown. Dorsal rugae bearing Holotype male and allotype female in the tiny, yellow r-. · s and larger, sparse black setae. Segn,., .s to VIl with vertical slit on Systematic Entomology Collections of INPA, 111 each side of dorsum, a little anterior to mid­ Manaus. Paratypes in the National Museum of lenght. Longer black setae protruding from pale Natural History, Washington, D.C .. U.S.A., yellow terminal segments . Lateral protuberan­ and Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Be­ ces developed, that of segment VIl Ionger than lo Horizonte, Braz i I. Original description based segment VIII. on 2 males, 2 females, pinned. BODY LENGTH: male, 31 mm; female, 26 HEAD: Occiput reddish brown, wi1h black mm. pilosity. Compound eyes without median FOREWING LENGTH: male, 33 mm; female, sulcus; dark reddish brown to black. Clypeus 35 mm. and Jabrum pale brown. Base of mandibles pale brovyh, changing to dark reddish brown apical!y. VARIATION: The female allotype has pale Maxillary palpi five-segmented; yellowish yellow, rather than dark brown antennae. brown; segments three and four with apical GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRmUTION: The four whorl of black setae; three long, black setae known specimens of this new species were at middle of first segment. Antennae laterally collected at Brazil: Rondonia, Vilhena, 5-XI-1979, reaching to third fork of Rs of forewing; J. R. Arias, 1 female; Vilhena, 7-XI-1979, N. D. reddish brown. Antennae without setae. Penny, 1 male; Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte,

626- Xll-1978, A. Machado, 1 mal e; Parque Florestal HABITAT: The male holotype was collected Estadual do Rio Doce, 24-X-1979, M. A. Vulca­ in open, natural savannah ("cerrado"'), while no, 1 female. the female allotype was caught in a cutover, TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION." Thi::> species has scrub area of a roadside ditch, near primary been collected from late October to December. forest.

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Map 8 - Geographical distribution of Neohaploglenius rondonianus n. sp.

Neurcptera. . - 627 This species, Neohaploglenius rondonia­ 2b. Antennae predominately nus, is named for the Brazilian Federal Terri­ fuscous, including the tory in which the holotype and ellotype were majority of apical knob ...... 3 caught. The territory was, in turn, named tor 3a. Antennae laterally not the Brazilian diplomat and natura!ist Marechal reaching to pterostigma Candido Marinho da Silva Rondon. This spec1es of forewing ...... A. breviantennis of Neohaploglenius can be separated from 'the 3b. Antennae laterally rea- other two known species by the yellow marks ching to pterostigma of in the apex of the wing and the sl1ghtly smaller forewing ...... 4 size . 4a. Pterostigma darkly pig­ mented; antennae only SUBFAMILY ASCALAPHINAE Lefebvre as long as forewings; Ameropterus Esben-Petersen, 1922 forewing length more than 25 mm ...... A. sepuitus Colobopterus Rambur, 1842, Histoire nat. des lnsectes 4b. Pterostigma almost trans­ Névropteres, p. 360 (preoccupied). parent; antennae longer Ameropterus Esben-Petersen, 1922, Ann. Mag. nat. His., .... 10: 621. than forewing; forewing length less than 20 mm TYPE SPECIEs: Ascalaphus vers1color Bur­ A. dissimilis meister, designated by Weele (1908). This genus is easily separated from two Ameropterus breviantennis n. sp. other Amazonian genera of Asca1aphinae, As­ (Fig. 11, Map 9) calorphne and Cordulecerus, by the narrow, Original description based on ~ ma!e, elongate form of the hindwing and lack of pinned. axillary angle in the forewing. The genus VIu­ /odes is very similar to Ameropten1s, but the Holotype male in the Systernatic Entomo­ latter genus can be separated by the very long logy Collections of INPA. Manaus. antennae and CuP of hindwing nearly straight, HEAD: Occiput dark browr, with dark not sinuous as in VIu/odes. However, occasi o­ pilosity. Compound eyes with median sulcus; nally a species of Ameropterus has somewhiat dark brown with black spots. Ciypeus and shorter antennae, and the only good character labrum reddish brown. Mandibles redd!clh is the form of CuP of the hindwing. brown throughout. Maxillary palp: five­ Penny (1977) listed 21 species of Ame­ segmented; reddish brown. Antennae relati­ ropterus from Latin America, and the gem1s vely short for this genus, reaching laterally ranges from as far north as Massachusetts in almost to pterostigma of forewing; dark brown the United States southward to Argentina. Five t hroughout . Antennae without seta e through­ species have been collected withín the Amazon out. Basin, including one new species. They can be THORAX: Pronotum narrow, collar-like, dark separated by the following key. brown. Meso- and metanota dark brown with abundant, long, white pilosity. Pleural region KEY TO AMAZONIAN SPECIES OF AMEROPTERUS dark brown with sparse, long, white pilosity. 1a. Apex of hindwing infus- LEGs: Ali leg segments dark reddisr. brown cate ...... A. delicatulus with black setae and spines, except coxae with 1b . Apex of hindwing clear ...... 2 long, white setae. 2a. Antennae predominately WINGs: Both fore- and hindwings elongate, white, including ali of narrow, without axillary angle. Wings clear, apical knob ...... A. se/ys1 except for pterostigma. Pterostigma very dark

628 - Penny f'Xi' ./90 ' jtW

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Map 9 - Geographical distribution of Ameropterus breviantennis n. sp. brown, encompassing four crossveins. Cubital with vertical slit on each side of dorsum near fork of forewing distinct, of hl"'dwing indis­ anterior margin. No evidence of lateral pro­ tinct. CuP of hindwing straight, extending just tuberances. beyond origin of As. First and second anal BODY LENGTH.' male, 19 mm . veins of both wings very short. FOREWING LENGTH.' mal e, 20 mm. ABDOMEN: Narrow for totai length: dark GEOGRAPHICAL DISTIUBUTION.' The i10l0type brown throughout, with sparse, short, black male is from Brazil: Pará, 65 km southwest of setae on ventral surface. Segments 11 : to VIl !taituba, 12-15-X-1977, B.C. Ratcliffe.

