Annex A: Study summary details

Reference Location & Period Project details Methodology Summary of findings Ageta, Y., Naito, N., Nakawo, M., Fujita, K., Shankar, K., Glaciological method Pokhrel, A.P. and employed for MB measures Wangda, D., (2001). in Nepal, area and terminus Study project on the Mass balance, terminus and area measure less clear on recent rapid retreat compared across method, but consistent team shrinkage of regions/countries. Nepal data approach. Bhutan data summer- Nepal - (Hidden valley, collected during 1997-99, collected same season two Nepal - mass accumulation type Langtang, Shorong, Khumbu following on from Nakawo consecutive years - method balances negative, glaciers in the Himal),- AX010 (1997) studies 1994 + 1996. Ice only notes’ field terminus retreating - Himalayas, 1997- (Shorong)(1997,98,99), thickness data was collected but observations’ and baselines both AX010 and 1999. Bulletin of Rikha Samba (Hidden not detailed in results for use in from photo, maps and Rikha samba Glaciological Valley), , Khumbu (Khumbu this review. Bhutan data 98-99. satellite images. No error or accelerating retreat. Research 18: pp 45- Himal); Bhutan - (many, No retreat data available in accuracy noted. Medium Bhutan - no data on 49. with ref to Jichu Dramo) report however for this region. confidence in data. shrinkage. India data inconclusive as Compiling available mapping, unable to confirm Study collating as much mapping aerial photo and inventory baseline period. data as possible from all regions data to develop a picture of Narrative of findings plus more modern data analysed glacier distribution and that is set out by by team. India mapping of derive some idea of region the overall glaciers from inventory GSI 1999 retreat/change from trend is retreat of Ageta, K.Y. et al Compiles data from the - only detailed data used, unclear available baseline mapping. glacier tongues, (2002) Glacier Indian Himalaya, Nepal baseline year and thus unclear Method does note selective average retreat distribution in the Himalaya and Bhutan - no retreat data. Nepal mapping choice of good quality data, higher in Bhutan, Himalayas and focus on single glacier. from Asahi (1999) inventory - clear approach, but does with some glacier shrinkage Mapping not carried out by satellite data, baseline 1959 from omit any detail regarding advancement in East from 1963 to 1993 team, desk based topo sheets and aerial accuracy and error of Nepal (12% of total). in the Bhutan assessment of existing photography. Bhutan data from sources, only accuracy noted Bhutan more data - Himalaya. Bulletin of mapping from various ICIMOD (2001) inventory, is for Bhutan. No standard debris free glaciers - Glaciological sources. baseline 1960's toposheets data available for comparison details change in Research 20 compiled by GSI with ground between regions/time. Also area according to verifications 61-63 + satellite all data has been measured glacier size 63-93, images 1993 - used to create a and collated by other parties, most shrinkage in base map - uses Debris free then made available to this smaller glaciers. glaciers for less inaccuracy. research. Low confidence in Nepal 58 of 100 data. glaciers studied are retreating, Bhutan 86 of 103 retreat. Ahamad, S. and Hasnain, S. I. (2004) Analysis of satellite imageries for characterization of glacio- mrorphological features of Gangotri Gangotri glacier has Glacier, Ganga reduced in area by headwater. In Satellite data used to delimit 10km2 over the 16 Srivastava, D., features and ASTER data year period analysed, Gupta, K. R. and used for DEM model, clear and snout has Mukerji, S. editors, Glacio-morphological character method, but no accuracy retreated an average Geological Survey of Clearly defined Gangotri of Gangotri studied from 2001 note. Some validation, of 23m/a. Makes link India Special glacier, Garhwal Himalaya, IRS and ASTER images, GSI topo calibration through in retreat to climate Publication 80, 61- 30°44 - 30°56'N and 79°04' - sheets + ground obs used for GCP.Month of pass given. change, but no 67 79°15'E, NW aspect ground control points (GCP) High confidence in method. evidence provided. Clear method noting Main findings relate accuracy for ablation and to the relationship density. Thickness measured between meteo Aizen, V. B., E. M. by echo-sounding, error 1.5- variables and the Aizen, et al. (2002). 2% depth. Also used topo glacier, with "Glacier regime on Fieldwork undertaken 23 Aug- maps of basin at 1:25000 evaporation the northern slope 29Sept 1991. Along with scales. However the method suppressing ablation. of the Himalaya meteorological measurements employed is based upon Low glacier melt of (Xixibangma taken glaciological obs included various assumptions and 3.2mm(1°C) glaciers)." ablation/accumulation, and snow calculations to derive a long- compared to other Quaternary density. Able to give MB index term average mass balance regions. Mean MB International 97-8: Xixibangma glacier, SE through assessment of annual index from climate records. index is negative - 27-39. Tibet, China melt. High confidence in reported 34kgm-2. Results method, but very low score show continuous for measure, results in summer- overall low confidence. accumulation-type retreat, caused by summer temp. Bahuguna, I. M., A. V. Kulkarni, et al. (2004). "DEM from IRS-1C PAN stereo coverage’s over Himalayan glaciated Very clear method with Both glaciers region - accuracy High res RS images used to detailed descriptions and retreating, Janapa and its utility." generate DEM and orthoimages dates of RS data used and 690m +-25, Shaune International Journal Janapa Garnang and Shaune for 1997 period, compared to processed, using GCP, with 925m +-25. Altitude of Remote Sensing Garang glaciers, in Baspa baseline topo map of 1962 (GSI) accuracy and error noted, of snout increased 25(19): 4029-4041. Basin, Himalaya, India. to derive changes in terminus. validation undertaken. 50m in both. LISS and PAN images from 2000-2001 merged using Brovey transformation (ref).Merged image geo- Bahuguna, I. M., A. referenced to GSI 1962 map. V. Kulkarni, et al. No accuracy or error noted in (2007). "Himalayan retreat figures given. glacier retreat using However error in RS data IRS ICPAN stereo Study comparing glacial snout noted for comparator. Basic Main finding is a data." International position of Gangotri glacier from DEM using slope derived for retreat of 1510m Journal of Remote GSI map 1962 with recent (Sep thickness. Clear method from 1962 to 2000. Sensing 28(1-2): Gangotri glacier, Himalaya, 2000, sep 2001) LISS AND pan RS using standardised No direct estimate of 437-442. India images. techniques. High confidence. volume change given. Glaciers in Dudh Glaciers mapped from Koshi basin satellite images, notes retreating at rate of limitations of such images around 10-59 m/a. Bajracharya, S. R. and chooses only 24 for Imja glacier fastest (2008) Change in study. Still no detail of retreat at 74m/a Glacial Environment accuracy and errors. Uses since 2000. Mixed of Everest Region, Glaciers mapped by ICIMOD in 1960's baseline from GSI pattern of retreat Nepal. High 2001 using satellite images from topo maps and aerial photos. rate, some faster, Mountain Remote Everest region, Dudh Kosi 1975, 2000, and 2007; inventory Variable confidence in data some slower, some Sensing Cartography basin, East Nepal. Extend to baselines based on topo maps of depending on period, no retreat since 8, ICIMOD lat 27° 38' 05". 