Annex A: Study summary details Reference Location & Period Project details Methodology Summary of findings Ageta, Y., Naito, N., Nakawo, M., Fujita, K., Shankar, K., Glaciological method Pokhrel, A.P. and employed for MB measures Wangda, D., (2001). in Nepal, area and terminus Study project on the Mass balance, terminus and area measure less clear on recent rapid retreat compared across method, but consistent team shrinkage of regions/countries. Nepal data approach. Bhutan data summer- Nepal - (Hidden valley, collected during 1997-99, collected same season two Nepal - mass accumulation type Langtang, Shorong, Khumbu following on from Nakawo consecutive years - method balances negative, glaciers in the Himal),- AX010 (1997) studies 1994 + 1996. Ice only notes’ field terminus retreating - Himalayas, 1997- (Shorong)(1997,98,99), thickness data was collected but observations’ and baselines both AX010 and 1999. Bulletin of Rikha Samba (Hidden not detailed in results for use in from photo, maps and Rikha samba Glaciological Valley), , Khumbu (Khumbu this review. Bhutan data 98-99. satellite images. No error or accelerating retreat. Research 18: pp 45- Himal); Bhutan - (many, No retreat data available in accuracy noted. Medium Bhutan - no data on 49. with ref to Jichu Dramo) report however for this region. confidence in data. shrinkage. India data inconclusive as Compiling available mapping, unable to confirm Study collating as much mapping aerial photo and inventory baseline period. data as possible from all regions data to develop a picture of Narrative of findings plus more modern data analysed glacier distribution and that is set out by by team. India mapping of derive some idea of region the overall glaciers from inventory GSI 1999 retreat/change from trend is retreat of Ageta, K.Y. et al Compiles data from the - only detailed data used, unclear available baseline mapping. glacier tongues, (2002) Glacier Indian Himalaya, Nepal baseline year and thus unclear Method does note selective average retreat distribution in the Himalaya and Bhutan - no retreat data. Nepal mapping choice of good quality data, higher in Bhutan, Himalayas and focus on single glacier. from Asahi (1999) inventory - clear approach, but does with some glacier shrinkage Mapping not carried out by satellite data, baseline 1959 from omit any detail regarding advancement in East from 1963 to 1993 team, desk based topo sheets and aerial accuracy and error of Nepal (12% of total). in the Bhutan assessment of existing photography. Bhutan data from sources, only accuracy noted Bhutan more data - Himalaya. Bulletin of mapping from various ICIMOD (2001) inventory, is for Bhutan. No standard debris free glaciers - Glaciological sources. baseline 1960's toposheets data available for comparison details change in Research 20 compiled by GSI with ground between regions/time. Also area according to verifications 61-63 + satellite all data has been measured glacier size 63-93, images 1993 - used to create a and collated by other parties, most shrinkage in base map - uses Debris free then made available to this smaller glaciers. glaciers for less inaccuracy. research. Low confidence in Nepal 58 of 100 data. glaciers studied are retreating, Bhutan 86 of 103 retreat. Ahamad, S. and Hasnain, S. I. (2004) Analysis of satellite imageries for characterization of glacio- mrorphological features of Gangotri Gangotri glacier has Glacier, Ganga reduced in area by headwater. In Satellite data used to delimit 10km2 over the 16 Srivastava, D., features and ASTER data year period analysed, Gupta, K. R. and used for DEM model, clear and snout has Mukerji, S. editors, Glacio-morphological character method, but no accuracy retreated an average Geological Survey of Clearly defined Gangotri of Gangotri studied from 2001 note. Some validation, of 23m/a. Makes link India Special glacier, Garhwal Himalaya, IRS and ASTER images, GSI topo calibration through in retreat to climate Publication 80, 61- 30°44 - 30°56'N and 79°04' - sheets + ground obs used for GCP.Month of pass given. change, but no 67 79°15'E, NW aspect ground control points (GCP) High confidence in method. evidence provided. Clear method noting Main findings relate accuracy for ablation and to the relationship density. Thickness measured between meteo Aizen, V. B., E. M. by echo-sounding, error 1.5- variables and the Aizen, et al. (2002). 