Neuroptera .. . - 629 TEMPORAL DISTRTBUTION.' The only known medially with yellow hour-glass mark on specimen was collected in October. scutum and two spots on scutellum. Mesono­ tum dark brown, except for two yellow spots HABITAT: This ma le specimen was at­ tracted to I ight. on metascutellum. Pleural region grayish­ yellow with abundant, long, white pilosity. A. breviantennis is immediately separable LEGS: Coxae and basal part of femora from most species of Ameropterus by its reia­ yellow. Apex of femora and tibiae dark brown; tively short antennae, not rea:::hing to the tibiae bearing black apical ring. Tibial spurs pterostigma of the forewing. lt is a quite small large, reddish brown. Tarsal segments black. species, similar to A. dissimilis, but with much Tarsal claws reddish brown; long, slightly shorter antenna. lt appears to be scmewhat curved. Ali leg segments with black setae and similar to A. mulleri from east-centra! Brazil, spines, except for coxae and base of femora which was described solely from females. This bearing white setae. could be the male of this latter species, but for that to be the case, there, would have to WINGS: Both fore- and hindw1ngs elongate, be strong dimorphism between sexes because narrow, with quadrate axillary angle of fore­ A. breviantennis lacks hindwing spots and has wing. Costal and subcostal margins of both much darker pterostigma. I prefer to keep wings clear, except for pterostigma. Remainder them as separate species for the present. This of forewing clear; hindwing with infuscations species was named for its distinctively short in apical fifth. Pterostigma dark brown. encom­ antennae. passing 5 to 6 crossveins. Cubital fork of forewing distinct, of hindwing indistinct. First anal vein of forewing very short; second anal Ameropterus delicatulus (Maclachlan, 1871) vein absent. CuP of hindwing slightly sinuous, (Fig. 12, Map 10) extending to about second fork of Rs. First Colobopterus delicatulus Maclachlan, 1871, J. Linn. Soe. anal vein of hindwing short, not extending to Zool., 11: 250 . origin of Rs; second anal vein of hindwing Ameropterus delicatulus (Maclachlan) Penny, 1977, Acta comprising only one or two basa! cells. Amaz. (supl.). 7 (4): 10. ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length; dark Holotype female in the British Museum brown with mediai, longitudinal, yellow stripe (Natural History), London. in paler specimens. Some variable yellow marks sometimes present laterally. Eighth Present description based 011 holotype, 14 males, 7 females, pinned, and 1O males, 4 te­ tergum always yellow with pair of mediai, males in alcohol. black spots. Sparse black pilosity over ~11 abdomen, with more, longer, black setae on HEAD: Occiput dark brown with black apical segments. Segments 111 to V!l with ver­ pilosity. Compound eyes with median sulcus; t ical slit on each side of dorsum near anterior reddish brown with black spots. Clypeus and margin. No evidence of lateral protuberances. labrum reddish brown. Mandlbles reddish brown throughout. Max i llary palpi five­ BODY LENGTH: male, 21-26 mm; female, segmented; fourth segment shorter than third 20-21 mm. or fifth; long, black setae on basal three FOREWING LENGTH.' male, 20-24 mm; fema­ segments. Antennae very long, reaching late­ fe, 22-26 mm . rally well beyond tip of forewing; very dark VARIATION: The amount and darkness of brown, except pale yellow mark on apical knob. hindwing, apical infuscations varies, but always Antennae without setae, except apical knob. seems to be present. A few specimens h ave THORAX: Pronotum narrow, collar-like, dark slightly amber tinted wings, perhaps due to brown. Mesonotum dark brown lateraliy; preservative-ki li i ng agent.

630- Penny GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.' Macl.achlan's 13-VIII-1968, E. Vieira and A. Faustino 1 ma­ original female holotype was collected at Bra­ le; 35 km northeast of Manaus, 16 Vlll-1979, J. zil: Pará, Santarém. Specimens in the Syste­ Vidal, 1 male; 45.5 km north of Manaus, matíc Entomology Collections of INPA, Ma­ 16-22-VIII-1979, H. M. Savage, 2 males, 1 fen.a­ naus, are: Brazil: Pará, óbidos. 21-VIII-1967, le; 246 km east of Manaus. 12-VII-1979. J . R. J. B. Ferreira, 1 mal e; Amazonas, 125 km north Arias, 1 female; 170 km north of Manaus, of Manaus, 10-VIII-1968, E. Vieira and A. 20-IX-1979, J. O. Charlwood, 1 female; CEPLAC, Faustino, 1 male; 134 km east of Manaus, 30 km north of Manaus. 30-VII-1979, H. M. Sa-

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10

Map 10 - Geographícal dístributíon of Ameropterus delícatulus (Maclachlanl.

Neuroptera. . .. - 631 vage, 1 male; Reserva Ducke. 26 km north of HEAD: Occiput dark brown with black Manaus, VJII-1964, A . Machado, 1 male; Reser­ pilosity. Compound eyes median sulcus; va Ducke, 26 km north of Manaus, 19-JX-1977, reddish brown with black spots. Clypeus and N. D. Penny, 1 female; Manaus, 19-VII-1976, labrum reddish brown . Mandibles reddish A .P.L. Dias. 1 male; Manaus. 7-1-19?7, M. Men­ brown throughout. Maxillary palpi five-seg­ donça, 1 male; Manaus. 18-VIIl-1978, J A . Ra­ mented; pale brown with whorl of black setae fael, 3 males, 1 female; Manaus. 11-XI-1978, at apex of fourth segment. Antennae very long, J. A . Rafael. 1 male; Manaus, 23-VI-1979, J.A. reaching laterally well beyond tip of forewir.g; Rafael, 1 male, 1 female; Manaus. 30-VI-1979, dark brown throughout; with numerous short, J.A. Rafael, 2 males; Manaus, 7-VII-1979, J. A. black setae throughout. Rafael, 2 males; Manaus. 23-VII-1979, J .A. Ra­ THORAX: Pronotum narrow, collar-like, dark fael, 1 male, 1 female; Manau8, 11-VIIl-1979, brown. Meso- and metanota dark brown late­ J. A. Rafael, 1 mal e; Manaus, 25-31-VJII-1979, rally; with two indistinct, longitudinal yellow J. A. Rafael, 1 female; Reserva Ducke, 26 km stripes medially. Pleural region yellowish north of Manaus, 14-VII-1960, J. Nunes de brown numerous. long, white setae. Mello, 1 female; Pará, Tucuruí. Tocantins River, 12-16-VI-1980, J. A . Rafael, 3 males. Three LEcs: Coxae femora yellowish brown. Fo­ additional specimens in the Museu Paraense retibiae yellowish brown . Meso- and meta­ Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, are: Brazil: Pará . tibiae dark brown with two yellow rings. Tibial Benefica, 18-Vf-1979, R.B. Neto, 1 mate; Ama­ spurs large, reddish brown . Tarsal segments zonas, CEPLAC, 30 km north of Manaus, reddish brown. Tarsal claws reddish brown; 22-VIII-1977, I.S. Gorayeb. 1 male; CEPLAC. long, slightly curved . Ali leg segments w ith 30 km north of Manaus, 29-JX-1977, l S . Go­ black setae and spines. except coxae r.~ nd base rayeb, 1 female . of femora bearing white setae .

TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION.' This spec1es wrncs: Fore- and hindwings elongate, with displays a distinctive July to September adult forewing being somewhat trianguloid. Both en1ergence peak. wings entirely clear. including pterostigma . Pterostigma encompassing 5 to 6 compact HABITAT: A. de/icatulus is otten coflected crossveins. Cubital fork of forewing distinct, at lights. A large number of specimens were of hindwing indistinct. First anal vein of fore­ collected by J. A. Rafael using a flight trap in wing enclosing only two cells; ?econd anal vein an open, swampy grassland. extremely short. CuP of hindwing straight, This species is distinctive among Ame­ extending to slightly beyond origm of As. First ropterus species for its very fong antennae anal vein of hindwing short, enclosing only five and darkened apex of hindwings. cells; second anal vein of hindwing absent.

ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length; dark Ameropterus dissimilis (Maclachlan, 1871) brown with elongate black spot laterally in (Fig. 13, Map 11) each segment. Sparse black pubescence ven­ trally; with more, longer, black setae on apical Colobopterus dissmilis Maclachlan, 1871 , J. Linn. Soe. Zool., 11 : 251 . segments. Segments 111 to VIl with vertical Ameropterus dissimilis (Maclachlan) Penny, 1977, Acta slit on each side of dorsum near anterior Amaz. (Supl.), 7 (4) : 10 . margin. No evidence of lateral protuberances.