1959 and 1982 by GSI. medium confidence overall. 2000. Early 20th C movements from descriptions depict early advances to the Relays information from a range Hunza River, of sources that show glacier to followed by rapid fluctuate - sources not of use to retreat, some 830m Batura Investigation this study as not primary. They Surveys done for Karakoram from 1944-1966 from Group (1979). do build up a picture of advance highway in 1974,1975 using accounts. Glacier "BATURA GLACIER and retreat over large distances. terrestrial advance of 90m IN THE KARAKORAM 1974 field survey maps stereophotogrammetry. No between 1966-1974, MOUNTAINS AND compared with 1966 topo maps error or accuracy noted, no and again 9.6m in ITS VARIATIONS." of Pakistan (1:10,000). Other validation. Clear method and 1975. Meltwater Scientia Sinica 22(8): Batura glacier, Karakoram, surveys taken, but with no standard approach. Medium discharge related to 958-&. Pakistan. comparator for use in this study. confidence. temperature. Belo, M., C. Mayer, Liligo glacier, Eastern Satellite imagery used to track Clear method applied using Marked advance of et al. (2008). "The Karakoram, Pakistan, snout change in terminus over period various satellite images over glacier from early recent evolution of > 35.7°N, 76.21°E. from 1971-2001. Aim to asses if period 1971-2001. Pixel size, 1970's to 2001 of Liligo glacier, surge-type glacier. Images from accuracy, GPS GCP, GPS 2.1km. This advance Karakoram, 1971, 79, 80,86,99,01 all used. kinematic measures, error, all accelerated in the Pakistan, and its noted in method. 80's and reached present quiescent." over 100m/a in the Annals of Glaciology, 1990s. This is Vol 48: 171-176. described as Surge behaviour, as per Hewitt (1998). ASTER imagery digitized area of 925km2. Clear Berthier, E., Y. thinning observed on Arnaud, et al. glacier tongues from (2007). "Remote Feb 2000-Nov 2004 - sensing estimates of Clear detailed remote not able to glacier mass sensing method, noting bias, determine accuracy balances in the SPOT5 images, Nov 12-12 2004, adapting to difficulties in as no field measures. Himachal Pradesh used to create DEM - no ground having no standard GCPs, MB changes of (Western Himalaya, control but bias reduced via Noting accuracy at every around -0.7 - -0.8 India)." Remote Multiple glaciers in the specific method. Compared to point. Using different m/a w.e. were Sensing of Lahul/Spiti region of 2000 SRTM topography. Uses approaches and assessing observed across the Environment 108(3): Himachel Pradesh, Western Wagnon et al at 2007 field between the two. High region, assessed by 327-338. Himalaya, India. measure from Chhota Shigri confidence. two techniques. Very clear method outlining the limitations of the hydro method but how the study MB was negative in seeks to reduce error and all but one year 88- Bhutiyani, M. R. that such an approach is best 89. Consistent with (1999). "Mass- one for inaccessible area. findings on other balance studies on Good meteorological glaciers in Himalaya. Siachen Glacier in Study using hydrological method network setup. Runoff Higher temp and the Nubra valley, to determine MB changes over a measured at daily time step. negative MB indicate Karakoram 4 year period 1986-1991. Error analysis of results period of warmer Himalaya, India." Measurements were taken every undertaken. Estimates error climate and excessive Journal of Glaciology Siachen Glacier, Nubra year in summer months when in MB of 15-20%. High ablation in study 45(149): 112-118. Valley, Karakoram. melt occurs. confidence in measurements. period. Overall ice area Bolch, T., decrease over period Buchroithner, M.F., 1962-2005 5.3+-2%. Pieczonka, T. and Highest loss from Kunert, A. (2008). 1992-2001, lowest Planimetric and 1962-1992. Similar volumetric Glacier pattern to other changes in Khumbu glaciers such as Himalayas since Using various RS imagery from Date, type, accuracy and AX10. Average down 1962 using Corona, 1962,92,01,05, to investigate resolution of all satellite data wasting over period Landsat and ASTER glacier fluctuations across given. Clear method, is 20m, 0.5m/a. data. Journal of Khumbu Himal. All satellite data standard approach, clear Volume loss for Glaciology, 54, 592- Various Glaciers, Khumbu available, inc de-classified 1962 images. Very high tongues is 0.19km3 600. Himal, Himalaya, Nepal images. confidence. over 1962-2002. 1986-2001, total glacier area decrease by 46.18km2, average rate of 3.3km2/a, decreases of between 2.3-33.5% Chen, X. Q., P. Cui, across glaciers et al. (2007). Method is clear, accuracy studied. Clear "Changes in glacial and scale noted, dates noted, relationship between lakes and glaciers of RS type, GPS and field survey glacier size and post-1986 in the also undertaken to validate retreat, smaller Poiqu River basin, Study comparing glacier and work, errors noted, pixel glacier faster rate of Nyalam, Xizang glacier lake area changes over accuracy used in ArcView, reduction. No clear (Tibet)." Various glaciers within the the period 1986-2001 by and digital map of China used relationship between Geomorphology Poiqu River basin, Tibet comparing satellite imagery from for boundary definition. Very glacier area and 88(3-4): 298-311. (China) periods. high confidence. glacier lake area. Chitranshi, A., Sangewar, C. V., Method is clear but basic and Srivastava, D., Puri, notes scale adjustment of V.M.K and Dutta, S. older map baseline images, S, (2004) Recession compiled from field studies pattern of Meru and aerial photo. Dates for Bamak Glacier, RS images are given with Bhagirathi Basin, type, map scales noted Uttaranchal. In Front fluctuation study of Meru (1:500000). No actual Rate of recession Srivastava, D., Meru Bamak glacier, Bamak glacier using baseline accuracy or error noted high 1977-1987, Gupta, K. R. and adjacent to Gangotri - to map of glacier from 1977 GSI however. No GPR or GPS compared to 1987- Mukerji, S. editors, west of main trunk glacier - map and comparing this to employed for verification of 2000. Total recession Geological Survey of small map given, Valley satellite images from 1987, 1999, accuracy. Medium from 77-2000 is India Special Glacier and 2000. confidence 395m. Publication 80, 61- 67