2% depth. Also used topo glacier, with "Glacier regime on Fieldwork undertaken 23 Aug- maps of basin at 1:25000 evaporation the northern slope 29Sept 1991. Along with scales. However the method suppressing ablation. of the Himalaya meteorological measurements employed is based upon Low glacier melt of (Xixibangma taken glaciological obs included various assumptions and 3.2mm(1°C) glaciers)." ablation/accumulation, and snow calculations to derive a long- compared to other Quaternary density. Able to give MB index term average mass balance regions. Mean MB International 97-8: Xixibangma glacier, SE through assessment of annual index from climate records. index is negative - 27-39. Tibet, China melt. High confidence in reported 34kgm-2. Results method, but very low score show continuous for measure, results in summer- overall low confidence. accumulation-type retreat, caused by summer temp. Bahuguna, I. M., A. V. Kulkarni, et al. (2004). "DEM from IRS-1C PAN stereo coverage’s over Himalayan glaciated Very clear method with Both glaciers region - accuracy High res RS images used to detailed descriptions and retreating, Janapa and its utility." generate DEM and orthoimages dates of RS data used and 690m +-25, Shaune International Journal Janapa Garnang and Shaune for 1997 period, compared to processed, using GCP, with 925m +-25. Altitude of Remote Sensing Garang glaciers, in Baspa baseline topo map of 1962 (GSI) accuracy and error noted, of snout increased 25(19): 4029-4041. Basin, Himalaya, India. to derive changes in terminus. validation undertaken. 50m in both. LISS and PAN images from 2000-2001 merged using Brovey transformation (ref).Merged image geo- Bahuguna, I. M., A. referenced to GSI 1962 map. V. Kulkarni, et al. No accuracy or error noted in (2007). "Himalayan retreat figures given. glacier retreat using However error in RS data IRS ICPAN stereo Study comparing glacial snout noted for comparator. Basic Main finding is a data." International position of Gangotri glacier from DEM using slope derived for retreat of 1510m Journal of Remote GSI map 1962 with recent (Sep thickness. Clear method from 1962 to 2000. Sensing 28(1-2): Gangotri glacier, Himalaya, 2000, sep 2001) LISS AND pan RS using standardised No direct estimate of 437-442. India images. techniques. High confidence. volume change given. Glaciers in Dudh Glaciers mapped from Koshi basin satellite images, notes retreating at rate of limitations of such images around 10-59 m/a. Bajracharya, S. R. and chooses only 24 for Imja glacier fastest (2008) Change in study. Still no detail of retreat at 74m/a Glacial Environment accuracy and errors. Uses since 2000. Mixed of Everest Region, Glaciers mapped by ICIMOD in 1960's baseline from GSI pattern of retreat Nepal. High 2001 using satellite images from topo maps and aerial photos. rate, some faster, Mountain Remote Everest region, Dudh Kosi 1975, 2000, and 2007; inventory Variable confidence in data some slower, some Sensing Cartography basin, East Nepal. Extend to baselines based on topo maps of depending on period, no retreat since 8, ICIMOD lat 27° 38' 05". 1959 and 1982 by GSI. medium confidence overall. 2000. Early 20th C movements from descriptions depict early advances to the Relays information from a range Hunza River, of sources that show glacier to followed by rapid fluctuate - sources not of use to retreat, some 830m Batura Investigation this study as not primary. They Surveys done for Karakoram from 1944-1966 from Group (1979). do build up a picture of advance highway in 1974,1975 using accounts. Glacier "BATURA GLACIER and retreat over large distances. terrestrial advance of 90m IN THE KARAKORAM 1974 field survey maps stereophotogrammetry. No between 1966-1974, MOUNTAINS AND compared with 1966 topo maps error or accuracy noted, no and again 9.6m in ITS VARIATIONS." of Pakistan (1:10,000). Other validation. Clear method and 1975. Meltwater Scientia Sinica 22(8): Batura glacier, Karakoram, surveys taken, but with no standard approach. Medium discharge related to 958-&. Pakistan. comparator for use in this study. confidence. temperature. Belo, M., C. Mayer, Liligo glacier, Eastern Satellite imagery used to track Clear method applied using Marked advance of et al. (2008). "The Karakoram, Pakistan, snout change in terminus over period various satellite images over glacier from early recent evolution of > 35.7°N, 76.21°E. from 1971-2001. Aim to asses if period 1971-2001. Pixel size, 1970's to 2001 of Liligo glacier, surge-type glacier. Images from accuracy, GPS GCP, GPS 2.1km. This advance Karakoram, 1971, 79, 80,86,99,01 all used. kinematic measures, error, all accelerated in the Pakistan, and its noted in method. 80's and reached present quiescent." over 100m/a in the Annals of Glaciology, 1990s. This is Vol 48: 171-176. described as Surge behaviour, as per Hewitt (1998). ASTER imagery digitized area of 925km2. Clear Berthier, E., Y. thinning observed on Arnaud, et al. glacier tongues from (2007). "Remote Feb 2000-Nov 2004 - sensing estimates of Clear detailed remote not able to glacier mass sensing method, noting bias, determine accuracy balances in the SPOT5 images, Nov 12-12 2004, adapting to difficulties in as no field measures. Himachal Pradesh used to create DEM - no ground having no standard GCPs, MB changes of (Western Himalaya, control but bias reduced via Noting accuracy at every around -0.7 - -0.8 India)." Remote Multiple glaciers in the specific method. Compared to point. Using different m/a w.e. were Sensing of Lahul/Spiti region of 2000 SRTM topography. Uses approaches and assessing observed across the Environment 108(3): Himachel Pradesh, Western Wagnon et al at 2007 field between the two.