Syntype male and female in the Hope En­ BODY LENGTH.' mafe, about 18 mm . tomology Collection. University Museum, Ox­ FOREWING LENGTH.' mafe, 18 mm . ford, England. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Maclachlan's Present descrlption based in syntype ma­ original syntypes are from Bates' collections le, and 1 male, pinned. in the Amazon Basin . Weele (1908) recorded

632 - Penny I • fW'

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Map 11 - Geographical distributlon of Ameropterus dissimilis (Maclachlan)~ one female from Peru: Pebas. The Systematic TEMPORAL DISTRmUTION: The only COI· Entomology Collections of INPA. Manaus, lecting date I have is the first week of October include: Brazil: Amazonas. Manaus. 6-X-1977, This species is quite different from other B.C . Ratcliffe, 1 malel described species of Amazonian Ameropterus

Neuroptera ... -633 in that it has forewings slightly triangular, and BODY LENGTH." male, 21-22 mm. size quite small. FOREWING LENGTH." male, 25-27 mm.

Ameropterus selysi [Weele, 1908) VARIATION: In the two spec:mens I have before me, the Manaus specimen h"ls paler (Fig . 14, Map 12) pterostigma and uniformly dark legs, while the Colobopterus selysi Weele. 1908, Coll. zool. Edm. Selys Purus River specimen has paler marks on the Longchamps, 8: 134 . legs. These characteristics usually vary enough Ameropterus selysi (Weele) Penny. 1977, Acta Amazoni· that this is considered as only intraspecific ca (supl.), 7 (4): 10. variation. Holotype mal e in the Selys Collection. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION." This species Present description based on two males, was originally described by Weele (19ft 8) from pinned. Venezuela. In the Systematic Entomology Col­ lections of INPA, Manaus, are two males f rom HEAD: Occuput dark brown wilh pale brown Brazil: Amazonas, Manaus, 7-XII-1977. B .C . pilosity. Compound eyes with median sulcus; Ratcliffe, 1 male; mid-Purus River (7°30 '8, dark brown with black spots. Clypeus and labrum reddish brown. Mandibles dark brown 66°00W). 9-X-1979, J. Campbell, 1 malc:::. throughout. Maxillary palpi five-segmented; TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION." The O'lly twO reddish yellow. Antennae long extending recúrds available from Amazonia are for Octo­ laterally to pterostigma of forewing; pale ber and December. yellow with apical dark ring on each ~egment; Ameropterus selysi is the only species apical knob large, bright white. Scattered long, from Amazonia with bright white antennae. black setae at base of antennae; end scattered, This characteristic links it quite closely t o short, black setae on apical knob. Ameropterus versicolor from southet n Braz i I THORAX: Pronotum narrow, collar-like, dark and A. peruvianus from Peru and Bolívia. How­ brown. Meso- and metanota dark brown with ever, the long, narrow shape of the ~ lindwing long, black pilosity. Pleural region white with of A. selysi immediately sets it apart abundant, long, white pilosity.

LEGs: Coxae white: ali other leg segments Ameropterus sepultus (Walker, 1853) dark brown, except tarsi black. Tarsal claw~ (Fig . 15, Map 13) redáish brown: long, slightly curved. Ali leg segrnents with black setae and spines. except Ascalaphus sepultus Walker, 1853, Cat. Brít. Mus. Neur., coxae and base of femora bearing whte setae. p. 445 . Colobopterus sepultus (Walker) Maclachlan, 1871. J. WINGs: Both fore- and hindwings elongate, Linn. Soe. Zool., 11: 251 . narrow, without axilary angle. Wings comple­ Ameropterus sepultus (Walker) Penny, 1977, Acta Ama· tely clear, except for pterostigma. Pterostigma zonica (supl.), 7 (4): 10 . pale brown to black, encompassing four Holotype male in the Collection of the crossveins. Cubital fork of forewing dis­ British Museum (Natural History), London . tinct; of hindwing indistinct. CuP of hindwing Present description based on holotype and 2 te­ straight, extending to first fork of P.s. First males. pinned . and second anal veins of both wings very short. HEAD: Occiput reddish brown with pale ABOOMEN: Narrow for total length; dark brown pilosity. Compound eyes with median brown, without markings. Sparse, black pilo­ sulcus; almost black. Clypeus and labrum sity over ali sternal regions. Segments 111 to reddish brown. Mandibles reddish brown VIl with vertical slit on each side of dorsum throughout. Maxillary palpi five-segmented; near anterior margin. No evidence of lateral fourth segment shorter than third or fifth; long. protuberances. ·black seta e on basal four segments. Antennae

634- Penny long, reaching laterally to apex of forewing; LEGs: Coxae grayish brown. Ali other leg dark brown throughout. Sparse black setae segments reddish brown, including tibial spurs entire length of antennae. and tarsal claws. Ali leg segments with black setae and spines, except coxae and base of THORAX: Pronotum narrow, co!lar-1 ke, dark femora bearing long, white setae. brown . Meso- and metanota dark brown. with lon9 pai e brown setae. Pleural region grayish WINGs: Both fore- and hindwings elongate, brovvn with abundant, long, white hairs narrow, with slight indication of axillary angle. /lOO' feo> -· . . .

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Map 12 - Geographical distribution of Ameropterus selysi (Weele).

Neuroptera ... - 635 ~ <~·:, )1S IIa

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13

Map 13 - Geographical distribution of Ameropterus sepultus (Walker).

Both wings completely clear. except for pte­ straight, extending to first fork of Rs. First anal rostigma . Pterostigma yellowish brown. en­ vein of hindwing very short, encompassmg only compasing four to five crossveins Cubital fork six cells; second anal vein absent. of forewing distinct, of hindwing indistinct. ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length; dark First anal vein of forewing very short, encom­ brown with lateral, elongate. black mark on pasing three cells. Second anal vein encom­ each segment. Ventrally with sparse black passing only two cells . CuP of hindwing pi losity; with more longer. black setae on