Author has gathered all available evidence, given a quality assessment and used Glacier characterised only 'good' quality sources, by two advance except for baseline map from phases at the Conway (1894). Clear beginning and end of methodology employed, and 20th C, and takes Diolaiutu, G., M. notes subjective nature of these as indicative of Pecci, et al. (2003). descriptions. Maps were geo- surge type glacier "Liligo Glacier, referenced using GIS using behaviour. However Karakoram, homologous points, accuracy as noted there is Pakistan: a Using a wide variety of data reported and varies from +- considerable error in reconstruction of sources - from maps to photos, 200m on the 1894 map, to +- the quantitative the recent history of descriptions and satellite images. 5m for 1997 mapping. estimates. a surge-type Uses a baseline map from 1894 Earliest data (pre 1900) not Quantitative data glacier." Annals of Liligo Glacier, near Baltoro through to measurements and used due to high potential difficult to extract to Glaciology, Vol 36: Glacier, Karakoram, photos from 1997. Most clear errors noted. Medium determine terminus 168-172. Pakistan. comparator is snout retreat. confidence overall in data. fluctuation. Dobhal, D. P., S. Kumar, et al. (1995). "MORPHOLOGY Uses standardised approach, AND GLACIER however how methods DYNAMICS STUDIES applied exactly not clear, no IN MONSOON-ARID Field investigations of Chhota accuracy or error noted. TRANSITION ZONE - Shigri undertaken during 1987- Generally seems AN EXAMPLE FROM 1989. Measurements of volume, geomorphological map has CHHOTA-SHIGRI flow, mass balance and various been prepared at scale GLACIER, Chhota Shigri glacier, morphological characteristics 1:10000. Overall a medium HIMACHAL- Chandra-Bhaga river basin, taken. Uses GSI maps 1962,1984 confidence had been HIMALAYA, INDIA." India, Himachel Pradesh, data but no reference given, and ascribed. Needed to convert Mass balance 1987- Current Science (32°11-32°17'N and 77°30'- then 1986-89 uses field EDM mass balance to standard 89 negative. Retreat 68(9): 936-944. 77°32'E) survey. units of m.w.e of 195m 1963-1989. Negative trend over 6 year period, mean mb of - Dobhal, D.P., J.T. 2.25*10^6m3/a w.e. Gergan and R.J. Clear use of glaciological , or 0.45-0.55 m w.e. Thayyen, 2008, method, map of study site Glacier retreat from Mass balance given, meteo data also 1962-1995 is 550m, studies of the collected, regular frontal area vacated Dokriani Glacier Annual mass balance measurements taken during 30 years from 1992 to 2000, measurements undertaken using (weekly). Error estimation about 10% of total Garhwal Himalaya, Dokriani Glacier, Gangotri Glaciological method over period given (0.1-0.15m w.e.). Data area (unclear India, Bulletin of region of Himalaya, 92-93, 94-95, 97-98,99-00. Also plotted on 1995 GSI map, presentation of data Glaciological Himachel Pradesh, (30°49' includes baseline reference of scale of 1:10000. Very high here). Ablation rates Research, 25, 9-17. to 30°52'N and 78°47' to GSI map 1962 for consideration confidence in measurements higher at lower DX282 78°51'E) of terminus retreat. and reporting. altitudes. Dobhal, D. P. and M. Mehta (2010). Overall retreat over "Surface period assessed, with morphology, variable rate, no elevation changes Terminus retreat 1962-1991 clear acceleration of and Terminus calculated by comparing GS rate. Concludes the retreat of Dokriani maps done by EDM field survey. highest recession Glacier, Garhwal NO accuracy or error noted, scale Method is mentioned but not rate was during Himalaya: noted. No georeferencing, just clear, no error or accuracy warm global period implication for overlay. 1991-2007 field mapping noted. Early data maps 1990's. Recession climate change." undertaken, using stable collected by GSI, recent data slowed in 2000's, Himalayan Geology Dokriani, Garwhal reference points in ground, still by team. No dates. Medium similar trend in other 31(1): 71-78. Himalaya, India. no accuracy or error noted. confidence. glaciers. Recession rate increased in 1990's. Mapping in 1995 was Recent trend in mass Dobhal, D. P., J. T. conducted by survey - though balance is negative. Gergan, et al. no clear reference to method In 33 years area (2004). "Recession employed. Superimposing reduced by 0.78km2, and morpho the 1962 map allowed of which only geometrical changes comparison of area and 0.077km2 is from of Dokriani glacier terminus. Thickness frontal area - thus (1962-1995) Area, snout, volume change estimates for 1962 were lateral recession Garhwal Himalaya, Dokriani glacier, Garwhal study on single glacier done derived from slope, in 1995 more important than India." Current Himalaya, India, (30°49' to using baseline GSI maps from were aided by GPR profiling. frontal. Volume loss Science 86(5): 692- 30°52'N and 78°47' to 1962, remapped in 1995, 1991- Medium confidence in each in 33 years estimated 696. 78°51'E) 1995 field data obtained. measurement taken. as 70.11*106m3. Terminus measurements made with Thommen altimeter. Notes potential inaccuracy in 1974 map from comparison, but does not give error estimate. Surface All glaciers have profiles measured with retreated, and aerial theodolite. Uses this to average loss is 12.6m calculate volume. Notes ice equivalent and accuracy of 1994 measure , 13% loss in total and large error of 1974 (+- mass. Annual mass Fujita, K., M. 0.45m), even greater balance of -0.55 m Nakawo, et al. uncertainty once used to w.e. for Rikha Samba (1997). "Changes in Study to compare field work calculate volume. Results not one of large recorded glaciers in Hidden carried out in 1994 with baseline clear. Mass balance value is in world, however Valley, Mukut Himal, data from earlier team in 1974, average calculated from the value was not Nepal Himalayas, to assess changes in mb, flow, volume loss. Low confidence derived using from 1974 to 1994." Various glaciers in Hidden and terminus elevations. in mass balance and volume, rigorous approach Journal of Glaciology Valley, Mukut Himal, Nepal. Particular attention paid to Rikha medium confidence in and is very prone to 43(145): 583-588. (28°50'N, 83°30'E) Samba glacier. terminus data. error. Fujita, K., Takeuchi, Glaciological study to measure Field survey in 94 and 96, mb N., and Seko, K. year’s mass balance and inform by stakes in 96. Unsure how (1998). Glaciological fluctuation against previous field survey conducted to observations of Yala baseline data from 1982. Used to map