636- Penny apical segments. Segments 111 to VIl with ver­ Ascalorphne impavida (Walker, 1853) tical slit on each side of dorsum near anterior (Fig. 16, Map 14) margin. No evidence of lateral protuberances. Ascalaphus impavida Walker, 1853, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur., BODY LENGTH: female, 21 mm p. 443. Orphne impavida (Walker) Maclachlan, 1871. J. Linn. FOREWING LENGTH: female, 25-29 mm. Soe. Zool ., 11: 252. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Weele (1908) Ascalorphne lmpavida (Walker) Penny, 1977, Acta Ama­ zonica (Supl.). 7 (4): 11. recorded this specíes from Braz i I: Pará, óbi• Ascalaphus intempestivus Walker, 1853, Cat. Brit. Mus. dos; Amazonas, Tefé (Ega). The Systematic Neur., p. 444. Entomology Collections of INPA, Manaus, in­ clude: Brazil: Amazonas, Manaus, 12-VIII-1977, Holotype male of Ascalaphus impavidus A. Best, 1 female. In the collections of Museu and holotype female of Ascalaphus intempes­ Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, is a tivus in the British Museum (Natural History), specimen from Brazil: Pará, Beiém-rvtocambo, London. 18-V-1978, 1 female. Present description based on holo1ypes of A. impavidus and A. intempestivus and 1 male, TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION: Records are tOO 3 females, pinned. scattered to yet indicate an emergence pattern. HEAD: Occiput dark brown with whitish ECOLOGY: The Manaus specimen was pilo~ity. Compound eyes with median sul cus; caught in young, secondary forest on the INPA reddish brown with black spots. Clypeus and campus. The Belém specimen was caught labrum reddish brown. Mandibles reddish using a Malaise trap in upland forest. brown throughout. Maxillary palpi tive-seg­ mented; first, third and fourth segments with This species is separated from other Ama­ black setae. Antennae very long. reaching la­ zonian species by its clear hindwings; elon­ terally well beyond apex of forewing; reddish gate, narrow forewings; and larger relative brown. Antennae with numerous small setae size. and apical whorl of longer setae on each segment. Ascalorphne (Banks, 1915) THORAX: Pronotum narrow, collar-llke, dark Orphne Lefêbvre, 1842, Mag . de Zoo•. , 4: 7 (preo~cu­ brown. Mesonotum dark brown lateraliy; medi­ pied). ally with yellow, hour-glass mark on scutum. Ascalorphne Banks, 1915, Ent. News, 26: 350. Other parts of mesonotum and ali metanotum dark brown. Pleural region yellowish brown TYPE SPECIES: Ascelaphus macrocerus Bur­ with abundant, long, white pilosity. meister, designated by Weele (1908). LEGs: Ali leg segments, tibial spurs, and This genus is very distinctive among Ama­ apical claws reddish brown. Ali leg segments zonian Ascalaphinae because of its strongly with black setae and spines, except coxae and developed axillary angle of the forewings. base of femora bearing white setae. Hindwings, although narrow and elongate, in males also have a very distinctive, projecting wrnas: 8oth fore- and hindwings elongate, lobe along the anal margin. Antennae are also narrow, with very distinct axillary lobe and in very long, as in Ameropterus. males, a large anal lobe of the hindwing. 8oth wings completely clear, except for pterostigma. Penny (1977) listed only four species in Pterostlgma very dark brown encompassing Ascalorphne, ranging from northern Brazil to four or five crossveins. Cubital fork of fore­ northern Argentina. Only one species, Asca­ wing distinct, of hindwing indistinct. Fírst anal !orphne impavida (Walker), has been collected vein of forewing very short; encompassing in the Amazon Basin. three cells of axillary angle. Second anal vein

Neuroptera ... -637 of forewing encompassing two cells of axillary ABDOMEN: Narrow for total leng~h; dark angle. CuP of hindwing straight, extE'nding to brown with elongate, black mark on both sides about third fork of Rs. First anal vein of of each tergite. Sparse black pilosity over ali hindwing encompassing three cells of axillary abdomen, with more, longer, black setae on angle; second anal veín absent. aplcal segments. Segments 111 to VIl with ver-

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14

Map 14 - Geographical distribution of Ascalorphne impavida (Walker).

638- Penny tical slit on each side of dorsum near anterior the forewings; and there is usually some margin. No evidence of lateral protuberances. pigmentation of the wings, occasionally at· taining ornate dimensions . Males and females BODY LENGTH: male, 22 mm; female, 19-20 often appear quite different morphologically. mm. Penny (1977) recorded 10 species and 1 sub­ FOREWING LENGTH: male, 22 mm; female, species, ranging from northern Argentina to 22-26 mm. southern Mexi co. Only two species are known VARIATION: Within this genus males and from the Amazon Basin, C. elegans and C. ma­ femc::les are strikingly dimorphic in wing shape, c/achl/ani, which can be separated by the with males having an enlarged anal lobe on the following key. hindwing.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The types of KEY TO AMAZONIAN SPECIES OF CCRDULECERUS both A. impavida and A. intempestivus were 1a. Hindwing with basal and collected at Brazil: Pará, Santarém. One ad­ apical dark bands ...... C. mac/ach/ani ditional female in the Systematic Entomology (fem .) Collections of INPA. Manaus, is from Brazil: 1b. Hindwing with at most a Maranhão, Barra do Corda, 12-VI-1978 , W. Fran­ basal dark spot or some ça, 1 female. Further material in the collections wing infuscation ...... 2 of Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, in­ 2a. Hindwing with marginal clude Brazil: Maranhão, Codó, 10-VI-1978, W. França, 1 male; Pres. Dutra, 11-VI-1978, W. spot in anal region ...... C. e/egans França, 1 female; Lago Rodrigues, 24-V-1979, (female) M. F. Torres, 1 female. This species seems to 2b. Hindwing clear or only be confined to the southeastern part of the somewhat infuscated, with­ Am2zon Basin. out marginal spots . . . . . 3 3a. Hindwing infuscated, with­ TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION: Present informa­ out obtuse, excavated an- tion suggests a June emergence peak in Mara­ gle along anal margin . . . . C. maclachlani nhão state. (male) Ascalorphne impavida is one of four 3b. Hindwing clear, with ob- closely related species of Ascalorphne, pre­ tuse, excavated angle a- sently separated more easily by geographical long anal margin C e/egans distribution than morphological characters. (mal e) However, A. impavida can be separated from A. macrocerca, its closest geographica! assoei­ Cordulecerus elegans Weele 1908 ate, by the less pronounced notai markings and the lack of dense, short hairs at the base of (Figs. 17, 18, Map 15) the antennae. In A. impavida these hairs are Cordulecerus elegans Weele. 1908, Coll. zool. Edm. Se­ longer and much sparser. lys Longchamps, 8: 146.

Cordulecerus Rambur, 1842 Four male syntypes in the Selys Collection. Present description based on 7 males, 19 te­ Cordulecerus Rambur, 11842, Hist. nat. des lnsectes Né­ males. pinned . vropteres, p. 359. HEAD.' Occiput dark brown with a.Jundant, TYPE SPEC!ES: Cordulecerus maclachlani long, reddish pilosity. Compound eyes with Selys, designated by Weele (1908). median sul cus; black. Clypeus and labrum Cordulecerus is distinctive among New reddisb brown. Mandibles reódish brown World Ululodini for its very wide and apically throughout. Maxillary palpi five-segmented; tapering hindwings. Antennae are shorter than fourth segment shorter than third or fifth:

Neuroptera. . .. -639 /100'

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15 . -2Cf

Map 15 - Geographical distribution of Cordulecerus elegc:ns Weele.

reddish yellow. Antennae long, 1 eaching late­ THORAX: Pronotum narrow, collar-l'ke. pale rally to just beyond pterostigma of forewing; yellow. Meso- and metanota pai e brown mesal­ reddist: brown, except pale yellow mark on ly, dark brown laterally; bearing scattered, dorsal surface of apical knob. Antennae with long, reddish pilosity. Pleural region very dark sparse, small, dark setae scatterec! along entire brown with long, lblack pilosity anteriorly and length. ·Jong, golden pilosity posteriorly.

640- Penny LEGs: Coxae dark brown. Ali 'l~her leg This species has paler marKings than C. segments pale yellow with long, reddish brown maclachlani, as well as different pattern and spines, tibial spurs and tarsal claws. shape of the wings.

WINGs: Forewings long and narrow: amber; without axillary angle. Pterostigma Cordulecerus maclachlani Selys, 1871 pai e brown, encompassing three crossveins . (Fíg . 19, Map 16) Cubital fork distinct. First and second anal cells extremely short, encompassing only two Cordulecerus maclachlani Selys, 1871. Annls. Soe. ent. Belg., 14 : 31. o r three cells.

Hindwing of females elongate; amber; Holotype female in t~e Selys Collection. trianguloid with dark fuscous spot along anal Present description based on Weele (1908) and margin. Hindwing of males trianguloid; clear 1 female, pinned. to amber; with very excavate angle along anal HEAD: Occiput black with black pilosity. margin. Pterostigma amber, encompassing Compound eyes w ith median sulcw;; black. three crossveins. Cubital fork indistinct. First Clypel.ls and labrum reddish brown. Mand ibles anal vein short, second anal vein absent. CuP reddish brown throughout. Maxillary palpi nearly straight, extending to between second five-segmented; yellowish brown. Antennae and third fork of Rs. CuP more sinuous in te­ long, reaching lateraiy almost to pterostigma males . of forewing; black, except paler brown on ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length: orange apical knob. with chevron-shaped black marks on mid-dor­ THORAX: Pronotum narrow, collar-like, dark sal surface of segments 111 , IV and V. Markings brown. Meso- and metanota da1 ( brown with difficult to distinguish in darkened specimens. abundant, black pilosity. Pleural region dark Almost no pilosity on dorsal surface, although brown with black pilosity. sparse, pale setae apparent on ventral surface. Segments 111 tb VIl with vertical slit on each LEGs: Coxae dark brówn . Ali other leg si de of dorsum near anterior margin. No evi­ segments yellowish: with long, black setae. dence of lateral protuberances. Tibial spurs and tarsal claws reddish brown.

BODY LENGTH: male, 25-29 mm; female, wrnas: Forewings elongate, w ide. without 23-26 mm. axillary angle. Fuscous borders of ali wing veins; center of each cell clear. Pterostigma FOREWING LENGTH: male, 30-35 mm; fe­ male, 32-36 mm. dark brown, encompassing three croRsveins. Cubital fork distinct. First and second anal GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: WeeJe (1908) veins very short, encompassing two or three mentioned specimens from Surinam, Guyana, cells. Brazil and the Dominican Republic. In Amazo­ nia, specimens were recorded from Brazil: Hindwing of female trianguloid; without Amazonas, Coari; and Pará. Additional material axillary angle or pronounced excavations; with in the Systematic Entomology Collections of basal and apical, vertical fuscous bands Within INPA, Manaus, are Brazil: Amazonas, Reserva clear area of wing, cells bordered with fuscous. Ducke, 26 km north of Manaus, 14-111-1977, D. Pterostigma indistinct. Cubital fork iPdistinct. Engleman, 5 males, 19 females; Reserva Ducke, CuP clearly sinuous, extending to about second 26 km north of Manaus, 13-1-1978, B. C. Rat­ fork of Rs. First anal vein fairly short, en­ cliffe, 2 males. compassing seven cells . Second anal vein encompassing two or three cells . Hindwing of TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION: A January tO male clear with each cell bordered with fus­ March emergence may be indicated. cous.

Neuroptera ... - 641 ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length; dark BODY LENGTH: male, 25 mm; female, 27 brown throughout. Only small, sparse setae on mm. dorsal surface after segment 11 . Segments 111 FOREWING LENGTH: male, 34 mm; female, to VIl with vertical slit on each side of dorsum 33 mm. near anterior margin. No evidence of lateral VARIATION: Hindwing pattern is dimorphic protuberances. between sexes.

1 1

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16

Map 16 - Geographlcal dlstribution of Cordulecerus maclachlani (Selys)

642- Pcnny GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The female 2a. Pterostigma pale yellow; holotype is without locality information. Weele apex of hindwing in males (1908) mentioned two females 1n the Berlin totally fuscous ...... U. cajennensis Museum from Brazil. A further record in the 2b. Pterostigma dark brown; Systematic Entomology Collections of INPA. hindwing with fuscous spot Manaus, is from Brazil: Amazonas, Reserva below pterostigma ...... U. mac/eayana Ducke, 26 km north of Manaus, 2-11-1979, N. D. Penny and O. S. Flint, Jr., 1 female. Ululodes cajennensis (Fabricius, 1787) TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION.' Females were (Figs. 1, 20, 21 , Map 17) tepeatedly seen flying in the trees of Reserva Ducke in late January and early February, 1979. Ascalaphus cajennensis Fabricius. 1787, Mahtissa In· sectorum, p . 250. HABITAT: This species seems to have a Myrmeleon cajennensis (Fabriciu>) Gmelin, 1793, Syste· crepuscular activity period high in the trees ma Naturae, 13th edition, p . 2645 . near a small stream. Numerous individua ls Ulula cajennensis (Fabricius) MncLachlan, 1871, J. Linn. were seen high in the trees, but only rarely did Soe. Zool., 11 : 248 . they come low enough to be taken in an insect Ululodes cajennensis (Fabricius) Weele, 1908, Coll. zool. Edm. Selys Longchamps, 8: 106. net. Black and fluorescent light traps set uo Ascalaphus hyalinus Latreille, 1811, In Humboldt's Re­ in the same area proved almost completesy cuei! d'observations, 2: 118. unattractive, except for one female. Ascalaphus inhonestus Walker, 1853, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neur., p. 437 . Ululodes Currie, 1899 Ascalaphus sublugens Walker, 1858, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lon· don, 5 (2) : 196 . Ulula Rambur, 1842, Histoire nat. des lnsectes Névrop­ teres, p . 357 (preoccupied). Types of A. cajennensis and hyalinus not en­ Ululodes Currie, 1899, l nsects of New Jersey, p. 57. countered in the Paris Museum, France. Types of A. inhonestus and sublugens in the TYPE SPECIES: Ascalaphus macleayna Guilding. British Museum (Natural History). London . This genus is most easily described by Types of U. immersa is in the Greifswald Mu­ the !ack of distinguishing characters used to seum, Greifswald, O. O. R. easi ly separate the other three genera in th it s Present description based on holotypes of A. tribe . Thus, Ulu/odes, is characterized as inhonestus and A. sublugens and 18 males, 45 having antennae shorter than the length of the females, pinned, 1 female, in alcohol. forewing; forewing without distinct axillary HEAD: Occiput reddish brown with white angle; CuP of hindwing sinuous; and hindwing pilosity. Compound eyes with median sulcus; shape long and narrow. dark fuscous with black spots. Clypeus and This is the largest genus of owl-flies in the labrum reddish yellow. Mandibles reddish New World, with 24 species and 3 subspecies brown throughout. Maxillary palpi five-seg­ ranginÇJ from northern United States to northern mented; yellow. Antennae long, extending Argentina (Penny, 1977). Three species are laterally almost to pterostigma of forewing; known from the Amazon Basin. They can be reddish brown; becoming fuscous on apical separated by the following key. knob. Antennae with scattered. long setae basally. KEY TO AMAZONIAN SPECIES OF ULULODES THORAX: Pronotum narrow, collar-like, d~rk 1 a. Wings and thorax with brown. Meso- and metanota dark fuscous with yellowish coloration . . . . . U. vetula scattered, long, black setae. Pleural region íb. Wings clear or with fus- dark brown with numerous, long, white setae. cous spots; thorax with LEGs: Coxae, femora and ventral surface dark brown coloration . . 2 of tibiae reddish brown. Dorsal surface of