glacier, no accuracy or Glacier in Langtang determine flow velocity, retreat, error noted. MB only for one Valley, Nepal surface lowering. Comparator is year, unclear again if Himalaya’s 1994 data from previous team studies, glaciological method, but From 1982-1996 and1996. Bulletin of so assume direct access to data. maps and description, done glaciers retreated. Glacier Research 16, Yala Glacier, Langtang Only one year of mb data across transect of glacier. Mass balance -357 75-81. Valley, Nepal Himalaya, collected. Low confidence in terminus mm w.e for year. data, medium in mass balance data. Method simple field survey, and stake installation (glaciological method?) for mass balance. Months given. Area field survey -no accuracy or error noted, no Fujita, K., T. Kadota, scale. Mass balance B. Rana, R.B. measured by stake and pit, Kayastha and Y. mb maps produced uses Ageta, (2001), assumed density, early Shrinkage of AX010 estimates from other studies Glacier in Shorong by previous teams, assume Acceleration of region, Nepal Area, terminus and mass balance has access to data, data given shrinkage suggested Himalayas in the observed every year over period in graph, need to extract in late 1990's.No 1990s, Bulletin of 1995-1999. Baseline from figure. Medium positive mass Glaciological AX10, Shorong Region, observations from 1978 field confidence in all balance Research, 18, 51-54. Nepal, Himalaya, 27°42'N work by previous teams, also measurements and measurements taken DX265 86°34'E. 1989. reporting. since 1978. Clear method, baseline data from 1974 and 1994 were by a previous team from the same centre and the author respectively. No error or accuracy noted for retreat Fujita, K., Nakazawa, measure, or references to F., and Rana, B. map scales etc., but diagram (2001). Glaciological given. Errors noted for mb Retreat of 299m observation on Measures of velocity, mass estimates, calcs given, and since 1974-1999, Rikha Samba Glacier balance and fluctuation were assumptions given. As part of Mass balance large in Hidden Valley, taken by two field surveys in Oct continued research assume values for years Nepal Himalayas, 1998 and 1999. MB was standard approach, but no surveyed. Mass 1998 and 1999. calculated from stakes and local references to this. Only able balance more Bulletin of Rikha samba, Hidden Valley, meteo data. Retreat measured to extract terminus data, negative at lower Glaciological Nepal, Himalaya, 28°50'N, using a 'line'. Surface profiles given medium confidence altitudes, positive at Research 18, 31-35. 83°30'E also taken. assessment. highest altitudes. Fushimi, H., Ohata, Many aerial photos taken to T. & Higuchi, K. cover area, used to assess (1979) Recent fluctuations. Control points fluctuations of used. Only used clear glaciers glaciers in the (no debris). No accuracy or eastern part of error noted for terminus Nepal Himalayas. measures. MB data prone to Sea Level, Ice, and too many errors and too Climatic Change Glacier inventory based on field many assumptions, so not (proceedings of the survey and aerial photo for used for review data. Very 6 glaciers retreated, Canberra period 74-76. , compared with low confidence in terminus 3 advances, 4 Symposium). IAHS Various glaciers, Dudh Kosi, earlier data from 1970 by measurements, no data stationary, 1 irregular Publ .n. 131. Nepal Himalaya another author, provided, only indication of (period 1970-1978). advance or retreat. Gardner, J. S. (1986). "RECENT Detailed' surveys made in FLUCTUATIONS OF 1934 field expedition, and in Terminus retreat of RAKHIOT GLACIER, 1956. 1985 comparator field 450m between 1935 NANGA PARBAT, transit survey carried out. and 1954. 1985 PUNJAB HIMALAYA, Study comparing previous Images collated. No mention survey showed PAKISTAN." Journal Rakhiot Glacier, Nanga terminus mapped position in of error or accuracy. Clear glacier terminus of Glaciology parbat, Punjab, Western 1934 and 1954 with data from reporting. Medium advance of 200m 32(112): 527-529. Himalaya, Pakistan. 1985. confidence. since 1954. Hewitt, K.; Wake, The glacier has C.P.; Young, G.J.; fluctuated over the David, C. (1989) long period analysed. Hydrological Exact nature of historical Pattern of retreat in investigations at evidence, dates and methods early-mid 20th C, Biafo glacier, unclear. 85-87 methods advanced since. Mass Karakoram range, Describes field work undertaken clear, but no error or balance estimate of Himalaya: an 1985-87 against backdrop of accuracy noted. Assumptions 0.4 - 0.5 m/a over the important source of varied investigations and clear. Actual quantitative period 1910-1986. water for the Indus documentation of the glacier data with comparator hard to 80% of flow in Upper river. Annals of dating back to 1857. Snow extract. Low confidence Indus from 20% of Glaciology, Vol. 13: Biafo Glacier, Karakoram, accumulation, ablation, thickness assigned to mass balance and area-heavy snow and pp. 103-108. Indus Basin, Pakistan , area, all covered. terminus measures. glacier areas. Ground photos well referenced to ground points, give terminus info to study. Unclear exactly what Hewitt, K. (2005). methods employed for each "The Karakoram and every glacier but some Of 33 glaciers anomaly? Glacier Surveys undertaken in 1997 and indications given. No surveyed, 13 of expansion and the 2002 to compare glacier accuracy or error involved. intermediate size 'elevation effect,' fluctuation. Composite of field Data in table 1, unclear of (10-20km2) were Karakoram work, landsat images and repeat exact source and dates. Very advancing, as were Himalaya." terrestrial photos. But also states low confidence given for 16 disconnected Mountain Research that table 1 data is from ground measurements, the data large tributaries. The and Development Various glaciers, central observations between 1985 and behind the report would be overall finding is of 25(4): 332-340. Karakoram, Indus, Pakistan 2001. valuable. advance. Jangpang, B.S. and Vohra, C.P. (1962). The Retreat of the Skunkulpa (Ralam) Map prepared using plane Glacier in the table and telescopic alidade. Central Himalaya, No error, accuracy or scale Pithoragarh District, noted. Notes possibly U.P., India, Inst. Simple study comparing field restricted scope of Assoc. Sci. Hydrol., map from 1906 with map investigation. Clear reporting Publ. No. 58, pp234- Shunkalpa glacier, central prepared from field expedition in and consistent approach. Glacier retreated by 238. Himalaya, India 1957. Medium confidence. around 305m. Ground survey conducted in Kadota, T., K. Fujita, 79,89,91,95 to map glacier. et al. (1997). No scale, error or accuracy "Monitoring and noted, also no direct prediction of Main interest for this review is mapping technique referred shrinkage of a small the terminus retreat and volume to. Clear reporting and glacier in the Nepal loss data. Other data collected standard approach used. Glacier retreated Himalaya." Annals of has no comparator. Future Only terminus data 30m between 78-89, Glaciology, Vol 24, AX010, Shorong Himal, modelling work not admissible to extractable - medium and 28m between 1997 24: 90-94. Dudh Kosi, Nepal review scope. confidence. 