Neuroptera . .. -643 /90"

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17

Map 17 - Geographical distribution of Ululodes cajennensis (fabro)o

tibiae white o Tibial spurs reddish brown o Tar­ WINGS: Both fore- and hindwings elongate, sal segments white dorsally and black ventral­ narrow, without axillary angle of forewing o

ly, white apical black rings o Ali leg segments Forewing clear, except for pterostigma o Hind­ with black setae and spines, except coxae and wing of male with fuscous apically; of female

base of femora bearing white setae o clear o Pterostigma amber, encompassing three

644- Penny crossveins. Cubital fork of forewing distinct, 29-1-1978, N. D. Penny, 1 female; Manaus, of hindwing indistinct. First and second anal 7-XII-1977, A. So,ares, 1 female; Manaus, vein of both wings very short. CuP of hindwing 11-VII-1979, E. Franco, 1 female; Lago Casta­ sinuous, extending to second fork of Rs. nho, 17-IV-1977, B. Mascarenhas, 1 female; Cacau Pereira, 24-X-1979, B. Mascarenhas, 1 ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length; dark brown with mediai, longitudinal black marks female; Reserva Ducke, 26 km north of Ma­ naus, 11-XI-1976, N.D. Penny, 2 females; bordered with yellow on dorsum ot segments CEPLAC, 30 km north of Manaus, 2-VIII-1979, 111 to VI. Two black spots at apex ot dorsum i'-J. D. Penny, 1 female; CEPLAC, 30 km north VIII. Sparse, short, black pilosity over ali abdomen, with longer, black setae on apical of Manaus, 30-VIl-1979, H.M . Savage, 1 maíe; segments. Segments 11 1 to VIl with vertical CEPLAC, 30 km north of Manaus, 17-11-1978, slit on each side of dorsum near anterior N. D. Penny, 1 female; Reserva Campinas, margin . No evidence of lateral protuberances. 45.5 km north of Manaus, 16-22-VIII-1979, H.M. Savage, 1 mal e, 5 females; 107 km north of BOoY LENGTH: mate, 21-23 mm; female, Manaus, 16-XI-1977, N. D. Penny, 1 mal e; 153 19-23 mm. km north of Manaus, 13-VI-1977, N.D. Penny, FOREWING LENGTH." mate, 23-25 mm; fe­ 1 female; 180 km east of Manaus. 24-X-1965, male, 20-26 mm. F. Antonio, 1 mate; 244 km east of Manaus, 19-1-1977, N. D. Penny, 2 males, 2 females; VARIATION: Males have extensive fuscous Manaus, 11-VII I-1977, B. C. Ratcliffe, 1 female; markings at the apex of the hindwing, which Reserva Ducke, 26 km north of Manaus, :s absent in females. 13-1-1978, B.C. Ratcliffe, 1 female; Reserva GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION." Weele (1908) Ducke, 26 km north of Manaus. 1-XI-1978, J. listed this species from French Guyana, Suri­ Arias and N. D. Penny, 1 mate; Benjamin Cons­ nam, Guyana, Saint Lucia lsland, Venezuela, tant, IX-1962, K . Lenko, 1 female; Puraquequa­ Brazil, Peru and Paraguay. Within the Amazon ra, 16-19-11-1980, U. Barbosa, 1 female; Pará, Tu­ 8asin Weele listed Brazil: Pará, Santarém and curui, Rio Tocantins, 12-16-VI-1980, J .A. Rafael , Peru: Pebas. Additional ft,mazonian records in 1 female; Tucurui, rio Tocantins, 2-VII-1980, the Systematic Entomology Collections of J.A. Rafael, 1 female; Tucurui, rio Tocantins, INPA, Manaus, include: Brazil: Pará, Belém, 7-VII-1980, J.A. Rafael, 1 female; Tucurui-Baga­ 1-1955, W. L. Paraense, 1 female; 63 km south geui, 4-VIII-1980, A . Faustino and Valdo, 1 ma­ of ltaituba, 7-X-197'7, N.D. Penny. 1 female; te; Tucurui-Santo Antonio, 19-VI-1980, A . Faus­ Santarém, 17-V-1978, R. Best, 1 female; Mato tino and Valdo, 1 female; Tucurui-Santo Anto­ Grosso, Aripuanã, 17-111-1977, N.D. Penny, 1 nio, 23-Vl-1980, A. Faustino and Valdo, 1 fema­ mate, 3 females; Aripuanã, 18-11 1-1977, N. D. le; Amazonas, São Gabriel da Cachoeira. Penny, 1 mate; Aripuanã, 16-22-1 11 -1977, B. C. 5-12-VIl-1980, N . D. Penny and J. Brasil, 1 fe­ Ratcliffe, 1 mate, 1 female; Aripuanã, 20-1 11 -1977, male. Additional material in Museu Paraense N. D. Penny, 1 female; Aripuanã, 13-VII-1977, Emílio Goeldi, Belém, is from Brazil: Pará, Utin­ N. D. Penny, 1 female; Aripuanã, 6-IV-1979, ga, 1-1938, Hagen, 1 male; Bragança, 6-IX-1978, N.D. Penny, 1 female; Rondônia, 6-IX-1966, E. 1 female; PA-070, km 32 , 14-15-XI-1979, R.B. Vieira, 1 mal e; Porto Velho, 20-V-1979, S. Camp­ Neto, 1 female; Bragança, 5-IX 1978, 1 female; bell, 1 female; Porto Velho, 27-XI-1979, S. Bragança, 25-V-1978, F. F. Ramos, 1 female; Campbell, 1 female; Porto Velho, 1-IV-1979, J. Oyapoe, Vll-1936, 1 female; Maranhão, Alen­ Campbell, 1 female; Porto Velho, 17-IV-1979, quer, 6-VIl-1979, W. França, 1 female; Periforó, D. Need, 1 female; Porto Velho, 18-IV-1979, R. 10-VI-1978, M. F. Torres, 1 mal e; Buriticupu, Yaddow, 1 female; Porto Velho, 15-11-1979. J. 30-IX-1978, 1 mate . Campbell, 1 female; Porto Velho, 8-IX-1979, TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION: This species J . Campbell, 1 female; Amazonas, Manaus, appears to be present in the adult stage 16-XII-1978, J .A. Rafae l, 1 female; Manaus, throughout the year.

Neuroptera . . . -645 HABITAT: U. cajennensis has often been As of forewing; yellowish brown, except apical taken at lights and seems to prefer open, knob dark fuscous. Antennae with scattered, cultivated areas. long, dark setae basally.

This species is very similar to U. ma­ THORAX: Pronotum narrow, col lar-like, dark cleayana venezolensis, including to the dis­ brown. Meso- and metanota dark fuscous, w ith tinctive abdominal markings, and clearly t hese numerous long, white setae. Pleural reg 10n two species are closely related. However, dark brown with long, white pilosity . U. cajennensis has a much paler pterostigma, LEGs: Ali leg segments reddish brown to and males usually have a larger fuscous area black with black setae and spines except at the tip of the hindwing. Some Amazonian coxae and femora with long, white setae. males of U. macleayana venezolensis tend to have some basal infuscation of the hindwing, WINGs: Fore- and hindwings elongate, as is found in U. macleayana limbata, but this narrow, without axi llary angle. Forewing clear, is wholly lacking in males of U. cajennensis. except for pterostigma. Hindwing of f emale clear, of male with dark spot behind pt eros­ tigma. Pterostigma dark brown to black, en­ Ululodes macleayana (Guilding, 1825) compassing three to four crossveins. Cubit al (Figs . 22-24, Map 18) fork of forewing distinct, of hindwing indistinct. CuP of hindwing sinuous, extending to second Ascalaphus macleayana Guilding, 1825, Trans. Linn. Soe. fork of As. First and second anal cells short in London, 7: 140. Ulula macleayana (Guilding) Maclachlan, 1871 , J. Linn. both wings. Soe. Zool., 11 : 247 . ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length; dark Ululodes macleayana (Guilding) Weele, 1908, Coll. zool. brown with dorsal, longitudinal black marks Edm. Selys Longchamps, 8: 101 . bordered with yellow on segments 111 to VI . Ascalaphus limbatus Burmeister, 1839, Handbuch der Dorsum of segment VIII with two black spots. Entomologie, 2: 1001 . Ululodes macleayana limbata (Burmeister) Weele. 1908, Segments 111 to VIl with vertical slit on each Coll. zool. Edm. Selys Longchamps, 8: 102 . side of dorsum near anterior margin. No Ululodes macleayana venezolensis Weele, 1908, Coll. evidence of lateral protuberances. zool. Edm. Selys Longchamps, 8: 103. BODY LENGTH: male, 17-21 mm; female, Ulula llmbata (Burmeister) Rambur, 1842, Histoire na­ 17-24 mm. turelle des lnsectes Névroptêres. p . 358. FOREWING LENGTH.' maJe, 24-26 mm; fe­ Holotype male of A. macleayana not seen maJe , 23-28 mm. in the Oxford University Museum, Oxford, En­ VARIATION: Males have a dark spot b<: hind gland . Whereabouts of types of A. limbatus the pterostigma of the hindwings, missing in unknown. Four syntypes of U. macleayana ve­ females . nezo/ensis in the Selys Collection. Weele Col­ lection (leyden Museum), and the Greifswald GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.' Weele (1908) Museum, Greifswald, D. D. R. mentioned U. mac/eayana venezo/ensis as being from Venezuela and Colombia, while he re­ Present description based on 7 males, 8 corded U. macleayana limbata from southern females, pinned. Brazil and Argentina. Amazonian records of m:AD: Occiput dark brown with gray pilo­ material in the Systematic Entomoloç:~y Col­ sity. Compound eyes with median sulcus; lections of INPA, Manaus, are: Brazil: Amazo­ reddish brown with black spots. Clypeus and nas, Manaus, 23-IX-1978, J .A. Rafael, 1 male; labrum reddish yellow with white pilosity. Manaus, 30-IX-1978, J. A. Rafael, 1 mal e; Ma­ Mandibles reddish brown throughout. Maxilla­ naus, 4-XI-1978, J.A. Rafael, 1 male; Manaus, ry palpi five-segmented; reddish yellow. An­ 21-X-1978, J .A. Rafael, 1 male; Manaus, tennae long, reaching laterally to third fork of 7-X-1978, J .A. Rafael, 1 male; CEPLAC, 30 km

646- Penny f &o'

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Map 18 - Geographical dlstrlbution of Ululodes macleayana (Guilding). north of Manaus, 30-VII-1979, H.M . Savage. 1 Egler, 64 km northeast of Manaus, 26-VIII-1970, female; Reserva Campinas, 45.5 km north of A. Faustino, 1 female.

Manaus, 16-22-VIII-1979, H. M. Savage, 1 male, TEMPORAL DISTlUBUTION.' This Species 2 females; 244 km east of Manaus, 19-1-1977, seems to be most common from August to N. D. Penny, 2 males, 1 female; Manaus, November, the driest part of the year in cen­ 23-IV-1976, I. S. Gorayeb, 1 female; Reserva tral Amazonla.

Neuroptera ... -647 ECOLOGY: This species is taken at lights, brown throughout. Maxillary palpi five-seg­ and J. Rafael collected severa! individuais mented, yellow. Antennae long, extending from flight traps in an open wet, grassy area. !aterally almost to pterostigma of forewing; dark fuscous, except tip of apical knob pale In Weele's (1908) monographic revision of yellow. Antennae with scattered, long, black the Ascaclaphidae, he created severa! sub­ species for the species Ululodes macleayana, setae basally. including two which are found in Amazonia, THORAX: Pronotum narrow. ccllar-like fus­ limbata and venezolenssi. However, by defini­ cous. Mesa- and metanota fuscous with tion subspecies are geographically isolated, abundant, long, yellow -pilosity. Pleural region and both Amazonian forms have been collected fuscous with abundant long, yellow pilosity. from the same open field. The subspecies limbata has much more pigmentation on the LEGs: Ali leg segments yellowish brown; hindwing of the male, but severa! intermediates bearing black setae and spines, except coxae exist in the INPA collections. Therefore. these and basal part of femora with long, yellow cannot be true subspecies, and because of the setae. existence of intermediates, I prefer to th!nk of WINGS: Both fore- and hindwings elongate, them as varieties. Whether they form a single narrow, without axi llary angle. Both wings species with U. mac/eayana mac/eayana, or transparent and amber tinted. Pterostigma more than one species is not known, but be­ amber, encompassing three crossveins. Cubi­ cause they are so similar morphologically, I tal fork of forewing distinct, of hindwing suspect that we are dealing with morphological indistinct. CuP of hindwing sinuous, extending variability within a single species. Ululodes to levei of third fork of Rs. First and second cajennensis also is quite similar, but can be anal vein of both wings very short. separated by the pale pterostigma in U. ca­ jennensis. ABDOMEN: Narrow for total length: dark brown dorsally, with two quadrate yellow spots posterio-laterally on each segment. Sparse Ululodes vetula (Rambur, 1842) black pilosity dorsaily; sparse yellow pilosi:y (Map 19) ventrally. Segments 111 to VIl with vertical s1i t Ulula vetula Rambur, 1842, Histoire naturelle des lnsec· on each side of dorsum near anterior margi:1. tes Névropteres, p. 358. No evidence of lateral protuberances. Ascalaphus vetula (Rambur) Walker, 1853, Cat. Brit. Mus. BODY LENGTH: maJe, 20-23 mm; femaJe, Neur., p. 436. 21-25 mm. Ululodes vetula (Rambur) Weele. 1908, Coll. zool. Edm. Selys Longchamps, 8: 119. FOREWING LENGTH: male, 25-26 mm; fe­ Ulula aurífera Maclachlan, 1871, J. Linn. Soe. Zool., 11: male, 26-30 mm. 249. VARIATION: The darkness ot the amber tint Holotype of U. vetula in the Paris Museum, to the wings is variable, and in darker speci­ France, and holotype temale ot U. aurífera in mens the lateral, yellow markings ot the ab­ the British Museum (Natural History) London, domen are indistinct. England. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Weele (1908) Present description based on holotypes of U. listed specimens from Brazil, Paraguay, and vetula and U. aurífera, and 2 males and 3 te­ Argentina. Within the Amazon Basin, Weele males, pinned. only mentioned Braz i I: Pará, Santarém. The HEAD: Occiput yellowi::>h brown with long, invertebrate collections of Museu Paraense yellow pilosity. Compound eyes with med1an Emilio Goeldi have one more Amazonian speci­ sul cus; reddish brown with black spots. men: Br.azil: Par.á,. Gorotire Xingu, 14-XI-1977, Clypeus and labrum yellow. Mandibles redd1sh ·o. A. _Po.sey,, .. 1.. ro~le. , .' _ ,

648:- TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION: The one Amazo­ Ululodes vetula is a very distinctive nian record is for November o species, due to its abundant yellow coloration,

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19

Map 19 - Geographical distribution of Ululodes vetula (Rambur)o

Neuropteraoo o -649 and cannot be mistaken for any other species GERSTAECKER. J.C. of Ulu/odes. 1884 -Vier Decaden von Neuropteren aus der Fa­ milíe Magaloptera, Burm. Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm., 16: 1-49. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1893 - Ueber neue und weniger gekannte Neurop­ t eren aus der familie Megaloptera, Burm. I wish to t hank Dr . W .L. Overal for loan Mitt. naturw. Ver. Neu·Verpomm., 25: 93-173. of material f rom Museu Paraense Emilio Goe ldi. GMELI N, J.F. Other material was obtained through a grant to 1793 - Systema Naturae. 13th edition. Gottingue.

!NPA from Electronorte for studies of the Tu­ GUILDING, L. curuí Hydroelectric Project. Additional finan­ 1825 - The natural history of Phasma eornutum and ciai support has come through CN Pq's Projeto the description of a new species of Asca­ Trópico úmido n.o 3224. laphus . Trans . R. ent. Soe . London, 14: 137.

HENRV, C.S. RESUMO 1972 - Eggs and rapagula of Ululodes and Asea­ loptynx (Neuroptera: Ascalaphidae): A com­ Apresentam-se descrições de 8 gêneros e 19 es· parative study. Psyehe, Camb., 79: 1-22. pécíes de Ascalaphidae (Neuroptera) procedentes da Amazônia, além de comparações com outras espécies 1977 - The behavior and life histo;ies of two North mais relacionadas. Chaves e mapas de distribuição são American ascalaphids. Ann. ent. Soe. Amer., apresentados para a identificação de todas as espécies 70: 179-195. da Amazônia . Três espécies novas são descritas (Ame­ 1978 - An evolutionary and geographical overv1ew ropterus breviantennis, Asealobyas maehadoi e Neoha­ of rapagula (abortive eggs) in the Ascala­ ploglenius mondonianus) e três espécies são sinonomi· phidae (Neuroptera) . Proe. ent. Soe. Wash., zadas (Episperehes impediens (Walker) e Episperehes 80: 75-86. arenosus (Walker) = Amoea iniquus (Walker) e Haplo­ glenius bolivianos Navás = Haploglenius luteus (Wal· LATREILLE, P. ker)) . 1811 - In, Alex. de Humboldt, etc., Recuei! d'ob­ servations de zoologie et d'anatomie com­ parée. faltes dans um voyage aux tropiques LITERATURE oans les années 1799-1804. 11 : 118. LEFEBVRE, A . BANKS, N. 1842 - Le genre Asealaphus Fabr. Magasin de 1915 - Two new names in the Ascalaphidae. Ent. Zool., 6: 1-1O. News, 26: 350 . MACLACHLAN, R. BURMEISTER, H. 1871 - An attempt towards a systematic classifi­ 1839 - "Megaloptera". Handbueh der Entomologie, cation of the family Ascalaphidae. Proe. Berlin . Gymnognatha, 2: 757-1017. Linn. Soe. l!..ondon, 11: 219-276. CURRIE, R. MOR RIS, 1899 - Neuroptera, In Smith, lnseets of New Jer· 1837 - In Wood, Naturalist, 2 (9): 123. sey. Suppl. 27th Annual Report State Board Agriculture, Trenton, New Jersey. 755 pp., NAVAS. L. 328 figs. 1912 - Ascaláfidos (lns . Neur.) Sudamericanos. Broteria, 10: 203-231. DALMAN, J.W. 1927 - lnsecta nova. Memorie Aecad. pont. Nuovi 1820 - In Billberg, Enum. lnseet. in Mus. Billberg, Líneei, 10 (2): 1-10 . p. 85. 1928 - lnsectos neotrópicos. 4.• Serie _ Revta. ehil. ESBEN·PETERSEN, P. Hist. nat., 32: 106-128. 1922 - New species of Neuroptera in the British NEW, T.R. Museum. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 10: 61 7-621 . 1971 - Ovariolar dimorphism and rapagula forma­ FABRICIUS, J.C. tion in some South American Ascalaphids 1787 - Mantissa inseetorum sistens eorum speeies (Neuroptera) . J . Ent. (R . Ent. Soe. Lond. ), nuper deteetus. Hafniae . 348p . 46 (1): 73-77, 2 figs.

650 - PellllJ NEWMAN, E. TJEDER, B. 1853 - Proposed division of Neuroptera into two 1977 - Distai abdominal segments and sclerotized classes. Zoologist., 11: 181-204. parts of genitalia in Ascalaphidae (NeJrop­ ORFILA, R.N. tera) Ann. Ent. Fenn . , 43 (2): 61-65 1949 - Notas críticas sobre Ascalaphidae. An. Soe. WALKER, F. cient. argent., 148: 187-194 . 1853 - Llst of the specimens of neuroptcrous PENNY, N.D. insects in the collection of the British Mu­ 1977 - Lista de Megaloptera, Neuroptera e Raphi­ seum. Part 11, (Sialidae-Nemopterídcs). Lon­ dioptera do México, América Central. ilhas don: 193-476. Caraíbas e América do Sul. Acta Amaz., 1858 - Characters of undescribed Neuroptera in the (supl.), 7 (4): 1-62. collection of W.W. Saunders. Trans. R. ent. In press - Review of the generic levei classifica­ Soe. London, 5: 176-199. tion of the New World Ascalaphidae (Neu WEELE, H.W. van der roptera) . Acta Amaz. 1908 - Ascalaphiden. Monographisch Bearbeitet. PAMBUR. J.P. Coll. Zool. Edm. da Selys Longchamps. Vo· 1842 - Histoirc naturelle des lnsectes Névroptêres. lume 8. 326p .. 253 fígs., 2 pls. Paris. 534p.

SEL YS-LONGCHAMPS, Baron Edm. de 1871 - Synonyrr.i::nl not::s nbout Coduleceru:; m:::::· lachlani. Annls Soe. ent. Belg., 14: 31 . (Aceito para publicação em 20/ 05/ 80)

Neurcptera. - 651