89-91. Clear separate method section, mb done by stakes, with monthly records, clearly Koul, M. N. and R. K. described, no accuracy Ganjoo (2010). noted. Weather data clearly "Impact of inter- and described, error and intra-annual limitations noted. Terminus Fluctuation in ELA, variation in weather measurements not clear in snout and ablation parameters on mass method, but high frequency attributed to balance and of measure by same team. variation in rock equilibrium line No error or accuracy noted. debris albedo from altitude of Naradu Study to assess inter and intra- Ablation from stakes, season to season. Glacier (Himachal annual variation of weather on accumulation from meteo Glacier retreated Pradesh), NW glacier. ELA, snout, ablation and data - combine to calculate over study period by Himalaya, India." accumulation measured along mb. Medium confidence in 11.1m, mass balance Climatic Change Naradu Glacier, Himachel with local meteo data from 2 terminus measures, very high was negative in all 99(1-2): 119-139. Pradesh, India, Himalaya installed stations. confidence in mass balance. years. Baseline 1962 positions taken Kulkarni, A. V. and I. from GSI topo map. All 8 glaciers in M. Bahuguna Comparator is high- retreat. Varied from - (2002). "Glacial resolution stereo data from 90 to -923m. Large retreat in the Baspa IRS images (5.8m res). Ortho glaciers retreated basin, Himalaya, image produced using GCP less than medium monitored with and digital photogrammetric sized. Rate of retreat satellite stereo technique used to generate affected by area, data." Journal of Comparison of snout position for DEM. No error, or scale of debris cover, and Glaciology 48(160): Various glaciers, Baspa various glaciers in 1962 to baseline map. Clear method. area-altitude 171-172. Basin, Himalaya, India position in 1997-98. High confidence. distribution. Kulkarni, A. V., B. P. Satellite images were used to A linear correlation between Rathore, et al. assess the snow line altitude. AAR and mass balance for 2 A loss of 0.234km3 (2004). "Monitoring Comparator is relatively short glaciers in the basin was used over 2 year period all of glacial mass 2000-01 vs. 2001-02 to to interpret mass-balance for glaciers have balance in the Baspa determine change in mass other glaciers in the region. negative mass basin using balance over time. 19 glaciers No estimation of the error balance and lose accumulation area were examined individually but that could be involved, or more snow and ice ratio method." 19 Glaciers in Baspa basin in no name or other reference discussion of accuracy. Very due to melting than Current Science Himachal Pradesh were given other than database low confidence in method accumulation of 86(1): 185-190. studied. number and measure. seasonal snow. Survey of India topo map, and satellite images and in Boundary of Glacier delineated Oct. 2003 field expedition to Amount of retreat on Survey of India topo map, verify position of the glacier varies from year to 1962 air photographs were snout using GPS. Glacier year but pattern is of taken. Boundary superimposed depth, MB, ablation rate at retreat, almost 52m Parbati Glacier in Baspa on satellite images from 1990, snout estimated following per year is recorded Kulkarni, A. V., B. P. basin in Himachal Pradesh 1998, 2000, 2001. From landsat empirical relationships, but and between 2001 & Rathore, et al. India and Indian remote satellite in based on other glaciers with 1990 578m retreat of (2005). "Alarming Aug - Sept. Debris cover in no estimation of accuracy. glacier. Authors retreat of Parbati images taken into assessment. A Thus only extracted terminus estimate retreat to glacier, Beas basin, GIs technique used to analyse and area data - clear continue in the Himachal Pradesh." glacier parameter changes. methods - medium future Current Science confidence in measures 88(11): 1844-1850. taken. Data from Indian Remote Overall 21% Sensing satellites (LISS-IV); reduction in glacial images from 2004; 2001 area has been shown using LISS-III. Comparator from the middle of was survey of India map the last century. Area 466 glaciers in Himachal 1962. Topographic maps has reduced but Pradesh covering 3 highly were used to delineate number of glaciers Kulkarni, A. V., I. M. glacierized basins of The centreline position of glacier boundaries and digitised has increased due to Bahuguna, et al. Chenab, Parbati and Baspa. terminal was mapped with GPS, using GIS. GPS used to map fragmentation. This (2007). "Glacial Included are Shaune Garang satellite images compared to terminus location. Glacier fragmentation is retreat in Himalaya glacier in Baspa basin, 1962 survey of India map. depth estimated with radio- much higher than using Indian Remote Parbati glacier in Parbati Baseline is 1962 but 2001 & 2004 echo sounding. Area to realised. Small Sensing satellite basin and Chhota Shigri, are taken as one reading so only volume relationship glaciers are more data." Current Samudra Tapu and Patsio reports % loss between 1962 and expressed. Error of 10-20% in susceptible to global Science 92(1): 69-74. glaciers in Chenab basin. 2001-04 volume estimates. Clear warming, but authors method and report. High anticipate in the confidence in measurements future further taken. fragmentation of large glaciers will occur as a result of global warming. On basis of 2 consecutive years of snout monitoring it was observed that maximum recession Present study was a field takes place at the survey in first week of Nov centreline. The 2004, and last week Oct 2005 average retreat rate Kumar, K., R. K. Present study was a field survey using GPS in static and in 2004-2005 was Dumka, et al. (2008). to compare with previous kinematic modes to depict lower than the "Estimation of findings in 1935 and 1971, snout positions of 1935 (cairn previous years, retreat rate of retreat rated of periods recorded marks of Auden), 1971 author speculate that Gangotri glacier and reference to error checking marked by previous groups. information on air using rapid static Gangotri Glacier one of described & reported. GPS coordinates clearly temperature would and kinematic GPS largest Himalayan glacier. Straightforward but detailed collected and quality of be useful in assessing survey." Current Situated in Uttarkashi clear approach to measure snout position checked (error the changing retreat Science 94(2): 258- district 30o44'-30o56' N - change, also compared retreat of checking done). High rates over different 262. 79o04'41" - 79o16'34"E centreline and edges of glacier. confidence. periods. Clear morphology of the area. Field mapping to reproduce the sketch of Kurien, T.K. & 1907, the general climate of Main finding is the Munshi, M.M. region reported and the retreat of the snout Study of the glacier is a repeat of (1962) Sonapani Sonapani Glacier of Lahaul glacier morphology is (899m) and inferred the 1907 expedition in this area Glacier of Lahaul in Kangra district of Punjab, described: length, area, volume loss (142 and the sketch prepared in 1907 Punjab. India, Inst. India. Snout location snout shape, snow limit in million cubic is the baseline to compare 50 yrs Assoc. Sci. Hydrol., 77o19'4"E & 32o25'53"N winter and basic meters)of glacier in later Publ. No. 58, characteristics. Very low 1957 compared to pp0239-244. confidence in volume 1907 study estimates, but medium confidence in terminus measurements. Snout location mapped on In general 1889 to The 1:50000 topo sheet is the Survey of India map, SPOT 1997 a pattern of baseline against which other satellite paper print false retreat is seen with findings are mapped. The 1891 composite from 1987 pass & the exception of Griesbach map was plotted on transferred to toposheet. 1935 when the toposheet, similarly other Earlier terminal moraines advancement was findings mapped onto one figure. found on images. Aerial 1960 shown - but accuracy Mukherjee, B. P. and Study location is referred to Clear definition of which maps photos anso interpreted. issues have been Sangewar, C. V. as the snout of Gangotri have been used and some Further comparison to older raised. Snout (2001) Recession of glacier. No further explanation on satellite imagery maps made : Griesbach 1891, elevation was higher Gangotri glacier description of the location but little on the uncertainty Auden 1937; Jangpangi 1958; in 1889 than in 1935 . through 20th is given, only method for involved in comparing such Tewari 1970. Earliest data Authors conclude century. Geological identifying the snout maps. Change reported as (pre 1900) used low quality that Gangotri has Survey of India location on meters snout has moved but no and potentially high error so been retreating Special Publication maps/satellite/aerial error or recognition of omitted, study notes more during last century 65, 1-3. photos. estimation error. modern maps could not be but deviated matched precisely, further between 1889-1935 increasing any errors. when it advanced Measurements in 20th C considerably. medium to high confidence. Overall observations led authors to conclude the snouts of S & B glaciers Nainwal, H. C., Negi, showed continuous B. D. S., Chaudhary, The snout and area change of recession, compared M., Sajwan, K. S. and these 2 glaciers is presented. The 2005 &2006 field mapping of to B the S glacier is Guarav, A. (2008) authors describe tributary snout using Total Station and retreating at a higher Temporal changes in glaciers in the area, these contour map of area, rate. Apart from rate of recession: contribute to the behaviour of inputted to software tools regional climate and evidence from the S & B glaciers. Authors do (Civil CAD& Autodesk). Snout local features such as Satopanth and some estimate of ELA and AAR retreat and area variation slope aspects, debris Bhagirath glaciers, and from this conclude both estimated. Survey of India cover and surface Uttarakhand, using Satopanth and Bhagirath glaciers studied showed negative map 1962 used as baseline. geomorphology play Total Station Survey. Kharak Glaciers situated in mass balance. But only the Clear methods. No errors in a pivotal role in Current Science 94, Uttarakhand. 30o42'- altitudes are recorded, not terminus and area measures. fluctuating rates of 653-60. 30o50'N - 79o13'-79o29'E. m.w.e. Medium confidence. glacial melting. Main conclusion is Study area is Northern Site selected to study debris free the surface lowering Bhutan on a debris free glacier, temperature thermisor 1998, 1999, 2003 terminus of the glacier plateau glacier south of the Jichu data too limited in time period to Naito, N. et al (2006) and surface topography by recording changes Dramo camp site, authors draw clear conclusions. There is Glacier shrinkages measured using theodolite in bumps or refer to it as Jichu Dramo some discussion on glacier and climate and laser distance meters. undulations on the Glacier roughly from map variation. However there is a lot conditions around Also temperature readings plateau surface. figure 1: 27o55' N & of discussion on the location and Jichu Dramo Glacier recorded using thermistors Retreat of terminal is 90o15'E. The is the same as lowering of the bumps on the in the Bhutan over the trekking periods in faster in Bhutan the code name glacier surface. These have been Himalayas from autumn of 1998 & 1999. Himalayas than in "Pho_gr131" is the mapped and changes in surface 1998 to 2003. Medium confidence in field Nepal and author reference name in glacier are recorded with Bulletin of measurement taken. states situation in inventory compiled by Mool photogrammetric and GPS Glaciological Nepal might be et al 2001 locations marked. Research 23 underestimated Concludes that there Uses anecdotal description and at present the glacier photographic evidence provided, is in the rest mode and early surveys. Also Survey of Descriptions taken from early and available India sheet 52E. Main focus is on reports (1920's) plus evidence does not variation in glacier front. Early photographic images and assume sensational Siachen Glacier, in Raina, V. K. and C. evidence is mainly descriptive satellite images compared. changes will take Karakoram mountains, Sangewar (2007). and difficult to determine how But only very little place in the near 35o12'&35o41'N to 76o47'& "Siachen glacier of much is actually based on description of the method future based on 77o11'E Karakoram photographic evidence. Method used and unclear. Very low 150yrs of evidence. Mountains, Ladakh is very weak and no attempt is confidence in all data Glacier has its secular retreat." made at validation or presented. undergone changes Journal of the communication of errors in along the front over Geological Society of measurements. 150 years (retreat India 70: 11-16. and advance) Since 1966 glaciers on Mt Qomolangma (Everest) retreated 5.5-9.5m/a. On Xixibangma 4.0-5.2 Ren, J. W., Z. F. Jing, m/a. Meteo data et al. (2006). shows temp "Glacier variations Glacier terminus determined generally increased and climate change 5 glaciers, 3 on MT Ice cores taken on glaciers and by field measurements, do over same period, in the central Qomolangma (Rongbuk, measurements of snout position reference scale of maps, but most in last 30 years. Himalaya over the East Rongbuk, Far East taken and mapped. Baseline data no error or accuracy noted, Retreat due to past few decades." Rongbuk), 2 on Mt from 1966 survey - no specific with no validation. Clear reduced precipitation Annals of Glaciology, Xixiabangma (Kanwure, details. Other years include reporting and high resolution and warmer temps. Vol 43, 2006 43: Dasopu), Central Himalaya, 1991,1997,1999,2001,2002, of measurements taken. Glacier melts rate 218-222. Tibet varying between glaciers. Medium confidence. accelerating. The 2 maps (Khumbu Himal Overall reduction of and Official Nepal were same glaciers area of 4.9% Salerno, F., E. scale so comparable, ArcView was observed, Buraschi, et al. Topographical land maps from tool used to resample using consistent with other (2008). "Glacier Nepal are the baseline. The control points and geo- studies in the region. surface-area Khumbu Himal (published in referenced to allow Between 50s and changes in 1978 but representative of late comparison. Care taken in 90s, stations in Tibet Sagarmartha 1950) and Official map of Nepal reporting and dealing with and Kathmandu national park, Nepal, (published in 1997 but cartographic error. A DEM record increases in in the second half of representative of beginning was constructed. Statistical both temperature the 20th century, by 1990s) define the SNP area, to analysis well described. and precipitation. comparison of this photographic survey (1921), Meteorological data also Authors propose that historical maps." Study site is Sagarmartha terrestrial photo-grammetric included where possible. in the case of glaciers Journal of Glaciology national park in Solu- survey (1935 & 1939) terrestrial High confidence in that expanded the 54(187): 738-752. Khumby district of Nepal. survey (1955-63). measurements reported. effects of precipitation predominate those of temperature owing to the higher elevation and favourable orientation of those glaciers which protects them from melt. The study of historical maps includes a certain amount of uncertainty but authors are clear on this and the conclusions do reflect real change in the area. Baseline comparator is the 1934 German Himalayan Only minor retreating expedition by this institute rates since 1980s, which conducted terrestrial fluctuations over 70 photogrammetric survey to years characterised Schmidt, S. and M. produce topographic maps. by retreat between Nusser (2009). These investigations were the 1930s and 1950s, "Fluctuations of repeated in 1954. Satellite marked advance Raikot Glacier during images are source of later between 1950s and the past 70 years: a data 1971-2003. Use of DEM 1980s and a case study from the Raikot Glacier in the Nanga Baseline comparator is the 1934 and ArcGIS used in relatively stable Nanga Parbat Parbat region north detailed analysis by authors delineating glacier situation after 1992. massif, northern western Himalaya carried out to ensure comparison boundaries. Medium to very Due to these Pakistan." Journal of 35o10'N74o20'E & 35o35'N of images and topographic maps. confidence in measurements fluctuations it is Glaciology 55(194): to 74o55'E. Feeds into Indus Details of satellite dates, spatial according to methods difficult to attribute 949-959. Gorge resolution and pixel RMS applied over time. response to CC. Focus of authors is to map debris cover and Shukla, A., R. P. very little reporting Gupta, et al. (2009). Survey of India map 1963 on glacier change is "Estimation of was geo-referenced to given. Only mention debris cover and its A clear explanation of the remote sensing data and to is clear in temporal variation method used and how satellite generate a DEM. conclusions. Authors using optical images were interpreted is Topographic maps also used conclude the overall satellite sensor data: Catchment and watershed presented. The main aim of the to create mask retreat occurs and is a case study in of Samudratapu glacier paper is to develop a simple yet corresponding to glacier. accompanied by Chenab basin, located in drainage basin of effective method to accurately Clear method and standard marked increase in Himalaya." Journal Chandra river. 32.40oN to estimate debris cover over approach applied noting the extent of debris of Glaciology 32.55oN - 77.37oE to glaciers. There is a lot of detail accuracy. Very high cover which has 55(191): 444-452. 77.61oE on the authors approach to this. confidence. increased by almost 76.5% in just 3 years. An overall indication of glacier wasting and degeneration

The Pindari glacier is retreating rapidly Field mapping study, very during 1956-1958 out A narrative is given of the area, early study in this region. of seven glaciers in main results based on mapping , Mapping took place Sept the Central Himalaya Pindari Glacier located in sketching and relating present 1956-58 and related to studied over this Tewari, A.P. & central Himalayas in Uttar (1962) to early Survey of India earlier study by Cotter 1906. time the Pindari Jangpangi, B.S. Pradesh. Snout located map sheet no. 62. Also sketch of Moraines and other field showed maximum (1962) The retreat of 30o15'E & 80o02'N snout in 1906, mapping of snout evidence used to create new retreat since 1906. the Snout of the in 1958 and cairns from 1906 sketch. Clear and simple Rapid retreat Pindari Glacier. Inst. used as comparators. method in report. Medium evidenced by Assoc. Sci. Hydrol., confidence. presence of moraines Publ. No. 58, pp245- and dead ice 60 m 248. from snout. Over 4 years mass balance is often sharply negative no general trend in MB Wagnon, P., A. Direct glaciological method or Climate change Linda, et al. (2007). to calculate mass balance is can be derived from "Four years of mass used. Ablation stakes first set short term balance on Chhota Chhota Shigri Glacier on the Mass balance over 4 years is in 2002 and # increased in monitoring Shigri Glacier, Chandra-Bhaga River (trib. compared on the Chhota Shigri subsequent years to 2005. presented here. But Himachal Pradesh, of Indus) in Himachal glacier. Sampling frequency was Use of Satellite and GPS to this paper taken in India, a new Pradesh in the western 2 per year. In addition to mass confirm locality. Formula for consideration with benchmark glacier in Himalaya. India 32.19- balance, the ELA and AAR were calculating MB given and other work in the the western 32.28oN & 77.49-77.55oE also obtained. clearly explained. Very high area indicate an Himalaya." Journal confidence in method and increase in the pace of Glaciology measure. of glacier wasting 53(183): 603-611. probably related to CC but only long term monitoring can confirm this. In total 14 glaciers surveyed in the Khumbu, Shorong and Langtang regions. Termini of almost all glaciers Yamada T., T. have retreated since Shiraiwa, T. Kadota, Primarily debris free glaciers end of 1970s though T. Watanabe, B. selected as these are considered magnitude of change Rana, Y. Ageta and Terminal positions of sensitive to CC, but debris varies from glacier to H. Fushimi, 1992. specific glaciers surveyed in covered glaciers were surveyed glacier. Retreat rate Fluctuation of the Khumbu, Shorong and to get transverse profiles. The Glacier termini were considered to have glaciers from the Langtang regions. Specific debris covered glaciers were measured from 1 to 9 fixed- increased in last 1970s to 1989 in the names are: DX080 in Dudh EC200 (Khumbu glacier) and base-point(s) using compass decade. Authors Khumbu, Shorong Kosi basin, EB050, EB060, Lirung glacier in Langtang Khola and tape measure. suggest volumes of and Langtang ED010, ED020 and ED580 in basin. Terminal changes of 10 Transverse profiles used glaciers need to be regions, Nepal Imja Khola basin-Khumbu glaciers motioned and tabulated. triangulation from fixed quantified to provide Himalayas, Bulletin region, AX000, AX010, Each region is described in turn points using theodolite and further Mass Balance of Glacier Research, AX030 in Dudh Kosi basin- before final conclusions are geodimeter. High confidence information for the 10, 11-19. Shorong region. drawn. in field based measurements. Himalayas. Use of meteorological recorded data near the glacier as well as one year in-situ measurement leads authors to conclude Glaciological and meteorological glacier shrinkage and Yang, W., T. D. Yao, Kangri Karpo mountains are investigation carried out in Unclear which methods are large ice mass et al. (2008). "Quick located at the eastern end Kangri Karpo mountains. used, field works and mass deficits can be ice mass loss and of the Nyainqentanglha Observation & anecdotal. May balance and terminal attributed to rapid air abrupt retreat of the range, focus is on the Lhagu 2006 to May 2007 monitoring position are conducted but temperature rising. maritime glaciers in and Ata glaciers. These programme on 4 glaciers no details on how. Satellite Lower altitude the Kangri Karpo glaciers are at the included field work of mass images are used but apart glaciers are suffering Mountains, headwaters of the Parlang balance observation and glacier from mentioning which enhanced summer southeast Tibetan Zangbo river which feeds in terminal position measurements. satellite is used no detail is ablation and Plateau." Chinese to the Brahmaputra river. Ground penetrating radar used given. Method is very weak. receiving less snow Science Bulletin 29o23' - 29o13' N to 96O58' - to assess depth and mass loss Low confidence in accumulation in 53(16): 2547-2551. 96o55' E rate. measurements. winter. Author’s integrated method was successful at reducing mismatched or unreasonable changes in glacier variations. Recession is more extensive and faster in recent years compared to 2 methods used: remote early time periods. A sensing individual images and 8.4% decrease in Clear and detailed approach to new GIS methods used to glacier area for Ye, Q. H., T. D. Yao, sequential satellite image assess images from satellite Naimona'nyi region et al. (2006). assessment. Glaciers in images 1976, 1990, was reported. "Glacier variations in Naimona'nyi region have both 1999,2003. Mismatch Retreat is due to the Naimona'nyi advanced and retreated during information determined negative mass region, western Naimona'nyi region is period 1976-2003, but retreat is using Arc/info. Accurate balance and is Himalaya, in the last studied, located in the much larger than advance. orthography achieved by affected by rising three decades." western Himalaya, Spatial variation also shown over DEM before calculating temperatures and Annals of Glaciology, Naimona'nyi is the highest 76-03 period with retreat usually change based on pixels. Very decreasing Vol 43, 2006 43: peak. 30o04'-31o16'N - 81o- occurred in the SE while advance high confidence in precipitation over 385-389. 81o47'E always occurred in NW measurements. Tibetan plateau. Results show areas of Use of geographic info both glacier retreat Ye, Q. H., T. D. Yao, system and remote sensing and lake reduction et al. (2008). techniques. Comparator is a coexist in Mapam "Response of glacier topographic map from 1974, basin during 1974- and lake co with aerial photographs. 2003. Authors variations to climate Sequential satellite images attribute accelerated change in Mapam for more recent periods retreat to a warmer Yumco basin on Study of glacier and lake (1990-2003). Arc/Info Grid climate. Retreating Tibetan plateau variations. This is a regional used to compare as well as glaciers in the south during 1974-2003." study of Glaciers in the Mapam multi-temporal digital were larger than Journal of China basin. Good analysis of glacier satellite images ortho- those in the north. University of Mapam Yumco basin in lakes and their change is also referenced by DEM. Small glaciers were Geosciences 19(2): Burang county, south reported as well as error Additionally climate more sensitive 135-145. western Tibet. 81oE- involved in comparison of maps characteristics are given. compared to larger 81o47'E; 30o04'- 31o16'N. is well described. High confidence in data. ones. Reported retreat is Only clean glaciers were studied, due to negative mass Ye, Q. H., Z. W. debris covered were not included balance and is Zhong, et al. (2009). because of difficulty in Digital Satellite images (e.g. affected by rising air "Monitoring Glacier delineating from digital satellite ASTER), topographic maps temperatures. A and Supra-glacier images. Care is taken by authors from aerial photos acquired 0.30% retreat of Lakes from Space in to ensure accuracy and errors in 1974and a DEM were glacial area on Mt. Qomolangma Northern slopes of are explained and reported. used. Elevation comparison northern slope of Mt. Region of the Qomolangma mountain Glaciers both retreat and checks made and RMSE Everest in middle Himalayas on the (also known as Mt. Everest) advance in middle Himalaya reported. Glaciers on images Himalayas in 1974- Tibetan Plateau in study focus is the Rongbuk mountains. Retreat was were numbered and their 2008 was similar to China." Journal of river catchment a 280 km2 dramatic, dominates and position tracked. High the 0.31% in the Mountain Science area. Rongbuk glacier is accelerated through time in the confidence in measurements Naimona'nyi region 6(3): 211-220. largest in this catchment Himalayas. and reporting. of western Himalaya in 1976-2003.